ASSIGNMENT-4

1) Explain multiple catch statements in C#.

• Multiple Catch Statements: Allow handling different types of exceptions separately within
the same try-catch block.

• Each catch block catches a specific type of exception (like DivideByZeroException,

NullReferenceException).

• The order matters: more specific exceptions should be placed before more general ones.

• Example:

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try

int result = 10 / 0; // This will cause a DivideByZeroException

catch (DivideByZeroException ex)

Console.WriteLine("Cannot divide by zero.");

catch (Exception ex)

Console.WriteLine("An error occurred: " + ex.Message);

• This helps in giving a customized error message for different types of exceptions.

2) Explain the Exception handling mechanism in C#.

• Exception Handling: A way to manage runtime errors so the application doesn’t crash
unexpectedly.

• try-catch-finally:

o try: The block where you write the code that might cause an error.

o catch: Catches the exception and handles it. Multiple catch blocks can be used for
different exception types.

o finally: An optional block that runs whether an exception occurs or not, used for
cleanup activities.
 • throw: Used to explicitly raise an exception.

• Example:

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try

int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3};

Console.WriteLine(numbers[5]); // This will cause an IndexOutOfRangeException

catch (IndexOutOfRangeException ex)

Console.WriteLine("Index is out of range.");

finally

Console.WriteLine("Execution completed.");

3) Why do we need to implement State Management in applications?

• State Management: Maintains data between different requests in web applications.

• Web applications are stateless by default; the server does not remember anything between
requests.

• Reasons to Implement:

o To retain user information across different pages (like user login data).

o To store temporary data (like cart items in an online shopping site).

o To improve user experience by remembering user preferences.

• Techniques include cookies, sessions, view state, query strings, etc.

4) Explain Query String with an Example.

• Query String: A way to pass data between web pages through the URL.

• Data is sent as key-value pairs in the URL after the question mark (?), and multiple pairs are
separated by &.

• Example:

o URL: http://example.com/page.aspx?name=John&age=30
 o This URL passes the values John and 30 for the keys name and age, respectively.

• Advantages:

o Simple to implement; no server configuration needed.

• Disadvantages:

o Limited length, and the data is visible in the URL.

5) Explain HTTP Session State with an Example.

• Session State: A way to store user-specific data on the server.

• Each user gets a unique session ID, which is used to track their data across multiple requests.

• Example:

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// Storing a value in the session

Session["UserName"] = "John";

// Retrieving the value from the session

string userName = Session["UserName"].ToString();

• Advantages:

o Secure, as data is stored on the server.

o Can store complex objects, not just text.

• Disadvantages:

o Consumes server memory, especially with large data.

6) What is CSS and its advantages and disadvantages?

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): A language used to style HTML elements. It controls the look
and feel of a webpage, such as layout, colors, fonts, and spacing.

• Advantages:

o Separation of Content and Design: Keeps HTML code cleaner and easier to maintain.

o Consistency: Styles can be applied consistently across multiple pages.

o Reusability: Styles can be reused in different web pages.

• Disadvantages:

o Browser Compatibility Issues: Styles may appear differently in different browsers.

o Complexity in Large Projects: Managing multiple styles can become difficult.

 o Security: Inline styles can be overridden by malicious scripts.

7) Give the uses of Master Pages and explain how Master Pages work.

• Uses of Master Pages:

o Provide a consistent layout for multiple web pages.

o Make it easier to maintain a uniform look across the website.

o Reduce code duplication by separating content from layout.

• How Master Pages Work:

o A master page defines a common template, including layout and shared elements
like headers and footers.

o Content pages use the master page and fill in the specific content where
placeholders are defined.

o Changes to the master page affect all content pages using it, making updates easy.

• Example:

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<!-- Master Page -->

<asp:ContentPlaceHolder ID="MainContent" runat="server"></asp:ContentPlaceHolder>

<!-- Content Page -->

<asp:Content ID="Content1" ContentPlaceHolderID="MainContent" runat="server">

<h1>Welcome to the Home Page</h1>

</asp:Content>

8) Explain the hierarchy of exceptions in C#.

• Hierarchy of Exceptions: In C#, exceptions are organized in a hierarchy where all exception
types derive from the base class System.Exception.

• Key Classes:

o System.Exception: The base class for all exceptions.

o System.SystemException: A base class for system-related exceptions.

o Common Exceptions:

▪ DivideByZeroException

▪ NullReferenceException

▪ IndexOutOfRangeException
 ▪ ArgumentException

• User-Defined Exceptions: Custom exceptions can be created by deriving from

System.Exception.

• Hierarchy helps in catching specific exceptions first and then more general ones, providing
fine-grained error handling.

ASSIGNMENT-5
1) What is a database and what are its uses?

• Database: An organized collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and
updated.

• Uses:

o Data Storage: Stores large amounts of information systematically.

o Data Retrieval: Allows for quick searching and querying of data.

o Data Security: Protects sensitive information using access control and encryption.

o Data Management: Helps in maintaining data consistency, avoiding duplication.

o Reporting and Analysis: Provides a foundation for generating reports and data
analysis.

o Supports Multiple Users: Multiple users can access and modify data concurrently.

2) Write a short note on conversion in C#.

• Conversion in C#: The process of changing a variable from one data type to another.

• Types of Conversion:

o Implicit Conversion: Automatically performed by the compiler when no data loss

occurs (e.g., int to float).

o Explicit Conversion (Casting): Required when there is a possibility of data loss (e.g.,
float to int).

o Using Conversion Methods: Methods like Convert.ToInt32(), ToString(), and Parse()

are used for conversions.

• Example:

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int number = 123;

string text = number.ToString(); // Converting int to string

3) Write a short note on GridView.

• GridView: A web control in ASP.NET used for displaying, sorting, and editing tabular data.

• Features:

o Displays Data in Rows and Columns: Similar to a table format.

o Supports Paging and Sorting: Allows for efficient data navigation.

o Data Editing: Users can edit, delete, or update rows directly in the GridView.

o Binding with Data Sources: Easily binds with databases, XML files, or other data
sources.

• Example:

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<asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" AutoGenerateColumns="True">

</asp:GridView>

4) Explain the SQL data provider model.

• SQL Data Provider: A set of classes in ADO.NET for accessing and working with data from SQL
Server.

• Components:

o SqlConnection: Manages the connection to the SQL database.

o SqlCommand: Executes SQL queries and commands.

o SqlDataReader: Reads data in a forward-only stream from the database.

o SqlDataAdapter: Fills a DataSet and can update the database.

• Usage:

o The SqlConnection is used to open and close a database connection.

o SqlCommand executes commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

• Example:

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SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection("connectionString");

SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Employees", conn);

5) Explain partial request with a simple UpdatePanel.

• Partial Request: A technique in ASP.NET to update parts of a web page without reloading the
entire page, enhancing user experience.
 • UpdatePanel: A control used to define the sections of a page that should be updated during
a partial request.

• How it Works:

o Only the content inside the UpdatePanel is refreshed during a postback.

o Uses AJAX to achieve a smoother and more interactive experience.

• Example:

<asp:ScriptManager runat="server" />

<asp:UpdatePanel runat="server">

<ContentTemplate>

<asp:Button ID="btnClick" runat="server" Text="Click Me" OnClick="btnClick_Click" />

<asp:Label ID="lblMessage" runat="server" Text="Hello"></asp:Label>

</ContentTemplate>

</asp:UpdatePanel>

6) What are authorization rules?

• Authorization Rules: Define what resources a user can access in an application.

• Used to Control Access:

o Allows or denies access to specific users or roles.

o Configured in the web.config file for ASP.NET applications.

• Types:

o Allow Rules: Permit access to specific users or groups.

o Deny Rules: Block access for certain users or groups.

• Example:

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<authorization>

<allow users="admin" />

<deny users="guest" />

</authorization>

7) What is XML and how can we improve listing with XML?

• XML (eXtensible Markup Language): A text-based format for storing and transporting data.

• Uses:
 o Organizes data in a hierarchical structure using custom tags.

o Makes data exchange between different systems easier.

o Widely used in configuration files and web services.

• Improving Listing:

o Use XML to format data for easy readability and parsing.

o Apply XSLT to transform XML data into different formats like HTML.

• Example XML:

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<Employees>

<Employee>

<Name>John</Name>

<Age>30</Age>

</Employee>

</Employees>

8) Explain form authentication in ASP.NET.

• Forms Authentication: A way to manage user authentication using a login form.

• How it Works:

o Users enter credentials on a login page.

o The server validates the credentials and creates an authentication ticket if valid.

o The ticket is stored in a cookie, enabling the user to access protected resources.

• Configuration:

o Set up in web.config with login URL and authentication mode.

• Example:

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<authentication mode="Forms">

<forms loginUrl="Login.aspx" timeout="30" />

</authentication>

9) What is AJAX and how does AJAX work?

• AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML): A technique for creating fast and dynamic web
pages.

• How it Works:

o Allows the web page to send and receive data from the server without refreshing the
entire page.

o Uses JavaScript to make asynchronous requests to the server.

o The server responds with data, which can be updated on the page without reloading.

• Advantages:

o Improves user experience by reducing load times.

o Provides a more interactive and responsive web application.

• Example:

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var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

xhr.open("GET", "data.aspx", true);

xhr.send();