Department of By: Engr.

Farhan Memon
Electrical Engineering Introduction to Computers & C++
Mehran University of Engineering Year 1ST Semester 1st
& Technology Batch 17 Duration 03
Jamshoro Hours

Lab 4: Introduction to various Operating Systems

Outlines

· Operating System
· Bootstrap Process
· Goals of Operating System
· Functions of Operating System
· Operating System Terms
· History of Operating Systems
· Open Source Vs Closed Source Operating System
· Types of Operating Systems
· Lab Tasks

Requirements
· Operating System: Windows 8/10

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OPERATING SYSTEM

An operating system is complex, so it is difficult to define it with a simple universal

definition. So, following are some common definitions:

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Some popular Operating Systems are: Windows, Linux and Mac OS.

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BOOTSTRAP PROCESS

The Operating System is responsible for loading other programs into memory for
execution.

Obviously, the operating system itself is a program that needs to be loaded into the memory
and be run.
How is this problem solved?!

The solution is:

1. A very small section of memory called ROM that holds a small program called the
bootstrap program. When the computer is turned on, the CPU counter is set to the
first instruction of this bootstrap program and executes the instructions in this
program.

2. And it starts loading the Operating System into the RAM.

3. When loading is done, the program counter is set to the first instruction of the
operating system in RAM, and the operating system runs.

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Bootstrapping
Bootstrapping is the process of loading an operating system into the computer's main
memory or random access memory (RAM) from the disk drive.

“OR”

The process of starting or restarting a computer is called Bootstrapping (Booting).

GOALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

· Convenient for the user to use (user friendly)

· Efficient operation (error-free, fast)
· Optimal use of computing resources (100 % use of resources)
· Execute user programs

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FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system has to carry out a variety of functions:

CLI: Command line interface (DOS)

GUI: Graphical user interface (windows)

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OPERATING SYSTEM TERMS

Single-User Operating System:

Allows only one user to run the program(s)

Multi-User Operating System:

Allows two or more users to run the program(s)

Single-Tasking Operating System:

Allows running one program at a time

Multi-Tasking Operating System:

Allows running multiple programs at a time

• Single • Singl e
User Single User Multi
Tasking Tasking

SUST SUMT

MUMT MUST
• Multi User • Multi User
Multi Singl e
Tasking Tasking

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HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Generations Operating System Hardware

Zero No operating system Uncovered hardware ,vacuum
tubes

First Batch Systems Transistors

Second Multiprogramming and Integrated Circuits

timesharing Systems

Third Personal Computers Microprocessors

Fourth Multiprocessing Multi-core

Fifth Super Integrated Chips More than one CPU

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OPEN SOURCE VS CLOSED SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM

Open Source OS: Ubuntu, C entOS, Android, OpenSUSE, FreeBSD.

Closed Source OS: Windows, MAC, SymbiansOS.

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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

• Batch Processing
• Uniprogramming
• Multiprogramming
• Timesharing
• Multiprocessing
• Distributed
• Network
• Realtime
Operating S ystem

Batch Processing
Users do not interact directly with the computer. Each user submits its job to the computer
operator (human). To speed up processing, similar types of jobs are firstly batched
together and then will be submitted to the system for processing. The system then executes
all jobs one by one.

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Uniprogramming
Allow only one program to be present in memory and executed at a time. All the system
resources are exclusively available for the job until it completed.

Multiprogramming
Allow two or more programs to be present in memory and executed at the same time.
When one job had to wait (e.g. I/O operation), CPU switch to another job to execute.
When the first job finishes waiting, CPU will get back the first job to execute.

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Timesharing

Time sharing is extension of multiprogramming. Allow multiple users to interact with a

computer at the same time. Each user is served in sequence. Concept of Time-slice used,
each user is given a time slice to interact with the CPU.

CPU scheduling algorithm used:

· Programs queued for execution in FIFO (First In First Out) order.

· Timer device interrupts after a quantum (time-slice).
· Interrupted program is returned to end of FIFO
· Next program is taken from head of FIFO.

Multiprocessing

Multiprocessing system is a integrated system with two or more CPUs. Allow simultaneous
execution of several programs.

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Distributed
Computers in a distributed system are independent and do not physically share
memory or processors.

Distributed systems work in a network. They can share the net work resources and
communicate with each other using messages. These are referred as loosely coupled
systems. These computers are commonly referred as nodes.

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Network
Network Operating System having features:

· Deals with the Users log on

· Maintain the network client- server connections
· Expand the file system to view folders on other computers
· Provides security and separate accounts to users

Examples: Microsoft Windows Server 2008, Linux- servers.

Real-time
Real time system is a data processing system in which the time interval required to
process and respond.

Real-time systems are used when there are immediate time requirements on the
operation.

These types of operating systems support single application.

Examples: Airline reservation, banking systems

Real-time systems can also be used as a controlling system, in which monitoring assistant
is associated.

Examples: image processing systems, industrial control systems, robots, and home-
appliance controllers, Air traffic control system etc.

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 LAB TASKS
1. What are the various components of a computer system?
2. What is user interface?
3. What do you mean by CLI & GUI?
4. Is Windows an Open Source Operating System?
5. Have you heard the term “Linux” before? If Yes, where exactly?

SUBMISSION:
In Hard-Format (manual along with exercise), will be checked in the next Lab

The End
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