Alternating Current

Voltage or current is said to be alternating if it changes Continuously in

magnitude and periodically in direction.

i i
Constant D C Fluctuating D c

t N
i i
A C A C

t t

Sinusoidal AC
i i

t t
D e
Fluctuating
Ae
Square wave form AC
 i

saw tooth wave form A C

Triangular
wave form AC

Mean value or Average Value

The mean value of A.C over any half cycle (either positive or negative) is
that value of D.C which would send same amount of charge through a
circuit as is sent by the A.C through Same circuit in the same time

float
fly
Idt
I since Sin 207 0
2 Cosa Cos207 0
 3 C Cosa sin 07 0

4 Sino Cos 07 0

5 sinlwtt 0 O

G Cos Wtt 6 7 0

7 Sino
I
8 Cosa
12
ta
flt dt Area under flt vs t Cuore
t from t t to t t

Calculate Mean/ Average value in one cycle

I i
Io
t
T
I 3212T

SME
LXIII
I I
2
2
I
3T t
T 2T
I 32 Ey
I

i i
3 Io g
Io
T
t
Io
E
t
AC

5 i
Io
37 2
T
Io

G i
To Sinat
T at a

I Sincut

T
z BE
 Soft 2 I 0
3 I 0

4 I I
5 I O

G I I Sinwt I Sin t
E
Idt I Isin tdt
O
O

I E'D
jE
To cos
II

II T
IT
I 2
247
7 I I sin wt I t t to 3
sink
0 t E I T

2
Jang
20 E
8 I At bsinwt
9 I asinwtt bloswt
I 2Sinwt 10525in wt scout
10
C
4
11 at bsinwtt
I
Sincwtte

Sof 8 I at bsinwt
I Lat bsinwt La bsinwt
a O a

9 I O

10 I 0

It I a

RMS Value : Root mean Square Value

It is the value of D.C which would produce same heat in given
resistance in given time as is done by the alternating current When
passed through the same resistor for the Same time interval.

oms JI'dt = rms value = virtual value

= apparent value.

Idt
 Calculate the rms value of the following

1 i 2 i
g
Io t
T
I
I
t AC
3 i
Io
t
T
I 322T

4
I
3T t
T 2T
I 32 Ey
I

5 i
Io
37 2
y
Io

G I I Sinwt
7 I I Coswt
8 I I Sincutto
g I at bsinwt
lo I asinwtt bloswt
II I 2Sinwt 10525in wt scout
12 I
4
I
at bsinwtt
bsinewtte
To Sinwt Coswt
13

soft
1 I Io 427 4227 I

I Io I
Toms

2 Isms To

3 I t I 41 t
72 ZI 7 2 T
Idt Edt
2 41
3 O
81
73
E
T2

I 81
373
x1 To
3

Toms I Io
F
 4 5 Toms I
B

G I I Sin Wt

I sin Wt
I I
sinewy
I
2

Isms I Peak Value

In F
7 8 Toms To
V2
g I a't b'sinwtt 2 absinwt

I art b'sinatt 2absinwt

Lay basin wt Rabsinwt
a t
b'x1 2abxo

Iams I a
tb
10 I asinwtt bsin wt
th
RSinlwt.to
R a b
 Toms a b
Ry 2

11 I 25in wt t 10525in wt scout

4
5 A

2 wt

a OF
H
10 2 12

R
V5
R 122 53 13

Isms 13
F

12 I at bsinwttbs.in wttg
a Fb sin
witty
 I a 2b sin Wtt
2Rabsinlwttey
I a t 25 O a'tb
12
Isms a b

13 I To Sinwt Coswt To Sinawt

2

Toms To
252

14. I = 2√t Calculate average and rms values over t = 2 to t = 4 sec

15. I = 4 sin (100πt + π/3) A. Calculate 1) RMS Value 2) Peak value

3) initial phase ④ Frequency 5) current at t = 0

16. If the phase di erence between V & I is π/4 and f = 50 Hz then

Calculate time di erence

Sof 14 I 2ft

I 2 Fdt 2631
s XX
4 2

43 2312
3
 8 252
Targ 3
Toms

12 4t 4
I
fat dt 2 tyg
2 2
4 2

16 4 12

Isms 4423 IT 2B

15 i Toms 4
F
it Peay value 4

iii f 121
50th
frequency
g
if Initial phase 1007 0
13

Y I 45in lookxot

4 2B
13
16 W Qrf look

at
I
t It See
4 10012 go

9M
 Power in A. C

V Vosinwt
I I Sin wt Of
= phase di erence between voltage and current.

Pint VI
V I Sinwt Sin Wtt 6

VI
2 Sinent Sin wt tod
P Pinsty
Average power
P V to cost cos ant too
2

Cos cos cant 1017

Io 07 KI
V I Cosp O
2

P cosy Voms Iams Cosy

Ya Ip
P Vms Iams Cos0 Remember
cosy power factor of power factor angle
 Purely resistive circuit

mm

I
Vosinwt
I V sin wt I Sinwt
I R
Toms I
Yy
Io
YI Y
Current and voltage are in same phase

0 0 Cos I

To Io VR I R

Power Voms Isms Coso

Voms Ions Coso Voms Isms
 Purely capacitive circuit
q q

I
v v sinwt

q CV CVosinwt

I do Crow Coswt
It
I Coswt Coswt
Yw Yg
I I Coswt I Sin Wtt 11 23

To Vo Toms I
ye
Vimes
Y
Capacitive reactance
Xe p
we

Current lead voltage by π/2 Or Voltage lag current by π/2

00 P Noms Toms Cost 2 0

It Cost O

Power consumed by purely capacitive circuit is zero

 I To sin V Vosinwt
tta

a Io

Veo I Xc Peak voltage across capacitor

2IfC
Q

f
At very low frequency capacitor will o er very high resistance and at
very high frequency capacitor will o er very low resistance in case of
a.c signal .

Vo Isms
Y
do I
Ye

Similarly

Vo Isms
Y
do I
Y
 Xe Io

Io

Inf L

I Xu

y Io
 power Voms Isms R
Zer
Iims R
Vims R
Zen

sing X Cop R
ZR
 Xe Xe
I 2
9

10 R I

power P Voms Isms Cool Voms Isms

Vims R Iims R
22

Ve 60 Ve 20 Vr 30 then find
out Peak source voltage in Case of CCR series

Soft V 60 20 302 50 roll

RESONANCE

K) Peak applied voltage =

peak voltage across resistance
Io

w
Wi Wa W
 ω > ω₂ : Inductive dominant circuit
ω < ω₂ : Capacitive dominant circuit

At W Wa 1 Purely resistive circuit

he

z R
Io Vo t
R
ta f f wi cu wa
1
wz W
E
Io 41
WE
I

From i I
Z R R

22 212 R L 2 R
we

Le R L I R
de je
 Wal R All
f e

Wi L R XD
I
HID Lib

Last wie 0
I 8 9
Wow
I
W

HOW HH in

Los a t t
t 2K
wow
g
w W L t Wa Wi 2 R
I 1 LC

w Will w WIL 2 R
W
Wz
I
r
1 PF PF Power factor
1
R Circuit

X'C

w
w Wo WI
Choose the Correct option

I w I 2 W Wa w
Le
3 Wa W 4 All of these
I
pF
soft
I I I
I 2 2 R

22 are R c 4122
d
We I FR
de
Wal BR Wil BR
de on
de
w w Yee y wa W Frye
 A.C generator
Working principle : It works on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic

cylindrical magnet

A Area of loop
N number of terns
B
Strength of magnetic
field
O Angle between B A

go at t o

coil is
rotating with
w
angular speed

so O got out at t t

NBA Cos got wt BAN Sinwt

BANW Cos wt

Eind do BANW Cos at

dt
i Eand BAN W Cos at
R R

slipring
Carbon brush
 = number of turns in primary
Np
= number of turns in secondary
Ns

Vp alternating voltage applied to primary windings

Considering ideal transformer in which the primary coil has negligible

resistance and there is no ux leakage.

Let φ be the ux in each turn of primary and secondary windings at

time ‘t’ due to current in primary when an alternating voltage is applied
across it.

Es induced emf in Secondary coil

Ns do
It
 Ep induced emf in primary coil

Np day

Since primary coil has negligible resistance

Vp Ep Np do
dt
If Secondary is open circuit or current taken from it is very small then

Vs Es Ns do
It
Hence
Vs
up p

Is Current in Secondary coil

Ip Current in primary coil
 Vs Is Vp Ip

Ip
Is

Remember this
Ip Ig
The ratio is called transformer ratio
Is

Still Vs
Up If
this is applicable

Loss in transformer
 loss
magnetostriction
 1

2
3 4

AW

5
offs
inductance
H
H
H
H

G Q . In an LCR series circuit if only C is removed then voltage lead

current by π/3 and in second case if only L is removed from LCR
series circuit then current lead voltage by π/3 then what will be the
power factor of the circuit.
 soft
7 23 230 As
Y I 2300 4000

i Ns 400

7 24

5 Gooov

31
440 town wit
EGtooor demand
800 KIN
220 V

Resistance of transmission Cable Re 0.5 15 2

15 R
P VI 800 103 4000 1

I 200A
a Power loss in transmission I'Re
2
Goo 15
600 103 W GOO KIN

b Psupplied 800kW 600kW 1400kW

 C DV potential difference across transmission
line IRC 200 15 3000 Volt

440 3000 4000 440 7000W

7 25
a
6kW b 806 KIN
C 440 40300

1 I E Eback
Rasmatire

2 12 Eback Ebacy LOV

y
Since Esau a w speed

Gacy lo 9V
logo
i 12 9 3A
 2 Since V V2 so this is resonance
Condition
Hence
across resistance applied voltage
Voltage

V3 220 Volt

I 2.2 A
2,2g

4
soft I 10 40 Coswt

I 100 1600 Costat

I 100 1600 900
12
Isms FIT 30A

S P Isms R
240 4 X R
R 2 152
3
Z 25
I 109
 22 R XE 252 1521 XE
XE 25 15 25 15 400
XL 20 215ft
L
Ie

G
Xu
a

113 tang y
11 p

I 543 R
Xc
tang R
v z

Xc V

so Xc Xe it means
clearly
LCR Series is in resonance
Hence power factor 1