CHAPTER NO 01: THERMODYNAMICS

1–43 Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where the barometric reading is 750 mm
Hg. Take the density of mercury to be 13,600 kg/m3.

1–44 The gage pressure in a liquid at a depth of 3 m is read to be 28 kPa. Determine the gage
pressure in the same liquid at a depth of 9 m.

1–45 The absolute pressure in water at a depth of 5 m is read to be 145 kPa. Determine (a) the
local atmospheric pressure, and (b) the absolute pressure at a depth of 5 m in a liquid whose
specific gravity is 0.85 at the same location.

1–49 A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 15 kPa at a location where the barometric
reading is 750 mm Hg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank. Take ρ Hg = 13,590 kg/m3.
Answer: 85.0 kPa

1–52 The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 930 mbars at the beginning of a hiking trip and
780 mbars at the end. Neglecting the effect of altitude on local gravitational acceleration,
determine the vertical distance climbed. Assume an average air density of 1.20 kg/m3. Answer:
1274 m

1–53 The basic barometer can be used to measure the height of a building. If the barometric
readings at the top and at the bottom of a building are 730 and 755 mm Hg, respectively,
determine the height of the building. Take the densities of air and mercury to be 1.18 kg/m3and
13,600 kg/m3, respectively.

1–57 A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston–cylinder device. The piston has a mass
of 4 kg and a cross-sectional area of 35 cm2. A compressed spring above the piston exerts a
force of 60 N on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa, determine the pressure inside
the cylinder. Answer: 123.4 kPa
1–59 Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure its pressure. If the
reading on the pressure gage is 80 kPa, determine the distance between the two fluid levels of the
manometer if the fluid is (a) mercury (ρ = 13,600 kg/m3) or (b) water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3).

1–61 A manometer containing oil (ρ = 850 kg/m3) is attached to a tank filled with air. If the oil-
level difference between the two columns is 60 cm and the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa,
determine the absolute pressure of the air in the tank. Answer: 103 kPa

1–62 A mercury manometer (ρ = 13,600 kg/m3) is connected to an air duct to measure the
pressure inside. The difference in the manometer levels is 15 mm, and the atmospheric pressure
is 100 kPa. (a) Judging from Fig. P1–62, determine if the pressure in the duct is above or below
the atmospheric pressure. (b) Determine the absolute pressure in the duct.

1–67 Consider a U-tube whose arms are open to the atmosphere. Now water is poured into the
U-tube from one arm, and light oil (ρ = 790 kg/m3) from the other. One arm contains 70-cm-high
water, while the other arm contains both fluids with an oil-to-water height ratio of 4. Determine
the height of each fluid in that arm.
1–64 Blood pressure is usually measured by wrapping a closed air-filled jacket equipped with a
pressure gage around the upper arm of a person at the level of the heart. Using a mercury
manometer and a stethoscope, the systolic pressure (the maximum pressure when the heart is
pumping) and the diastolic pressure (the minimum pressure when the heart is resting) are
measured in mm Hg. The systolic and diastolic pressures of a healthy person are about 120 mm
Hg and 80 mm Hg, respectively, and are indicated as 120/80. Express both of these gage
pressures in kPa, psi, and meter water column.

1–65 The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy person is about 120 mm Hg. If
a vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm of the person,
determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density of the blood to be 1050
kg/m3.

1–87 The pilot of an airplane reads the altitude 3000 m and the absolute pressure 58 kPa when
flying over a city. Calculate the local atmospheric pressure in that city in kPa and in mm Hg.
Take the densities of air and mercury to be 1.15 kg/m3 and 13,600 kg/m3, respectively.

1–94E Hyperthermia of 5°C (i.e., 5°C rise above the normal body temperature) is considered
fatal. Express this fatal level of hyperthermia in (a) K, (b) °F, and (c) R.

1–95E A house is losing heat at a rate of 4500 kJ/h per °C temperature difference between the
indoor and the outdoor temperatures. Express the rate of heat loss from this house per (a) K, (b)
°F, and (c) R difference between the indoor and the outdoor temperature.

1–106 The lower half of a 10-m-high cylindrical container is filled with water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3)
and the upper half with oil that has a specific gravity of 0.85. Determine the pressure difference
between the top and bottom of the cylinder. Answer: 90.7 kPa
1–107 A vertical, frictionless piston–cylinder device contains a gas at 250 kPa absolute pressure.
The atmospheric pressure outside is 100 kPa, and the piston area is 30 cm2. Determine the mass
of the piston.

1–108 A pressure cooker cooks a lot faster than an ordinary pan by maintaining a higher pressure
and temperature inside. The lid of a pressure cooker is well sealed, and steam can escape only
through an opening in the middle of the lid. A separate metal piece, the petcock, sits on top of
this opening and prevents steam from escaping until the pressure force overcomes the weight of
the petcock. The periodic escape of the steam in this manner prevents any potentially dangerous
pressure buildup and keeps the pressure inside at a constant value. Determine the mass of the
petcock of a pressure cooker whose operation pressure is 100 kPa gage and has an opening cross-
sectional area of 4 mm2. Assume an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa, and draw the free-body
diagram of the petcock. Answer: 40.8 g

1–113 Intravenous infusions are usually driven by gravity by hanging the fluid bottle at sufficient
height to counteract the blood pressure in the vein and to force the fluid into the body. The
higher the bottle is raised, the higher the flow rate of the fluid will be. (a) If it is observed that
the fluid and the blood pressures balance each other when the bottle is 1.2 m above the arm level,
determine the gage pressure of the blood. (b) If the gage pressure of the fluid at the arm level
needs to be 20 kPa for sufficient flow rate, determine how high the bottle must be placed. Take
the density of the fluid to be 1020 kg/m3.

1–109 A glass tube is attached to a water pipe, as shown in Fig. P1–109. If the water pressure at
the bottom of the tube is 115 kPa and the local atmospheric pressure is 92 kPa, determine how
high the water will rise in the tube, in m. Take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3.