Review of related Literature

Knowledge and level of compliance of motorist on traffic rules and regulations

Local

Traffic Sign Comprehension among Filipino Drivers and Nondrivers in Metro Manila

This study could contribute to better road safety design standards in Metro Manila by developing
targeted programs for drivers and nondrivers. The findings would also be very beneficial for highway
and traffic authorities to better understand drivers’ comprehension of various traffic signs. To guarantee
an improved comprehension in the long run, the retraining and examination of drivers using the
matching test developed in this study should be conducted. The Philippines’ Department of
Transportation could adopt the matching test of the current study as a mandatory retraining
requirement for the application and renewal of drivers’ licenses. Finally, our matching-based
comprehension test could also be applied and extended to evaluate existing traffic signs
worldwide.Despite the clear and substantial contributions, the authors would like to acknowledge
several limitations of this study. First, the demographics of the participants in terms of gender, age, and
educational background were not analyzed, since these fall under the non-design category of
comprehensibility. While drivers’ characteristics may have significant effects on comprehensibility, this
study focused only on the design factors, such as the type and display conditions, which are more
flexible to modification than the characteristics of drivers. Second, the participants for the current study
were limited to the employees and students of Mapua University. While we only recruited 60
participants for this study, we ensured that these participants were selected based on the primary
objective of this study.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/16/8337

Understanding of traffic signs by drivers in the city of Manila, Philippines

Mistaken traffic signs for private vehicles, buses, jeepneys and utility vehicles are determined.Each
vehicletype resultedtodifferenttrafficsignsthatincurredhighpercentage error.Butbyobservation, the four
vehicle types are determined to have common traffic signs that yielded the most errors. The most
commonly mistaken traffic signs are the “Do not block the intersection.” and “Sharp Right Turn” traffic
signs. From the analysis of the survey results, the researchers determined that the common cause of
errors is the presence of sign within the study area and the graphic design of the traffic signs. “Sharp
Right Turn” traffic signs arenot abundant in the city area. It is mostly found in highways and roads
towards rural areas therefore it resulted to a high percentage error. Meanwhile, the “Do notblock the
intersection.” traffic sign is determined to have a misleading graphic design which causes the drivers to
misinterpret the meaning of the traffic sign. In conclusion, the drivers’ familiarity to traffic signs mainly
depends on its abundance in the location where the respondent usually passes through and the
simplicity of its design wherein the road user can easily determine its mean

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146520306001
Safety Awareness of Cyclists in the Province of Laguna, Philippines

This study found that cyclists are most aware of the cyclist safety gears; however, they are more
aware of gloves and road identification/identification cards. Likewise, they are most aware of the
cyclist's safety but they are most aware in checking the torque of the screws. Further, they are
able to recognize the cyclist hand signals, except the road hazard and road hazard potholes, and
are most aware of the road signage. The civil status and medical health condition have a
significant relationship with the cyclists’ hand signal awareness of the respondents. Likewise, the
cycling hour per week, bike availability and cycling objectives have a significant relationship with the
cyclists’ safety gear awareness of the respondents. Furthermore, it can also be observed that the
cycling objectives have a significant relationship with the cyclists’ bike maintenance awareness of the
respondents and the cycling related accidents of the cyclists have a significant relationship with
the road signage awareness of the respondents. These findings imply enhancing the awareness of the
cyclists with regard to cyclist safety gears, cyclists hand signals and bike maintenance. As the study is
limited to safety awareness, further studies can be conducted on the relationship between safety
awareness and occurrence of accidents.

https://www.neliti.com/publications/579336/safety-awareness-of-cyclists-in-the-province-of-laguna-
philippines

Severity of road crashes involving pedestrians in Metro Manila, Philippines

Regarding road safety awareness, the study confirms that there is a strong grasp of the basic rules of
road safety, but it also emphasizes the critical need for concentrated attention to areas like overtaking
regulations and cell phone use while driving. The most significant factors influencing the lack of road
safety awareness, according to the research, are uneven law enforcement and heavy traffic. This
thorough investigation helps to shed light on the intricate road safety situation in the Zamboanga
Peninsula. It emphasizes how urgently region-specific interventions that address the pervasive age and
gender gaps among road users are needed.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457516302020

Perceptions of Motorcycle Riders in Ra 10054 "Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009"

The study shows that perceptions of motorcycle riders in RA 10054 "motorcycle helmet act of 2009" are
well informed, demonstrating that respondents are aware of the Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009.
However, the respondents were "partly aware" of how difficult helmets are to wear. It suggests that
understanding the law and protecting drivers are more important than comfort. As a result, motorcycle
riders must be adequately protected against head injuries in order to lower their risk of suffering from
one of the leading causes of death and disability.

Managementhttps://www.neliti.com/publications/567308/perceptions-of-motorcycle-riders-in-ra-
10054-motorcycle-helmet-act-of-2009-manag

Foreign

MOTORISTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION OF E-TOLLS IN GAUTENG PROVINCE, SOUTH

An important factor in South Africa's development is transportation. Good road infrastructure or a good
road system that connects all locations across the nation efficiently is necessary for an efficient
transportation system, which is in charge of moving people and goods from one location to another. The
Gauteng region's e-toll roads are the subject of this article. The purpose of the article is to ascertain how
drivers in Gauteng Province feel about the introduction of e-tolls. The following factors are taken into
account in this article: e-toll fees, attitudes toward e-tolling, e-toll compliance, consumer confidence in
e-tolls, and the continuation of e-toll use. A survey questionnaire was utilized to gather information
from 350 road users in a quantitative approach.

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijebeg/article/669858

Evaluation of penalty and enforcement strategies to combat speeding offences among professional
drivers: A Hong Kong stated preference experiment

This study applied a stated preference survey and a panel mixed logit model to evaluate the deterrent
effects of penalty and enforcement strategies – DOP penalty, monetary fines, and speed enforcement
cameras along with a warning of such enforcement – on the propensity and severity of speeding among
professional drivers. In doing so, the study controlled for the effects of driver demographics and
operational characteristics as well as driver history and safety perceptions.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457519311467

Effects of interventions for preventing road traffic crashes: an overview of systematic reviews

When compared to other interventions, the review has shown that individual-based interventions are
highly effective. This result implies that driver behavior is the primary cause of most accidents. As a
result, the overview's findings are based on changing behavior to lower RTCs. This change in behaviour
can be done through sobriety check points, driver education, mass media campaigns for both drivers
and other road users. In this vain, there is need for countries to strengthen interventions that target
drivers, pedestrians, cyclists and motor cyclists. The overview has also established that there are very
few reviews in Africa focusing on effectiveness of these interventions. Implications for new research is
the need to conduct systematic reviews on effectiveness of interventions in LMIC.

https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-12253-y

Investigating the state of road vehicle emissions in Africa: A case study of Ghana and Rwanda

It is concerning that some of the new vehicles assembled and sold in Africa failed both the local and
international in-service emissions test. Poor fuel quality, lack of adequate maintenance, lack of in-
service emission testing, inferior emission systems technology of new vehicles sold in Africa were
identified as some of the causes of the emission failures. The absence of fuel and vehicle standards and
where available lack of enforcement has dire consequences on transport emissions.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198221001159

Driver eye movements in relation to unfamiliar traffic signs: An eye tracking study

The aim of the paper was to assess the level of understanding of different traffic signs by drivers from
different cultural background, and to analyse eye movements when observing known versus unknown
traffic signs. We assessed 64 traffic signs in terms of knowledge level and cognitive processing in 62
participants using the eye tracking Tobii glasses. Data was collected for three levels of sign knowledge:
no knowledge, partial knowledge, and complete knowledge. Some signs were unknown to all.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003687020301447

Analyzing driver behavior under naturalistic driving conditions:

The present paper attempts to review the naturalistic driving studies that have been undertaken so far.
The paper begins with an overview of different methods for collecting unobtrusive driver behavior data
during their day to day trip, followed by a discussion of various factors affecting driving behavior and
their influence on vehicle performance parameters. The paper also discusses the strategies mentioned
in the literature for improving driving behavior using naturalistic driving studies to enhance road safety.
Some of the major findings of this review suggest that i) driver behavior is a major cause in the majority
of the road accidents ii) drivers generally reduce their speed and increases headway as a compensatory
measure to reduce the workload imposed during distracting activity and adverse weather conditions iii)
mobile phone has emerged as a potential device for collecting naturalistic driving data and, iv)
improvement in driving behavior can be achieved by providing feedback to the drivers about their
driving behavior. This can be done by implementing usage-based insurance schemes such as pay as you
drive (PAYD), pay how you drive (PHYD), and manage how you drive (MHYD). While a considerable
amount of research has been done to analyze driving behavior under naturalistic conditions, some areas
which are yet to be explored are highlighted in the present paper.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457520317280

In lowering the age of criminal responsibility

Local

Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility as Part of Criminal Policies

The issue of the minimum age of criminal responsibility has remained unresolved globally due to the
annual rise in juvenile delinquency and peer violence. States around the world, as well as in smaller
geographically adjacent regions, have been coming up with different criminal law answers to this
question. Economic, social, cultural, religious, political, and even political circumstances are the causes
of this diversity. The so-called repressive and holistic concepts are two diametrically opposed ideas in
theory and practice.

The first concept's proponents contend that the safest approach to reducing juvenile and child
criminality is to implement a strict criminal policy. However, proponents of the holistic approach
contend that since young children are unable to comprehend the consequences of their actions,
lowering the criminal responsibility age would expose them to the criminal justice system before society
has had a chance to take prompt action to stop them from developing a criminal pattern of behavior

In this paper, we seek to highlight important distinctions between the repressive and holistic approaches
to establishing the minimum age of criminal responsibility, using the comparative law method as well as
other qualitative and quantitative techniques required for a fruitful analysis and the derivation of sound
conclusions. The end effect is a deeply held conviction that the strategy that views the children and
minors who are drawn into the criminal environment as part of the solution rather than the problem
must be given preference.

https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1064267

The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: The Need for a Holistic Approach

Policymakers and youth justice professionals around the world have criticized England and Wales for
maintaining a minimum age of criminal responsibility of ten years. Nevertheless, despite evidence in
favor of reform, the Westminster Government is unwilling to consider raising the minimum age of
criminal responsibility. This article examines the need for reforming the minimum age of criminal
responsibility, taking into account how a comprehensive strategy centered on diversion and the
provision of rights-respecting appropriate interventions can produce positive, even transformative,
outcomes for children. It does this by drawing on the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the
Child's consultation to revise General Comment No. 10 (2007) and the actions of UK devolved
administrations.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1473225419893782

Status Of Social Welfare Services For Children In Conflict With The Law (CICL): Its Implication To
Educational Program Of Bahay

The study's findings indicated that the Bahay Pag-Asa provided the young offenders with only
rudimentary social welfare and educational services. Children receive social welfare services from Bahay
Pag-Asa "Sometimes" that are Fairly Efficient and Moderately Satisfied by the stakeholders. While
providing social welfare services for Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), the Bahay Pag-Asa ran into
significant issues. The efficiency of social welfare services for children in conflict with the law (CICL)
tends to increase with the frequency of services offered to youth reformists. The degree of satisfaction
among Bahay Pag-Asa stakeholders increases with the effectiveness of the social welfare services
provided for children in conflict with the law (CICL).

Pag-Asahttps://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/12311

The priority health issues and key health determinants of detained Filipino children

Rising societal pressures for the Filipino urban poor population – precipitating increased crime –
alongside widespread corruption, have led to many children being both lawfully and unlawfully detained
in child rehabilitation centres. Far from rehabilitating, detained children live in prisonlike conditions,
despite the illegality of child imprisonment in the country. Their human rights disregarded; they suffer
from abuse, neglect and a multitude of health issues, with no access to healthcare. This study aims to
explore the experiences and perceptions of formerly detained looked-after adolescents and their carers,
on the priority health issues and key health determinants of detained Filipino children.

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJPH-09-2019-0052/full/html

Foreign

Criminal Responsibilities adolescents and Features of punishment system

Testing of minors in order to improve the crime prevention system should be carried out
comprehensively, and general social, special criminological and individual measures should be taken to
prevent this category of people.The foregoing demonstrates confidence in juvenile delinquency and the
particularities of the penitentiary system, as well as the ability to punish juvenile offenders in the
prevention of offenses. In this regard, the society itself should be influenced by the upbringing of the
younger generation, respect for moral values, laws and social norms, the development of self-esteem,
the ability to respect their rights and freedoms, as well as civic duty.The role of the state in improving
the living standards of the population in this process is objective. Only with these components can other
minors understand the exact punishment of offenders and take the necessary preventive measures.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/criminal-responsibilities-adolescents-and-features-of-punishment-
system

Juvenile Delinquency in an International Context

Juvenile delinquency is a global phenomenon, and interest in comparative studies of juvenile offending
and society’s reaction to it has been steadily growing, despite the inherent difficulties of comparing
juvenile justice processes across different regions. Both adolescence and the concept of juvenile
delinquency are social constructs that vary by time and place. To know what constitutes a juvenile, or a
delinquent act, requires detailed knowledge of a jurisdiction’s social, political, cultural, and legal history.
International data in the form of officially recorded contact of juveniles with formal institutions are
scarce, and they are often limited in their use for direct comparisons, due to divergent definitions and
recording practices, or coverage of geographical regions.

https://oxfordre.com/criminology/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.001.0001/acrefore-
9780190264079-e-567