A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
“COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYYSTEM”

SUBMITTED BY
Miss. Patil Sanskruti D. [124]

Under the guidance of

Mrs. S. Mohanapriya

Department of Computer Technology

Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
SANJIVANI K. B. P. POLYTECHNIC
KOPARGAON – 423603, DIST : AHMEDNAGAR
2023-2024

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 Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
SANJIVANI K. B. P. POLLYTEHNIC
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report entitled
“COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM”
Submitted by
Miss. Patil Sanskruti D. [124]
Under our supervision and guidance for partial fulfilment of the
requirement for
DIPLOMA IN COMPTUTER TECHNOLOGY affiliated to
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
For academic year
2023-2024.

Mrs. S. Mohanapriya Mr. G. N. Jorvekar

Project guide H.O.D

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 INDEX

Sr. TITLE PAGE

No. NO
1. What are components of 4
operating system?
2. Component 1: Process 5
Management
3. Component 2: File 6
Management
4. Component 3: Main Memory 7
Management
5. Component 4: I/O System 8
Management
6. Component 5: Secondary 9
Storage Management
7. Conclusion 10

8. References 11

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 WHAT ARE COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM?

An operating system is defined as a massive and complicated system that can

only be divided into small sections. These components should be well-defined
parts of the system, with inputs, outputs, as well as functions well-stated. Though
Linux, Windows, Mac, UNIX, and other operating systems have different
structures, most Operating system components, including files, memory, process,
and I/O device management, are shared by all.
Operating System can be created by using large number of smaller pieces. Each
piece should be accurate portion of the system and should be clearly defined.
Various system component activities are
- Process Management
- Main Memory Management
- File Management
- I/O system Management
- Secondary Storage Management

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 COMPONENT 1: PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Program is a passive entity. It is just a file stored on disk. It does nothing unless
its instructions are executed by processor (CPU). Program in execution is called
as process. Process runs instructions of the program one after another. So, process
is an active entity.
A process needs certain resources like processor time, memory, file, I/O devices
etc. for completing its task. These resources are given to the process at the time
of creation or they get allocated at the time of execution of the process. When the
process terminates, operating system reclaims resources those are reusable.
A process is unit of work in a system. Such system consists of collection of
processes some of which are operating system processes (those execute operating
system code) and rests of them are user processes (those execute user code).
Operating system is responsible for following activities related to process
management.
- Creating and deleting user/system processes
- Suspending and resuming processes
- Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
- Providing mechanisms for process communication
- Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling

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 COMPONENT 2: FILE MANAGEMENT

Major function of operating system is to hide extra details of disks and other
devices from users and present nice, clean, abstract model of device independent
file to them. Computers can store information on several different types of
physical media like magnetic disk, optical disk etc. Each of these media has its
own physical organization and its own characteristics like access speed, capacity,
data transfer rate, access methods etc.
File management works to hide all these details from the user. A file is a
collection of related information created by its creator. Generally files represent
programs (either in source form or in object form) and data. Data files may
contain numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric or binary data.
Files may be of free-form nature (as plain-text files) or of rigidly formatted
structure (as database file). These files are normally organized into directories to
make them easier to use.
Operating system is responsible for following activities related to file
management.
- Creating and deleting files
- Creating and deleting directories to organize files
- Supporting primitives for manipulating files and directories
- Mapping files onto secondary storage
- Backing up files on stable (non-volatile) storage media

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 COMPONENT 3: MAIN MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Main memory is central to the operation of modern computer system. It is a large

array of bytes or words each of which has address. Main memory facilitates quick
access of data shared by CPU and I/O devices. Generally main memory is the
only memory that is directly addressed and accessed by processor.
For accessing data from other devices like hard disk, the data should be firstly
transferred to main memory. Also, whenever CPU wants to execute instructions
of any program, those must be available in main memory.
For this, program is loaded into main memory for execution. When execution of
a program terminates, the memory space it was using is declared as available (or
free) for other upcoming programs. 2-2 For improving speed of computer’s
response to its users, several programs should be kept in memory at a time. To
handle this situation various memory management techniques can be used.
Operating system is responsible for following activities related to memory
management.
- Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom
- Deciding which processes and data to move into and out of memory
- Allocating and de-allocating memory space as needed

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 COMPONENT 4: I/O SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

All computers have physical devices for acquiring input and producing output.
Some of the major input/ output devices are keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer,
speaker, mike etc. Main purpose of operating system is to hide the crucial details
of hardware from the user of computer system and manage these devices.
I/O Device Management provides an abstract level of H/W devices and keep the
details from applications to ensure proper use of devices, to prevent errors, and
to provide users with convenient and efficient programming environment.
Operating system is responsible for following activities related to file
management.
1. General device driver interface
2. Driver for specific hardware devices
3. Hide the details of H/W devices
4. Manage main memory for the devices using cache, buffer, and spooling

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COMPONENT 5: SECONDARY STORAGE MANAGEMENT

The main purpose of a computer system is to execute programs. These programs,

together with the data they access, must be in main memory during execution.
Since the main memory is too small to permanently accommodate all data and
program, the computer system must provide secondary storage to backup main
memory.

Most modern computer systems use disks as the principle on-line storage
medium, for both programs and data. Most programs, like compilers, assemblers,
sort routines, editors, formatters, and so on, are stored on the disk until loaded
into memory, and then use the disk as both the source and destination of their
processing.

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection

with disk management:

1. Free space management

2. Storage allocation
3. Disk scheduling

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this project involved the information regarding components of

operating system. Operating System can be created by using large number of
smaller pieces. Each piece should be accurate portion of the system and should
be clearly defined.
There are various components of an Operating System to perform well defined
tasks. Though most of the Operating Systems differ in structure but logically they
have similar components. Each component must be a well-defined portion of a
system that appropriately describes the functions, inputs, and outputs. The
components of operating system are:
1. Process Management
2. File Management
3. Main Memory Management
4. I/O System Management
5. Secondary Storage management
Process management is responsible for managing different processes. The
process management component manages the multiple processes running
simultaneously on the Operating System. File management is responsible for
managing files. Main memory management is responsible for maintaining the
main memory. The main motivation behind Memory Management is to maximize
memory utilization on the computer system. Secondary memory is responsible
for permanently accommodate all data and program.
In this way different components of operating system are responsible to proper
working of the system.

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 REFERENCES

1. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_components.h
tm
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/components-of-operating-system/
3. https://www.guru99.com/components-of-operating-system.html
4. https://data-flair.training/blogs/components-of-operating-
system/#:~:text=An%20OS%20is%20a%20complex,storage%20m
anagement%2C%20and%20security%20management.

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