MODULE 5

INDIAN CONSTITUTION

1. Salient features
2. Preamble
3. Fundamental rights and duties
4. Directive principles of state policies
5. Election and voting behavior in India

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION

The salient features of the Indian constitution include:

1. Lengthy and detailed: It is one the longest written constitution in the

world.

2. Federal structure: India follows a federal system with a division of powers

between the central government and the states.

3. Parliamentary system: India has a parliamentary form of government with

a Prime Minister as the head of government.

4. Fundamental Rights: The constitution guarantees fundamental rights to its

citizens, protecting their liberties.

5. Directive Principles of State Policy: These provide guidelines for the

government to promote social justice and welfare of the people.

6. Independent Judiciary: India has an independent judiciary to uphold the

rule of law.
7. Secularism: The constitution enshrines the principle of secularism,
ensuring religious freedom for all citizens.

8. Universal Adult Suffrage: All citizens above the age of 18 have the right to
vote in elections.

9. Single Citizenship: There is only one citizenship for the entire country,
avoiding dual citizenship.

10. Rigidity and flexibility: The constitution has a mix of provisions that can
be amended through various processes, some requiring a special majority and
others a simple majority.

11. Fundamental Duties: The constitution includes Fundamental Duties that

every citizen must follow to promote a sense of responsibility and
commitment towards the nation.

13. Emergency Provisions: The constitution allows for the declaration of

three types of emergencies - national, state, and financial emergencies - to
deal with various crisis situations.

14. Preamble: The preamble of the Indian constitution outlines the ideals and
objectives of the nation, such as justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

15. Reservations: The constitution allows for reservations in education and

government jobs for socially and economically disadvantaged communities
to promote social equity and inclusion.

16. Independent Commissions: India has several independent commissions

like the Election Commission, the Union Public Service Commission
(UPSC), and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) to ensure fair
and transparent processes.

17. Free and Compulsory Education: The constitution makes it a fundamental

duty of the state to provide free and compulsory education to children aged 6
to 14 years.

These features collectively shape India's governance, legal system, and the
rights and responsibilities of its citizens.

PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION

The preamble is composed of the following words and ideas.

1. **We, the people of India**: This phrase indicates that the Constitution
derives its authority from the people of India. It emphasizes the democratic
nature of the Constitution, as it is drafted and adopted by representatives
elected by the citizens.

2. **Sovereign**: Sovereignty means the independent authority and power

of a nation to govern itself without any interference from external forces. In
the context of India, "sovereign" signifies that the country is not under the
control of any foreign government, and it has the right to make its own
decisions and determine its own destiny.

3. **Socialist**: The term "socialist" was added to the Preamble through the
42nd Constitutional Amendment in 1976. It reflects the commitment of the
Indian state to promote social and economic equality and to work towards
reducing economic disparities among its citizens. However, it is essential to
understand that the Indian version of socialism is democratic socialism,
which aims to strike a balance between the welfare of the people and the
growth of the economy.
4. **Secular**: The principle of "secular" in the Preamble ensures that the
Indian state maintains an equal distance from all religions. It guarantees
religious freedom to all citizens and prohibits any discrimination based on
religion. The state does not have an official religion and treats all religions
with equal respect.

5. **Democratic Republic**: India is described as a "democratic republic,"

where the power to govern is vested in the hands of the people. The citizens
elect their representatives through free and fair elections, and these
representatives, in turn, govern the country on behalf of the people. The term
"republic" signifies that the head of the state, i.e., the President, is elected by
an electoral college and not through hereditary means.

6. **Justice**: The Preamble seeks to secure justice, which means providing

fairness and equality to all citizens. It includes three dimensions: social
justice, which ensures the equitable distribution of resources and
opportunities; economic justice, which aims to eliminate poverty and reduce
economic disparities; and political justice, which guarantees equal
participation in the political process and the rule of law.

7. **Liberty**: Liberty refers to the freedom and rights enjoyed by

individuals and communities in India. It includes personal liberty, which
safeguards individual freedom and dignity, and political liberty, which
ensures the right to participate in the democratic process without any
coercion or undue influence.

8. **Equality**: Equality in the Preamble signifies the absence of

discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It upholds
the principle of equality of status and opportunity, providing equal chances
for all citizens to grow and prosper.
9. **Fraternity**: Fraternity emphasizes the sense of brotherhood and unity
among all citizens of India. It promotes a spirit of oneness and mutual respect
among people, transcending barriers of religion, language, and region.

The Preamble is an essential part of the Indian Constitution as it reflects the

core values and objectives that the nation aspires to achieve. It sets the tone
for the governance of the country and guides the interpretation of the
Constitution by the judiciary and other institutions.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

India's Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to its citizens under Part

III, from Articles 12 to 35. Here's a summary of each article:

1. Article 12: Defines what constitutes "the State" and includes the
government and Parliament of India, as well as local authorities and other
government institutions.

2. Article 13: Prohibits the State from making any laws that violate or take
away the fundamental rights conferred by the Constitution. It also declares
that laws inconsistent with fundamental rights are void.

3. Article 14: Ensures equality before the law and equal protection of the law.

4. Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex,

or place of birth by the State. It allows for special provisions for women,
children, and socially and educationally backward classes.

5. Article 16: Guarantees equal opportunities in public employment and

prevents discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place
of birth.
6. Article 17: Abolishes "untouchability" and forbids its practice in any form.
It declares its abolition as a fundamental right.

7. Article 18: Abolishes titles of nobility and prohibits the State from
conferring titles. Citizens are not allowed to accept titles from foreign states.

8. Article 19: Provides six fundamental freedoms - (a) Freedom of speech and
expression, (b) Freedom to assemble peacefully and without arms, (c)
Freedom to form associations or unions, (d) Freedom to move freely
throughout the territory of India, (e) Freedom to reside and settle in any part
of India, and (f) Freedom to practice any profession, occupation, trade, or
business.

9. Article 20: Protects individuals from being punished for the same offense
more than once (Double Jeopardy) and prevents self-incrimination.

10. Article 21: Guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, and states that
no person shall be deprived of his/her life or personal liberty except
according to the procedure established by law.

11. Article 22: Provides safeguards for arrested and detained persons, such as
the right to be informed of the grounds of arrest, the right to be defended by a
legal practitioner, and the right to be produced before a magistrate within 24
hours.

12. Article 23: Prohibits human trafficking and forced labor, ensuring that no
person can be subjected to these practices.

13. Article 24: Prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14
years in factories, mines, or any hazardous work.
14. Article 25: Ensures freedom of conscience and the right to freely practice,
profess, and propagate any religion.

15. Article 26: Guarantees the right to manage religious affairs and establish
religious and charitable institutions.

16. Article 27: Prohibits the State from levying taxes for religious purposes.

17. Article 28: Prevents religious instruction in educational institutions

wholly maintained by the State.

18. Article 29: Protects the cultural and educational rights of minorities,
ensuring that they can preserve their distinct language, script, or culture.

19. Article 30: Allows minorities to establish and administer educational

institutions of their choice.

20. Article 31: Previously dealt with the right to property, but it has been
omitted by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978.

21. Article 32: Enshrines the right to constitutional remedies, empowering the
Supreme Court to issue writs for enforcement of fundamental rights.

In India, the right to constitutional remedies is enshrined in Article 32 and

Article 226 of the Constitution. These articles allow citizens to seek legal
remedies through writs issued by the Supreme Court and High Courts,
respectively.

There are five types of writs that can be issued:

1. **Habeas Corpus:** This writ is used to protect an individual's personal

liberty. It ensures that a person detained unlawfully is brought before the
court, and if the detention is found to be illegal, the individual must be
released.

2. **Mandamus:** This writ is issued to a public official or a lower court by

a higher court, commanding them to perform their official duties. It ensures
that public authorities fulfill their obligations.

3. **Prohibition:** This writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court,

directing the latter to stop proceedings in a particular case where it lacks
jurisdiction.

4. **Certiorari:** This writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court,

tribunal, or quasi-judicial body, quashing their decision if it is found to be
illegal or beyond their jurisdiction.

5. **Quo Warranto:** This writ is issued to inquire into the legality of a

person holding a public office, questioning their authority and right to hold
that position.

These writs play a crucial role in safeguarding citizens' rights and ensuring
that the government and public officials act within the bounds of the law and
the Constitution. They provide an essential mechanism for citizens to seek
justice and protection against any violation of their fundamental rights.

JUDICIAL REVIEW

Judicial review is a legal process in which a court examines the actions of a

government body or official to determine if they are lawful and
constitutional. Article 13 of the constitution provides for judicial review.
Here are the merits and demerits of judicial review:

Merits:
1. Upholding the Constitution: Judicial review ensures that government
actions comply with the provisions of the constitution, preventing any
infringement on individual rights and maintaining the rule of law.

2. Checks and Balances: It serves as a crucial element of the system of checks

and balances, ensuring that no single branch of government becomes too
powerful.

3. Protecting Rights of the vulnerable: Judicial review can protect the rights
of the vulnerable from being overridden by the majority, as courts can
safeguard the rights of individuals against discriminatory policies or
legislation.

4. Interpretation of Laws: Courts play a vital role in interpreting laws and

determining their constitutionality, helping to clarify legal principles and
resolving legal ambiguities.

5. Expansion of the scope of the constitution: judicial review has resulted in

expansion of the scope of the constitution by adding features such as
federalism, balance between fundamental rights and directive principles etc
as the basic structure of the constitution.

Demerits:

1. Lack of Democratic Accountability: Some critics argue that unelected

judges should not have the authority to override decisions made by elected
officials, as it undermines the principle of democratic accountability.

2. Judicial Activism: In some cases, judicial review can be misused to pursue

personal or political agendas, leading to judicial activism that goes beyond
the proper interpretation of the constitution.
3. Delay and Inefficiency: Judicial review can lead to lengthy legal
proceedings, causing delays and inefficiencies in implementing government
policies or actions.

4. Judicial Independence Concerns: There may be concerns about the

independence of the judiciary, as political pressure or external influences
could influence court decisions.

5. Protection of vested interests: judicial review was used by the courts to

oppose the formation of national judicial appointments commission to protect
the vested interests of the judiciary.

Overall, while judicial review is essential for upholding constitutional

principles and protecting individual rights, it also requires careful
consideration to strike a balance between the judiciary's authority and
democratic governance.

IMPORTANCE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS. ARE

Fundamental rights are important for several reasons:

1. **Protection of Individual Liberties:** Fundamental rights guarantee

personal freedoms and protect individuals from arbitrary actions by the
government or others. They ensure that citizens can live their lives with
dignity and autonomy.

2. **Upholding Democracy and Rule of Law:** These rights are the

foundation of a democratic society. They provide a framework for the
functioning of a just and fair government that operates within the bounds of
the law.
3. **Equality and Non-Discrimination:** Fundamental rights promote
equality before the law and prohibit discrimination based on religion, race,
caste, gender, or place of birth. They aim to create a level playing field for all
citizens.

4. **Balancing State Power:** Fundamental rights act as a check on the

government's authority. They limit the state's ability to infringe on citizens'
rights and prevent the concentration of power in the hands of the ruling
authorities.

5. **Social Progress and Inclusivity:** Certain rights, such as the right to

education and the abolition of untouchability, contribute to social progress
and inclusivity by ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens.

6. **Preserving Individual Identity:** Rights like freedom of speech,

religion, and expression help preserve individual identity and foster cultural
diversity within society.

7. **Enhancing Human Development:** By ensuring access to education,

healthcare, and other basic necessities, fundamental rights contribute to
human development and well-being.

8. **Promoting Peace and Stability:** When citizens' rights are respected, it

fosters a sense of security and stability within the society, reducing the
likelihood of conflicts and unrest.

Overall, fundamental rights are essential for creating a just, free, and
democratic society where individuals can live with dignity, express
themselves freely, and participate actively in the nation's development. They
are the bedrock of a healthy social and political system.

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
The list of Fundamental Duties as specified in Article 51A of the Indian
Constitution:

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions.

2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle
for freedom.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when required.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all
citizens, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional
diversities.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of the nation's composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes,
rivers, and wildlife.
8. To develop a scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and
reform.
9. To safeguard public property and abjure violence.
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity.
11. To provide opportunities for education to one's child or ward, as the case
may be, between the age of six and fourteen years.

These Fundamental Duties are important in maintaining the integrity and

unity of the nation, as well as promoting a responsible and active citizenry.

The Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution possess the following

features:
1. **Non-Justiciable Nature**: Unlike Fundamental Rights, which are
legally enforceable through courts, Fundamental Duties are not legally
enforceable. Citizens are morally obligated to fulfill these duties, but there
are no legal repercussions for failing to do so.

2. **Added Later**: The Fundamental Duties were introduced to the

Constitution through the 42nd Amendment in 1976. They were not part of the
original Constitution drafted in 1950.

3. **Complementary to Rights**: The Fundamental Duties complement the

Fundamental Rights by emphasizing the responsibilities and obligations of
citizens towards the nation and society. They promote a balance between
individual rights and social responsibilities.

4. **Civic and Moral Obligations**: These duties focus on fostering a sense

of citizenship, patriotism, and moral values among the citizens. They aim to
instill a sense of commitment to the welfare of the country and fellow
citizens.

5. **Inspired by International Documents**: The idea of Fundamental Duties

draws inspiration from international sources such as the Constitution of the
erstwhile USSR and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

6. **Varied Scope**: The duties encompass a wide range of aspects,

including respect for the Constitution, unity and integrity of the nation,
environmental protection, promoting scientific temper, and more. They
reflect the diverse aspects of a responsible citizen's role.

8. **Harmony and Brotherhood**: Several duties stress the need to promote

harmony and a spirit of brotherhood among diverse groups, discouraging
discrimination based on religion, caste, or language.
9. **Flexible and Evolving**: The list of Fundamental Duties is not
exhaustive. The Parliament can amend or add to these duties if necessary,
allowing them to evolve over time.

10. **Constitutional Recognition**: By including Fundamental Duties in the

Constitution, the document acknowledges the importance of citizens' role in
upholding the nation's values, culture, and unity.

11. **Influence on Policy**: While not legally binding, Fundamental Duties

can influence government policies and public behavior by creating a sense of
civic responsibility and promoting the greater good.

Overall, the Fundamental Duties are designed to promote a sense of civic

consciousness, responsibility, and moral values among Indian citizens,
contributing to the well-being and progress of the nation.

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

a brief overview of the Directive Principles of State Policy as mentioned in

the Indian Constitution, article-wise:

1. Article 36: Definition and application of the Directive Principles.

2. Article 37: Application of the principles contained in this Part.
3. Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare
of the people.
4. Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
5. Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid.
6. Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats.
7. Article 41: Right to work, to education, and to public assistance in certain
cases.
8. Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity
relief.
9. Article 43: Living wage, etc., for workers.
10. Article 43A: Participation of workers in management of industries.
11. Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizens.
12. Article 45: Provision for early childhood care and education to children
below the age of six years.
13. Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections.
14. Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the
standard of living and to improve public health.
15. Article 48: Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
16. Article 48A: Protection and improvement of the environment and
safeguarding of forests and wildlife.
17. Article 49: Protection of monuments and places and objects of national
importance.
18. Article 50: Separation of judiciary from executive.
19. Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security.

These principles are intended to guide the State in making laws and policies
to create a just and equitable society for the welfare of the people.

ELECTIONS IN INDIA

The constitutional provisions regarding elections in India are :

1. Article 324: superintendence , direction and control of elections shall be

vested with the election commission of India
2. Article 325: Ensures that no person shall be ineligible for inclusion in an
electoral roll on the grounds of religion, race, caste, or sex.
3. Article 326: elections shall be held in India on the basis of adult suffrage. It
also specifies those who are not eligible to vote.
4. Article 327: Empowers Parliament to make laws regarding the conduct of
elections to Parliament and State Legislatures.

These provisions collectively establish the framework for conducting

elections in India, ensuring fair representation and democratic principles.

The election process in India involves several stages, from the announcement
of elections to the declaration of results. Here's a general overview:

1. **Announcement:** The Election Commission announces the schedule for

elections, including dates for nominations, polling, and counting of votes.

2. **Nomination:** Political parties and independent candidates submit their

nomination papers during a specific period. Nominees need to fulfill certain
eligibility criteria and provide necessary documents.

3. **Scrutiny:** After nominations are submitted, they are scrutinized to

ensure they meet the legal requirements. Candidates can withdraw their
nominations during this stage.

4. **Campaigning:** Parties and candidates campaign through rallies,

speeches, posters, social media, and other mediums to reach out to voters and
convey their agendas.

5. **Voting:** On the designated polling day, registered voters cast their

votes using electronic voting machines (EVMs). They choose their preferred
candidate or party by pressing a button on the EVM.

6. **Counting of Votes:** After voting concludes, the EVMs are sealed and
transported to counting centers. The votes are then counted, and results are
compiled.
7. **Declaration of Results:** Once the counting is completed, the Election
Commission announces the results. The candidate or party with the most
votes in a constituency wins that seat.

8. **Formation of Government:** In parliamentary elections, the party or

coalition with the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha forms the central
government. In state elections, the party or coalition with the majority in the
state legislative assembly forms the state government.

9. **Role of Governor/President:** In state elections, the Governor invites

the leader of the party with the majority to form the government. At the
national level, the President invites the Prime Minister to form the
government.

10. **Oath Taking:** Elected representatives take the oath of office and
secrecy, formalizing their roles as Members of Parliament or legislative
assembly members.

11. **Opposition and Committees:** The party with the second-largest

number of seats becomes the opposition. Various committees, both in
Parliament and state legislatures, play crucial roles in policymaking and
oversight.

12. **Stability and Terms:** The government's stability depends on

maintaining the confidence of the legislative body. Terms of various offices
vary, with state assemblies lasting five years and the Lok Sabha lasting five
years unless dissolved earlier.

Throughout this process, the Election Commission ensures that the elections
are conducted fairly, transparently, and without any bias. The Indian election
process is designed to uphold the principles of democracy and provide a
voice to every eligible citizen.

Features of Indian elections

Certainly, here are some key features of the election process in India:

1. **Universal Adult Suffrage:** Every citizen aged 18 and above has the
right to vote, irrespective of caste, religion, gender, or economic status.

2. **Secret Ballot:** Voting is done through a secret ballot, ensuring the

privacy and confidentiality of the voter's choice.

3. **Multiple Phases:** Due to the vastness and diversity of the country,

elections are often held in multiple phases to ensure smooth conduct and
security.

4. **Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs):** EVMs are used for voting,

making the process efficient and reducing the chances of malpractice.

5. **Reservation:** Seats are reserved in legislative bodies for Scheduled

Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) to ensure representation for
marginalized communities.

6. **Model Code of Conduct:** A set of guidelines for political parties and

candidates to ensure ethical and fair campaigning during elections.

7. **Coalition Governments:** India often witnesses coalition governments

due to the presence of multiple parties, requiring alliances to form a stable
government.
8. **Independent Election Commission:** The Election Commission of India
is an independent and autonomous body responsible for conducting elections
and ensuring their fairness.

9. **First past the post:** The first-past-the-post system is used, where the
candidate with the most votes wins. However, it can sometimes lead to a
disparity between the share of votes a party receives and the seats it wins.

10. **Postal Ballots:** Special provisions are made for armed forces
personnel, government employees, and others to cast their votes through
postal ballots.

11. **Constitutional Provisions:** The Constitution of India lays down the

framework for elections, defining the powers and responsibilities of the
Election Commission and the electoral process.

These features collectively contribute to the democratic process and ensure

that the voices of the people are heard in shaping the nation's governance.

VOTING BEHAVIOR IN INDIA

Voting behavior in India is influenced by various factors:

1. **Caste and Religion:** Voters often align with candidates from their own
caste or religion. Voting behavior in Kerala is a struggle between Nairs,
ezhavas, Syrian Christians and Muslims.

2. **Regional Identity:** People may vote based on regional interests and

affiliations.voting behaviour in Tamilnadu is strongly influenced by
Dravidian politics.
3. **Development:** Voters consider a candidate's promises for economic
development and welfare. The campaign plank of BJP in 2014 was
development.

4. **Leadership and Personality:** Strong leadership and charismatic

personalities influence voting. Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Narendra
Modi are examples of charismatic authority in India

5. **Party Affiliation:** Loyalty to political parties plays a significant role in

voting behavior.In Kerala Christians largely vote for Kerala Congress.

6. **Local Issues:** Concerns specific to a locality can sway votes. The

Madhav Gadgil committe report became a pressing political issue in Kerala
High range politics.

7. **Media and Campaigning:** Media coverage and campaign strategies

shape perceptions. The PR strategy of LDF during 2016 assembly elections
was a significant reason for their victory

8. **Alliances and Coalitions:** Voters might support parties based on their

coalition partners.

9. **Incumbency:** Voters assess the performance of current officeholders.

Defeat of UPA in 2014 was largely due to anti incumbency

11. **Socio-economic Factors:** Income, education, and social class

influence choices. Voters of BJP are largely urban upper caste Hindus.

These factors interact in complex ways, making Indian voting behavior

diverse and multifaceted.
ANSWER IN A WORD

1. Indian Constitution
2. Single citizenship
3. Universal Adult franchise
4. Preamble
5. Fundamental Rights
6. Fundamental Duties
7. Rajya Sabha
8. Lok Sabha
9. Judicial Review
10. Judicial activism
11. Supremacy of the Constitution
12. Rule of Law
13. Secularism
14. Equality
15. Freedom
16. Sovereign Rule
17. Democracy
18. Republic
19. Justice
20. Liberty
21. Fraternity
22. Unity in Diversity
23. Right to Equality
24. Right to Freedom
25. Right to Education
26. Right to Privacy
27. Child Labour
28. Article 32
29. Fundamental Duties
 30. Part IV A
31. Article 44
32. Kesavananda Bharathi
33. Habeas Corpus
34. MP
35. MLA
36. MLC
37. National Party
38. Regional Parties
39. Election Commission

ANSWER IN A PAGE

1. Write a short note on Bicameral Legislature of India?

2. Examine the rigid and flexible character of Indian Constitution?
3. Analyse whether the Supremacy of Judiciary is an essential feature for
Indian Constitution?
4. Explain Judicial Review.
5. State Preamble to Indian constitution?
6. Explain the key words in the Preamble to Indian Constitution?
7. Discuss Fundamental Freedoms of Indian citizen?
8. Explain equality before law and equal protection of law?
9. Write a note on Article 21 A?
10. Analyse the Right to Privacy in the Indian Constitution?
11. Evaluate how the right against exploitation helping an individual to
protect himself from an exploitation?
12. Whether there exist any kind of exceptions in Article 16 which
provide equality of opportunity for every citizens?
13. Explain Abolition of Untouchability?
14. How does Indian Constitution try to curb child labour?
 15. What is the main objective of making ‘right against exploitation,’ a
fundamental right?
16. Mention any four real life-situations of exploitation being openly
practiced in your neighbourhood?
17. What are the major cultural and educational rights guaranteed by the
Constitution?
18. “The right to constitutional remedies is the most important
fundamental right.”Do you agree with this statement? Give justification
to your answer?
19. If you are to take a pledge to abide by four Fundamental Duties on
the Independence Day, which four duties, according to you are the most
important ones and why?
20. Identify the factors which led to the inclusion of Directive Principles
of State Policy in the Constitution of India?
21. Identify and classify various categories of Directive Principles?
22. Distinguish between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of
State Policy?
23. Analyse the measures taken to implement Directive Principles to
realize the objectives of a welfare state?
24. How does Election Commission of India distinguish political parties
in India? Explain with examples.
25. What are the mains functions and responsibilities of Election
Commission of India?
26. Universal adult franchise ensures that the vote of every Indian
citizen is equally valuable. Do you think that this has been able to
reduce inequalities related to class, caste, gender and religion ? Justify
your view point?
27. What is meant by Universal Adult Franchise? Explain its
significance?

ANSWER IN FOUR PAGES

1. Narrate the salient features of Indian Constitution?
2. Expalin the factors that ensure the Relevance of Indian Constitution.
3. Explain the Fundamental Rights of Indian Constitution?
4. Analyse how Fundamental Duties are important?
5. What is meant by Welfare State? Mention provisions of Directive
Principles of State Policy which aim at promoting social and economic
equality?
6. What are the Major duties of Election Commission of India?