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6 views

Computer Science Overview Updated

Uploaded by

zaratahir.v.5566
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Science Overview

Programming Languages, Systems, and More

Prepared by Zara Tahir


1. Low-Level vs. High-Level Programming Languages

Q1: What are the main differences between low-level and high-level languages?

Low-Level Languages: These are closer to machine code, allowing direct interaction with hardware

but are harder to write and understand (e.g., Assembly language). They are more efficient in terms

of performance but require detailed knowledge of the computer architecture.

High-Level Languages: Easier for humans to read and write as they are more abstract from machine

code (e.g., Python, Java). They are slower in performance compared to low-level languages but

allow for quicker and more efficient coding.

Q2: Give an example of a high-level programming language.

Examples include Python, Java, C++, and Ruby.

2. Data Communication: Basics

Q1: Define data communication.

Data Communication is the transfer of data between computers or devices using a transmission

medium. It involves the exchange of data (such as text, audio, video) through wired or wireless

networks.

Q2: What are the three modes of data transmission?


Simplex: Data flows in one direction only (e.g., keyboards).

Half-Duplex: Data flows in both directions, but only one direction at a time (e.g., walkie-talkies).

Full-Duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously (e.g., telephones).

Components of Data Communication:

- Sender: The device that sends the data (e.g., a computer).

- Receiver: The device that receives the data (e.g., another computer).

- Transmission Medium: The physical path or wireless link through which data travels (e.g., cables,

fiber optics, radio waves).

- Message: The actual data being transferred (e.g., text, image, video).

- Protocol: The set of rules that governs the data communication process (e.g., TCP/IP).

3. Computer Networks: Network Types (LAN, WAN, etc.)

Q1: Define LAN and WAN.

LAN (Local Area Network): A small, localized network, typically found in a home, office, or school. It

connects devices within a limited area and often uses Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi for connection.

WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographical area, such as a city, country,

or globally. The internet is the largest example of a WAN.

4. Systems: Natural vs. Artificial Systems

Q1: What is a system? Define natural and artificial systems with examples.
A System is a set of interconnected components working together to achieve a common goal.

Natural System: Systems that occur in nature without human intervention, such as ecosystems or

the water cycle.

Artificial System: Man-made systems designed to perform specific tasks, such as computer systems

or mechanical engines.

Q2: Explain how artificial systems help improve human life.

Artificial systems like automated manufacturing, computer systems, and AI assist in increasing

efficiency, reducing human error, performing complex calculations, and enhancing decision-making

processes, making life easier and more productive.

5. Computer Hardware Components: Overview

Q1: Name and identify core hardware components in a computer.

Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse (allow data input).

Output Devices: Monitor, printer (allow data output).

System Unit Components: Motherboard, CPU (Central Processing Unit), power supply (central

system components).

Storage Devices: Hard drives, SSDs (store data).

Q2: What is the function of the motherboard?

The Motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects and allows communication
between all other components, such as the CPU, memory, and storage devices. It also manages

data traffic and power distribution within the system.

6. Computer Architecture: CPU, Microprocessors

Q1: What are the two main parts of the CPU?

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs mathematical and logical operations.

Control Unit (CU): Directs the operations of the processor by sending control signals.

Q2: How do microprocessors contribute to modern computing?

Microprocessors, as the brain of computers, handle billions of instructions per second, enabling

advanced computing tasks like data processing, internet browsing, gaming, and running complex

software applications.

7. System Software: Operating Systems and Functions

Q1: What is an operating system? Name two examples.

An Operating System (OS) is software that manages hardware resources and provides services to

other software. It acts as a bridge between the user and the hardware.

Examples: Windows, Linux.

Q2: Describe the main functions of an operating system.


Process Management: Manages running programs and processes.

Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory as needed.

File System Management: Controls how data is stored and retrieved.

Device Management: Manages input/output devices such as printers, mice, and keyboards.

8. Application Software: Types and Examples

Q1: What is the difference between system software and application software?

System Software: Software that manages and operates computer hardware (e.g., operating systems

like Windows).

Application Software: Software designed to perform specific tasks for users (e.g., MS Word for word

processing).

Q2: List three examples of application software.

MS Word (word processing), Google Chrome (web browsing), Excel (spreadsheets).

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