Radio-Frequency Engineering

&
Circuit Design for Communication
Systems
Lecture 3
Prof. Dr. Peter Weber

Winter Term 2021/22

Information and Communication Technology (B.Eng.)
Information Technology (M)

With best thanks to Prof. Dr. Kastell and Prof. Dr. Zimmer. Their material was invaluable for the
creation of this lecture.
 Organization
Lectures: Additional Topics – Q&A:
Thursday 14:15 h bis 16:45 h (15 min break @ 15:30 h) Thursday 16:45 h bis 17:30 h
Start: Oct. 28 2021 – End: Feb. 17 2022 Start: Oct. 28 2021 – End: Feb. 17 2022
Zoom Link: Same Zoom Link:
https://fra-uas.zoom.us/j/85485385428
Meeting-ID: 854 8538 5428
Entry Code: 204600

Moodle Course:
https://moodle.frankfurt-university.de/course/view.php?id=9418
Weber: Radio-Frequency Engineering & Circuit Design for Communication Systems - WS 21/22
Enrollment Key: „edinburgh“
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 For Further Study

E.g.:
Zimmer; RF-Engineering; Lecture Notes
Blaunstein et. al.; Introduction to Radio Engineering;
Boca Raton CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 2017
Gustrau; Hochfrequenztechnik - Grundlagen der mobilen
Kommunikationstechnik; München Carl Hanser Verlag 2013
Strauß; Grundkurs Hochfrequenztechnik - Eine Einführung;
Wiesbaden Springer Fachmedien 2017
Guicking; Schwingungen: Theorie und Anwendungen in Mechanik, Akustik,
Elektrik und Optik; Wiesbaden Springer Fachmedien 2016

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 Content Of Lecture 3

2. Basics of Transmission Line Theory

Terminating Transmission Lines
• Termination with Load Impedance
• Incident and reflected Wave
• Load and Input Reflection Coefficients
• Relation between load reflection coefficient,
load impedance, and line impedance
• Voltage distribution along a transmission line

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 Terminating Transmission Lines
Up to now we assumed inefinitely extended z=0 z

transmission lines.  ; ZC i(z,t) 𝐮 𝐳, 𝐭

= 𝐙𝐂
u(z,t) 𝐢 𝐳, 𝐭

Now assume the transmission line being z=0 z=l z

terminated with a load resistance R.  ; ZC i(z,t) i(l,t)
R
u(z,t) u(l,t)
𝐮 𝐳, 𝐭
If 𝐑= = 𝐙𝐂
𝐢 𝐳, 𝐭
For R = ZC our wave 𝐮 𝐳, 𝐭 = 𝐔𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛂𝐳 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 − 𝛃𝐳

𝐮 𝐥, 𝐭 is still a valid solution of the the transmission line´s wave equation.

then = 𝐙𝐂
𝐢 𝐥, 𝐭

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 Terminating Transmission Lines
Generalized load resistance: Load impedance ZL z=0 z=l z

𝐙𝐋 ≠ 𝐙𝐂  ; ZC i(z,t) i(l,t) 𝒁𝑳
u(z,t) u(l,t)
In this case u z, t (back to complex represenation)
is no valid solution anymore, as now:
Back to phasor representation
𝐮 𝐥, 𝐭 in space domain:
= 𝐙𝐋 ≠ 𝐙𝐂
𝐢 𝐥, 𝐭 𝑼 𝒛 = 𝑼𝟎 𝒆𝒙𝒑 −𝜸 𝒛

Most general solution of the wave equation is: We define the complex reflection coefficient at
𝐔 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝐳 + 𝐔𝐫𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 +𝛄 𝐳 position z as ratio of incident and reflected wave:

…which we interpret as an incident wave ui(z) 𝐔𝐫 𝐳

𝐫 𝐳 =
𝐔𝐢 𝐳
travelling „to“, and a reflected wave ur(z) travelling „fro“.

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 Terminating Transmission Lines
The same effect takes place at the input side of the z=0 z=l z
transmission line. Thus we can define:  ; ZC i(z) i(l) 𝒁𝑳
u(z) u(l)
Input reflection 𝐔𝐫 𝟎
𝐫𝐢𝐧 = 𝐫 𝟎 =
coefficient: 𝐔𝐢 𝟎 rin= r (z=0) rL(z)

𝐔𝐫 𝐥 𝐔𝐫𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 +𝛄 𝟎 𝐔𝐫𝟎

Load reflection 𝐫𝐢𝐧 = 𝐫 𝟎 = =
𝐫𝐋 = 𝐫 𝐥 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎
coefficient: 𝐔𝐢 𝐥 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝟎

𝐔𝐫𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 +𝛄 𝐥 𝐔𝐫𝟎

Incident wave: 𝐔𝐢 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝐳 𝐫𝐋 = 𝐫 𝐥 = = 𝐞𝐱𝐩 𝟐𝛄 𝐥
𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝐥 𝐔𝐢𝟎

Reflected wave: 𝐔𝐫 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐫𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 +𝛄 𝐳 𝐫𝐋 = 𝐫𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩 𝟐𝛄 𝐥

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 Terminating Transmission Lines
𝐫𝐋 = 𝐫𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩 𝟐𝛄 𝐥 z=0 z=l z

 ; ZC i(z) i(l) 𝒁𝑳
𝐫𝐢𝐧 = 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝟐𝛄 𝐥
u(z) u(l)
𝐫𝐢𝐧 = 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝟐 𝛂 + 𝐣𝛃 𝐥
rin rL

𝐫𝐢𝐧 = 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝟐𝛂𝐥 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝐣𝟐𝛃𝐥

A length of transmission line transforms the load

reflection coefficient into an input reflection
coefficient of a (generally) different value.

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 Terminating Transmission Lines
Relation between load reflection coefficient rL , load z=0 z=l z
impedance ZL and line impedance ZC
 ; ZC i(z) i(l) 𝒁𝑳
u(z) u(l)
Look at the incoming and the reflected voltage wave at
rin rL
the position l of the load, and the respective current.

𝐔𝐫 𝐥
𝐔𝐋 = 𝐔𝐢 𝐥 + 𝐔𝐫 𝐥 = 𝐔𝐢 𝐥 𝟏+ = 𝐔𝐢 𝐥 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋
𝐔𝐢 𝐥 𝐔𝐋 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋
𝐙𝐋 = = 𝐙𝐂
𝐈𝐋 𝟏 − 𝐫𝐋
𝐔𝐢 𝐥 𝐔𝐫 𝐥 𝐔𝐢 𝐥 𝐔𝐫 𝐥 𝐔𝐢 𝐥
𝐈𝐋 = 𝐈𝐢 𝐥 − 𝐈𝐫 𝐥 = − = 𝟏− = 𝟏 − 𝐫𝐋
𝐙𝐂 𝐙𝐂 𝐙𝐂 𝐔𝐢 𝐥 𝐙𝐂
𝐙𝐋 − 𝐙𝐂
𝐫𝐋 =
𝐙𝐋 + 𝐙𝐂
Inverted sign, as back-
travelling wave

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 Terminating Transmission Lines
Relation between load reflection coefficient rL , load z=0 z=l z
impedance ZL and line impedance ZC
 ; ZC i(z) i(l) 𝒁𝑳
u(z) u(l)
𝐙𝐋 − 𝐙𝐂
𝐫𝐋 = rin rL
𝐙𝐋 + 𝐙𝐂

Matched load impedance: ZL = ZC 𝐫𝐋 = 𝟎 No reflection at all

Shorted transmission line: ZL = 0 𝐫𝐋 = −𝟏 100 % reflection with phase shift

∞ − 𝐙𝐂 𝒅
𝐙 − 𝐙𝐂
𝒅𝒁𝑳 𝐋 𝟏
Open transmission line: ZL = ∞ 𝐫𝐋 = =𝟏 100 % reflection no phase shift 𝒅
= =𝟏
∞ + 𝐙𝐂 𝐙 + 𝐙𝐂 𝟏
𝒅𝒁𝑳 𝐋

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 Terminating Transmission Lines
Voltage distribution along a transmission line z=0 z=l z

 ; ZC i(z) i(l) 𝒁𝑳
u(z) u(l)
𝐔 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝐳 + 𝐔𝐫𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 +𝛄 𝐳
rin rL

𝐔𝐫𝟎
𝐔 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝐳 𝟏+ 𝐞𝐱𝐩 𝟐𝛄 𝐳
𝐔𝐢𝟎

𝐔𝐫𝟎
𝐔 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝐳 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝟐𝛄 𝐥 𝐞𝐱𝐩 𝟐𝛄 𝐳 = 𝐫𝐢𝐧 = 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝟐𝛄 𝐥
𝐔𝐢𝟎

𝐔 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝐳 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝟐𝛄 𝒍 − 𝒛

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 Terminating Transmission Lines
Voltage distribution along a transmission line z=0 z=l z

 ; ZC i(z) i(l) 𝒁𝑳
𝐔 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝐳 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝟐𝛄 𝒍 − 𝒛 u(z) u(l)

rin rL
We want to look at the voltage amplitude, which is the
absolute value of this function

𝐔 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝛄 𝐳 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝟐𝛄 𝒍 − 𝒛 We regard the lossless case: 𝛄 = 𝒋𝜷

𝐔 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝐣𝛃𝐳 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝐣𝟐𝛃 𝒍 − 𝒛

𝑼 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝐣𝟐𝛃 𝒍 − 𝒛

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 Terminating Transmission Lines
Voltage distribution along a transmission line z=0 z=l z

 ; ZC i(z) i(l) 𝒁𝑳
𝑼 𝐳 = 𝐔𝐢𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝐣𝟐𝛃 𝒍 − 𝒛
u(z) u(l)

Now we take a closer look at the parameter s rin rL

𝑼 𝐳
= 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝐣𝟐𝛃 𝒍 − 𝒛
𝐔𝐢𝟎

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 Terminating Transmission Lines

𝑼 𝐳
= 𝟏 + 𝐫𝐋 𝐞𝐱𝐩 −𝐣𝟐𝛃 𝒍 − 𝒛
𝐔𝐢𝟎

𝛌
𝟐

𝟐𝝅
Condition for one roundtrip of rL 𝛃=
𝛌

𝟒𝝅 𝟐 𝛌𝒏
𝟐𝛃 𝒍 − 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒛 = 𝒏𝟐𝝅 𝒍−𝒛 =𝒏 𝒛=𝒍−
𝛌 𝛌 𝟐

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