8 Os FW 75 W 9 D BK LUd ISx NK

DIFFERETIAL EQUATION
1. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :
An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and
the derivatives of the dependent variables is called a DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION.
2. SOLUTION (PRIMITIVE) OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

Finding the unknown function which satisfies given differential
equation is called SOLVING OR INTEGRATING the differential
equation. The solution of the differential equation is also called its
PRIMITIVE, because the differential equation can be regarded as a
relation derived from it.
3. ORDER OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order
differential coefficient occurring in it.
4. DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :
The degree of a differential equation which can be written as a

polynomial in the derivatives, is the degree of the derivative of the
highest order occurring in it, after it has been expressed in a form
free from radicals & fractions so far as derivatives are concerned,
thus the differential equation :
é d m -1 ( y ) ù
p q
é dm y ù
f ( x, y ) ê m ú + f ( x, y ) ê m -1 ú
+ .......... = 0 is of order
ë dx û êë dx úû
m & degree p.
Note that in the differential equation ey''' – xy'' + y = 0 order is three
but degree doesn’t exist.
5. FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :
If an equation in independent and dependent variables having some
arbitrary constant is given, then a differential equation is obtained
as follows :
(a) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t the independent variable
(say x) as many times as the number of independent arbitrary
constants in it.
(b) Eliminate the arbitrary constants.
The eliminant is the required differential equation.
Note : A differential equation represents a family of curves all
satisfying some common properties. This can be considered
as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation.
6. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS :

The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of
independent arbitrary constants equal to the order of the differential
equation is called the GENERAL SOLUTION (OR COMPLETE
INTEGRAL OR COMPLETE PRIMITIVE). A solution obtainable from
the general solution by giving particular or initial values to the
constants is called a PARTICULAR SOLUTION.
7. ELEMENTARY TYPES OF FIRST ORDER & FIRST DEGREE

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :
(a) Variables separable :
TYPE-1 : If the differential equation can be expressed as ;
f(x)dx +g(y)dy = 0 then this is said to be variable – separable type.
A general solution of this is given by ò f ( x ) dx + ò g ( y ) dy = c ;

where c is the arbitrary constant. Consider the example (dy/dx)
= ex–y + x2.e–y .
TYPE-2 : Sometimes transformation to the polar co-ordinates

facilitates separation of variables. In this connection it is
convenient to remember the following differentials. If x = r cos
q, y = rsin q then,
(i) xdx + ydy = rdr
(ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2dq2
(iii) xdy – ydx = r2 dq
Also, if x = r sec q & y = r tan q then
x dx –y dy = r dr and x dy – y dx = r2 sec q dq.
dy
TYPE – 3 : = f ( ax + by + c ) , b ¹ 0
dx
To solve this, substitute t = ax + by + c. Then the equation
reduces to separable type in the variable t and x which can be
solved.
dy
Consider the example ( x + y )
2
= a2
dx
(b) Homogeneous equations :
dy f ( x, y )
A differential equation of the form = , where f(x, y)
dx f ( x, y )
& f (x , y) are homogeneous functions of x & y and of the same

degree, is called HOMOGENEOUS. This equation may also be
dy æ xö
reduced to the form = g ç ÷ & is solved by putting y = vx
dx è yø
so that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable
v , where v is some unknown function. The differential equation
thus, is transformed to an equation which is variables separable.
dy y ( x + y )
Consider the example + =0
dx x2
(c) Equations reducible to the homogeneous form :
dy a1 x + b1 y + c1 a1 a2
If = ; where a1b2 – a2b1 ¹ 0, i.e. b ¹ b
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2 1 2
then the substitution x = u + h , y = v + k

transform this equation to a homogeneous type in the new
variables u and v where h and k are arbitrary constants to be
chosen so as to make the given equation homogeneous.
Note :
(i) If a1b2– a2b1=0, then a substitution u = a1x+b1y transforms
the differential equation to an equation with variables
separable.
(ii) If b1+a2 = 0 , then a simple cross multiplication and
substituting d(xy) for xdy + ydx & integrating term by term
yields the result easily.
dy x - 2y + 5 dy 2x + 3y - 1
Consider the examples = ; =
dx 2x + y - 1 dx 4x + 6y - 5
dy 2x - y + 1
& =
dx 6x - 5y + 4
(iii) In an equation of the form : yf(xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0 the

variables can be separated by the substitution xy = v.
8. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable
& its differential coefficients occur in the first degree only and are
not multiplied together.
The nth order linear differential equation is of the form ;
dn y dn -1 y
a0 ( x ) n +a1 (x) n -1 + ... + a n -1 (x).y + a n (x) = 0 ,
dx dx
where a0(x), a1(x), ...., an(x) are called the coefficients of the
differential equation.
(a) Linear differential equations of first order :

The most general form of a linear differential equations of first
dy
order is + Py = Q , where P & Q are functions of x.
dx
To solve such an equation multiply both sides by integrating
factor e ò .
Pdx
Then the solution of this equation will be ye ò = ò Qe ò

Pdx Pdx
dx + c
(b) Equations reducible to linear form :
dy
The equation + Py = Q.y n where P & Q are function, of x,
dx
is reducible to the linear form by dividing it by yn & then
substituting y–n+1=Z. Consider the example (x3y2+xy)dx=dy.
dy
The equation + Py = Q yn is called BERNOULI’S EQUATION.
dx
9. TRAJECTORIES :
A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves
according to a given law is called a Trajectory of the given family.
Orthogonal trajectories :
A curve making at each of its points a right angle with the curve of
the family passing through that point is called an orthogonal trajectory
of that family.
We set up the differential equation of the given family of curves.
Let it be of the form F(x, y, y') = 0
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form
æ -1 ö
F ç x, y, ÷ = 0
è y' ø
The general integral of this equation f(x, y, C) = 0 gives the family

of orthogonal trajectories.
Note :
Following exact differentials must be remembered :
(i) dx + dy = d(x + y) (ii) dx – dy = d(x – y)
xdy - ydx æ yö
(iii) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (iv) = dç ÷
x 2
è xø
ydx - xdy æ xö
(v) = dç ÷ (vi) 2(xdx + ydy) = d(x2 + y2)
y 2
è yø
It should be observed that :
xdy + ydx dx + dy
(i) = d ( lnxy ) (ii) = d ( ln(x + y) )
xy x+y
xdy - ydx æ yö ydx - xdy æ xö

(iii) = d ç ln ÷ (iv) = d ç ln ÷
xy è xø xy è yø
xdy - ydx æ -1 y ö ydx - xdy æ -1 x ö

(v) = d ç tan (vi) = d tan
x2 + y2 è x ÷ø x2 + y2 çè y ÷ø
xdx + ydy éln x2 + y2 ù æ 1 ö xdy + ydx

(vii) = d d - =
x2 + y 2 ë û (viii) çè xy ÷ø x2 y2
æ e x ö ye x dx - e x dy æ e y ö xey dy - e y dx
(ix) d ç ÷ = (x) ç x ÷ =
d
è yø y2 è ø x2

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8 Os FW 75 W 9 D BK LUd ISx NK

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DIFFERETIAL EQUATION

2. SOLUTION (PRIMITIVE) OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

3. ORDER OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

4. DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

The degree of a differential equation which can be written as a

6. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS :

7. ELEMENTARY TYPES OF FIRST ORDER & FIRST DEGREE

A general solution of this is given by ò f ( x ) dx + ò g ( y ) dy = c ;

TYPE-2 : Sometimes transformation to the polar co-ordinates

& f (x , y) are homogeneous functions of x & y and of the same

then the substitution x = u + h , y = v + k

(iii) In an equation of the form : yf(xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0 the

(a) Linear differential equations of first order :

Then the solution of this equation will be ye ò = ò Qe ò

The general integral of this equation f(x, y, C) = 0 gives the family

xdy - ydx æ yö ydx - xdy æ xö

xdy - ydx æ -1 y ö ydx - xdy æ -1 x ö

xdx + ydy éln x2 + y2 ù æ 1 ö xdy + ydx

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