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Student Guide 3 - Introduction To The SQL Interfaces - Docx-1716974458991

introduction to sql

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10 views3 pages

Student Guide 3 - Introduction To The SQL Interfaces - Docx-1716974458991

introduction to sql

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xdamandhiman
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Business Research

LECTURE 3
Introduction to the SQL Interfaces
SQL has long been the backbone of database operations.
Originating in the early 1970s, it was developed by Donald D.
Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce at IBM to manage and
retrieve data stored in their original quasi-relational database
management system. Over the decades, SQL has evolved, and
while many variations exist today, its core functionality and
purpose remain consistent to interact with relational databases.
Its significance has grown in tandem with the increasing
importance of data storage, management, and retrieval in our
digital age.

Unlike general-purpose programming languages, SQL is a domain-specific language designed


exclusively for managing and querying data stored in a relational database.

Types of SQL
Databases are complex, and to cater to various operations, SQL is categorized into different types:

■ Data Query Language (DQL): This is all about retrieving data, primarily using the SELECT
statement.

■ Data Definition Language (DDL): DDL deals with database schema and structure, with
commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP.

■ Data Manipulation Language (DML): This involves modifying data. Common DML commands
include INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

■ Data Control Language (DCL): DCL is concerned with permissions using commands like GRANT
and REVOKE.

■ Transaction Control Language (TCL): Ensures the integrity of data by managing transactions
with commands like COMMIT and ROLLBACK.

Components and Structure


SQL is more than just commands; it’s a structured language with various components:

■ Statements and queries: Commands given to the database to perform specific tasks.

■ Clauses, expressions, and predicates: These provide specificity in operations like the WHERE
clause which narrows down query results.

■ Operators (like AND, OR, NOT): These are logical conditions used to refine searches.

2
How SQL Works
While using SQL might seem straightforward, there’s a lot happening behind the scenes.

1. Overview of Relational Database Management System (RDBMS):


An RDBMS is software that uses SQL as the standard language for querying and maintaining the
database. Examples include MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL. It ensures data integrity,
consistency, and security.

2. Tables and Relationships:


At the heart of every RDBMS is a table, storing data in rows and columns. Relationships between
tables (like one-to-one, one-to-many) ensure data isn’t duplicated and maintain the database’s
integrity.

3. The Process of Executing a Query:


There are several steps to execute a query:
■ The query is parsed and optimized.
■ The RDBMS searches the database using the query’s conditions.
■ Results are retrieved and sent to the user.

Reference:

▪ Mohan, M., & Mohan, M. (2023, October 28). What is SQL? Complete introduction to SQL. codedamn news.
https://codedamn.com/news/sql/complete-introduction-to-sql

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