Chapter 12 :

Informatics
Practices
Class XI ( As per Relational
CBSE Board) Database
New
Concepts
Syllabus
2019-20

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DATABASE CONCEPTS
A database is a collection of DATA/INFORMATION that
is organized so that it can be easily accessed,
managed and updated.
In Database ,Data is organized into rows, columns and
tables, and it is indexed to make it easier to find
relevant information. It works like a container which
contains the various object like Tables, Queries,
Reports etc. in organized way.

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WHY DO WE NEED DATABASE

 To manage large chunks of data: if size of data increases into

thousands of records, it will simply create a problem to
manage.Database can manage large amount of data.
 Accuracy: Through validation rule in database ,data
accuracy can be maintained.
 Ease of updating data: With the database, we can flexibly
update the data according to our convenience. Moreover,
multiple people can also edit data at same time.
 Security of data: With databases we have security groups
and privileges to restrict access.
 Data integrity: In databases, we can be assured of accuracy
and consistency of data due to the built in integrity checks
and access controls.

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DBMS

Database Management System(DBMS)

A DBMS refers to a software that is responsible for

storing, maintaining and utilizing database in an
efficient way.
A Database along with DBMS software is called
Database System.
Example of DBMS software are Oracle, MS SQL
Server, MS Access, Paradox, DB2 and MySQL etc.
MySQL is open source and freeware DBMS.

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DBMS
Advantages of Database System
Databases reduces Redundancy
It removes duplication of data because data are kept at one place and
all the application refers to the centrally maintained database.
Database controls Inconsistency
When two copies of the same data do not agree to each other, then it
is called Inconsistency. By controlling redundancy, the inconsistency
is also controlled.
Database facilitate Sharing of Data
Data stored in the database can be shared among several users.
Database ensures Security
Data are protected against accidental or intentional disclosure to
unauthorized person or unauthorized modification.
Database maintains Integrity
It enforces certain integrity rules to insure the validity or correctness
of data. For ex. A date can’t be like 31/31/2000.

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 DBMS
Data Model- Way of data representation
Data model is a model or presentation which shows How data is
organized ? or stored in the database. A data is modeled by one of
the following given-
Relational Data Model
In this model data is organized into Relations or Tables (i.e. Rows and
Columns). A row in a table represents a relationship of data to each other
and also called a Tuple or Record. A column is called
Attribute or Field.
Network Data Model
In this model, data is represented by collection of records and
relationship among data is shown by Links.
Hierarchical Data Model
In this model, Records are organized as Trees. Records at top level is
called Root record and this may contains multiple directly linked
children records.
Object Oriented Data Model
In this model, records are represented as a objects. The collection of
similar types of object is called class.
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RELATIONAL DATABASE
A relational database is a collective set of multiple
data sets organized by tables, records and columns.
Relational database establish a well-defined
relationship between database tables. Tables
communicate and share information, which
facilitates data searcheability, organization and
reporting.
A Relational database use Structured Query
Language (SQL), which is a standard user
application that provides an easy programming
interface for database interaction.

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RELATIONAL DATABASE TERMS

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 RELATIONAL DATABASE TERMS
Relation (Table)
A Relation or Table is Matrix like structure arranged in Rows
and Columns. It has the following properties-
Atomicity : Each column assigned a unique name and must
have atomic(indivisible) value i.e. a value that can not be further
subdivided.
No duplicity: No two rows of relation will be identical i.e. in any
two rows value in at least one column must be different.
All items in a column are homogeneous i.e.same data type.
Ordering of rows and column is immaterial.
 Domain :It is collection of values from which the value is
derived for a column.
 Tuple / Entity / Record - Rows of a table is called Tuple or
Record.
 Attribute/ Field- Column of a table is called Attribute or Field.
 Degree - Number of columns (attributes) in a table.
 Cardinality - Number of rows (Records) in a table.
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KEYS IN A DATABASE
Key plays an important role in relational database; it is
used for identifying unique rows from table & establishes
relationship among tables on need.
Types of keys in DBMS
Primary Key – A primary is a column or set of columns in
a table that uniquely identifies tuples (rows) in that table.
Candidate Key –It is an attribute or a set of attributes or
keys participating for Primary Key, to uniquely identify
each record in that table.
Alternate Key – Out of all candidate keys, only one gets
selected as primary key, remaining keys are known as
alternate or secondary keys.
Foreign Key – Foreign keys are the columns of a table that
points to the primary key of another table. They act as a
cross-reference between tables.
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KEYS IN A DATABASE

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