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Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
INDEX

Chapter 1: Real Numbers

Concepts Covered:
1. Introduction to Real Numbers
➢ Set of Real Numbers
➢ Properties of Real Numbers
➢ Divisibility
2. Euclid's division lemma
➢ Euclid’s Division Lemma Proof
➢ Applications of Euclid’s Division Lemma
3. Euclid's division algorithm
4. Finding the HCF of two positive integers by Euclid's division Algo
5. Examples on Application on HCF
6. Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic
7. Proving irrationality of numbers
➢ Of the form √𝐧
➢ Of the form 𝐦 ± √𝐧
➢ Of the form √𝐦 ± √𝐧
8. Determining the nature of the decimal expansion of rational numbers
9. Mind Map
➢ (Colourful & Interactive/ Complete All Concept Covered)
➢ Practice Questions (All Topics Available)
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Real numbers in the number system are nothing but the combination of rational and irrational
numbers. All the arithmetic operations are performed with these numbers and can be represented
in the number line. Whereas imaginary numbers are the un-real numbers that cannot be
represented in the number line and are commonly used to express a complex number.

Positive integers, negative integers, irrational numbers, and fractions are all examples of real
numbers. In other words, we can say that any number is a real number, except for complex numbers.
1
Examples of real numbers include −1, , 1.75, √2, and so on.
2

In general,

✓ Real numbers constitute the union of all rational and irrational

numbers.
✓ Any real number can be plotted on the number line.
✓ Real numbers are used to measure different quantities.
Page 2
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
INTRODUCTION

Set of Real Numbers

Real numbers are divided into two main categories i.e. rational numbers and irrational numbers.
p
Rational Numbers: The numbers that can be written in the form of where p and q are both integers
q
and q ≠ 0. Rational Numbers can be further divided into-

Natural Numbers: All Counting numbers starting with one are called natural numbers. (1,2, 3,....)

Whole Numbers: The set of all the natural numbers and zeroes are called whole numbers. (0,1,2,
3,...)

Integers: All positive and negative numbers (not fractions) including zero are called the Integers.
(−∞ to + ∞)
p
Irrational numbers: All numbers that can not be expressed in the form of are known as irrational
q

numbers. (√2, √3, etc. )

Even numbers: Even numbers are integers that are divisible by 2. Even numbers always
end up with 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 in the last digit. Even numbers include 2, 4, 6, 8,
10, 12, 14, 16, etc.

Odd numbers: Odd numbers are numbers that cannot be divided by two in an exact
manner. It cannot be divided evenly into two separate integers. We obtain a remainder
when we divide an odd integer by two. Examples- include 1, 3, 5, 7, and so forth.

Prime numbers: Prime numbers are natural numbers higher than 1 that are divisible by
1 and the number itself. Prime numbers have two factors: 1 and the number itself. The
first ten primes are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29 respectively. 1 is not a prime number
because it has only one factor.

Composite numbers: Composite numbers are natural numbers that are divisible by 1, itself as well
as any other integer or number. 1 does not belong to prime numbers as well as composite numbers.

For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 etc.

Properties of Real Numbers

The following are the four main properties of real numbers:

➢ Commutative property
➢ Associative property
➢ Distributive property
➢ Identity property
Page 3
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
INTRODUCTION

Consider “m, n and r” are three real numbers. Then the above properties can be
described using m, n, and r as shown below:

Commutative Property

If m and n are the numbers, then the general form will be m + n = n + m for
addition and m.n = n.m for multiplication

• Addition: m + n = n + m. For example, 5 + 3 = 3 + 5, 2 + 4 = 4 + 2.

• Multiplication: m × n = n × m. For example, 5 × 3 = 3 × 5, 2 × 4 = 4 × 2.

Associative Property

If m, n and r are the numbers. The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r for

addition(mn) r = m (nr) for multiplication.

• Addition: The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r. An example of additive associative

property is 10 + (3 + 2) = (10 + 3) + 2.
• Multiplication: (mn) r = m (nr). An example of a multiplicative associative property is (2 × 3)
4 = 2 (3 × 4).

Distributive Property

For three numbers m, n, and r, which are real in nature, the distributive property is represented as:

m (n + r) = mn + mr and (m + n) r = mr + nr.

Example: 5(2 + 3) = 5 × 2 + 5 × 3. Here, both sides will yield 25.

Identity Property

There are additive and multiplicative identities.

• For addition: m + 0 = m. (0 is the additive identity)

• For multiplication: m × 1 = 1 × m = m. (1 is the multiplicative identity)
1 3
Example 1: Find five rational numbers between and .
2 5

Solution:

We shall make the denominator same for both the given rational number
1 × 5 5 3 × 2 6
= and =
2 × 5 10 5 × 2 10
Now, multiply both the numerator and denominator of both the rational
number by 6, we have
Page 4
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
INTRODUCTION

5 × 6 30 6 × 6 36
= and =
10 × 6 60 10 × 6 60
1 30 3 36 31 32 33 34 35
Five rational numbers between = and = are , , , , .
2 60 5 60 60 60 60 60 60

Example 2:

Write the decimal equivalent of the following:

1 5 3
(i) (ii) (iii)
4 8 2
Solution:
1 1 × 25 25
(i) = = = 0.25
4 4 × 25 100
5 5 × 125 625
(ii) = = = 0.625
8 8 × 125 1000
3 3 × 5 15
(iii) = = = 1.5
2 2 × 5 10

Divisibility
A non - zero real number a is said to divide a real number b if there exists an integer c such that b =
ac. The real numbers bis called the dividend, ais known as the divisor, and cis known as the quotient.

For example, 3 divides 36 because there is an integer 12 such that 36 = 3 × 12. However, 3 does
not divide 35 because there does not exist an integer c such that 35 = 3 × c. In other words, 35 =
3 × c is not true for any integer c.
a
If a non-zero real number b divides another real number a, then we write . We read it as b divides
b
a
a. When is an integer, we say that a is divisible by b or b is a factor of a or a is a multiple of b, or b
b
is a divisor of a.

We observe that:

• – 4 divides 20 because there exists an integer – 5 such that 20 = – 4 × (– 5)

• 4 divides – 20 because there exists an integer – 5 such that – 20 = 4 × (– 5)
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION LEMMA

EUCLID'S DIVISION LEMMA

Euclid’s Division Lemma gives the relation between the various components of Division. It explains
that for any two positive integers say a and b there exist two unique integers q and r such that a =
bq + r. In this method, we call q the quotient of the division, and r is the remainder of the division.
We have learned the division algorithm as,
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
This is nothing but another name for Euclid’s Division Lemma
Statement of Euclid’s Division Lemma
For any two positive integers a and b, there exists a unique set of integers
q and r, such that:
a=bq+r
Where,
• q is called the quotient, and
• r is called the remainder, 0 ≤ r < b.
Example:
Here, the given numbers are, 39(= a) and 6(= b) we can write it in a = bq + r form as, 39 = 6 × 6 + 3
where, quotient(q) is 6 and remainder(r) is 3.

Now, the Euclid Division Lemma is, a = b × (q + r) can be written as,

Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder
• Euclid’s Division Lemma has many Applications related to the Divisibility of Integers
• It can be used to find the HCF of two numbers.

Euclid’s Division Lemma Proof

Euclid’s lemma or Euclid's division lemma statement says that for given two positive integers, 'a' and
'b', there exists unique integers 'q' and 'r' such that, a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r <b.
So, let's take a = 9 and b = 1.
Page 2
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION LEMMA

9 = (1 × 9) + 0
Here, q = 9 and r = 0, and we can clearly see that 0 ≤ r < 1.
Now, let's take a = 9 and b = 2.
9 = (2 × 4) + 1
Here, q = 4 and r = 1, and we can clearly see that 0 ≤ r < 2.
Now, let's take a = 9 and b = 3.
9 = (3 × 3) + 0
Here, q = 3 and r = 0, and we can clearly see that 0 ≤ r < 3.
Now, let's take a = 9 and b = 4.
9 = (4 × 2) + 1
Here, q = 2 and r = 1, and we can clearly see that 0 ≤ r < 4.
When we divide two integers using the Euclid division lemma, we always get a non-negative integral
remainder less than the divisor.
Finding HCF Using Euclid’s Division Lemma
Consider two positive numbers 418 and 33 and we have to find the HCF of these two numbers.
Step 1: The larger integer which is 418 is taken and using Euclid’s Division Lemma, a = b q + r we get,
→ 418 = 33 × 12 + 22
Where
a = 418; b = 33; q = 12; r = 22
Step 2: Now if the divisor is 33 represented as ‘a’ and 22 as ‘b’, on applying Euclid’s Division
Algorithm, we get
→ 33 = 22 × 1 + 11
Step 3: Again if we take 22 as divisor ‘a’ and 11 as ‘b’ and we apply Euclid’s
Division Algorithm, we get
→ 22 = 11 × 2 + 0
Step 4: The remainder we obtain is 0 and thus we cannot do the process
further.
The last divisor that is obtained is 11 and the HCF we get off 418 and 33 is 11.
Page 3
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION LEMMA

Applications of Euclid’s Division Lemma

• Used for the division of the integers.
• Used in Euclid’s Division Algorithm as a key concept.
• Used for finding the HCF of the positive numbers.
• Used to find properties like odd numbers, even numbers, cube numbers, square numbers,
etc.
Example 1: Find the quotient and remainder when 73 is divided by 9 using Euclid’s Division
Algorithm.
Solution: Given: Dividend = 73, Divisor = 9
Using Euclid’s Division Lemma, Divide 73 by 9
⇒ 73 = 9 × 8 + 1
Therefore, when 73 is divided by 9, the quotient is 8 and the remainder is 1.
Example 2: Find the quotient and remainder when 315 is divided by 17 using Euclid’s Division
Algorithm.
Solution: Given: Dividend = 315, Divisor = 17
Using Euclid’s Division Lemma, Divide 315 by 17
⇒ 315 = 17 × 18 + 9
Thus, quotient is 18 and remainder is 9.
Example 3: Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to Find the HCF of 867 and
255.
Solution: Step 1: Since 867 > 255, we apply the Division Lemma on 867 and
255,
867 = 255 × 3 + 102
Step 2: Since the Remainder 102 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma further on 255 and
102
255 = 102 × 2 + 51
This step is repeated until the remainder becomes zero.
Step 3: Since the Remainder 51 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma further on 102 and 51
102 = 51 × 2 + 0
Page 4
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION LEMMA

Now the remainder is zero, so our process stops. Since the divisor at this stage is 51, the HCF of 255
and 867 is 51.
Example 4: Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to Find the HCF of 4052 and 12576.
Solution: Step 1: Since 12576 > 4052, we apply the Division Lemma on 867 and 255,
12576 = 4052 × 3 + 420
Step 2: Since the Remainder 420 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 4052 and 420,
4052 = 420 × 9 + 272
Step 3: Since the Remainder 272 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 420 and 272
420 = 272 × 1 + 148
This step is repeated until the remainder becomes zero.
420 = 272 × 1 + 148
Since the Remainder 148 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 272
and 148.
272 = 148 × 1 + 124
Since the Remainder 124 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 148 and 124.
148 = 124 × 1 + 24
Since the Remainder 24 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 124 and 24.
124 = 24 × 5 + 4
Since the Remainder 4 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 24 and 4.
24 = 4 × 6 + 0
Now the remainder becomes zero, so our process stops. Since the divisor at this stage is 4, the HCF
of 4052 and 12576 is 4.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Definition: Euclid’s Division Algorithm is the process of applying Euclid’s division lemma in succession
several times to obtain some result. Euclid’s division lemma can be applied to find the HCF of any
two numbers.
The largest or the greatest among the common divisors of two or more
integers is known as the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) or highest
common factor (HCF) of the given integers. The HCF of two or more
positive integers always exists, and it is unique. Let the two positive integers be
a and b where a > b.
Suppose b is not a divisor of a. In that case, there exist positive integers q and r
such that a = bq + r, where 0 < r < b. Common divisors of a and b are closely
associated with the common divisors of b and r. Every common divisor of b and r
is a common divisor of a and b and vice-versa, as stated and proved in the given
theorem.
Euclid’s Division Algorithm can be summarized as follows:

Consider two numbers 78 and 980 and we need to find the HCF of these numbers. To do this, we
choose the largest integer first, i.e. 980 and then according to Euclid Division Lemma, a = bq + r
where 0 ≤ r < b;
980 = 78 × 12 + 44
Page 2
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Now, here a = 980, b = 78, q = 12 and r = 44.

Now consider the divisor 78 and the remainder 44, apply Euclid division lemma again.
78 = 44 × 1 + 34
Similarly, consider the divisor 44 and the remainder 34, apply Euclid division lemma to 44 and 34.
44 = 34 × 1 + 10
Following the same procedure again,
34 = 10 × 3 + 4
10 = 4 × 2 + 2
4=2×2+0
As we see that the remainder has become zero, therefore, proceeding further is not possible. Hence,
the HCF is the divisor b left in the last step. We can conclude that the HCF of 980 and 78 is 2.
Let us try another example to find the HCF of two numbers 250 and 75. Here, the larger the integer
is 250, therefore, by applying Euclid Division Lemma a = bq + r where 0 ≤ r < b, we have a = 250 and
b = 75
⇒ 250 = 75 × 3 + 25
By applying the Euclid’s Division Algorithm to 75 and 25, we have:
75 = 25 × 3 + 0
As the remainder becomes zero, we cannot proceed further. According to the algorithm, in this case,
the divisor is 25. Hence, the HCF of 250 and 75 is 25.
Shortcut Method for Euclid’s Division Algorithm
Method uses the concept of division to find the HCF. We know that,
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Now we divide the given numbers (say and b) accordingly the bigger
number with the smaller number and we obtained a quotient and a
remainder. Now this remainder becomes the divisor and the previous
divisor becomes the dividend and further, the division process is carried out.
This process is repeated till the remainder of the division is zero. And the quotient when the
remainder becomes zero is the HCF of the two numbers a and b.
The following illustration shows the calculation of HCF of 132 and 320 using the shortcut method.
Page 3
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Thus, the HCF of 132 and 320 is 4.

Example 1: Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of 210 and 55.
Solution: Given integers are 210 and 55. Here, 210 > 55. Applying Euclid’s division lemma to 210 and
55 we get, 210 = 55 × 3 + 45
Since the remainder 45 ≠ 0. So, we apply the division lemma to the divisor 55 and
the remainder 45 to get 55 = 45 × 1 + 10
Now, apply the division lemma to the new divisor 45 and new remainder 10
to get 45 = 10 × 4 + 5
We now consider the new divisor 10 and the new remainder 5 and apply the division
lemma to get
10 = 5 × 2 + 0
The remainder at this stage is zero. So, the divisor at this stage is 5. Hence, 5 is the HCF
of 210 and 55.
Example 2: Let n be an odd integer. Show that n2 - 1 is a multiple of 8. Hint: Use
Euclid's division lemma.
Solution: By Euclid’s Division Lemma, n can be written as n = 2k + 1, k ∈ Z. Thus, n2 – 1 = (2k + 1)2 −
1.
= (4k2 + 4k + 1) − 1
= 4k2 + 4k
= 4k(k + 1)
Page 4
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Note that the product k(k + 1) will always be even. This is because either k is even, or if not, then k +
1 is even. So, if we multiply any even number to 4, it always results in a multiple of 8. Therefore, n
must be a multiple of 8.
Example 3: Using Euclid’s Division Algorithm, find the HCF of 130 and 91.
Solution: We have: 130 = 91(1) + 39
91 = 39(2) + 13
39 = 13(3) + 0
We know that the HCF is the remainder in the second last step, which is 13.
Alternate Method (Shortcut):

Therefore, HCF (130, 91) = 13.

Example 4: Express the HCF of 468 and 222 as 468x + 222y, where x and y are integers.
Solution: Firstly, let us find the HCF of 468 and 222. By Euclid's Division Algorithm, we have 468 =
222(2) + 24.
222 = 24(9) + 6
24 = 6(4) + 0
We know that the HCF is the remainder in the second last step. Thus, HCF (468, 222) = 6. Now, from
the second step of Euclid's Division Algorithm, we can rearrange the equation to isolate 6, 6 = 222 −
(24 × 9). Also, from the first step of Euclid's Division Algorithm, we can get, 24 = 468 - 222(2), let's
substitute this value of 24 in the above equation, we have,
6= 222 − [468 − 222(2)] (9)
⇒ 6 = 222 + 222(18) − 468(9)
⇒ 6 = 468(−9) + 222(19)
Hence, x = - 9, y = 19. Therefore, 6 = 468(- 9) + 222(19).
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Definition: Euclid’s Division Algorithm is the process of applying Euclid’s division lemma in succession
several times to obtain some result. Euclid’s division lemma can be applied to find the HCF of any
two numbers.
The largest or the greatest among the common divisors of two or more
integers is known as the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) or highest
common factor (HCF) of the given integers. The HCF of two or more
positive integers always exists, and it is unique. Let the two positive integers be
a and b where a > b.
Suppose b is not a divisor of a. In that case, there exist positive integers q and r
such that a = bq + r, where 0 < r < b. Common divisors of a and b are closely
associated with the common divisors of b and r. Every common divisor of b and r
is a common divisor of a and b and vice-versa, as stated and proved in the given
theorem.
Euclid’s Division Algorithm can be summarized as follows:

Consider two numbers 78 and 980 and we need to find the HCF of these numbers. To do this, we
choose the largest integer first, i.e. 980 and then according to Euclid Division Lemma, a = bq + r
where 0 ≤ r < b;
980 = 78 × 12 + 44
Page 2
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Now, here a = 980, b = 78, q = 12 and r = 44.

Now consider the divisor 78 and the remainder 44, apply Euclid division lemma again.
78 = 44 × 1 + 34
Similarly, consider the divisor 44 and the remainder 34, apply Euclid division lemma to 44 and 34.
44 = 34 × 1 + 10
Following the same procedure again,
34 = 10 × 3 + 4
10 = 4 × 2 + 2
4=2×2+0
As we see that the remainder has become zero, therefore, proceeding further is not possible. Hence,
the HCF is the divisor b left in the last step. We can conclude that the HCF of 980 and 78 is 2.
Let us try another example to find the HCF of two numbers 250 and 75. Here, the larger the integer
is 250, therefore, by applying Euclid Division Lemma a = bq + r where 0 ≤ r < b, we have a = 250 and
b = 75
⇒ 250 = 75 × 3 + 25
By applying the Euclid’s Division Algorithm to 75 and 25, we have:
75 = 25 × 3 + 0
As the remainder becomes zero, we cannot proceed further. According to the algorithm, in this case,
the divisor is 25. Hence, the HCF of 250 and 75 is 25.
Shortcut Method for Euclid’s Division Algorithm
Method uses the concept of division to find the HCF. We know that,
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Now we divide the given numbers (say and b) accordingly the bigger
number with the smaller number and we obtained a quotient and a
remainder. Now this remainder becomes the divisor and the previous
divisor becomes the dividend and further, the division process is carried out.
This process is repeated till the remainder of the division is zero. And the quotient when the
remainder becomes zero is the HCF of the two numbers a and b.
The following illustration shows the calculation of HCF of 132 and 320 using the shortcut method.
Page 3
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Thus, the HCF of 132 and 320 is 4.

Example 1: Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of 210 and 55.
Solution: Given integers are 210 and 55. Here, 210 > 55. Applying Euclid’s division lemma to 210 and
55 we get, 210 = 55 × 3 + 45
Since the remainder 45 ≠ 0. So, we apply the division lemma to the divisor 55 and
the remainder 45 to get 55 = 45 × 1 + 10
Now, apply the division lemma to the new divisor 45 and new remainder 10
to get 45 = 10 × 4 + 5
We now consider the new divisor 10 and the new remainder 5 and apply the division
lemma to get
10 = 5 × 2 + 0
The remainder at this stage is zero. So, the divisor at this stage is 5. Hence, 5 is the HCF
of 210 and 55.
Example 2: Let n be an odd integer. Show that n2 - 1 is a multiple of 8. Hint: Use
Euclid's division lemma.
Solution: By Euclid’s Division Lemma, n can be written as n = 2k + 1, k ∈ Z. Thus, n2 – 1 = (2k + 1)2 −
1.
= (4k2 + 4k + 1) − 1
= 4k2 + 4k
= 4k(k + 1)
Page 4
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Note that the product k(k + 1) will always be even. This is because either k is even, or if not, then k +
1 is even. So, if we multiply any even number to 4, it always results in a multiple of 8. Therefore, n
must be a multiple of 8.
Example 3: Using Euclid’s Division Algorithm, find the HCF of 130 and 91.
Solution: We have: 130 = 91(1) + 39
91 = 39(2) + 13
39 = 13(3) + 0
We know that the HCF is the remainder in the second last step, which is 13.
Alternate Method (Shortcut):

Therefore, HCF (130, 91) = 13.

Example 4: Express the HCF of 468 and 222 as 468x + 222y, where x and y are integers.
Solution: Firstly, let us find the HCF of 468 and 222. By Euclid's Division Algorithm, we have 468 =
222(2) + 24.
222 = 24(9) + 6
24 = 6(4) + 0
We know that the HCF is the remainder in the second last step. Thus, HCF (468, 222) = 6. Now, from
the second step of Euclid's Division Algorithm, we can rearrange the equation to isolate 6, 6 = 222 −
(24 × 9). Also, from the first step of Euclid's Division Algorithm, we can get, 24 = 468 - 222(2), let's
substitute this value of 24 in the above equation, we have,
6= 222 − [468 − 222(2)] (9)
⇒ 6 = 222 + 222(18) − 468(9)
⇒ 6 = 468(−9) + 222(19)
Hence, x = - 9, y = 19. Therefore, 6 = 468(- 9) + 222(19).
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FINDING THE HCF OF TWO POSITIVE INTEGERS BY EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGO

FINDING THE HCF OF TWO POSITIVE INTEGERS BY EUCLID'S DIVISION

ALGO
Theorem: If a and b are positive integers such that a = bq + r, then every common divisor of a and
b is a common divisor of b and r, and vice-versa.
Proof: Let c be a common divisor of a and b. Then,
c ∣ a ⇒ a = cq1 for some integer q1
c ∣ b ⇒ b = cq2 for some integer q2
Now,
a = bq + r
⇒ r = a – bq
⇒ r = cq1 – cq2 q
⇒ r = c(q1 – q2 q)
⇒c∣r
⇒ c ∣ r and c ∣ b [∵ c ∣ b(given)]
⇒ c is a common divisor of b and r.
Hence, a common divisor of a and b is a common divisor of b and r. Conversely, let d be a common
divisor of b and r. Then,
d ∣ b ⇒ b = r1 d for some integer r1
d ∣ r ⇒ r = r2 d for some integer r2
We will now show that d is a common divisor of a and b. We have,
a = bq + r
⇒ a = r1 dq + r2 d
⇒ a = (r1 q + r2 )d
⇒d∣a
⇒ d ∣ a and d ∣ b[∵ d ∣ b(given)]
⇒ d is a common divisor of a and b.
To compute the HCF of two positive integers, say a and b, with a > b you have to follow the given
steps:
Page 2
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FINDING THE HCF OF TWO POSITIVE INTEGERS BY EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGO

Step 1: Apply Euclid’s division lemma to a and b and obtain whole numbers q 1 and r1 such that a =
bq1 + r1 , 0 < r1 < b.
Step 2: If r1 = 0, b is the HCF of a and b.
Step 3: If r1 ≠ 0, apply Euclid’s division lemma to b and obtain two whole numbers q 1 and r2 such
that b = q1 r1 + r2
Step 4: If r2 = 0 then q1 is the HCF of a and b.
Step 5: If r2 ≠ 0, then apply Euclid’s division lemma to r1 and r2 and continue the above process till
the remainder rn is zero. The divisor at this stage i.e. qn–1 is the HCF of a and b.
Using Euclid division algorithm find H.C.F of 867 and 255.
According to Euclid’s Division Lemma if we have two positive integers a and b, then there exist unique
integers q and r which satisfies the condition a = bq + r where 0 ≤ r < b
Highest Common Factor (H.C.F)
Highest Common Factor or H.C.F is the largest common divisor of two or more positive integers, as
the mathematics rules dictate, appears to be the largest positive integer that divides the numbers
without leaving a remainder.
Least common multiple(L.C.M)
In arithmetic, Least common multiple or L.C.M (a, b) is the least common multiple of two numbers,
a and b. And the L.C.M is the smallest or least positive integer that is divisible by both a and b.
Given numbers: 867 and 255.
Consider two numbers 867 and 255, and we need to find the H.C.F of these numbers.
867 is greater than 255, so we will divide 867 by 255
867 = 255 × 3 + 102
Now lets divide 255 by 102
⇒ 255 = 102 × 2 + 51
Now divide 102 by 51
⇒ 102 = 51 × 2 + 0
Here reminder is zero.
∴ H.C.F of (867, 255) = 51
HCF Definition
The full form of HCF in Maths is Highest Common Factor.
Page 3
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FINDING THE HCF OF TWO POSITIVE INTEGERS BY EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGO

As the rules of mathematics dictate, the greatest common divisor or the gcd of two or more positive
integers happens to be the largest positive integer that divides the numbers without leaving a
remainder. For example, take 8 and 12. The H.C.F. of 8 and 12 will be 4 because the highest number
that can divide both 8 and 12 is 4.
How to find HCF?
HCF by Prime Factorization Method
Take an example of finding the highest common factor of 144, 104 and 160.
Now let us write the prime factors of 144, 104 and 160.
144 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
104 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 13
160 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5
The common factors of 144, 104 and 160 are 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
Therefore, HCF (144, 104, 160) = 8
HCF by Division Method
Steps to find the HCF of any given numbers;

• Larger number/ Smaller Number

• The divisor of the above step / Remainder
• The divisor of step 2 / remainder. Keep doing this step till R = 0(Zero).
• The last step’s divisor will be HCF.
Example 1: Find the HCF of 144 and 160 by division method.
Solution: Since 160 > 144, so the dividend will be 160 and the divisor will be 144.
By using the division method, we get:

Hence, we can see here that 16 is the highest number which divides 160 and 144.
Therefore, HCF (144, 160) = 16
Page 4
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FINDING THE HCF OF TWO POSITIVE INTEGERS BY EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGO

Example 2: Use Euclid’s algorithm to find the HCF of 4052 and 12576.
Solution: Step 1: Since 12576 > 4052, we apply the division lemma to 12576 and 4052, to get12576
= 4052 × 3 + 420
Step 2: Since the remainder 420 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 4052 and 420, to get 4052
= 420 × 9 + 272
Step 3: We consider the new divisor 420 and the new remainder 272, and apply the division lemma
to get
420 = 272 × 1 + 148
We consider the new divisor 272 and the new remainder 148, and apply
the division lemma to get 272
= 148 × 1 + 124
We consider the new divisor 148 and the new remainder 124, and apply the
division lemma to get 148 = 124 × 1 + 24
We consider the new divisor 124 and the new remainder 24, and apply the division
lemma to get
124 = 24 × 5 + 4
We consider the new divisor 24 and the new remainder 4, and apply the division lemma to get 24 =
4×6+0
The remainder has now become zero, so our procedure stops. Since the divisor at this stage is 4, the
HCF of 12576 and 4052 is 4.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EXAMPLES ON APPLICATION ON HCF

EXAMPLES ON APPLICATION ON HCF

HCF (Highest Common Factor) is the greatest number that can divide the given numbers without any
remainder. It is used to split things into smaller sections, to arrange something into rows or groups,
to distribute more numbers of items to large groups, and to figure out how many people we have to
invite and so on when we want to split things into smaller sections.
• Effective Estimation: When you are planning for a party and want to ensure that
nothing gets wasted or you need a proper estimation, you can use the
concept of HCF to figure out the same.
• Distribute things: HCF is an important method that enables you to distribute
things equally among a group or set. Let’s consider the example of distributing
20 chocolates and 40 sweets amongst ten children, so here we will give each child
two chocolates and four sweets.
• Optimization of resource: You can use HCF to estimate the minimum number of
square towels that can be cut from a ream of cloth of a certain length and width
without wasting any cloth.
• Arrange things in rows and groups: To store things in a neat and orderly manner, we
can use the concept of HCF. It is also helpful to solve the space issues in order to
efficiently stock two or more quantities of different dimensions. You can use HCF of the
quantities to decide and implement this.
Example:
Find the Highest Common Factor of 25, 35 and 45.
Solution:
Given, three numbers as 25, 35 and 45.
We know, 25 = 5 × 5
35 = 5 × 7
45 = 5 × 9
From the above expression, we can say 5 is the only common factor for all three numbers.
Therefore, 5 is the HCF of 25, 35 and 45.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

The statement of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is: "Every composite number can be
factorized as a product of primes, and this factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the
prime factors occur."
For example, let us find the prime factorization of 240.

From the above figure, we get 240 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5. This theorem further tells us that this
factorization must be unique. That is, there is no other way to express 240 as a product of primes.
Of course, we can change the order in which the prime factors occur. For example, the prime
factorization can be written as: 240 = 31 × 24 × 51 or 31 × 22 × 51 × 22 etc. But the set of prime
factors (and the number of times each factor occurs) is unique. That is, 240 can have only one
possible prime factorization, with four factors of 2 that is 24, one factor of 3 that is 31, and one factor
of 5 that is 51.
Theorem:
Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a product of primes, and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.
This is called Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.
This theorem says that every composite number can be rewritten as
the product of prime numbers in a “unique” way, except for the
order in which primes occur.
Proof of Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Page 2
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

Step 1: The existence of prime factors, we will prove it by induction

Firstly, consider n > 1
Therefore Initially, n = 2. Since n = 2 and 2 is a prime number, the result is true.
Consider n > 2 (Induction hypothesis: Let result be true for all positive numbers less than n )
No, we will prove that the result is also true for n.
• If n is prime, then n is a product of primes is trivially true.
• If n is not prime i.e n is a composite number, then
n = ab, a, b < n
By induction method, the result is true for a and b (because a < n and b < n). Therefore, by the
induction hypothesis, a must be the product of prime numbers and b is a product of prime numbers.
Therefore, n = ab is a product of prime numbers. Thus, it is proved by induction.
Step 2: Uniqueness (of factors up to order)
Let n = p1 p2 p3….pk (where p1 p2 p3 …pk are primes)
Let if possible, there be two representations of n as a product of primes
i.e let if possible, n = p1 p2 p3….pk = q1 q2 q3 …qr where pi’s and qj’s are prime
numbers
(we will prove that pi’s are the same as qj’s)
Now p1/p1 p2 p3…pk, Therefore, p1/q1 q2 q3…qr (because p1 p2 p3….pk = q1 q2 q3 ….qr)
Therefore, by result p1 must be one of the qj’s.
Let p1 = q1
So we get p1 p2 p3….pk = q1 q2 q3 …qr
= p1 q2 q3…qr
And by cancellation p1 from both sides,
p2 p3 … pk = q2 q3 …. qr
So by the same argument, we will get p2 = q2 and so on.
Thus, n can be expressed as a product of primes uniquely (except for the order)
Hence proved.
Page 3
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

HCF and LCM Using Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

To find the HCF and LCM of two numbers, we use the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. For this,
we first find the prime factorization of both numbers. Next, we consider the following:
HCF is the product of the smallest power of each common prime factor.
LCM is the product of the greatest power of each common prime factor.
For example, let's find the HCF of 850 and 680. For this, first, we will find the prime factorization of
these numbers.
Prime factorization of 850 = 21 × 52 × 171
Prime factorization of 680 = 23 × 51 × 171
HCF is the product of the smallest power of each common prime factor.
Hence, HCF (850, 680) = 21 × 51 × 171 = 170.
LCM is the product of the greatest power of each common prime factor.
Hence, LCM (850, 680) = 23 × 52 × 171 = 3400.
Thus,
HCF (850, 680) = 170
LCM (850, 680) = 3400
Example 1: Express 1080 as the product of prime factors using the fundamental
theorem of arithmetic.
Solution: By using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, we know that we can express 1080 as a
product of its prime factors. We will find the prime factorization of 1080.
Prime factors of 1080 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5
= 23 × 33 × 51
Therefore, 23 × 33 × 51 is the prime factorization of 1080.
Example 2: Find the HCF of 126, 162, and 180 using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
Solution: We will first find the prime factorization of 126, 162, and 180.
Prime factors of 126 = 21 × 32 × 71
Prime factors of 162 = 21 × 34
Prime factors of 180 = 22 × 32 × 51
Page 4
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

By using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, we know that the HCF is the product of the smallest
power of each common prime factor.
Thus, HCF (126, 162, 180) = 21 × 32 = 18.
Therefore, HCF (126, 162, 180) = 18.
Example 3: By using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, find the LCM
of 48 and 72.
Solution: We will first find the prime factorization of 48 and 72.
Prime factors of 48 are 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 × 3
Prime factors of 72 are 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 23 × 32
By using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, we know that the LCM is the product of the
greatest power of each common prime factor.
Hence, LCM (48, 72) = 24 × 32 = 144.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
PROVING IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS

PROVING IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS

An irrational number is a real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers; for example,
√2 is an irrational number. We cannot express any irrational number in the form of a ratio, such as
p
, where p and q are integers, q ≠ 0. Again, the decimal expansion of an irrational number is neither
q
terminating nor recurring.
Properties of Irrational numbers
• The addition of an irrational number and a rational number gives an irrational number. For
example, let us assume that x is an irrational number, y is a rational number and the addition
of both the numbers x + y gives an irrational number z.
• Multiplication of any irrational number with any nonzero
rational number results in an irrational number. Let us assume
z
that if xy = z is rational, then x = is rational, contradicting the
y
assumption that x is irrational. Thus, the product xy must be
irrational.
• The least common multiple (LCM) of any two irrational numbers may or
may not exist.
• The addition or the multiplication of two irrational numbers may be rational;
for example, √2. √2 = 2. Here, √2 is an irrational number. If it is multiplied twice, then the
final product obtained is a rational number. (i.e) 2.
• The set of irrational numbers is not closed under the multiplication process, unlike the set of
rational numbers.
Theorem: If p divides a2, then p also divides a. where p is a prime number and a is a positive integer.
Proof: Since a is a positive integer. Let the prime factorization of a be as follows:
a = p1 × p2 × p3 … … … … … . pn
Where p1 , p2 , p3 , … … pn are prime numbers (may be different or same)
Therefore, a2 = (p1 × p2 × p3 … … … … … . pn )(p1 × p2 × p3 … … … … … . pn ) =
p12 × p22 × p23 … … … … … . p2n
Now, it is given that p divides a2. So, by the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, p will be one of the
prime factors of a2.
But prime factors of a2 are p1 , p2 , p3 , … … pn so p is one of the prime factors p1 , p2 , p3 , … … pn .
Since a = p1 × p2 × p3 … … … … … . pn
Therefore, p divides a. Hence Proved.
Page 2
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
PROVING IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS

Of the form √𝐧
Suppose an arbitrary number n, where n is non-negative. If √n is an integer, then √n must be
rational. Since √n is an integer, we can conclude that n is a square number, that is for some integer
a. Therefore, if n is a square number, then √n is rational.
Suppose now that n is not a square number, we want to show that the square root of
any non-square number is irrational.
We prove by contradiction. That is, we suppose that the square root of any
non-square number is rational. So √n = ab, where a, b ∈ Z+, b ≠ 0. We also
suppose that a≠0, otherwise ab = 0, and n will be a square number, which is rational.
a2
Hence n = , so nb2 = a2 .
b2

Suppose b = 1. Then √n = a, which shows that n is a square number. So, b ≠ 1. Since

√n > 1, then a > b > 1.
By the unique factorization of integers theorem, every positive integer greater than 1 can
be expressed as the product of its primes. Therefore, we can write a as a product of
primes and for every prime number that exists in a, there will be an even number of
primes in a2. Similarly, we can express b as a product of primes and for every prime number that
exists in b, there will be an even number of primes in b2.
However, we can also express n as a product of primes. Since n is not a square number, then there
exist at least one prime number that has an odd number of primes. Therefore, there exists at least
one prime in the product of nb2 that has an odd number of primes. Since nb2 = a2, then this
contradicts the fact that there is an even number of primes in a2
since a number can neither be even and odd.

Therefore, this contradicts the fact that √n is rational. Therefore, √n must be irrational.

Theorem: Prove that √n is an irrational number.

Proof: Using the contradiction, let √n be a rational number.

So, for integers a and b, we can write
a
√n = b where b ≠ 0 and a, b = coprime numbers [not any common factor other than 1]

√nb = a
By squaring both sides,
2
(√nb) = a2
Page 3
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
PROVING IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS

nb2 = a2
a2
Or b2 = , it means n divides an therefore, n also divides a [by theorem 1] …... (1)
n

So, we can write for any integer c, a = nc ……. (2)

Putting the value of a from equation (2) to (1)
(nc)2
We get, b2 =
n

2
(nc)2
b =
n
b2 = nc 2
b2
Or = c 2 it means n divides b2 therefore, n also divides b [by theorem 1] …… (3)
n

From equations (1) and (3), n divides a, and n divides b this means a and b have at least n as a
common factor.
But this contradicts (opposes) the fact that a and b have no common factor other than 1.

It shows that our assumption that √n is a rational number is wrong.

So, we conclude that √n is an irrational number. Hence Proved.

Example 1: Prove that √3 is an irrational number.

Solution: Let √3 be a rational number.

So, for integers a and b, we can write,
a
√3 = b where b ≠ 0 and a, b = coprime numbers [not any common factor other
than 1]

√3b = a
By squaring both sides
2
(√3b) = a2
3b2 = a2
a2
Or b2 = it means 3 divides a2 therefore, 3 also divides a [by theorem 1] ….(1)
3

So, we can write for any integer c, a = 3c ……(2)

Putting the value of a from equation (2) to (1)
Page 4
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
PROVING IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS

(3c)2
We get, b2 =
3

2
9c 2
b =
3
b2 = 3c 2
b2
Or = c 2 it means 3 divides b2 therefore, 3 also divides b [by theorem 1] ………… (3)
3

From equations (1) and (3), 3 divides a, and 3 divides b this means a and b have at least 3 as a
common factor.
But this contradicts (opposes) the fact that a and b have no common factor other than 1.

It shows that our assumption that √3 is a rational number is wrong.

So, we conclude that √3 is an irrational number. Hence Proved.

Of the form 𝐦 ± √𝐧
Prove that m + √n is irrational.

Let m + √n be a rational number.

So, for integers a and b,
a
m + √n = where b ≠ 0 and a, b = coprime numbers [not any common factor other than 1]
b
a
√n = – m
b
a – mb
√n = … (1)
b
a – mb
Since a, b, and m are integers, so is a rational number.
b

So, from equation (1), √n will be a rational number.

But this contradicts the fact that √n is an irrational number.

It shows that our assumption that m + √n is a rational number is wrong.

So, we conclude that m + √n is irrational. Hence Proved.

Example:

Prove that 5 + √3 is irrational.

Solution:
Page 5
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
PROVING IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS

Let 5 + √3 be a rational number.

So, for integers a and b,
a
5 + √3 = where b ≠ 0 and a, b = coprime numbers [not any common factor other than 1]
b
a
√3 = – 5
b
a – 5b
√3 = … … … … . (1)
b
a – 5b
Since a, b, and 5 are integers, so is a rational number.
b

So, from equation (1), √3 will be a rational number.

But this contradicts the fact that √3 is an irrational number.

It shows that our assumption that 5 + √3 is a rational number is wrong.

So, we conclude that 5 + √3 is irrational. Hence Proved.

Of the form √𝐦 ± √𝐧
Show that √m + √n is irrational.

Let √m + √n be rational.
a
So, √m + √n = where b ≠ 0 and a, b = coprime numbers
b
a
√n = – √m
b
2 a 2
Squaring both sides, (√n) = ( – √m)
b

a2 a
n = 2 – 2√m + m [∵ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 ]
b b
a a2
2 √m = 2 + m – n
b b
a a2
2√m = 2 + (m − n)
b b
a a2 + (m − n)b2
2 √m =
b b2
a2 + (m − n)b2 b
√m = 2
×
b 2a
Page 6
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
PROVING IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS

a2 + (m − n)b2
√m = … … … . (1)
2ab
a2 –(m−n)b2
Since a, b, and 2 are integers, so will be rational.
2ab

So, from equation (1), √m will be a rational number.

But this contradicts the fact that √m is an irrational number.

It shows that our assumption that √m + √n is rational is wrong.

Therefore, √m + √n is irrational. Hence Proved.

Example:

Show that √3 + √5 is irrational.

Solution:

Let √3 + √5 be rational.
a
So, √3 + √5 = where b ≠ 0 and a, b = coprime numbers
b
a
√5 = – √3
b
2 a 2
Squaring both sides, (√5) = ( – √3)
b

a2 a
5 = 2 – 2√3
b b
+ 3 [∵ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 ]
a a2
2√3 = 2 + 3 – 5
b b
a a2
2√3 = 2 – 2
b b
a a2 – 2b2
2√3 =
b b2
a2 – 2b2 b
√3 = 2
×
b 2a
a2 – 2b2
√3 = … … … . (1)
2ab
a2 – 2b2
Since a, b, and 2 are integers, so will be rational.
2ab

So, from equation (1), √3 will be a rational number.

Page 7
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
PROVING IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS

But this contradicts the fact that √3 is an irrational number.

It shows that our assumption that √3 + √5 is rational is wrong.

Therefore, √3 + √5 is irrational. Hence Proved.

Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE DECIMAL EXPANSION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE DECIMAL EXPANSION OF

RATIONAL NUMBERS
p
The numbers of the form , w where p and q are integers, and q ≠ 0 are called rational numbers.
q
Some examples of rational numbers are,
3 4 8 2
• Each of the numbers ,− ,− , are rational numbers with a negative sign in the
−2 15 5 19
numerator or denominator.
• Zero is a rational number since we can write 0 = 01, which is the quotient of two integers with
a non-zero denominator.
1 2 3
• Every natural number is a rational number. We can write 1 = , 2 = , 3 = and so on. In
1 1 1
n
general, if n is a natural number, then we can write n = , which is a rational number.
1
m
• Every integer is a rational number. If m is an integer, then we can write it as , which is a
1
rational number.
a
• Every fraction is a rational number. Let be a fraction. Then, a and b are whole numbers and
b
b ≠ 0.

When the numerator of a rational number is divided by its denominator, we get the decimal
expansion of the rational number. The decimal numbers thus obtained can be of two types.
• Terminating decimals
• Non-terminating decimals
1. Terminating Decimal Numbers
The decimal numbers having finite numbers of digits after the decimal point are known as the
terminating decimal numbers. Their number of decimal places is finite. These decimal numbers are
p
called exact decimal numbers. We can represent these decimal numbers in form where q ≠ 0.
q
Page 2
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE DECIMAL EXPANSION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

For example, 2.3, 4.43 are the terminating decimal numbers.

23
2.3 is represented as , when p = 23 and q = 10 and the number of decimal places = 1.
10
4433
4.433 is represented as , when p = 4433 and q = 1000 and the number of decimal places = 3.
1000

2. Non-Terminating Decimal Numbers

The decimal numbers having infinite numbers of digits after the decimal point
are known as the non-terminating decimal numbers.
For example, 0.3333…, 4.43333…, 5.34672310…, are examples of non-
terminating decimal numbers.
We can classify non-terminating decimal numbers into two types such as recurring
decimals and non-recurring decimals.
a. Recurring Decimals
The decimal numbers having infinite numbers of digits after the decimal point, and
the digits are repeated at equal intervals after the decimal point are known as the
recurring decimal numbers.
For example, 0.111…, 4.444444…, 5.232323…, 21.123123…. etc., are the recurring decimals.
p
We can represent recurring decimal numbers in form where q ≠ 0 or we can represent these
q
decimal numbers as rational numbers.
b. Non-recurring Decimals
The decimal numbers having infinite numbers of digits after the decimal point and the digits are not
repeated at equal intervals after the decimal point are known as the non-recurring decimal numbers.
For example, 0.1223589…, 4.4782451…., 5.67245…., etc., are non-recurring decimals.
p
We cannot represent non-recurring decimals in form.
q

P
The numbers that cannot be represented in form where q ≠ 0 are known as irrational numbers.
q
Thus, we can say that non-terminating non-recurring decimals are irrational numbers.
1
Example 1: Find the decimal expansion of Divide the numerator by the denominator.
3

Solution:
Page 3
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE DECIMAL EXPANSION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

The decimal expansion of 13 is 0.333333….

Here, the remainder is 1 in every step, and the divisor is 3.
1
Example 2: Find the decimal expansion of .
7

Solution:

1
The decimal expansion of is 0.142857… Remainders: 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, and so on the
7
divisor is 7.
Theorem 1:
Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates.
p
Then x can be expressed in the form , where p and q are coprime and the prime factorization of q
q
m n
is of the form 2 5 , where m, n are nonnegative integers.
Page 4
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE DECIMAL EXPANSION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

Theorem 2:
p
Let x = be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is of the form 2m 5n, where m,
q
p
n are non-negative integers, then has a terminating decimal.
q

For example,
23 23
= 4
80 2 × 5
Multiplying both numerator and denominator by 53
23 × 53 23 × 53
= 4 =
2 × 5 × 53 24 × 54
2875 2875 2875
= = = = 0.2875
(2 × 5)4 (10)4 10000
Theorem 3:
p
Let x = be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is not of the form 2m 5n, where
q
m, n are non-negative integers, then x has decimal expansion which is non-terminating repeating.
Example 1:
543
Without actually performing the long division, state whether has a terminating decimal
225
expansion or non-terminating recurring decimal expansion.
543 181 181
= =
225 75 3 × 52
Since the factors of the denominator (3.52 )is not of the form 2m 5n.
543
So, is non-terminating recurring decimal expansion.
225

Example:
53
The decimal expansion of the rational number will terminate after how
24 ×53
many places of decimal.
53
24 × 53
Now, multiplying both numerator and denominator by 5
53 × 5 265
= =
24 × 53 × 5 24 × 54
Page 5
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE DECIMAL EXPANSION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

265 265 265

= 4
= 4= = 0.0265
(2 × 5) 10 10000
53
The decimal expansion of the rational number will terminate after 4 places of decimal.
24 ×53

Example 2:
299 299
If = , then find the value of m and n, where m and n are nonnegative integers.
4000 2m 5n

Hence, write its decimal expansion without actual division.

299 299
= m n
4000 2 5
299 299
= 5
4000 2 × 53
299 299
∴ =
2m 5n 25 × 53
m = 5 and n = 3
299 299
Now, can be expressed as
4000 25 ×53
299
We have,
25 ×53

Multiplying both numerator and denominator by 52

299 × 52 7475
=
25 × 53 × 52 25 × 55
7475 7475 7475
= = = = 0.07475
(2 × 5)5 105 100000
Example 3:
What can you say about the prime factorization of the denominators of the following rational:
i) 42.123456789
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ii) 32 . 5678
i) Since 42.123456789 has a terminating decimal expansion. So, its denominator is of the form 2m 5n ,
where m and n are nonnegative integers.
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ has non-terminating decimal expansion. So, its denominator has factors other
ii) Since 32 . 5678
than 2 or 5.
 Real Numbers

DPP-01

Topic: Euclid’s Division Lemma

Q1. If Euclid's division Lemma is applied on 4 and 28 such that 28 = 4𝑝 + 𝑠, then what is/are the
possible value(s) of 𝑠 ?

Q2. Show that any odd positive integer is of the form 8𝑞 + 1,8𝑞 + 3,8𝑞 + 5 or 8𝑞 + 7, where 𝑞 is some
integer.

Q3. Show that the product of any two consecutive positive integers is always even.

Q4. Show that the square of any positive integer is of the form 5𝑘, 5𝑘 + 1 or 5𝑘 + 4 for some integer 𝑘.
Q5. Show that square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 4𝑚 + 2 or 4𝑚 + 3 for 𝑚 being any
integer.

Q6. If 𝑛 is any positive integer, then show that (𝑛3 − 𝑛) is always divisible by 6.
Q7. Prove that if 𝑚 and 𝑛 are both odd positive integers, then 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 is even but not divisible by 4.

Q8. Show that square of an odd positive integer is of the form 8𝑘 + 1, for some integer 𝑘.

Q9. Show that square of any odd positive integer can be of the form 6𝑚 + 1 and 6𝑚 + 3 for some
integer 𝑚.

Q10. Show that any positive even integer is of the form 6𝑘, 6𝑘 + 2 or 6𝑘 + 4 where 𝑘 is some integer.

Q11. Show that if 𝑛 is any positive integer, then 𝑛3 cannot be expressed as 9𝑞 + 2,9𝑞 + 3,9𝑞 + 4,9𝑞 +
5, 9𝑞 + 6 or 9𝑞 + 7. where 𝑞 is some integer.

Q12. Show that if 𝑛 is any positive integer, then 𝑛3 + 1 can be expressed as 9𝑞 ⋅ 9𝑞 + 1 or 9𝑞 + 2,

where 𝑞 is some integer.

Q13. Show that cube of any positive integer of the form 6𝑚 + 𝑟. such that 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 6 is also of the form
6𝑞 + 𝑟, where 𝑚 and 𝑞 are some integers.

Q14. Show that one and only one out of 𝑚, 𝑚 + 1 or 𝑚 +2 is divisible by 3, where 𝑚 is any positive
integer.

Q15. Show that one and only one out of 𝑚. 𝑚 + 1. 𝑚 + 2 or 𝑚 + 3 is divisible by 4, where 𝑚 is any
integer.

Q16. Show that one and only one out of 𝑚, 𝑚 + 4, 𝑚 + 8, 𝑚 + 12 and 𝑚 + 16 is divisible by 5, where
𝑚 is any positive integer.
 Real Numbers

DPP-02

Topic: Euclid’s Division Algorithm

Q1. Use Euclid's division Algorithm to find the HCF of

(i) 142 and 42156
(ii) 1771,1001,728
(iii) 1260 and 32

Q2. Use Euclid's division algorithm to check which of the following pairs are co-prime?
(i) 153 and 1432
(ii) 1268 and 145
(iii) 525 and 3327

Q3. Using Euclid's division Algorithm, find the largest number that divides 18 and 45 leaving 2 and 5
respectively as remainders.

Q4. If HCF of 96 and 404 is expressible in the form 404𝑚 + 96𝑛 such that 𝑚 = 5, then find the value
of 𝑛.

Q5. If HCF of 90 and 144 can be expressed as 144𝑥 + 90𝑦, then write any two possible pairs of (𝑥, 𝑦)
that will satisfy the given condition.

Q6. If in a garden, 540 rose plants and 630 lily plants are to be planted in columns such that the number
of plants in each column is same. What is the minimum number of columns in which they are planted?

Q7. Two types of sandwiches, 56 veg and 798 non-veg are to be packed separately in identical packets
and each containing the equal number of sandwiches. Find the least number of packets which can be
made for the two types and also the number of sandwiches in each packet.
 Answers

Q1. (i) 2 (ii) 7 (iii) 4

Q2. (i) and (ii)

Q3. 8

Q4. -21

Q5. (2, -1), (92, -147)

Q6. 13

Q7. 61, 14
 Real Numbers

DPP-03

Topic: Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Q1. Can every composite number be expressed as product of powers of primes? Give reason.

Q2. Can any prime number expressed as product of composite factors? Give reason.

Q3. If 𝐴 = 24 × 36 × 52 and 𝐵 = 22 × 36 × 102 , then explain why 𝐴 = 𝐵.

Q4. If 𝐴 = 2𝑎 × 3𝑏 and 𝐵 = 2𝑏 × 3𝑐 such that 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are unique whole numbers, then explain why
𝐴 ≠ 𝐵.

Q5. Express the given numbers as product of prime factors.

(i) 124
(ii) 512

Q6. Find the HCF and LCM of given numbers and verify that HCF × LCM = product of two numbers.
(i) 42 and 180
(ii) 156 and 28

Q7. Find LCM of given numbers by applying the prime factorisation method:
(i) 25,34 and 17
(ii) 62,48 and 128

Q8. If HCF and LCM of two numbers are 𝑥 and 124 respectively. such that their product is 11160. Find
the value of 𝑥.

Q9. If 240 = 2𝑚 × 3𝑛 × 5𝑟 , then find the value of (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑟)?

Q10. The LCM and HCF of two numbers are 4620 and 77 respectively. If one of the given numbers is
308, then find the other number-

Q11. Can two numbers have 60 as their HCF and 756 as their LCM? Given reasons.

Q12. Can two numbers 𝑥 and 156 have 10 as their HCF (where 𝑥 is a positive number)?
Q13. Show that 2𝑛 cannot end with digit 5 for any natural number 𝑛.

Q14. Show that 7𝑛 cannot end with digit 2 for any natural number 𝑛.
Q15. Explain, why 3 × 4 × 11 × 5 + 2 is a composite number.
Q16. Is 3 × 5 × 7 + 15 a prime number?
Q17. If 𝑋 = 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑛 × 𝑐 𝑟 and 𝑌 = 𝑏 𝑟 × 𝑐 𝑚 × 𝑑 𝑛 such that 𝑏 < 𝑑 < 𝑐 < 𝑎 and 𝑚 < 𝑟 < 𝑛, then find
the HCF(𝑋, 𝑌) and LCM(𝑋, 𝑌).
Q18. A juice seller has 10ml of mango juice and 36ml of orange juice. He has poured juice separately
in glasses of equal capacity and filled to the brim. Find the minimum number of glasses used to fill all
the juice.
Q19. In a court, there are three bells which toll at an interval of 48 s, 56 s and 36 s respectively. They
tolled together at 7:00 AM, when will they toll together again, at the earliest?
 Answers

Q1. Yes, every composite number can be expressed as a product of powers of primes. This is known as
the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.

Q2. No, a prime number cannot be expressed as a product of composite factors.

Q5. (i) 2 x 2 x 31

(ii) 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 29

Q6. (i) 6 and 1260 (ii) 4 and 1092

Q7. (i) 850 (ii) 11904

Q8. 90

Q9. 40

Q10. 1155

Q.11. Yes, two numbers can have 60 as their HCF and 756 as their LCM.

Q12. No, two numbers x and 156 cannot have 10 as their HCF.

Q15. Since 662 has factors other than 1 and itself, specifically 2 and 331, it is considered a composite
number. Therefore, 3 x 4 x 11 x 5 + 2 is a composite number.

Q16. Since 120 has factors other than 1 and itself, it is not a prime number.

Q.17. HCF = 𝑏 𝑟 × 𝑐 𝑚 , LCM = 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑛 × 𝑐 𝑟 × 𝑑𝑛

Q18. 23

Q19. 7:16:48 AM
 Real Numbers

DPP-04

Topic: Irrational Numbers

𝑝
Q1. If number 𝑦 cannot be written in the form of , where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0, then which
𝑞
type of number is 𝑌 ?
Q2. Prove that √5 is an irrational number.
Q3. If 7 divides 𝑥 2 , then can we say that 7 also divides 𝑥. Give reasons for your answer.
Q4. Is 1 a prime number or a composite number? Give reasons.
Q5. Give examples of each, when irrational number is divided by a rational and the quotient obtained is
(i) Rational
(ii) Irrational
(iii) Not defined
Q6. Show that 4 − √7 is irrational.
5
Q7. Show that is irrational.
√3

Q8. Show that 12 + 2√3 is irrational.

Q9. Show that √5 − √8 is irrational.
Q10. Show that √11 + √7 is irrational.
 Answers
Q1. Irrational Number
Q3. If 7 divides x2, we cannot necessarily conclude that 7 also divides x. The divisibility of a number
does not always transfer to its individual factors.
Q4. 1 is neither prime nor composite.
 Real Numbers

Previous Years Questions

1.1 Introduction

MCQ
1. The total number of factors of a prime number is
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 3
(2020)

1.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

MCQ
2. The ratio of HCF to LCM of the least composite number and the least prime number is
(a) 1: 2
(b) 2: 1
(c) 1: 1
(d) 1: 3
(2023)

3. If HCF(39,91) = 13, then LCM(39,91) is

(a) 91
(b) 273
(c) 39
(d) 3549
(Term I, 2021-22)

4. Two positive numbers have their HCF as 12 and their product as 6336. The number of pairs possible
for the numbers, is
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 1
(Term I, 2021-22)

5. If ' 𝑛 ' is any natural number, then (12)𝑛 cannot end with the digit
(a) 2
 (b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 0
(Term I, 2021-22)

6. The number 385 can be expressed as the product of prime factors as

(a) 5 × 11 × 13
(b) 5 × 7 × 11
(c) 5 × 7 × 13
(d) 5 × 11 × 17
(Term I, 2021-22)

7. The HCF and the LCM of 12,21 and 15 respectively, are

(a) 3,140
(b) 12,420
(c) 3,420
(d) 420,3
(2020) Ap

VSA (1 mark)

8. The LCM of two numbers is 182 and their HCF is 13. If one of the numbers is 26, find the other.
(2020)

9. The LCM of two numbers is 9 times their HCF. The sum of LCM and HCF is 500. Find the HCF of
the two numbers.

(2019C)

10. If HCF(336,54) = 6, find LCM(336,54).

(2019)

11. The HCF of two numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 5 and their LCM is 200. Find the product 𝑎𝑏.
(AI 2019)

12. What is the HCF of smallest prime number and the smallest composite number?
(2018)

13. Show that any number of the form 6𝑛 , where 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 can never end with digit 0
(Board Term I, 2017) An

14. The HCF of two numbers is 27 and their LCM is 162, if one of the numbers is 54, find the other
number
(Board Term I, 2017)
15. The LCM of two numbers is 2079 and their HCF is 27. If one of the numbers is 297. Find the other
number
(Board Term I, 2015)

SA I (2 marks)
16. Find the least number which when divided by 12,16 and 24 leaves remainder 7 in each case.
(2023)

17. Two numbers are in the ratio 2: 3 and their LCM is 180. What is the HCF of these numbers?

18. Explain why 2 × 3 × 5 + 5 and 5 × 7 × 11 + 7 × 5 are composite numbers.

(2021C)

19. If HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65𝑛 − 117, then find the value of 𝑛.
(2019)

20. Find the HCF of 612 and 1314 using prime factorization.

(Al 2019)

21. Express 5050 as product of its prime factors. Is it unique?

(Board Term I, 2017)

22. Show that the numbers 231 and 396 are not co-prime.
(Board Term I, 2017)

SA II (3 marks)
23. Find HCF and LCM of 404 and 96 and verify that HCF × LCM = Product of the two given numbers.
(2018)

24. An army contingent of 678 soldiers is to march behind an army band of 36 members in a Republic
Day parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the maximum
number of columns they can march?
(Board Term I, 2017)

25. On a morning walk, three persons steps off together and their steps measure 40 cm, 42 cm, and
45 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance each
should walk so that each can cover same distance in complete steps?
(Board Term I, 2015)
 LA (4/5 / 6 marks)
26. A sweet shopkeeper prepares 396 gulab jamuns and 342 ras-gullas. He packs them into containers.
Each container consists of either gulab jamun or ras-gullas but have equal number of pieces. Find the
number of pieces he should put in each box so that number of boxes are least.
(Board Term I, 2017)

27. Find the largest possible positive integer that divides 125, 162 and 259 leaving remainder 5, 6 and 7
respectively.
(Board Term I, 2017)

1.3 Revisiting Irrational Numbers

SA I (2 marks)
28. Show that 5 + 2√7 is an irrational number, where √7 is given to be an irrational number.

(2020)

3+√7
29. Show that is an irrational number, given that √7 is irrational.
5

(2019C)

30. Given that √2 is irrational, prove that (5 + 3√2) is an irrational number.

(2018)

31. How many irrational numbers lie between √2 and √3 ? Write any two of them.
(Board Term I, 2017)

SA II (3 marks)
32. Prove that √3 is an irrational number.
(2023)

33. Prove that √5 is an irrational number.

(2023, NCERT, AI 2019)

34. Prove that √2 is an irrational number.

(2020 C, NCERT, Delhi 2019)

35. Prove that 2 + 5√3 is an irrational number, given that √3 is an irrational number.
 (2019)

LA (4/5 / 6 marks)
36. Define irrational number and prove that 3 + 2√5 is an irrational number.

(NCERT, Board Term I, 2017)

37. Prove that 2 + √5 is an irrational number.

(Board Term I, 2015)

Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
INTRODUCTION

(Practice Sheet)
1 Which of the following is NOT a real number?
A. √5 B. -7
3
C. i (imaginary unit) D.
4
2 Which property of real numbers states that the order of addition does not change the
result?
A. Commutative property B. Associative property
C. Distributive property D. Identity property
3 Which of the following numbers is a prime number?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 6 D. 9
4 𝟑
What is the decimal representation of ?
𝟖
A. 0.125 B. 0.375
C. 0.625 D. 0.875
5 Which of the following is not true?
A. 7 is an odd number B. 12 is even
C. 6 is greater than 4 D. 8 is a prime number
6 Prove that one of any three consecutive positive integers must be divisible by 3.
7 Find out if 1009 is a prime or a composite number.
8 Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
9 Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 5, where q is some
integer.
10 Salma wants to distribute 123 toffee equally among 15 of her friends. Use the rules of
divisibility and check whether she will be able to do so.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION LEMMA

(Practice Sheet)
1 Euclid's Division Lemma states that for any two positive integers a and b, there exist unique
integers q and r such that:
A. a = b × q B. a = b + q
C. a = b × q + r D. a = b - q
2 If a = 72 and b = 9, what is the quotient when using Euclid's Division Lemma?
A. 6 B. 7
C. 8 D. 9
3 What is the HCF of 120 and 168 using Euclid's Division Lemma?
A. 6 B. 8
C. 12 D. 24
4 Euclid's Division Lemma can be used for:
A. Calculating square roots B. Solving linear equations
C. Finding the HCF of two numbers D. Measuring angles
5 What is the remainder when 245 is divided by 12 using Euclid's Division Lemma?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 5 D. 9
6 Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of form
3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.
7 Use Euclid's division lemma to find the HCF of 13281 and 15844.
8 Use Euclid's division lemma to find the HCF of the following 16 and 176.
9 What is the largest number that divides 170, 220, and 420 leaving remainders 8, 4, and 15
respectively?
10 A positive integer n when divided by 9, gives 7 as remainder. Find the remainder when (3n -
1) is divided by 9.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGORITHM

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the HCF of 48 and 64 using Euclid's Division Algorithm?
A. 8 B. 16
C. 24 D. 32
2 Which step of Euclid's Division Algorithm helps determine the HCF of two numbers?
A. The first step B. The second-to-last step
C. The last step D. The step with the largest remainder
3 If you apply Euclid's Division Algorithm to 98 and 63, what will be the HCF?
A. 7 B. 14
C. 21 D. 28
4 When using the shortcut method for Euclid's Division Algorithm, which number becomes
the divisor in the next step?
A. Quotient B. Remainder
C. Dividend D. None of the above
5 What is the HCF of 540 and 225 expressed as a linear combination of the two numbers?
A. 540x + 225y = 15 B. 540x + 225y = 15
C. 540x + 225y = 5 D. 540x + 225y = 5
6 Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find which of the following pairs of numbers are co-prime:
i. 231, 396
ii. 847, 2160
7 Use Euclid's Division Algorithm to find the HCF of 84 and 120.
8 Using Euclid’s Algorithm, find the HCF of 2048 and 960.
9 Find HCF and LCM of 404 and 96 and verify that HCF × LCM = Product of the two given
numbers.
10 obtain the HCF of 420 and 272 by using Euclid’s division algorithm and verify the same by
using Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FINDING THE HCF OF TWO POSITIVE INTEGERS BY EUCLID'S DIVISION ALGO

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the HCF of 462 and 693 using Euclid's Division Algorithm?
A. 99 B. 33
C. 11 D. 3
2 Find the HCF of 180 and 240 by prime factorization.
A. 12 B. 15
C. 30 D. 60
3 In Euclid's Division Algorithm, what is the significance of the remainder becoming 0?
A. It indicates that the divisor is its HCF B. It indicates that the numbers have no
common factors.
C. It means the numbers are prime. D. It signifies that the numbers are coprime.
4 Calculate the HCF of 36 and 48 using the division method.
A. 4 B. 6
C. 12 D. 18
5 What is the HCF of 150 and 210 by prime factorization?
A. 10 B. 20
C. 30 D. 50
6 Using Euclid’s Algorithm, find the HCF of 2048 and 960.
7 Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find HCF of 56, 96 and 404.
8 If ‘h’ is HCF of 609 and 957. Find x and y satisfying h = 609x + 957y. Also show that x and y are
not unique.
9 Calculate the HCF of 225 and 315 by prime factorization.
10 If two positive integers x and y are expressible in terms of primes as x = p 2q3 and y = p3q, what
can you say about their LCM and HCF. Is LCM a multiple of HCF?
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
EXAMPLES ON APPLICATION ON HCF

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the HCF of 48 and 60?
A. 6 B. 8
C. 12 D. 24
2 You have 75 chocolates and 90 candies that you want to distribute equally into gift bags.
What is the maximum number of gift bags you can prepare without any leftover chocolates
or candies?
A. 5 B. 10
C. 15 D. 25
3 A rectangular garden measures 48 meters in length and 36 meters in width. What is the
HCF of these dimensions, and how many square tiles measuring 12 square meters each can
cover the entire garden?
A. HCF = 6, tiles = 72 B. HCF = 12, tiles = 144
C. HCF = 12, tiles = 144 D. HCF = 48, tiles = 576
4 You have 30 identical toy cars, 45 toy trucks, and 60 toy airplanes that you want to arrange
on a toy store shelf. How can you use the concept of HCF to create rows of toys, with each
row having the same number of each type of toy?
A. HCF = 5, each row has 5 cars, 5 trucks, B. HCF = 15, each row has 10 cars, 15 trucks,
and 5 airplanes. and 20 airplanes.
C. HCF = 30, each row has 10 cars, 15 D. HCF = 60, each row has 30 cars, 45 trucks,
trucks, and 20 airplanes. and 60 airplanes.
5 H.C.F. of 26 and 91 is:
A. 13 B. 2366
C. 91 D. 182
6 Find HCF and LCM of 404 and 96 and verify that HCF × LCM = Product of the two given
numbers.
7 What is the HCF of the smallest prime number and the smallest composite number?
8 If the HCF of 408 and 1032 is expressible in the form 1032 × 2 + 408 × p, then find the value
of p.
9 Find out HCF of 36, and 24
10 Find the HCF of 36, 24 and 12.
 Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

(Practice Sheet)
1 What does the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic state?
A. Every composite number can be B. Every prime number can be factorized
factorized as a sum of primes. as a product of composites.
C. Every composite number can be D. Every number can be factorized as a
factorized as a product of primes, and sum of even numbers.
this factorization is unique.
2 How many prime factors does the number 60 have according to the Fundamental
Theorem of Arithmetic?
A. 3 B. 4
C. 5 D. 6
3 What is the HCF of 54 and 72 using the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic?
A. 360 B. 180
C. 216 D. 172
4 Which of the following statements about the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic is
true?
A. It states that every integer greater than 1 B. It asserts that every composite number
can be written as a sum of prime has only one prime factorization.
numbers.
C. It guarantees that every prime number D. It ensures that every integer greater than
can be written as a product of other 1 can be expressed uniquely as a product
prime numbers. of prime numbers.
5 Which of the following statements is true regarding the Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic?
A. A. It states that every integer greater B. It asserts that any two integers greater
than 1 can be written uniquely as a than 1 have a common divisor.
product of prime numbers.
C. It guarantees that every prime number D. It implies that any integer can be
has exactly two distinct positive divisors: expressed as the sum of consecutive
1 and itself. prime numbers.
6 An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members in a
parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the
maximum number of columns in which they can march?
7 Find the HCF and LCM of following using Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic method 377,
435 and 667.
8 Find the Highest Common Factor of 25, 35 and 45.
 Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

9 In a formula racing competition the time taken by two racing cars A and B to complete 1
round of the track is 30 minutes and 45 minutes respectively. After how much time will the
cars meet again at the starting point?
10 Find the L.C.M and H.C.F. of 1296 and 2520 by applying the fundamental theorem of
arithmetic method i.e. using the prime factorisation method.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
PROVING IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS

(Practice Sheet)
1 Which of the following statements about irrational numbers is true?
A. Irrational numbers can be expressed as B. The decimal expansion of an irrational
ratios of integers. number is always terminating.
C. The addition of an irrational number D. Irrational numbers are always closed
and a rational number results in a under multiplication.
rational number.
2 If p divides a2, then according to the given theorem, what can be concluded?
A. p divides a B. a divides p
C. p divides b D. p divides b
3 Which of the following is an example of an irrational number?
2
A. B. √4
3
C. 𝜋 D. 0.5
4 What is the result of the multiplication of two irrational numbers?
A. Always irrational B. Always rational
C. Can be either rational or irrational D. Neither rational nor irrational
5 Which of the following is an irrational number?
A. √25 B. √16
C. √10 D. √9
6 Prove that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.
7 Given that √2 is irrational, prove that (5 + 3√2) is an irrational number.
1
8 Prove that is an irrational number.
√2
9 Which of the following are Rational Numbers or Irrational Numbers?
2, −.45678 … , 6.5, √3, √2
10 Find two irrational numbers lying between √2 and √3.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE DECIMAL EXPANSION OF RATIONAL
NUMBERS
(Practice Sheet)
1 Which of the following is a recurring decimal?
A. 0.875 B. 0.363636...
C. 0.112 D. 0.112
2 If the denominator of a rational number has prime factors of 2 and 5, what type of decimal
expansion does it have?
A. Terminating B. Non-terminating recurring
C. Non-terminating non-recurring D. It depends on the numerator.
𝐩
3 Which of the following numbers cannot be expressed in form?
𝐪
A. 0.123123... B. 0.0625
C. 0.0625 D. 0.2
4 If a rational number has a denominator of 11, what is the nature of its decimal
expansion?
A. Terminating B. Non-terminating recurring
C. Non-terminating non-recurring D. It depends on the numerator
5 What will be the largest number that divides 100 and 25, and leaves 3 as remainder in each
case?
A. 7 B. 5
C. 1 D. 4
6 Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational numbers
will have a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion:
13
1.
3125
17
2.
8
7 The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each case, decide
p
whether they are rational or not. If they are rational, and of the form, what can you say
q
about the prime factors of q?
1. 43.123456789
2. 0.120120012000120000. . .
7 12 451
8 Express , and in decimal form.
64 125 13
43
9 The decimal expansion of the rational no. will terminate after how many of decimals?
24 53
10 Write the following rational numbers in decimal form:
42
1.
100
27
2.
8
 NCERT EXEMPLAR

Chapter 1-
Real Numbers
Exercise 1.1
Choose the correct answer from the given four options in the following questions:
1. For some integer m, every even integer is of the form:
(A) m (B) m +1
(C) 2m (D) 2m+1
Solution:
(C)2m
Explanation:
Even integers are those integers which are divisible by 2.
Hence, we can say that every integer which is a multiple of 2 must be an even integer.
Therefore, let us conclude that,
for an integer 'm', every even integer must be of the form
2 × m = 2m.
Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.

2. For some integer q, every odd integer is of the form

(A) q (B) q +1
(C) 2g (D) 2q +1
Solution:
(D) 2q+1
Explanation:
Odd integers are those integers which are not divisible by 2.
Hence, we can say that every integer which is a multiple of 2 must be an even integer, while 1
added to every integer which is multiplied by 2 is an odd integer.
Therefore, let us conclude that,
for an integer 'q', every odd integer must be of the form
(2 × q)+1 = 2q+1.
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.

3. n2 – 1 is divisible by 8, if n is
(A) an integer (B) a natural number
(C) an odd integer (D) an even integer
Solution:
(C) an odd integer
Explanation:
Let x = n2 – 1
In the above equation, n can be either even or odd.
Let us assume that n= even.
So, when n = even i.e., n = 2k, where k is an integer,
We get,
⇒ x = (2k)2-1
⇒ x = 4k2 – 1
 At k = -1, x = 4(-1)2 - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3, is not divisible by 8.
At k = 0, x = 4(0)2 - 1 = 0 - 1 = -1, is not divisible by 8
Let us assume that n= odd:
So, when n = odd i.e., n = 2k + 1, where k is an integer,
We get,
⇒ x = 2k + 1
⇒ x = (2k+1)2 - 1
⇒ x = 4k2 + 4k + 1 - 1
⇒ x = 4k2 + 4k
⇒ x = 4k(k+1)
At k = -1, x = 4(-1)(-1+1) = 0 which is divisible by 8.
At k = 0, x = 4(0)(0+1) = 4 which is divisible by 8 .
At k = 1, x = 4(1)(1+) = 8 which is divisible by 8.

From the above two observation, we can conclude that, if n is odd, if n odd, n2-1 is divisible by
8.
Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.

4. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65m – 117, then the value of m is
(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 3
Solution:
(B) 2
Explanation:
Let us find the HCF of 65 and 117,
117 = 1×65 + 52
65 = 1× 52 + 13
52 = 4 ×13 + 0
Hence, we get the HCF of 65 and 117 = 13.
According to the question,
65m - 117 = 13
65m = 117+13 = 130
∴ m =130/65 = 2
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.

5. The largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainders 5 and 8, respectively, is
(A) 13 (B) 65
(C) 875 (D) 1750
Solution:
(A) 13
Explanation:
According to the question,
We have to find the largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainders 5 and 8.
This can be also written as,
To find the largest number which exactly divides (70 - 5), and (125 - 8)
The largest number that divides 65 and 117 is also the Highest Common Factor of 65 and 117
Therefore, the required number is the HCF of 65 and 117

Factors of 65 = 1, 5, 13, 65
Factors of 117 = 1, 3, 9, 13, 39, 117
Common Factors = 1, 13
Highest Common factor (HCF) = 13
i.e., the largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainders 5 and 8, respectively = 13
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.
Exercise 1.2
1. Write whether every positive integer can be of the form 4q + 2, where q is an integer. Justify
your answer.
Solution:
No, every positive integer cannot be of the form 4q + 2, where q is an integer.
Justification:
All the numbers of the form 4q + 2, where 'q' is an integer, are even numbers which are not
divisible by '4'.
For example,
When q=1,
4q+2 = 4(1) + 2= 6.
When q=2,
4q+2 = 4(2) + 2= 10
When q=0,
4q+2 = 4(0) + 2= 2 and so on.
So, any number which is of the form 4q+2 will give only even numbers which are not multiples
of 4.
Hence, every positive integer cannot be written in the form 4q+2

2. “The product of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2”. Is this statement true or
false? Give reasons.
Solution:
Yes, the statement “the product of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2” is true.
Justification:
Let the two consecutive positive integers = a, a + 1
According to Euclid’s division lemma,
We have,
a = bq + r, where 0 ≤ r < b
For b = 2, we have a = 2q + r, where 0 ≤ r < 2 ... (i)
Substituting r = 0 in equation (i),
We get,
a = 2q, is divisible by 2.
a + 1 = 2q + 1, is not divisible by 2.
Substituting r = 1 in equation (i),
We get,
a = 2q + 1, is not divisible by 2.
a + 1 = 2q + 1+1 = 2q + 2, is divisible by 2.
Thus, we can conclude that, for 0 ≤ r < 2, one out of every two consecutive integers is divisible
by 2. So, the product of the two consecutive positive numbers will also be even.
Hence, the statement “product of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2” is true.

3. “The product of three consecutive positive integers is divisible by 6”. Is this statement true or
false? Justify your answer.
Solution:
 Yes, the statement “the product of three consecutive positive integers is divisible by 6” is true.
Justification:
Consider the 3 consecutive numbers 2, 3, 4
(2 × 3 × 4)/6 = 24/6 = 4
Now, consider another 3 consecutive numbers 4, 5, 6
(4 × 5 × 6)/6 = 120/6 = 20
Now, consider another 3 consecutive numbers 7, 8, 9
(7 × 8 × 9)/6 = 504/6 = 84
Hence, the statement “product of three consecutive positive integers is divisible by 6” is true.

4. Write whether the square of any positive integer can be of the form 3m + 2, where m is a
natural number. Justify your answer.
Solution:
No, the square of any positive integer cannot be written in the form 3m + 2 where m is a natural
number
Justification:
According to Euclid’s division lemma,
A positive integer 'a' can be written in the form of bq + r
a = bq + r, where b, q and r are any integers,
For b = 3
a = 3(q) + r, where, r can be an integers,
For r = 0, 1, 2, 3..........
3q + 0, 3q + 1, 3q + 2, 3q + 3....... are positive integers,
(3q)2 = 9q² = 3(3q²) = 3m (where 3q² = m)
(3q+1)2 = (3q+1)² = 9q²+1+6q = 3(3q²+2q) +1 = 3m + 1 (Where, m = 3q²+2q)
(3q+2)2 = (3q+2)² = 9q²+4+12q = 3(3q²+4q) +4 = 3m + 4 (Where, m = 3q²+2q)
(3q+3)2 = (3q+3)² = 9q²+9+18q = 3(3q²+6q) +9 = 3m + 9 (Where, m = 3q²+2q)
Hence, there is no positive integer whose square can be written in the form 3m + 2 where m is a
natural number.

5. A positive integer is of the form 3q + 1, q being a natural number. Can you write its square in
any form other than 3m + 1, i.e., 3m or 3m + 2 for some integer m? Justify your answer.
Solution:
No.
Justification:
Consider the positive integer 3q + 1, where q is a natural number.
(3q + 1)2 = 9q2 + 6q + 1
= 3(3q2 + 2q) + 1
= 3m + 1, (where m is an integer which is equal to 3q2 + 2q.
Thus (3q + 1)2 cannot be expressed in any other form apart from 3m + 1.
Exercise 1.3 Page No: 6
1. Show that the square of any positive integer is either of the form 4q or 4q + 1 for some integer
q.
Solution:
According to Euclid's division lemma,
a=bq+r
According to the question,
When b = 4.
a = 4k + r, 0 < r < 4
When r = 0, we get, a = 4k
a2 = 16k2 = 4(4k2) = 4q, where q = 4k2
When r = 1, we get, a = 4k + 1
a2 = (4k + 1)2 = 16k2 + 1 + 8k = 4(4k + 2) + 1 = 4q + 1, where q = k(4k + 2)
When r = 2, we get, a = 4k + 2
a2 = (4k + 2)2 = 16k2 + 4 + 16k = 4(4k2 + 4k + 1) = 4q, where q = 4k2 + 4k + 1
When r = 3, we get, a = 4k + 3
a2 = (4k + 3)2 = 16k2 + 9 + 24k = 4(4k2 + 6k + 2) + 1
= 4q + 1, where q = 4k2 + 6k + 2
Therefore, the square of any positive integer is either of the form 4q or 4q + 1 for some integer q.
Hence Proved.

2. Show that cube of any positive integer is of the form 4m, 4m + 1 or 4m + 3, for some integer m.
Solution:
Let a be any positive integer and b = 4.
According to Euclid Division Lemma,
a = bq + r [0 ≤ r < b]
a = 3q + r [0 ≤ r < 4]
According to the question, the possible values of r are,
r = 0, r = 1, r = 2, r = 3
When r = 0,
a = 4q + 0
a = 4q
Taking cubes on LHS and RHS,
We have,
a³ = (4q)³
a³ = 4 (16q³)
a³ = 9m [where m is an integer = 16q³]
When r = 1,
a = 4q + 1
Taking cubes on LHS and RHS,
We have,
a³ = (4q + 1)³
a³ = 64q³ + 1³ + 3 × 4q × 1 (4q + 1)
a³ = 64q³ + 1 + 48q² + 12q
 a³ = 4 (16q³ + 12q² + 3q) + 1
a³ = 4m + 1 [where m is an integer = 16q³ + 12q² + 3q]
When r = 2,
a = 4q + 2
Taking cubes on LHS and RHS,
We have,
a³ = (4q + 2)³
a³ = 64q³ + 2³ + 3 × 4q × 2 (4q + 2)
a³ = 64q³ + 8 + 96q² + 48q
a³ = 4 (16q³ + 2 + 24q² + 12q)
a³ = 4m [where m is an integer =16q³ + 2 + 24q² + 12q]
When r = 3,
a = 4q + 3
Taking cubes on LHS and RHS,
We have,
a³ = (4q + 3)³
a³ = 64q³ + 27 + 3 × 4q × 3 (4q + 3)
a³ = 64q³ + 24 + 3 + 144q² + 108q
a³ = 4 (16q³ + 36q² + 27q + 6) + 3
a³ = 4m + 3 [where m is an integer =16q³ + 36q² + 27q + 6]
Hence, the cube of any positive integer is in the form of 4m, 4m+1 or 4m+3.

3. Show that the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 5q + 2 or 5q + 3 for any
integer q.
Solution:
Let the positive integer = a
According to Euclid's division lemma,
a = bm + r
According to the question, b = 5
a = 5m + r
So, r= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
When r = 0, a = 5m.
When r = 1, a = 5m + 1.
When r = 2, a = 5m + 2.
When r = 3, a = 5m + 3.
When r = 4, a = 5m + 4.
Now,
When a = 5m
a2 = (5m)2 = 25m2
a2 = 5(5m2) = 5q, where q = 5m2
When a = 5m + 1
a2 = (5m + 1)2 = 25m2 + 10 m + 1
a2 = 5 (5m2 + 2m) + 1 = 5q + 1, where q = 5m2 + 2m
When a = 5m + 2
a2 = (5m + 2)2
a2 = 25m2 + 20m + 4
 a2 = 5 (5m2 + 4m) + 4
a2 = 5q + 4 where q = 5m2 + 4m
When a = 5m + 3
a2 = (5m + 3)2 = 25m2 + 30m + 9
a2 = 5 (5m2 + 6m + 1) + 4
a2 = 5q + 4 where q = 5m2 + 6m + 1
When a = 5m + 4
a2 = (5m + 4)2 = 25m2 + 40m + 16
a2 = 5 (5m2 + 8m + 3) + 1
a2 = 5q + 1 where q = 5m2 + 8m + 3
Therefore, square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 5q + 2 or 5q + 3.
Hence Proved.

4. Show that the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 6m + 2 or 6m + 5 for any
integer m.
Solution:
Let the positive integer = a
According to Euclid’s division algorithm,
a = 6q + r, where 0 ≤ r < 6
a2 = (6q + r)2 = 36q2 + r2 + 12qr [∵(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
a2 = 6(6q2 + 2qr) + r2 ...(i), where,0 ≤ r < 6
When r = 0, substituting r = 0 in Eq.(i), we get
a2 = 6 (6q2) = 6m, where, m = 6q2 is an integer.
When r = 1, substituting r = 1 in Eq.(i), we get
a2 + 6 (6q2 + 2q) + 1 = 6m + 1, where, m = (6q2 + 2q) is an integer.
When r = 2, substituting r = 2 in Eq(i), we get
a2 = 6(6q2 + 4q) + 4 = 6m + 4, where, m = (6q2 + 4q) is an integer.
When r = 3, substituting r = 3 in Eq.(i), we get
a2 = 6(6q2 + 6q) + 9 = 6(6q2 + 6a) + 6 + 3
a2 = 6(6q2 + 6q + 1) + 3 = 6m + 3, where, m = (6q + 6q + 1) is integer.
When r = 4, substituting r = 4 in Eq.(i) we get
a2 = 6(6q2 + 8q) + 16
= 6(6q2 + 8q) + 12 + 4
⇒ a2 = 6(6q2 + 8q + 2) + 4 = 6m + 4, where, m = (6q2 + 8q + 2) is integer.
When r = 5, substituting r = 5 in Eq.(i), we get
a2 = 6 (6q2 + 10q) + 25 = 6(6q2 + 10q) + 24 + 1
a2 = 6(6q2 + 10q + 4) + 1 = 6m + 1, where, m = (6q2 + 10q + 1) is integer.
Hence, the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 6m + 2 or 6m + 5 for any integer
m.
Hence Proved

5. Show that the square of any odd integer is of the form 4q + 1, for some integer q.
Solution:
Let a be any odd integer and b = 4.
According to Euclid’s algorithm,
a = 4m + r for some integer m ≥ 0
 And r = 0,1,2,3 because 0 ≤ r < 4.
So, we have that,
a = 4m or 4m + 1 or 4m + 2 or 4m + 3 So, a = 4m + 1 or 4m + 3
We know that, a cannot be 4m or 4m + 2, as they are divisible by 2.
(4m + 1)2 = 16m2 + 8m + 1
= 4(4m2 + 2m) + 1
= 4q + 1, where q is some integer and q = 4m2 + 2m.
(4m + 3)2 = 16m2 + 24m + 9
= 4(4m2 + 6m + 2) + 1
= 4q + 1, where q is some integer and q = 4m2 + 6m + 2
Therefore, Square of any odd integer is of the form 4q + 1, for some integer q.
Hence Proved.
6. If n is an odd integer, then show that n2 – 1 is divisible by 8.
Solution:
We know that any odd positive integer n can be written in form 4q + 1 or 4q + 3.
So, according to the question,
When n = 4q + 1,
Then n2 - 1 = (4q + 1)2 - 1 = 16q2 + 8q + 1 - 1 = 8q(2q + 1), is divisible by 8.
When n = 4q + 3,
Then n2 - 1 = (4q + 3)2 - 1 = 16q2 + 24q + 9 - 1 = 8(2q2 + 3q + 1), is divisible by 8.
So, from the above equations, it is clear that, if n is an odd positive integer
n2 - 1 is divisible by 8.
Hence Proved.

7. Prove that if x and y are both odd positive integers, then x2 + y2 is even but not divisible by 4.
Solution:
Let the two odd positive numbers x and y be 2k + 1 and 2p + 1, respectively
i.e., x2 + y2 = (2k + 1)2 +(2p + 1)2
= 4k2 + 4k + 1 + 4p2 + 4p + 1
= 4k2 + 4p2 + 4k + 4p + 2
= 4 (k2 + p2 + k + p) + 2
Thus, the sum of square is even the number is not divisible by 4
Therefore, if x and y are odd positive integer, then x2 + y2 is even but not divisible by four.
Hence Proved
Exercise 1.4
1. Show that the cube of a positive integer of the form 6q + r, q is an integer and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
is also of the form 6m + r.
Solution:
6q + r is a positive integer, where q is an integer and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Then, the positive integers are of the form 6q, 6q+1, 6q+2, 6q+3, 6q+4 and 6q+5.
Taking cube on L.H.S and R.H.S,
For 6q,
(6q)3 = 216 q3 = 6(36q)3 + 0
= 6m + 0, (where m is an integer = (36q)3)
For 6q+1,
(6q+1)3 = 216q3 + 108q2 + 18q + 1
= 6(36q3 + 18q2 + 3q) + 1
= 6m + 1, (where m is an integer = 36q3 + 18q2 + 3q)
For 6q+2,
(6q+2)3 = 216q3 + 216q2 + 72q + 8
= 6(36q3 + 36q2 + 12q + 1) +2
= 6m + 2, (where m is an integer = 36q3 + 36q2 + 12q + 1)
For 6q+3,
(6q+3)3 = 216q3 + 324q2 + 162q + 27
= 6(36q3 + 54q2 + 27q + 4) + 3
= 6m + 3, (where m is an integer = 36q3 + 54q2 + 27q + 4)
For 6q+4,
(6q+4)3 = 216q3 + 432q2 + 288q + 64
= 6(36q3 + 72q2 + 48q + 10) + 4
= 6m + 4, (where m is an integer = 36q3 + 72q2 + 48q + 10)
For 6q+5,
(6q+5)3 = 216q3 + 540q2 + 450q + 125
= 6(36q3 + 90q2 + 75q + 20) + 5
= 6m + 5, (where m is an integer = 36q3 + 90q2 + 75q + 20)
Hence, the cube of a positive integer of the form 6q + r, q is an integer and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is
also of the form 6m + r.

2. Prove that one and only one out of n, n + 2 and n + 4 is divisible by 3, where n is any positive
integer.
Solution:
According to Euclid's division Lemma,
Let the positive integer = n
And b=3
n =3q+r, where q is the quotient and r is the remainder
0<r<3 implies remainders may be 0, 1 and 2
Therefore, n may be in the form of 3q, 3q+1, 3q+2
When n=3q
n+2=3q+2
n+4=3q+4
Here n is only divisible by 3
When n = 3q+1
n+2=3q=3
n+4=3q+5
Here only n+2 is divisible by 3
When n=3q+2
n+2=3q+4
n+4=3q+2+4=3q+6
Here only n+4 is divisible by 3
So, we can conclude that one and only one out of n, n + 2 and n + 4 is divisible by 3.
Hence Proved
 NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

Chapter 1 Real Numbers

EXERCISE 1.1

Question 1:

Express each number as product of its prime factors:

Answer:

Question 2:

Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF =
product of the two numbers.

Answer:

Hence, product of two numbers = HCF × LCM

Hence, product of two numbers = HCF × LCM

Hence, product of two numbers = HCF × LCM

Question 3:

Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation
method.

EXERCISE 1.2

Question 1:

Prove that is irrational.

Answer:

Let is a rational number.

Therefore, we can find two integers a, b (b ≠ 0) such that

Let a and b have a common factor other than 1. Then we can divide them by the
common factor and assume that a and b are co-prime.

Therefore, a2 is divisible by 5 and it can be said that a is divisible by 5.

Let a = 5k, where k is an integer

This means that b2 is divisible by 5 and hence, b is divisible by 5.

This implies that a and b have 5 as a common factor.

Hence, cannot be expressed as or it can be said that is irrational.

Question 2:

Prove that is irrational.

Answer:

Let is rational.

Therefore, we can find two integers a, b (b ≠ 0) such that

Since a and b are integers, will also be rational and therefore, is rational.

This contradicts the fact that is irrational. Hence, our assumption that is
rational is false. Therefore, is irrational.

Question 3:

Prove that the following are irrationals:

Answer:

Let is rational.

Therefore, we can find two integers a, b (b ≠ 0) such that

is rational as a and b are integers.

Therefore, is rational which contradicts to the fact that is irrational.

Hence, our assumption is false and is irrational.

Let is rational.

Therefore, we can find two integers a, b (b ≠ 0) such that

for some integers a and b

is rational as a and b are integers.

Therefore, should be rational.

This contradicts the fact that is irrational. Therefore, our assumption that is
rational is false. Hence, is irrational.

Let be rational.

Therefore, we can find two integers a, b (b ≠ 0) such that.

Since a and b are integers, is also rational and hence, should be rational. This
contradicts the fact that is irrational. Therefore, our assumption is false and
hence, is irrational.
Page 1
Class 10th Mathematics

01 REAL NUMBERS
MIND MAP
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Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

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Class 12 (Commerce) Artificial Intelligence

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 Geography Sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit

Psychology Political Science Painting

Music Comp. Science IP

Physical Education APP. Mathematics Legal Studies

Entrepreneurship French IT

AI IIT/NEET CUET
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 SKILL MODULES BEING OFFERED IN
MIDDLE SCHOOL

Artificial Intelligence Beauty & Wellness Design Thinking & Financial Literacy
Innovation

Handicrafts Information Technology Marketing/Commercial Mass Media - Being Media

Application Literate

Data Science (Class VIII Augmented Reality /

Travel & Tourism Coding
only) Virtual Reality

Digital Citizenship Life Cycle of Medicine & Things you should know What to do when Doctor
Vaccine about keeping Medicines is not around
at home

Humanity & Covid-19 Blue Pottery Pottery Block Printing

 Food Food Preservation Baking Herbal Heritage

Khadi Mask Making Mass Media Making of a Graphic

Novel

Kashmiri Embroidery Satellites

Rockets
Embroidery

Application of Photography
Satellites
SKILL SUBJECTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL (CLASSES IX – X)

Retail Information Technology Automotive

Security

Introduction To Financial Introduction To Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Markets

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking & Insurance Marketing & Sales

Health Care Apparel Multi Media Multi Skill Foundation

Course

Artificial Intelligence
Physical Activity Trainer Electronics & Hardware
Data Science
(NEW)

Foundation Skills For Sciences Design Thinking & Innovation (NEW)

(Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology)(NEW)
 SKILL SUBJECTS AT SR. SEC. LEVEL
(CLASSES XI – XII)

Retail InformationTechnology Web Application Automotive

Financial Markets Management Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking Marketing

Health Care Insurance Horticulture Typography & Comp.

Application

Geospatial Technology Electrical Technology Electronic Technology Multi-Media

 Taxation Cost Accounting Office Procedures & Shorthand (English)
Practices

Shorthand (Hindi) Air-Conditioning & Medical Diagnostics Textile Design

Refrigeration

Salesmanship Business Food Nutrition &

Design
Administration Dietetics

Mass Media Studies Library & Information Fashion Studies Applied Mathematics
Science

Yoga Early Childhood Care & Artificial Intelligence Data Science

Education

Physical Activity Land Transportation Electronics & Design Thinking &

Trainer(new) Associate (NEW) Hardware (NEW) Innovation (NEW)
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Blue Print etc. here . Join Your Subject / Class signal Group.

Kindergarten to Class XII

Class 2 Class 3
Class 1

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Class 4

Class 7 Class 8 Class 9

Class 10 Class 11 (Science) Class 11 (Humanities)

Class 11 (Commerce) Class 12 (Science) Class 12 (Humanities)

Class 12 (Commerce) Kindergarten Artifical intelligence

 Subject Wise Secondary and Senior Secondary
Groups IX & X

Secondary Groups (IX & X)

SST Mathematics Science

Hindi-B
English Hindi-A

IT Artifical intelligence
IT Code-402

Senior Secondary Groups XI & XII

Physics Chemistry English

Biology Accountancy
Mathematics

BST History
Economics
 Geography Sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit

Psychology Political Science Painting

IP
Vocal Music Comp. Science

Physical Education APP. Mathematics Legal Studies

IIT/NEET
Entrepreneurship French

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