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9th Part-2 Notes Kishor

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9th Part-2 Notes Kishor

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Chapter-17, THE AHOM DYNASTY, THE MOGHULS AND THE MARATHAS

MOGHULS IN INDIA (1526 – 1707)


Babar :- * Describe the military achievements of Babar
➢ Babar who established the Moghul rule in India, was originally from Turkistan.
➢ When he lost his kingdom and was wandering aimlessly, he got the inspiration to attack India, and he invaded
India five times.
➢ He defeated the Delhi sultan Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat in 1526 and established the Moghul dynasty in
India.
➢ This battle is known as the first battle of Panipat. Delhi was his capital.
➢ Over a period of four years, he defeated Rana Sangramsingh of Mewad, the Rajput king Mediniraya of Chanderi
and Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother, Mohammad Lodhi.
➢ Babar conquered Panipath, Goghra and Kanwa.
➢ He established Moghul rule over a Capital letter area in North India.
Humayun :- * What were the tough problems faced by Humayan when he came to power?
▪ Humayun, the second Sultan of the Moghul dynasty, was the eldest son of Babar.
▪ He had to face many tough problems when he came to power.
▪ Such as problems of unstable and dispersed kingdom,
▪ trouble from the Afghans,
▪ Enemity of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and the hostility of his own brothers.
▪ He conquered Kalinjar fort Daura Jonpur, Chunar fort and Mandasar.
▪ Humayun who was defeated by Sher Shah,
▪ sought shelter in Sindh province and came back to power after the death of Sher Shah.
Sher Shah :-

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


* The original name of Sher Shah was Farid, he was the founder of the Sur dynasty. His childhood was not happy.
Deprived of parents’ love, he wandered about for some years.
* When he was working under Baharkhan Lohani, the king of South Bihar, he killed a tiger single-handed, and thus
earned the name Sher Khan.
* When Babar took over the administration of India, Sher Shah worked under him and played a significant role.
* Sher Shah defeated Humayun and conquered Punjab, Sindh Multan, Gwalior, Malwa, Raisindurga, Marvad and
Kalinjar.
Sher Shah’s administrative system :-
• Sher Shah’s kingdom comprised the whole of North India with the exception of Assam, Gujarat and Kashmir.
• There were 25,000 infantry, 1,50,000 cavalry and 500 elephants in his army. The cavalry was very strong.
❖ Compare and contrast the present-day administrative system with that of Sher Shah.
• The army was divided into various troops and Commandants had been appointed to supervise them.
• Sher Shah himself paid attention to the organization of the army, arms and ammunition and the discipline of the
soldiers.
• If there was damage to crops during the movement of troops, the government compensated the farmers.
• Sher Shah constructed new forts at Delhi, Rohtas, Kanauj and Patna.
• The land in the kingdom had been classified as excellent, aver-age and bad according to their level of fertility.
• The farmers gave of their income as land tax to the government.
• Sher Shah was known for his impartial justice.
• Hence he had earned the title “Sultan of the fair justice”.
• The Sultan was the highest judge in the kingdom. He decided all the final appeals.
• He conducted his court every Wednesday evening.
• Sher Shah brought a new silver coin known as ‘daam’ into circulation.
• This coin weighed 180 liquorice seeds. All the other Moghul kings continued this practice.
Akbar :- The most famous Moghul king, Akbar, was born in Amarkot in Sindh. Humayun was his father. When Akbar
assumed power, he was only 14 years old.
❖ What are the areas won by Akbar ?
▪ After the death of Humayun, Hemu, the military General of Bengal king Mohammad Shah Abdali, conquered
Delhi and Agra.
▪ This led to the terrific battle at Panipat in 1556 between Hemu and the Moghuls. This is known as the II Battle of
Panipat.
▪ Akbar emerged victorious in this battle. His Prime Minister and royal representative, Bairamkhan came to Akbar’s
assistance during the war.
▪ With the help of mighty army, Akbar conquered Malwa, Jaipur, Gondavan, Chittor, Ranathamb-hor, Kalinjar,
Gujarat and Bengal.
▪ The Battle of Haldighat is the most significant battle in the history of medieval India.
▪ After the death of the Chittor king, Rana Uday Sing, his son Rana Pratapsingh came to power.
▪ Akbar sent his powerful army under the leadership of Generals Mansing and Asaf Khan to fight against Rana
Pratap. In the battle at Haldighat, the Moghul army was victorious.
▪ The remaining states of Kashmir, Sindh, Orissa, Baluchistan, Khandhar and Ahmednagar came under Akbar.
▪ Thus, for the first time, the Moghul kingdom expanded.
❖ Explain Akbar's Din-e-Ilahi religion and his Hindu policy ?
Din-e-Ilahi :- Akbar was influenced by traditional broad-minded principles in his childhood.
• As a result, he assimilated the best aspects of all religions in his life.
• He established a new religious order named Din-e-Ilahi in 1582.
• This was based on the motto ‘Peace with all’ (sal-i-kul). This new religion contained the noble aspects of all
religions. Abul Fazal was the high priest of this religion.
• This religion was an amalgamation of thoughtfulness, concern and worship of natural forces.
Akbar’s Hindu policy : The Sultan adopted a policy of tolerance towards Hindus.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
➢ He permitted his Rajput wives to worship their gods in the palace itself.
➢ He abolished the jezia tax on Hindus.
➢ He contributed towards the construction and renovation of Hindu temples.
➢ He translated the Hindu religious books into persian language.
➢ He showed respect towards qualified Hindus by appointing them to high positions.
➢ Raja Todarmal was a famous minister of finance.
➢ Bhagavandas, Mansingh, Todarmal and Raysingh were governors.
➢ There were 8 Hindus among the 12 provincial finance ministers.
➢ Akbar directed that the festivals of Rakhi, Deepavali and Shivaratri should be celebrated in his court.
Akbar’s administrative system : * Describe Akbar’s system of administration.
• For administrative convenience, Akbar had divided his kingdom into Central government, provincial government
and paraganas.
• Mansabdari system was a unique feature of his administration.
• Akbar was the Emperor of a vast kingdom,the Commandant of his army, head of the Executive and head of the
Judiciary.
• There were four ministers called Vakil, Diwan, Mirbhakshi and Main Sadar to assist him in the administration.
• He had divided the kingdom into various provinces. They were called subhas.
• There were altogether 15 subhas. Each subha had a “Sipaha-Salar” (governor), a diwan, a bhakshi, a sadar, a
priest, a constable and a vakiya navis.
• Every district had a faujdar, an amal gujar and a batikchi.
• The administration of the paraganas was carried out by shikdar, amil, potdar and kanungo.
• Akbar had established many hierarchies in his army. These called mansab and its supervisor was called
mansabdar.
• There were infantry, cavalry, elephant units and cannon units in the Moghul army.
• There was a separate department to stamp the horses known as daag mahali.
• For the first time in the medieval age, Akbar had brought in a very efficient administrative system.
Revenue system : * Explain the Akbar’s Revenue system?
▪ This was one of the important achievements of Akbar’s administration.
▪ He brought jubti system into practice.
▪ Bamboo measuring sticks with iron hooks were used to measure the land.
▪ Based on the tilling done on the land, the land had been classified as polaj, parauti, chachar and banjar.
▪ With the exception of banjar (barren) land, based on the fertility of the soil, all the other land was classified as
excellent, average and mediocre.
▪ Each farmer was given a patta.
▪ The Police system (kotwal) during Akbar’s time was well organized and capable. The constables assisted in the
districts whereas the revenue officials assisted in the paraganas.
❖ What was Akbar’s contribution to art and architecture? :- Akbar encouraged art and architecture too. The
important monuments in Fatehpur Sikri are Kwajaha Bhaga, Daftara Khana, Jodhabai palace, Daulat Khana,
Panch Mahal, Birbal House, Kabutar Khana etc.
❖ Who came to power in Mughal after Akbar? :- After Akbar, his elder son Jahangir ruled with good admistation.
Shahjahan : * Period of Shahjahan is referred to as the ‘Golden Age of Moghul Art and Architecture’. Justify the
statement. (Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture.)
➢ He constructed the famous, immensely valuable ruby-studded Peacock throne.
➢ Shahjahan constructed the famous ‘Taj Mahal’ in Agra in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz.
➢ The Red Fort at Delhi and the buildings in it are the contributions of Shahjahan.
➢ Hence, his period is referred to as the ‘Golden Age of Moghul Art and Architecture’.
Aurangzeb :- Explain how Aurangzeb was a dictator (autocratic) ruler. (Explain how Aurangzeb was anti-Hindu
rulers.)
• Aurangzeb received good military training in his childhood and became a capable soldier.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• He imprisoned his father, Shahjahan, and seized power. In memory of this feat, he earned the title Alamgir, and
ascended the throne.
• Aurangzeb put the principles of Quran into practice.
• To supervise the implementation of the Quran, he appointed muhtasibs in important cities.
• He banned practice of sati, music concerts, gambling, drinking and cultivation of ganja in his kingdom.
• The Jats, Satnamis, Bundelas and the Sikhs in North India rose in rebellion against the despotic rule of Aurangzeb.
The ninth Sikh Guru Tej Bahadur was imprisoned, tortured and killed.
• Aurangzeb developed hostilities against the powerful Rajput forces which led to the downfall of the Moghul
dynasty.
• Intolerant of the Maratha kingdom, he waged wars against Shivaji perpetually.
• After Shivaji died, he imprisoned Sambhaji, tortured and killed him.
• He fought against the South Indian kingdoms of Adil Shahi of Vijayapura and Nizamshahi of Golconda, defeated
them and merged their kingdoms with his own.
The contributions of the Moghuls
Administration : * Describe the Mughal administration.
▪ The Moghul administration was hereditary, and absolute monarchy was in practice.
▪ The kings referred to themselves as Badshahs.
▪ There were ministers as well as officials to advise in matters of administration.
▪ Persian was the language of administration.
▪ In order to achieve efficiency in administration, the kingdom was divided into provinces, districts and cities.
There were administrative officers to supervise them.
▪ The Sultan was the head of the judiciary.
▪ The Moghul kings had the authority to appoint or dismiss military generals and ministers.
▪ The appointment of mansabdars, giving jagirs and framing laws were the duties of the king. Vakil, diwan,
mirbakshi and mukhya sadar were the important ministers in the central government.
▪ The provincial administration was taken care of by the governor, diwan, bakshi, vakiya navis, kotwal, faujdar,
amal gujar and batikchi.
Revenue system: * Explain the revenue system of Mughals.
✓ Agriculture was the main occupation of majority of the people in the Moghul kingdom.
✓ Land tax was collected according to the fertility of the soil.
✓ The agricultural land was measured meticulously and only then the tax was fixed.
Society and the Economic System: * Write a short note on Mughal society and economic System.
Social Condition :-
• The king, ministers, officials and other employees enjoyed a dignified status in society.
• They used expensive cloths, with the exception of Aurangzeb, all the rest used to engage in past-times like music
entertainment, drinking of alcohol and gambling.
• There were many maid-servants to look after the queens in the palaces.
• People wore jewellery made of pearls, rubies and other metals.
Economic System :-
▪ Raja Todarmal had implemented an efficient practice of measuring the land and classifying it.
▪ Since North India had many rivers, fertile land was naturally available. Irrigation encouraged development of
agriculture.
▪ There were government factories in Lahore, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Ahmedabad.
▪ The famous textile industries of that period were in Benares, Patna, Dacca, Chabaspura, Sonar, Lahore, Fatehpur
Sikri and Agra.
▪ The weaving of shawls and carpets developed during Akbar’s time.
▪ Kashmiri shawls became popular. During the Moghul period, India had trade relations with many countries in
Asia and Europe.
▪ Raw silk, metals, horses, perfumes, gold and silver were imported.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ Whereas cotton cloth, pepper, saffron, opium, salt petre and woollen clothes were exported.
Literature : * State the contribution of Mughals to literature.
➢ During the Moghul period, many books were written in Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Hindi and Sanskrit languages.
➢ Babar and Jehangir were scholars and they wrote their autobiographies Babarnama and Tuzik-e-Jehangir.
➢ Abul Fazl who was in Akbar’s court, wrote Ain-E-Akbari and Akbarnama in Persian.
➢ Badauni translated the Ramayana, Faizi the mathematical work Leelavati and Raja Todarmal the Bhagavat Puran
into the Persian language.
➢ Great works were written like Ramacharitamanas by Tulsidas, Sursagar by Surdas.
Art and Architecture : * Explain the contribution of Mughals to Art and Architecture.
▪ The emperors who contributed the most to Moghul art and architecture were Akbar and Shahjahan.
▪ The wonderful monuments built by them are in Fatehpur Sikri, Agra and Delhi. These were the capitals of the
Moghuls.
▪ Shahjahan built Akbari Mahal, Taj Mahal Jehangir Mahal and a fort at Agra.
▪ He built forts in Lahore and Allahabad similar to the one at Agra.
▪ After constructing the Red Fort, Diwan-e-Khas, Rang Mahal, Mumtaz Mahal, Moti Masjid, Nakkar Khana, Khas
Mahal and other structures were accommodated.
▪ In addition to this, the country’s largest mosque, Jamia Masjid, was also built at Delhi during Shahjahan’s period.
Painting : * What was the achievement of the Mughals in painting?
• During the period of Humayun, the art of painting evolved.
• With the help of Mir Sayyed Ali and Abdus Samad of Persia, various painted canvases were created.
• Of the 17 artists in the court of Akbar, 13 artists were Hindus.
• Famous among them were Daswant, Basavana, Lala and Mukunda.
• In Jehangir’s court, Ustad Mansoor and Abdul Hassan were present.
• These artists mainly produced huge paintings of Moghul kings and their queens.
THE MARATHAS
Shivaji :- * Describe the life and achievements of Shivaji.(The establishment of Maratha kingdom opened up a new
chapter in Indian history. Justify the Statement)
• The establishment of Maratha kingdom opened up a new chapter in Indian history.
• The Marathas fought with the Moghuls to protect the integrity of the nation and to save it from external
aggression.
• Shivaji was the most famous of the Maratha kings.
• He was successful not only in expanding the kingdom but also in giving a good administration.
• The teachings of famous saints of Maharashtra influenced the protection of Hindu religion and establishment of
Maratha kingdom.
• Shivaji was born in Shivaneri of Pune district. His father, Shahaji Bhonsle, was in the service of the Vijayapura
Sultan. His mother, Jijabai, was a pious woman who inculcated religious fervor, uprightness, honesty and
sincerity in her son.
• Dadaji Kondadeva was Shivaji’s guru and he trained him in armed warfare and the scriptures.
• Shivaji achieved proficiency in body-building, fencing, horse-riding and other field events.
• In his childhood itself, Shivaji had dreamt of establishing an independent kingdom.
• Therefore, he made Pune as his centre and started the process of expansion of his kingdom.
• Towards this end, Shivaji assembled an army of the local Mavali youths and trained them in guerilla warfare.
• Shivaji conquered Torana fort, Purandhar gadh fort, Chakkankot, Simhagadh and Javali fort from the Vijayapura
Sultan.
• He renamed Hosadurga near Torana fort as Raigadh. He built a new fort called Pratapgad.
• Since Shivaji fought against Vijayapura Sultans, his father, Shahaji, was captured by the Sultan. On the assurance
that he would not attack them again, Shahaji was released.
The relationship between the Moghuls and Shivaji : * How was the relationship between Mughals and Shivaji?
▪ Shivaji fought the Moghul sultan, Aurangzeb, for many years.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ In addition to defeating the Shia kingdoms in South India, Aurangzeb had determined to vanquish the Maratha
kingdom completely.
▪ To achieve this, he appointed Shahista Khan and Jaisingh.
▪ Jaisingh defeated Shivaji and made an agreement in Purandargadh.
▪ As per the agreement, Shivaji surrendered 23 of his forts and the land yielding 16 lakhs income annually.
▪ He promised to be loyal to the Moghuls and sent 5000 cavalry under the leadership of his son, Sambhaji, to Delhi.
▪ With an intention to stop Shivaji becoming intimate with Adil Shah of Bijapur and Kutub Shahi of Golconda,
Jaisingh called Shivaji to Agra.
▪ Aurangzeb did not show proper respect to Shivaji in his court and insulted him.
▪ When Shivaji protested against this, Shivaji and his son Sambhaji were kept in prison in Agra.
▪ But after a few days, Shivaji, along with his son, escaped from the prison by hiding in a fruit basket, and reached
Raigadh.
▪ Later he strengthened his army and conquered many of the forts that he had lost.
▪ Shivaji’s coronation took place in the year 1674 at Raigadh.
▪ There he was given the title Chatrapathi and felicitated.
Administration : * Describe Shivaji’s system of administration.
Administration :
➢ Shivaji had organized an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom.
➢ He had divided his kingdom into many provinces. They were called Swaraj and Moghul areas.
➢ Marathi was the language of administration.
➢ There were ministers known as Asthapradhans in the central government to assist the king.
➢ In addition to them, there were other officials. Province, district and village were the administrative units.
Revenue system:
• Shivaji’s system of revenue collection was Ryotwari system, favorable to farmers.
• He abolished the jahagir revenue system.
• The tax was collected in the form of money or material.
• Chauth ( of the land tax) and sardeshamukhi ( of the land tax) types of land taxation were in practice.
Judiciary system:
▪ In Shivaji’s administration, traditional system of justice was in practice.
▪ The village panchayat used to dispense justice in villages.
▪ The Brahmin judges used to give decisions based on smritis (scriptures).
Army :
▪ The Maratha army had infantry, cavalry, elephant units and cannon units.
▪ There were important forts in Raigadh, Rajgadh, Toranagadh, Pratapgadh and Simhagadh.
▪ The hawaldar(constable) was the supervisor of the fort.
▪ The army was divided into small units.
▪ Shivaji’s soldiers were specially trained in guerilla warfare.
Baji rao I : Explain the achievements of Baji rao I
• After the death of Balaji Vishwanath, his eldest son, Baji Rao I, got appointed as Peshwa.
• Although he was only 19 years old, he was an unparalleled warrior.
• With the intention of expanding the Maratha kingdom in North India, he conquered Gujarat, Malwa and gained
the authority to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes.
• He invaded Chitradurga and Srirangapatna of Karnataka.
• When Baji Rao declared war against the Moghuls, Nizam-ul-Mulk, with the intention of assisting the Moghuls,
tried to march towards Delhi.
• But he lost to the Marathas in a battle near Bhopal. Due to this, the vast stretch of land between the Narmada
and Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees came to Baji Rao as war compensation.
• In addition to this, he conquered Salcet and Basin from the Portuguese and Janjira from.the Siddhis.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


• Pune became his administrative centre. At this juncture, the members of the Maratha union, Scindhia of Gwalior,
Holkar of Indore, Bhonsle of Nagpur and Gaikwad of Baroda decided together to become independent.
• Baji Rao I not only ruled with efficiency but also re-established the glory of the Maratha empire. Hence he was
called Shivaji II.
Madhav Rao I : * Explain the achievements of Madhav Rao I
▪ He was the second son of Balaji Baji Rao and became the Peshwa after the death of his father.
▪ Since he was a minor, he appointed his uncle as the royal representative.
▪ After the defeat in the III Battle of Panipat, he recovered in an astonishing manner, and established his kingdom
in South and North India.
▪ When the Nizam attempted to benefit from the defeat of Panipat, Madhav Rao I defeated him in the battle near
Ahmednagar.
▪ He defeated Hyder Ali of Mysore also.
▪ He not only waged war against Mysore a second time, defeating Shrirangapatna and acquiring all the area earlier
occupied by Hyder Ali, but he also received a huge amount of money as war compensation.
▪ He overthrew the Rajputs, Jats and Rohils of North India.
▪ He helped the Moghul Emperor, Shah Alam II who had been banished as a traitor, to regain his throne at Delhi.
▪ In this manner, Madhav Rao re-established the lost glory of the Marathas in a very short period.
▪ After the British routed the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Maratha rule came to an end.
THE AHOM DYNASTY
Founder : Sukupa
Capital city : Cheroydoy Habung Garhgaon
Important King’s : Jayadwaja Singha, Chakradwaja Singha, Udayadithya Singha.
The great warrior of Ahom dynasty : Lachith
❖ Write briefly important achievements of Ahom dynasty ?
▪ Ahoms combined together the tribal groups to keep Assam Strong and United.
▪ They ruled the North-east for 598 (1228-1826) years.
▪ The founder of Ahom dated back in the early 13th century came from Thailand and Myanmar and settled in
Assam.
▪ It is said the name Assam came from Ahom.
▪ Ahom was founded in 1228 by Sukapa. Their early capital was Cheroydoy.
▪ By 1300 Khaljis of Delhi attacked Ahoms but were defeated and driven away.
▪ Ahoms defeated Thoghluks and Ilmasshahi army in 1350.
▪ By the end of 15th century Lodhis were also defeated by Ahoms.
▪ Later the sultans of Bengal also met their defeat by Ahoms.
▪ Aurangzeb sent his army under Mir Jumla and Dilerkhan to Ahoms to acquire Bengal and Ahom.
▪ Ahoms defeated the Muslim rulers in 17 battles.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The founder of Ahom dynasty _________.(Sukaphaa)
2. The founder of the Moghul dynasty was __________.(Babar)
3. The most famous emperor among the Moghuls was _______.(Akbar)
4. The king who built the Taj Mahal at Agra was ______________.(Shahjahan)
5. The Moghul emperor who established the new religion Din-e-Ilahi was _________.(Akbar)
6. Shivaji’s mother was __________.(Jijabai)
II. Important Questions and Answers
1. Who was the founder of Mughal dynasty?(Who was established Moghul rule in India?) :- Babar
2. Who was the second Sultan of the Moghul dynasty ? :- Humayun,
3. In which battle, whom did Babur defeat and establish Mughal power in India? :- Babar defeated the Delhi sultan
Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat Frist in 1526 and established the Moghul dynasty in India.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


4. Which was the new religion introduced by Akbar? :- Din-e-Ilahi in 1582
5. Who was got the title “Sultan of the Fair Justice”? :- Sher Shah
6. Who was victorious in the Second battle of Panipat fought? :- 1556, Between Akbar and Hemu, Akbar won this
battle.
7. Who was constructed the famous, immensely valuable ruby-studded Peacock throne? :- Shahjahan
8. Who was constructed The Red Fort at Delhi? :- Shahjahan
9. By which title did Aurangzeb ascend the throne? :- Alamgir
10. Name Two works of Abdul Fazal? :- Ain-E-Akbari and Akbarnama
11. When and between whom was the Second battle of Panipat fought? * Hemu & Akbar- 1556.
12. Which were the two important Land taxs collected by Shivaji? :- Chauth and sardeshamukhi
13. Where was the Shivaji born? :- Shivaji was born in Shivaneri of Pune district.
14. Who were the parents of Shivaji ? :- His father, Shahaji Bhonsle, Mother Jijabai.
15 Who was Shivaji's Guru? :- Dadaji Kondadeva was Shivaji’s guru
16. What was the title of Shivaji ? :- Chatrapathi
17. Who was the founder of Maratha Kingdom? :- Shivaji
18. Name the treaty signed Shivaji and jaisingh? :- Purandargadh
19. In which year coronation ceremony of Shivaji take place? :-1764
20. Who wrote the book of Babarnama? :- Babar
21. Where was Akbar born? :- Akbar was born in Amarkot in Sindh.
22. Who was The most famous Moghul king? :- Akbar
23. Who wrote the book of Ramacharitamanas? :- Tulsidas.
24. How did Assam get its name? :- Ahom dynasty
25. Who was The great warrior of Ahom dynasty? :- Lachith
26. Which was The last Ahom-Moghul struggle? :- Itakuli Battle.

CHAPTER – 18, BHAKTI PANTHA


❖ What is Bhakti Pantha? What are the basic principles or teachings of Bhakti Panth?
➢ Bhakti or Devotion means pure trust in God. The reformers upheld devotion and surrender to God.
➢ The development of the Bhakti Pantha is an important feature of the Delhi Sultanate period.
➢ The religious reformers and philosophers of this age advocated a life of devotion.
➢ They attempted to develop feelings of brotherhood and preached the philosophy of religious harmony.
➢ They used to worship God by different names like Rama, Krishna and Allah.
➢ They suggested the path of Bhakti to achieve moksha or mukti. Pure mind and complete surrender to God was
the main philosophy of the reformers.
➢ The Bhakti pantha became the Sufi pantha in Islam.
Ramananda :- What are the teachings of Ramananda?
▪ Ramananda was born in a Brahmin family in Prayaga.
▪ He was a follower of Ramanuja’s philosophy.
▪ He established a Vaishnava religious school based on love and devotion.
▪ He travelled to several places in North India and popularized the worship of Rama and Sita.
▪ Varanasi was his headquarters.
▪ He condemned caste system and allowed people from every caste to join his sect.
▪ Kabir was one such follower.
❖ What popularized worship of Rama and Sita ? What are his services to society ?
✓ Ramananda popularized the worship of Rama and Sita .
✓ He condemned caste system and allowed people from every caste to join his sect.
✓ He established a Vaishnava religious school based on love and devotion .
Kabir : What are the teachings of Kabir?
➢ Kabir was another saint who lived in North India during this time.
➢ He was a student of Ramanand, and spent most of his time at Varanasi.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
➢ He began to preach his new philosophy.
➢ He condemned caste system and multiple idol worship, and declared that God is one, and he is the same for both
Hindus and Muslims.
➢ He tried to bring about harmony and tolerance between the two communities.
➢ Kabir composed couplets known as Dohas.
➢ Hindus and Muslims recite these Dohas even today in North India.
➢ The followers of Kabir are known as “Kabirpanthis”, meaning travellers who go on the path of Kabir.
➢ Kabir was the main religious and social reformer of India.
Chaitanya : * What are the teachings of Chaitanya ?
▪ Chaitanya was one of the famous saints of the Bhakti movement.
▪ He preached that differences of caste can be removed by discipline, and man becomes pure through devotion.
▪ He popularized worship of Krishna.
▪ He composed many devotional songs in praise of Krishna.
▪ He opposed caste system and attempted to bring about a sense of brotherhood among the people.
▪ His philosophical thoughts and teachings are collected in the book called “Chaitanya Charitamruta”.
Guru Nanak : * What are the teachings of Guru Nanak?
➢ Another advocate of the Bhakti movement was Guru Nanak who had religious learnings right from childhood.
➢ He preached that God was one and condemned idol worship.
➢ He emphasized good actions and pure, moralistic life.
➢ He had both Hindu and Muslim followers.
➢ They are called ‘Sikhs’.
➢ His teachings are collected in the Sikh Holy book ‘Guru Granth Sahib’.
❖ Who are Sikhs? Which is their holy book?
✓ The followers of Guru Nanak are called Sikhs.
✓ His teachings are collected in a book called Grant Sahib. It is their holy book.
Meerabai : Who is Meerabai? And why is she popular?
▪ The other name for the Bhakti movement is Meerabai who was the princess of Mewad.
▪ She renounced a life of luxury and became the most devoted follower of Lord Krishna.
▪ She composed songs of devotion towards Krishna.
▪ These are called ‘Bhajans’ and they are very popular.
▪ Even today, these bhajans are sung throughout India.
Srimantha Shankardeva and Madhavadeva :- The role of Srimantha Shankardeva is prominent in cultural and
religious history of Assam. How? Explain.
• The role of Srimantha Shankaradeva in the cultural and religious history of Assam is very important. (Srimantha
does not mean the rich but Honorary Sri).
• His name is associated with bringing a newness in the culture and the music in India.
• The Bhagavatha of Shankaradeva is in Sanskrit, Assamese and Brijavali.
• The Bhakti movement started by him in Assam spreadits influence over the other parts of India.
• The movement started by him was rightly called Ekasarana Dharma or Vaishnava movement.
• He says we must develop unstinted love for Krishna, sing songs on Him, and by listening to it we acquire devotion
to the Lord.
• He must have good feelings as the servant of God. Like other Vaishnavas this movement does not worship Radhe
along with Krishna.
• Srimantha Shankaradeva started Sarniya system (a system of initiation into his movement).
• He waged against the inequality in the society.
• He associated with all people to bring in the movement.
• He says follow religious worship, have faith in Krishna.
• His disciple Sri Madhavadeva belonged to Shakta movement was a multi-faceted personality.
• Madhavadeva was very popular in the Bhakti movement.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• The contributions of the two saints in Vaishnava movement, its spread and popularity is great.
Sufi Saints : Who are Sufi Saints? What are their teachings?
➢ The Sufi saints arrived from Persia and settled in different parts of India.
➢ They are called peer (teacher). Since they wore coarse woolen clothing called suf, these Muslim saints were
called ‘Sufis’.
➢ They preached that it was possible to reach God or Allah through love and devotion.
➢ They emphasised the importance of respecting people of all classes.
➢ They believed that dance and music filled with devotion take us closer to God.
➢ They composed many songs in Urdu and Hindi to proclaim the importance of devotion.
➢ The poetic works of ‘Mrigavati’ of Kutuban and ‘Padmavat’ of Mallik Mohammed Jaisi uphold Sufi philosophy.
Effects of the Bhakti movement :- What are the effects of the Bhakti movement?
✓ Reform of the Hindu practices and
✓ bringing about harmony between Hindus and Muslims were the two main purposes of the Bhakti movement.
✓ The reformers were successful in removing many weaknesses in the Hindu society.
✓ The regional languages of India flourished since the reformers wrote in these languages.
✓ This enabled development of Indian culture.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Bhakti means _______________ to God.(Trusting)
2. The famous follower of Ramanand was ____________.(Kabir Das)
3. Kabir’s followers are called ___________.(Kabirpanthis)
4. The collection of Chaitanya’s philosophical thoughts is called ________.Chaitanya Charitamuta
II. Important Questions And Answers.
1. Which poetic works uphold the Sufi philosophy ? :- The poetic works of ‘Mrigavati’ of Kutuban and ‘Padmavat’ of
Mallik Mohammed Jaisi uphold Sufi philosophy.
2. Which is the center of Bhakti movement in Maharashtra? :- Vitthoba temple at Pandharapur on the banks of the
river Bhima in Maharashtra, was the centre of the Bhakti movement.
3. Who are the famous saints of the new sect in Bhakti movement? :- Gnaneshwar and Namdev, Eknath, Tukaram
and Ramdas were the famous saints of the new sect.
4. Who was prominent in Bhakti movement in Karnataka? :- Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa were foremost among
the reformers in Karnataka
5. Who composed the ‘keertanas’? Purandaradasa composed ‘keertanas’
6. Who wrote Mohana Tarangini? Kanakadasa composed ‘Mohana Tarangini’
7. Which is the headquarters of ramananda teachings? :-Varanasi was his headquarters
8. Who composed Dohas? :- Kabir composed couplets known as Dohas.
9. What is “Kabirpanthis”? :- Kabirpanthis meaning is travellers who go on the path of Kabir.
10. Who composed many Devotional songs about Krishna? :- Chaitanya
11. in which book Chaitanya’s philosophical thought and teachings are collected? :- Chaitanya philosophical thoughts
and teachings are collected in the book called “Chaitanya Charitamruta”
12. Who was started the Ekasarana Dharma or Vaishnava movement ? :- Shankardeva
13. Who was started Sarniya system? :- Srimantha Shankaradeva.
14. Who composed Bhagavata? And in which language it was created? :- The Bhagavatha of Shankaradeva is in
Sanskrit, Assamese and Brijavali.
15. Who wrote the songs popular as Bhajans? :- Meerabai
16. Who was the important follower of the Ramananda? ;- Kabir was one such follower.

CHAPTER – 19, MODERN EUROPE


❖ Why is the Middle Ages called the Dark Ages in European history ?
• Because there was confusion and turmoil in Europe at this time.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


• The fall of the Roman Empire led to political and social instability in Europe.
• Many debates were established throughout Europe during this time and increased their role in the socio-
economic and political spheres.
• The head of the church, the Pope, began to exercise power like an emperor. Later, the Pope and the Padris lived
a luxurious life. During this time, the rules and practices of the Church changed. Superstitions increased in the
church.
• Feudalism developed in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages. This resulted in the
division of power of the state and constant conflicts between the emperors, nobles, sardars and landlords,
resulting in political instability.
• At the end of the Middle Ages a distinctly urban culture developed in Europe. Major cities such as Florence,
Venice and Rome became centers of art and education.
• From the 14th century to the 17th century, we can trace the series of developments and changes in European
history into four stages. What are they? :- Namely, 1. Renaissance, 2. Geographical Explorations, 3. Religious
Reformation Movement and 4. Industrial Revolution
THE RENAISSANCE :-
❖ What is meant by The Renaissance? Explain the term of Renaissance ;-
• The word Renaissance means rebirth or reawakening. This is an intellectual revolution
• The period of 15th to 16th centuries in the history of Europe is known as Renaissance period.
• This word sums up all the Intellectual transformation towards the end of the middle ages in Europe.
• The intellectual development that resulted from the re-reading of ancient Greek & Roman literature in Europe is
called the Renaissance.
• The 14th and 16th centuries indicate the changes and Significant development of Western European art,
architecture, painting, religion, philosophy, science and politics matter. This is called Renaissance movement.
• The intellectual renaissance started first in Italy. Later on, it spread to other areas. Therefore, Italy can be called
the birthplace of Renaissance.
Reasons for Renaissance :- * What are The Reason for Renaissance?:-
1. The fall of Constantinople in the year 1453,
2. The migration of Greek and Roman Scholars to Italy, led to the Renaissance there
3. Ideological freedom
4. End Of Slavery, decline of feudalism
5. Development of Guttenberg’s printing machine in Germany and
6. Geographical explorations were the important reasons for Renaissance.
7. The patronage given to scholars, artists, scientists and philosophers by the princes of Europe, aristocrats,
merchants and clergy also contributed to the Renaissance.
8. Spread of Education
Features of Renaissance :- What are The Features of Renaissance?
1. Humanism :- Humanism is the belief that man is the centre Of all events in the world.
2. Rationalism :- Rationalism is examining every idea in a logical Manner and without any prejudices. Any idea Is
accepted only after it is found to be true.
3. Creativity :-
4. Development of regional languages :- The works written in English, Italian and German languages by the writers of
Renaissance period became very popular.
5. Criticism (Questioning) :
6. There were changes in the economic and social life. Agriculture gave place to commercial and industrial activities.
Fundamental changes took place in social relations also.
7. The main feature of Renaissance was the interest shown by people in great culture and their desire to cultivate it.
This is called “Imitation of the best”.
8. Independent thinking, Deliberation, curiosity.
Effects of Renaissance :- * Explain the effects of Renaissance.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• During the Renaissance period, a humanitarian approach to life gained popularity.
• Scientific knowledge grew about the world.
• Knowledge of movement of astronomical bodies expanded and
• Geographical exploration was possible by using sea routes.
• As a result of scientific discoveries and technological advances,
• Industrial revolution became a reality.
• Dogmas were condemned. Superstitions disappeared and more importance was given to reality.
• Progressive thinking gained momentum.
• Paved way for religious reformation movement. And
• This led to changes in the Catholic church. This is called counter reform movement
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RENAISSANCE :-
Literature during Renaissance Period :- Describe the contribution of the literature during the Renaissance period ?
➢ Italy was the motherland of great writers.
➢ France, England, Germany and Spain too contributed a lot to literature.
➢ The theme of literature of this period was worldly matters rather than religion.
➢ Many articles were written about the human body, voice and other subjects.
➢ Instead of Latin, many of the regional European languages came to be used in daily life.
➢ St.Paul School, established in London, was Dedicated to the acquisition of this new knowledge.
❖ Explain the development of literature in the period of Ranaissance with an Example.
Petrarch : (1304-1374)
▪ Petrarch is known as the ‘Father of Renaissance’.
▪ ‘Africa’ is his famous poem.
▪ He collected about 200 Latin and Greek manuscripts.
▪ He was well-known for his poems and sonnets.
▪ A deep contemplation of man’s happiness and sorrow can be seen in his poems.
Bocacchio : ‘Decameron’ (A collection of 100 stories called written in Italian)
Dante : ‘Divine Comedy’
Chaucer : ‘Canterbury Tales’(England) (the first English language literature book)
Cervantes : Don Hotte (Spain),
Thomas More : Utopia,
Boccaccio :- ‘Decameron’
William Shakespeare : He was an excellent poet and dramatist. He wrote numerous tragedies and comedies.
Science During Renaissance (Birth Of Modern Science) :- * Explain the scientific progress during the Renaissance.
• Modern science was born during the Renaissance period.
• Science set aside religious dogma and came out with new discoveries.
• Learning about humans became a precursor to new inventions.
• After the middle age, As necessity and questioning attitude developed, scientific research also increased.
• Francis Bacon declared that ancient scientific decisions did not represent any professional knowledge.
• Decarthe encouraged skepticism and advocated questioning of everything before accepting it. Poland’s
Copernicus disproved the earth-centric argument of Ptolemy of Greece and showed that the sun was the centre
of the solar system.
Important Renaissance Scientists and Their Discoveries (Inventions) * Mention the Important Renaissance Scientists
and Their Discoveries
Keppler :- Keppler was a German scientist and explained that planets revolve around the sun on an oval orbit.
Galileo : Galileo discovered the telescope. When he supported the theory of Copernicus,
Newton : Newton discovered the laws of Gravitation And said that all heavenly bodies are controlled by This
gravitational force.
Andew Vesolius : He conducted a human Surgery and wrote a scientific book on the Possibility of effective treatment
on the skeletal System, muscular system, brain, liver and Reproductive organs.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
Renaissance Art (architecture And sculpture) :- * What were the contributions of the Renaissance to art and
architecture?
• During this period, the art was Simple but natural. Artists drew Murals showing mythological Characters, Jesus
Christ and his Followers with natural human Emotions.
• There were many artists in Italy During the 16th century. Michael Angelo, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci and Titian
were important artists.
Michael Angelo’s :- ‘Adam and Final Decision’,
Leonardo da Vinci’s :- ‘Last Supper’ and ‘Monalisa’,
Raphael’s :- ‘Sistine Madonna’
Titian’s :- ‘Assumption of the Virgin’
❖ Which are the water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci? :- ‘Last Supper’ and ‘Monalisa’
GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS :-
• The 16th century has been called a century of geographical Explorations.
• Till the end of the Middle Ages, Europeans were not much Aware of geography. In the later developments,
• In 16th century Europeans found new Sea routes to various parts of the world. The new continents of North
America, South America, Asia and Australia came to light. This is called the geographical explorations
Reasons for Geographical Explorations :- What were the reasons for geographical explorations?
• When the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453,:- It Closed the trade gates between east and west.
The greater Share of the profits from importing spices from India went to The Turks. Due to this, the Europeans faced
the inevitability of Finding a new sea route to India.
• The reports of Marco Polo :- Marco Polo who had visited the Asian countries of India and China, had reported that
Asian countries were very wealthy. His account stimulated the interest of the European traders in geographical
explorations.
• Demand for Asian goods :- There was a great demand For Asian goods and spices in Europe.
• Scientific inventions :- The new scientific inventions Of compass, astrolabs, Charts, maps and huge ships called
caravel proved To be a boon to the navigators engaged in sea voyages. Do you know Compass :- Instrument used to
show Distance and route to navigators. Astrolobe :- Instrument used to show Time and distance of sun, planet And
stars from earth.
• Religious motivation :- Discovery of new countries opened the possibility of spreading Christianity.
• Spain and Portugal were ambitious in competing with Arabs in Sea trade.
• European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyage towards eastern countries.
• Europeans believed that China and India was a fertile place to make profit.
Effects of Geographical Explorations :- * Explain the effects of geographical exploration
1. Earth is round & vast,
2. Competition for trade monopolies :- Competition began between the countries of Europe to build colonies in the
newly explored lands. The contest was severe for gaining strength in trade in America, Afreica and Asia. This helped
them gain monopoly in trading in the countries they conquered.
3. European nations became more wealthy :- Raw materials from the new colonies enriched the European countries.
4. Capitalism gained strength in European countries and led to the beginning of the Industrial revolution.
5. Christianization :- Christian missionaries travelled far and wide and propagated Christianity.
6. Colonialism and imperialism led to hatred between the local and the foreigners. Expansion of Colonialism and
Imperialism.
7. Venice, Geneva, Florence lost importance & London, Lisbon, Am Star Dam gained importance
8. Rational thinking Awareness & Innovative Thinking,
9. This is Led to Renaissance, Religious Reformation & Counter Reformation.
Major Geographical explorations :- State the Major Geographical explorations.
* The countries which engaged in geographical explorations after The Middle Ages were Portugal and Spain.
‘Henry the Navigator’ :- * The Portuguese were the first to undertake sea voyages. It was the Portuguese Prince,
Henry’s ambition to find out a sea route to India and China.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


* He established a navy school for the purpose. Hence, he was popularly known as ‘Henry the Navigator’. * His
encouragement provided a stimulus for explorations.
Bartholomew Dias :- He reached the southern tip of African continent and called it Cape of Good Hope. His ships
were hit by powerful winds In that area. So he named that area ‘Cape of Storm’.
Vasco da Gama :- • In 1498 Vasco-da-Gama of Portugal sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, crossed the Indian
Ocean and reached Calicut in India. • Thus, the dream of reaching India by Europeans came to be a reality. In this
manner, A new sea route to India was discovered.
Christopher Columbus :- • The Spanish navigator, Christopher Columbus, undertook a sea voyage
towards the west with the firm belief that ‘the earth was round’.
• Columbus of Genoa city, crossed the Atlantic ocean with the help of the king of Spain, reached the Bahamas in
West Indies (Caribbean islands). • He thought that area was ‘India’ and so referred to the people There as ‘Red
Indians’.
Kabral :- • While Portugal’s Kabral reached Brazil in 1500,
Balboa :- • Balboa climbed a hill near Panama Strait and saw the vast ocean to the west. That
was the Pacific ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan :- • Ferdinand Magellan was an adventurous Portuguese navigator. The credit for being the first
to circumnavigate the world goes to him.
• After travelling for 5 months, he reached South America in the year 1520. From there, he reached the Philippines
through the Indian ocean. One ship passed between the Indonesian islands, went round the earth and reached Spain
via Cape of Good Hope.
Amerigo Vespusi :- He discovered The mouth of Amazon river And called it the New Continent. This came to be
Known as America.
RELIGIOUS REFORMATION :
▪ The church was probably the most Powerful institution in the Middle ages.
▪ During the Middle Ages, many immoral activities Were taking place in the Roman Catholic Church.
▪ The biggest religious movement of the 16th century in Europe Was the revolt against the monopoly of the Roman
Catholic church Which led to religious reformation.
▪ The religious reformation heralded the beginning of a new Age.
▪ The movement started by Martin Luther is known as Religious Reformation. This movement led to the Protestant
sect in the Christian Religion. There were many reasons for this movement:
Reasons For Religious Reform Movement;- * Explain the reason for religious reformation?
1.Religious Reasons ;- There was corruption, immorality, by Pope & Church staff in Roman Catholic churches. The
church sold important positions to the highest bidders. He was engrossed in the most luxurious life, desiring worldly
happiness. Eg;- Pope Alexander VI had 11 wives and 6 children.
Dias reached the southern tip of African continent and called it Cape.
* Sale of ‘Letter of Forgiveness’ :- The Pope, Leo X needed money to reconstruct St.Peter’s Church in Rome. To this
end, the belief that all those who bought ‘sales of ‘Letter of Forgiveness’ would be freed of the sin and go to heaven,
was cultivated.
* Germany’s Martin Luther, Italy’s Bocacchio, Holland’s Erasmus and England’s John Wycliffe condemned these acts.
2. Political reasons :- * Clashes during the Middle Ages between the Emperor and the Pope, wounded the pride and
self respect of the Emperor.
3. Rise of Nationalism ;- Nationalism grew in strength. They did not like the intervention of Roman Catholic church or
the Pope. Ex: England, Spine, France, Portugal
4. Influence of Renaissance:- Humanism, Rationalism, Scientific approach and curiosity inspired by Renaissance
made Europeans to contemplate application of these approaches to religious problems also.
5. Revolutionary Changes;- Rise of middle class, Expansion of trade and commerce, Geographical Discoveries,
Increase in Wealth, rise of Mercantilism & Capitalism,
6. The church opposed the translation of the Bible which was originally in Hebrew to other languages.
Martin Luther: (1483 – 1546) * Who is Martin Luther? and What is the role of Martin Luther in religious Reformation
Movement ?
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ The religious movement started by Martin Luther came to be known as “Religious Reformation”.
▪ Martin Luther rejected the preachings of the Catholic church. In the year 1517, he expressed opposition against
the Church for selling of the confession letters.
▪ The Catholic church was of the view that God has bestowed the Pope with the authority of reducing the
punishment of the sinners; this authority has been given to the Pope in return for the good deeds done by Jesus
Christ and the missionaries
▪ Martin Luther vehemently Opposed the sale of such letters of pardon.
▪ The followers of Martin Luther were called ‘Protestants’. Around half of Germany’s population Became
Protestants.
▪ The long war of thirty years was a result of the hatred between the Catholics and the Protestants.
John Wycliffe :- * Who is John Wycliffe?
✓ 14th century, England’s John Wycliffe is called the ‘Morning Star of Religious Reformation’. He is protested against
the abuses of the Church. For this he was declared an infidel and hanged.
John Hus ;- * Who is John Hus?
He was considered a traitor since he had rejected The church and its court, and he was burnt alive at the stake!
Effects of the Religious Reformation :- * What were the consequences of religious reformation ?
1. The religious reformation freed the individual from Blind fight and provided him intellectual freedom.
2. Christianity was divided into three sects: Catholic church, Orthodox church and Protestant church.
3. Many of the European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the Pope.
4. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism.
5. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development.
6. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance.
7. Due to this movement, the literary field saw progress. Local languages influenced the European minds.
8. The Catholic church itself underwent reformation and this came to be known as “Counter Reformation”.
Counter Reformation Movement :- * Explain the Counter Reformation Movement
* The Protestant group gained strength by spreading very rapidly. The arguments of Protestants were Effective in
attracting the attention of the people.
* Alarmed by this development, the Catholics saw the necessity of self-reformation to protect their image. They
demanded reformation from within, and the movement came to be known as Counter Reformation
* Stopping the advance of Protestants and repairing the damage to Roman churches were the objectives of this
movement.
* Hence, an attempt was made to find a suitable solution to all the problems by making internal changes in the
church.
Ignatius Loyola :- * The leader of this counter reformation was the Spanish aristocrat called Ignatius Loyola. He
founded the Jesus society in the year 1540.
* Their main aim was to restore the glory and authority of Roman Catholic church.
* The main objective was to impart good education to the followers of this organization and make them to dedicate
their lives for the service of society.
“Inquisition”:- “Inquisition”, a religious practice of interrogating those who violated the dictates of the church and
punishing them, came into existence from 1542 onwards.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Revolution :- What is Revolution?
‘Revolution’ means the fast-paced, violent, intense and fundamental change in the political field and organisational
structure.
Industrial Revolution:- What is meant by industrial revolution ?
The changes that took place in the industrial field between 1760 to 1830 are called the Industrial Revolution.
* The Industrial Revolution first began in England. Later it spread to other countries of the world.
Reason For Industrial Revolution :- * Describe the Reason For Industrial Revolution
▪ With the establishment of colonies, trade increased and demand for finished goods rose.
▪ The traditional processes of production could not meet the demand.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ It was at this time that there was intellectual awakening and the expectation of profit took root.
▪ The Emergence of Capitalism & European Imperialism
▪ During this time the banking system was well developed.
▪ Due to this, the people engaged in industries were encouraged to find better processes of production.
▪ In the early part of the 18th century, new methods in the fields of industry and transport brought about change.
▪ As trade increased, the Demand for finished goods too increased.
The Course Of Industrial Revolution. :- * Explain the The Course Of Industrial Revolution.
* During the period from 1760 to 1830, great changes took place in the textile manufacturing industry in England.
* James Hargreaves invented a weaving machine called spinning jenny in 1764.
* After a few years, Richard Arkwright improved this spinning jenny, and in 1769, invented the waterframe.
* In 1779, Samuel Campton invented a machine known as ‘mule’. John Kay invented the horse shoe which moved
from one side to another.
* Edmond Cartwright invented the weaving machine called ‘powerloom’ in 1785. Due to this, more cloth could be
produced in a very short time.
* In 1793, Elli Whitney invented the cottongin. All these inventions enabled spinning, weaving, ginning and producing
textiles very fast.
* The invention of the steam engine was another milestone in the industrial revolution. In 1705, Thomas Malcomus
invented a kind of steam engine. James Watt improved this steam engine in 1774.
* In 1801, Richard Trevethique attached the Watt steam engine to a rail coach and made it move on the road. Later
he invented an automatic steam engine which moved on rail tracks.
* In 1815 George Stevenson invented a rail coach that could be used to transport goods.
( A train to carry passengers between the British towns, Swakton and Darlington, and another train to transport
goods from Liverpool and Manchester was constructed. )
* In 1801, an American, William Simington, adapted Watt’s engine to a boat and made it move. Another American,
Robert Fullton, invented a steam ship.
Effects Of The Industrial Revolution :- * Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution.
• Due to the innumerable changes in industries, demand for machines grew.
• Many changes took place in the economic and social fields too.
• New factories were established.
• The cost of production came down and essential products were available at a low price.
• Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they collapsed.
• The rich became richer and the poor remained poor.
• People had to migrate from villages to towns.
• A capitalist class emerged in society.
• Hostilities developed between the owners and the workers, and class conflict began..
I. Fill in the blanks
1. Renaissance means ___________. (Rebirth)
2. __ ________is called the father of Rennaissance. (Francisco Petrarch)
3. Followers of Martin Luther are ____________.(Protestants)
4. The leader of the Counter Reformation movement was ______. (Ignatius Loyola)
5. Founder of the spinning jenny machine was _____________.(Hargreaves)
Important Question And Answers
1. What is Humanism ?:- Humanism is the belief that man is the centre Of all events in the world.
2. What is Rationalism? :- Rationalism is examining every idea in a logical Manner and without any prejudices. Any
idea Is accepted only after it is found to be true.
3. Who occupied the city of Constantinople and When?:- Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453
4. Which country was called as the mother land of Renaissance? :- Italy
5. Who was known as the father of Renaissance? :- Petrarch is known as the ‘Father of Renaissance’.
6. Which is the famous poem of the Petrarch? :- Africa
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
7. What can be seen in Petrarch poems? :- A deep contemplation of man’s happiness and sorrow can be seen in his
poems.
8. What is the collection of hundred stories written by Bakacchio? :- Decameron
9. Which is the famous work of Dante ? :- Divine Comedy
10. Which is the book of Chaucer? : ‘Canterbury Tales’(the first English language literature book)
11. Name Author of Utopia ? :- Thomas More
12. Who was an excellent poet and dramatist of English in Renaissance period? :- William Shakespeare
13. Who painted the ‘Last Supper’ and Monalisa? :-Leonardo da Vinci’s
14. Which was the paintings of Michael Angelo’s? Michael Angelo’s :- ‘Adam and Final Decision’,
15. Who was the leader of the Religious Reformation? :- Martin Luther
16. Who is called the Morning star of Reformation ? :- John Wycliffe
17. What is Counter reformation ? :- The Catholics saw the necessity of self-reformation to protect their image. They
demanded reformation from within, and the movement came to be known as Counter Reformation
18. What is Inquisition? :- “Inquisition”, a religious practice of interrogating those who violated the dictates of the
church and punishing them, came into existence from 1542 onwards.
19. Who founded the Society of Jesus? :- Ignatius Loyola
20. What is the main aim of Ignatius Loyola? :- Main aim was to restore the glory and authority of Roman Catholic
church.
21. Who discovered sea route to India and when ? In 1498, Vasco-da-Gama
22. Which was the first ship to circumnavigate the world and Who led this? The Ship is Victoria, Ferdinand Magellan.
23. Name the two Sects of Christianity? :- Protestant and Catholics
24. Name any two scientists of The Renaissance ? :-Keppler, Galileo, Newton.
25. Who was discovered the telescope? :- Galileo discovered the telescope.
26. Who explained that planets revolve around the sun on an oval orbit ? :- Keppler
27. Who was discovered the laws of Gravitation? :- Newton
28. Which century has been called a century of geographical Explorations ? :- The 16th century
29. Who reached the southern tip of African continent and called it Cape of Good Hope? :- Bartholomew Dias
30. Where was Frist industrial revolution began? ;- The Industrial Revolution first began in England
31. Who invented a machine known as ‘mule? :- In 1779, Samuel Campton invented a machine known as ‘mule
32. Who is invented the cottongin machine? :- In 1793, Elli Whitney invented the cottongin.
33. Which invention was the milestone of The industrial revolution ? And who invention that machine? :- Invention
of the steam engine was milestone in the industrial revolution. Thomas Malcomus invented a kind of steam engine.

CHAPTER – 20, REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES


* The period from 1750-1900, Europe and America witness to revolutions and the rise of Nationalism this resulted in
through changing economic social cultural and political setup. Later it spread to other parts of the world. Indeed the
processes is a landmark in the history of mankind.
* Important among them are the American War of Independence, the French Revolution, the Unification of Italy, the
Unification of Germany, the Russian Revolution.
AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE :-
* After the discovery of America, many European countries started establishing colonies
there.
* The four major countries colonizing North America were France, Spain, Holland & England.
* Along the Atlantic coast of North America, 13 colonies were established by
England. These were called the “New English colonies”. (1. New Hampshire 2. Massachusetts 3. Rhode Island 4.
Connecticut 5. New York 6. New Jersey 7. Mary Land 8. Virginia 9. North Carolina 10. South Carolina 11. Delaware 12.
Pennsylvania 13. Georgia.)
* France and England competed with each other to establish the colonies in North
America.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


* The British parliament framed many Acts to make their Empire very strong in America. These led to lessen the
respectof the colonists towards their motherland and develop hatredness. So they decided to fight for their rights
and freedom.
* The intense desire of the American colonies for independence led them to rise in
rebellion against England.
Reasons : * Mention the reasons for American War of Independence.
1. The rise of nationalism among the people of the colonies, the desire for independence among the colonies,
2. The effects of the 7 years’ war,
3. The naval regulations, Naval laws,
4. Influence Of Writers :- like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams,
John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin,
5. British taxation policy :- The Quebec regulation, The Townsend taxes, the sugar and molasses act, The Stamp Act,
6. The Boston tea party :- – all these led to the revolution in America.
Declaration of Independence : * To discuss the prevailing situation, representatives of the 13 British colonies of
North America met in Philadelphia in 1774.
* They threatened to oppose with armed rebel- lion any move to cut short their independence.
* In this manner, on 19th April 1775 at Lexington, when a troop of the colonies attacked the British, the American war
of independence began.
* The Philadelphia Conference appointed George Washington as its commander.
* On the 4th of July 1776, the Philadelphia National Conference adopted the famous Declaration of Independence.
* This declaration mentioned that all the 13 British colonies have cut off their political relations with the motherland
and have become free.
War : How did America get independence in America’s freedom struggle?
* The war between England and the colonies lasted for 5 years.
* Initially the colonies had to suffer setbacks. George Washington had to face a lot of problems.
* But in the battle of ‘Saratoga’, the British army lost.
* With the help of the French army, George Washington defeated the British army in battle of Yorktown.
* British commander, Lord Cornwallis surrendered with his army. In the year 1783,
* as per the Paris agreement, Britain accepted that the 13 colonies were independent.
* Since the declaration of independence was made on 4th of July, it became a day of great significance to the
Americans.
* Even now, July 4th is celebrated as Independence Day in America.
* In the year 1787, the representatives of all the 13 independent colonies met at Philadelphia and chose George
Washington as the President of the United States of America.
* They created a constitution, which is the first written constitution in the world.
George Washington :- What are The role of George Washington's in the American War of Independence?
* George Washington was a gardener in Virginia.
* He played a major role as a military officer in the 7 year war against France and gained popularity.
* He encouraged the illiterate and unorganized colonized army with courage and enthusiasm.
* He made them fight against the British army bravely.
* When the American War of Independence began, The Philadelphia Conference appointed George Washington as its
commander.
* In the year 1787, the representatives of all the 13 independent colonies met at Philadelphia and chose George
Washington as the President of the United States of America.
Consequences of the American War of Independence : explain the significance of the American war of independence
* The war acted as an inspiration for the French Revolution.
* Many of the French who fought assisting the colonial army became leaders of the French revolution.
* Many of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America got inspired to become free and hence, revolted against
their motherland.
* The new nation called the United States of America was born.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
* Lots of England and a lesson to England.
* End of the monarchy importance in Englan.
* Triumph of democracy.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Know this : In the opinion of the Historian, the Europian History merged in, one nation, one event and in a man. The
nation is French, event is French revolution, a man is Nepolian.
* This tremendously affected the political revolts in various other nations of the world
- What Was the main purpose of French revolution ? ;
* Putting an end to the dictatorial rule of their kings and
* Establishing a socio-political system based on equality and democracy
The following were the reasons for the French revolution:
1. Social Reasons,
2. Economic Reasons,
3. Political Reasons,
4. Influence of the French Thinkers,
5. Effects of American War of Independence,
1. Social reasons : How were Social factors responsible for the French Revolution ?
* Before the revolution, there were three classes in the French society.
* The first class consisted of the clergy, the second was that of aristocrats and the third consisted of the ordinary
citizens.
* The first two classes enjoyed all the facilities and were few in number. Exempted from paying any taxes, they led a
luxurious life.
* The third class was deprived of all facilities. Intellectuals, agriculturists, labours and professionals were there in this
class.
* Their income was less but taxes were more. Their life was in a bad state. These people did not command respect in
society. They had no political rights and had to tolerate insults.
* They did not have either religious or political rights or freedom.
* These were the people who were the unhappiest of all in France.
* In the French society, inequality prevailed in all spheres. It was unbearable & inhuman.
* They were waiting for an opportunity to overthrow the old system.
* The pain of this inequality turned into a burning rage in the hearts of the citizens & led to the French revolution.
2. Economic Reasons : How were economic factors responsible for the French
revolution?
• France was an agriculture-dominated nation.
• In spite of advances in agricultural practices, production lagged behind.
• The yield from land was very low.
• The farmers were the most affected.
• Famines were frequent.
• As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food.
• Industries were under the control of trade unions.
• Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish.
• Hence, productivity was low.
3. Political Reasons : * How were Social factors responsible for the French Revolution?
*France was ruled by the Bourbon dynasty.
* Louis XVI became the king. He was an inexperienced king.
* He lived in the grand palace at Versailles with members of the royal family &courtiers.
* He led a life of luxury and wasteful expenditure.
* He was not bothered about the routine administrative work.
* He had a queen named Mary Antoniette who was the princess of Austria.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
* She was squandering money for her personal indulgences and festivals.
* She had no concern for the problems of the people. She was interfering in the administration of the nation.
* People hated her since she was a foreigner and had no love for the French people.
* The king could not control her.
* Eventually the situation went beyond control and led to revolution.
4. Influence of the French thinkers : - How were Influence of the French thinkers Responsible for the French
Revolution
* Famous philosophers & intellectuals Montesquieu, Rousseau & Voltaire encouraged the rebels by their
revolutionary writings.
Montesque : Montesque, in his book ‘Spirit of Laws’ condemned the Divine Right of kings and declared support for a
Constitutional Government.
Rousseau : Rousseau in his work ‘Social Contract’ observed, “Man is independent at birth, but is found chained
everywhere.”
Voltaire: Voltaire condemned the traditions of French society, monotheism and blind beliefs. He also questioned the
Roman Catholic church.
5. Effects of American War of Independence : * The American war of independence influenced the French
tremendously. Many of the French who fought against the British in America returned to their motherland.
* They encouraged the rebels by giving them all support and played a pivotal role in the revolution.
Course of Revolution. :-
* Due to all these events, the French king had to call a session of ‘States Generals’, a legislators’ assembly that had
not been called in the previous 175 years.
* The members of the third class declared themselves as the National Assembly. They invited the members of the
other two classes to join them.
* On the 14th of July 1789, they attacked the state prison at Bastille and released all the prisoners, thereby putting
an end to the dictatorial rule.
* Gradually the revolution spread to other parts of the country.
* The king had only a nominal presence. The National Assembly made all the rules and passed orders.
* In the year 1789, 27th August, the Declaration of Human and Civilian Rights was adopted.
* The king’s rule was replaced by a democratic government.
* This process assumed a violent form. A group called Jacobians who wanted harsh reforms came to power.
* The leader of this group Robispeare subjected all those supported the king to a machine called the guillotine which
was invented for massacres.
Consequences :- -Analyze the Consequences of the French Revolution ?
* The French revolution became the precursor for a series of important events.
• Feudalism vanished.
• The special privileges that the clergy and the aristocrats had were all cancelled.
• The lands of the rich were seized.
• The church came under the control of the state.
• A uniform system of administration came to be enforced throughout the country.
• People were assured liberty, equality and brotherhood.
UNIFICATION MOVEMENTS
UNIFICATION OF ITALY :
* Although Italy, the country which had seen the glory of the ancient Roman civilization, spoke the same language, it
had disintegrated.
* Italy had disintegrated into small states during the early part of 19th century.
* Of these, Lombardi, Venetia, Sicily, Naples (both Sicilian states), the Pope’s states, Tuscany, Parma and Modena
were important. Pidmont state included Sardinia, Pidmont and Genoa.
* Between 1815 and 1848, there were a number of riots in various states of Italy.
* The main aim of all these riots and revolts was national freedom and national integration.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


* Joseph Mazini, Count Kavoor and Garibaldi were the architects of Italy’s unification.
Joseph Mazini :- What was the role of Joseph Mazini in Italy’s unification?
* Mazini was a noted revolutionary thinker and writer.
* He provoked the youth of Italy by his writings in the book Italy, Austria, Papacy.
* He inspired people with feelings of national integration, freedom and rebellious thoughts & provoked them to
revolt.
* He not only built an army called “Young Italy” but also had the aims of achieving national freedom & integration.
Garibaldi:- What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification?
* Garibaldi was a soldier and fighter.
* He joined the Young Italy army and assumed leadership of the revolution.
* After that he constituted an army called “Red Brigade” and
* with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria.
* Count cavour secretly encouraged Garibaldi to invade Sicily
* In 1860, he fought against the twin states of Sicily using his Red Brigade.
* By conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.
Count Kavoor :- What was the role of Joseph Count Kavoor in Italy’s unification?
* The Sardinian Prime Minister Count cavour was an important person in the unification
of Italy.
* He was a journalist and he began a newspaper Risargimento meant for the rejuvenation of Italian literature.
* He had a strong influence on the minds of people and kings through his powerful writings.
* Count cavour decided to drive out Austria from Italy and make Sardinia Italy’s biggest and most powerful state.
* As soon as he assumed power as the Prime Minister of Sardinia, he began to work towards achieving his ambition.
* He brought about many reforms and made Italy a very progressive state.
* Count cavour made a secret pact with France.
* He provoked Austria to war, and along with France, defeated Austria and drove it away from
Lombardi.
* He merged Sardinia and Lombardi with Italy.
* There were revolutions in Tuscany, Modena, Parma and northern Pope’s states, and
they merged with Sardinia.
* Count cavour secretly encouraged Garibaldi to invade Sicily.
Finally, How was the unification of Italy completed?
* In 1861, Victor Emmanuel was declared king of Italy.
* Italy acquired Venetia from Austria.
* Now only Rome remained outside Italy.
* In 1870, when war broke out between France and Prussia, France had to withdraw its army from Rome.
* Grabbing the opportunity, Victor Emmanuel invaded Rome and occupied it.
* Rome became the capital of Italy. With this, unification of Italy was completed.
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
* During the early part of 19th century, Germany was a cluster of independent states. Among them, the larger and
more powerful states were Wertenberg, Bavaria, Baden, Heas etc.
* The French revolution kindled the nationalistic feelings of Germans. As a result, the people of these states started
demanding national unity, social and economic reforms.
* The German patriots and nationalists began various movements for democratic institutions and the unification of
Germany.
Bismarck :- Who was the architect of unification of Germany? Write a note on him. ?
* The architect of the unification of Germany was Otto-Von-Bismarck,
* He was the chief minister of the king of Prussia, Williams I. He had begun his career as a government servant,
member of the assembly, i.e., Diet, and as an ambassador in various nations, and had gained lot of popularity.
* Having worked in Austria, France and Prussia as an ambassador, he had knowledge of their
strengths and weaknesses.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
* He knew that German unification was possible only by Prussia and desired to do so under the leadership of Prussia.
* To achieve this end, his aims were of two types: firstly, to drive out Austria from German states’ association.
Secondly, instead of losing identity with Germany, convert Germany into Prussia.
* That meant inculcating the culture and traditions, and spread the administrative machinery and military power all
over Germany.
* Bismarck was aware that to resolve the situation, only ‘blood and steel’ philosophy would work. Blood and steel
philosophy meant war tactics. * Towards this end, he built a powerful army.
* His next aim was to drive out Austria from German states association.
* Bismarck desired to merge two small states of Sheltzweig and Holstrein which were under the control of Denmark.
He achieved his aim by associating with Austria.
* Later, Bismarck made an agreement with Italy according to which, in the event of war with Austria, he would seek
their support.
* The well-formed German armies defeated Austria in the year 1866 and “North German States Association” was
formed.
* The Prussian king was made the head of this association. His heirs would continue to head the association.
* Germany was not complete. 16 German states in the south attached to France were still out of this association.
* Bismarck realized that war was inevitable with France to achieve unification of Germany.
* When Napoleon III declared War on Prussia, southern German states defeated him.
* Due to this, he was able to merge the remaining states with the German states’ association.
* With this, the unification of Germany was complete the Prussian king, William I, was bestowed the title of German
emperor.
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast was called __.(New English Colonies)
2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at ______.(Philadelphia)
3. Declaration of America’s independence was on __________.(4th July)
4. The writer of ‘Spirit of Laws’ was ____________.(Montesquieu)
5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by ___________. (Joseph Mazzini)
6. The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was advocated by _______.(Otto-van-Bismarck)
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Name any four colonies of America ? :- 1. New Hampshire, 2. Massachusetts, 3. Rhode Island, 4. Connecticut.
2. Name any two philosophers who intrinsic the American war of independence ? Thomas Paine, John Adams,
Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin,
3. When did the representatives of the 13 British colonies of America met in Philadelphia ? :- 1774
4. When did American war of independence began ? 19th April 1775
5. Who was the commander in chief of the colonial army ? :- George Washington
6. When did Philadelphia National Conference adopted the famous Declaration of Independence ? :- July 4th, 1776
7. Who was the first President of USA ? :- George Washington
8. Which is the first written constitution in the world ? :- The Constitution of USA
9. Who adopted(Drafted) the famous Declaration of American Independence ? :- Philadelphia National Conference
in July 4th, 1776
10. Which day Americans celebrate as Independence Day? :- July 4th
11. Who was the king of France at the time of French Revolution ? :- Louis XVI
12. Name the book of Montesquieu ? :- ‘spirit of laws’
13. Who wrote the book called ‘Social Contract’ ? :- Rousseau
14. What is the name of the wife of King Louis XVI of France? :- Mary Antoniette
15. In which year did the fall of Bastille take Place ?:- On the 14th of July 1789
16. Who are Jacobians? :- During the French Revolution, A group called Jacobians who wanted harsh reforms came to
power.
17. Who is Robispeare ? :- The Leader of Jacobians group.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
18. Who founded in young Italy ?:- Joseph Mazini
19. Who established the Red Brigade ? :- Garibaldi
20. Who was the first king of United Italy ? :- Victor Emmanuel
21. Name the capital of United Italy ? :- Rome
22. Name the architects of Italian Unification ?:- Joseph Mazini, Garibaldi, Count Kavoor.
23. Who published the paper Risargimento ? :- Count Kavoor.
24. Who was the architect of unification of Germany? :- Bismarck
25. What was the famous policy of Bismarck ? :- Blood and steel policy
26. Who and when was formed “North German States Association” ? :- 1866, Bismarck

POLITICAL SCIENCE, CHAPTER – 21, THE ELECTION SYSTEM


❖ Which is the biggest democracy in the world ?:- India is the biggest democracy in the world.
❖ Which are needed for a healthy democracy ?:- A free and fair elections
❖ When and Which constitutional amendment the minimum age of voting was reduced to 18 years from 21 years?
:- In 1989, through the Constitutional amendment 61, the minimum age of voting was reduced to 18 years from
21 years.
The Structure of Election Commission: Write a note on The Structure of Election Commission?
▪ The election commission is an all India institution and it is constitution body
▪ The part XV of the Constitution Of India speaks about Independent Election Commission in India From articles 324
to 329.
▪ The article 324 speaks about the formation of Election Commission.
▪ The Indian Election Commission was founded in January 25, 1950.
▪ In 1993, Chief Election Commissioner, two more Election Commissioners Were appointed.
▪ The President appoints the Election Commissioners.
▪ Their tenure is for six years or the completion of sixty five years of age, whichever is earlier.
▪ They can tender resignation at any given time.
▪ The Parliament can impeach them on the grounds of incompetency and unconstitutional behaviors.
What are the powers, functions and responsibilities of the Election Commission ?
• The Election Commission conducts the elections of President, Vice President, Rajyasabha, Lokasabha, Vidhana
parishat and Vidhanasabha.
• It has absolute powers to declare the dates of election, declaration of the results and during the entire duration
of election. This duration is called as ‘Period of Model Code of Conduct’.
• The Election Commission has no employees of its own to conduct election. It appoints the government
employees for this work with the approval of the President.
• There is a responsibility to ensure free and independent elections in India.
• All the three commissioners enjoy equal powers. In case of differences in opinions, the majority decision prevails.
State the structure and functions of the State Election Commission.
• The Election Commission conducts local body elections under the article 324 K and AZ.
• The State Election Commission conducts the elections of local bodies of Panchayet raj and urban local bodies.
• The Governor appoints the State Election Commissioner under article 243 K and ZA.
• In Karnataka, the State Election Commission has been formed under the article 308 of Karnataka Gram Swaraj
and Panchayet act of 1993.
• This conducts the elections of local bodies.
Election procedure :- * Explain the Election procedure in India?
✓ Constituencies,
✓ Voters list,
✓ Notification,
✓ Nomination of the candidates,
✓ Scrutiny of nomination,
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
✓ Withdrawal of nomination,
✓ Election Campaign,
✓ Polling day,
✓ Counting of votes,
✓ Result declaration.
Constituencies : Write a note on The Election Constituencies?
▪ The state is divided into small electoral divisions for the purpose of elections. These electoral divisions are called
constituencies.
▪ Constituencies are formed on the basis of population.
▪ Constituencies are of two types. One is Lok Sabha Constituency and the other is Legislative Assembly
Constituency. The members elected from Lok Sabha constituencies become the members of Lok Sabha. They are
called Members of
▪ Parliament or MPs.
▪ Similarly the members elected from Assembly Constituencies become the Members of State Legislative
Assemblies and they are called Members of Legislative Assembly or MLAs.
▪ In both these constituencies reservation is provided to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Voters list :- Write a note on ‘Electoral Roll’ ?
➢ The voters list is the list which contains the names and certain other details of the voters. It is also called the
Electoral Roll.
➢ The Electoral Roll is prepared by the Election Commission much before the elections.
➢ Electoral Roll is revised every year.
➢ At the time of revision the names of those who have attained the age of 18 are included and the names of the
dead are deleted.
➢ The Electoral Roll helps the polling officials to identify the voters.
➢ The Electoral Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) are issued to all the eligible voters by the Election Commission to
prevent impersonation.
➢ EPIC is also used as a proof for general identification.
➢ The voter must produce EPIC or any of the other identity proof such as PAN (Permanent Account Number) card of
the Income Tax department, driving license, Passport or any other proof of identification specified by the
government at the time of voting.
❖ What is ‘independent candidates’ ?:- The contestants who are not identified with any political party Are called
‘independent candidates’.
❖ When should the election campaign end?:- The campaign must End 48 hours before the closure of election.
❖ What is ‘Election Manifesto’ ? :- During the campaign the political parties announce several policies and
programmes and promise the people to fulfil those if voted to power. Such kind of promises are given in the
‘Election Manifesto’
❖ What is Polling booth?:- Polling booth is a place of voting.
❖ Which one use the replacing the ballot papers Now a days ?;- Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) are replacing
the ballot papers Now a days.
❖ Who is declared the election result ?:- Returning officer declares The results at the end of the counting.
❖ What is All the contesting candidates must follow during election ? :- All the contesting candidates have to follow
the ‘model code of conduct’ announced by the Election Commission.
Political parties : What is political party ? :- Political party is a group of people who follow an ideology and thus come
together to contest & winning elections and hold power in the government. it is Called as a political party.
❖ Justify that “Political Parties are the link between elected representatives and people”.
• Political parties are necessary in the democratic set up.
• Political parties are the link between representatives, government and the people.
• They play a major role in formulating policies for social and economic progress.
• Political parties become a training ground to develop leadership qualities.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


• The political party that commands majority in the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha at the centre and legislative
assembly at the state level form the government.
• The minor political parties or independents can support either the ruling party or the opposition on their own.
❖ What is Ruling party ? :- The party that forms the government is called the ‘Ruling party’.
❖ What is Opposition party ? :- The party that commands the second position is called the opposition party.
❖ Write a note on National Parties and Regional Political parties in India?
• There are many political parties in India.
• These political parties are classified into national political parties and regional political parties.
• National Parties:- National political parties have their branches in many states of our nation.
• They have respectable number of representatives in Parliament and also in State Legislatures.
• The Election Commission grants recognition to National Parties.
• Indian National Congress, Bharathiya Janata Party, Communist Party of India are some of the major national
political parties of India.
• They establish their identities through their own party symbols.
• Regional Political Parties:- Regional political parties are also called state political parties.
• Political organizations securing respectable number of seats in the assembly elections are recognized as state
parties or regional parties.
• In many states the regional parties by virtue of their majority have formed the government.
• DMK, AIADMK (Tamilnadu), Assam Gana Parishad (Assam), Telugu Desham, (Andhrapradesh) Shivasena
(Maharashtra) Janatha Dal (Secular) in Karnataka and Samajawadi party(UP) are a few major regional political
parties.
• Regional political parties have their own election symbols.
• Regional parties may have representation in the Parliament.
• Regional parties play an important role in forming the government when the major political parties fail to secure
majority at the centre or the states.
Coalition Government: * Write a note on Coalition Governments.
▪ Many political parties participate in the elections to secure power.
▪ If they get the majority they form government.
▪ Many a time no party gets the required majority to form the government. Such a situation is called ‘Hung
Parliament’ or ‘Hung Assembly’.
▪ In such a situation some of the political parties join together and make alliances to get the required majority to
form the government. Such alliance is called ‘Post-poll alliance’.
▪ At certain times two or more than two parties join together and make alliance before the elections.
▪ This type of alliance is called ‘Pre-poll alliance’. Pre-poll or Post-poll alliance helps political parties to join together
to form the government when there is a hung parliament or assembly.
▪ Such a government formed with the co-operation of different political parties is called ‘Coalition Government’.
▪ The political parties of Coalition Government share power by joining Council of Ministers.
▪ At certain times they do not share power but support Coalition Government. This type of support is called
‘outside support’.
▪ Since 1989, hung parliament or legislative assemblies have become common. Coalition Governments have been
formed many times both at the centre and in some of the states.
Public Opinion :
❖ What is Public Opinion ?:- * Public opinion is a view expressed by common people’s on a particular issue that
concerns them. * Public opinion is the collective opinion in common people's on a specific topic.
❖ What factors have Help in sharing the public opinion? :- TV, Radio, News papers, Journals, Web site, Political
party, Associations and such other media help in sharing the public opinion.
❖ Media and Democracy :
Media and Democracy :

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


❖ Give the example of Media & Electronic media ? :- Media like newspapers, magazines,The electronic media like
television, radio, mobiles, Internet portals, social media
What is the role of media in the success of democracy?
▪ The day-to-day information about the happenings is provided by the media.
▪ It helps people to know about the plans and policies of the Government.
▪ It provides information about the functions of the Government.
▪ In turn, it helps the Government to know about the views of the people on important issues.
▪ Media make representatives accountable and answerable to issues raised by the people.
▪ The media must provide truthful, fearless, unbiased views.
▪ The media on the other hand should not sensationalize the issues.
▪ It should present the issues in such a way that the principles of unity, secularism, democracy and harmony are
not disturbed.
Which is constituted In order to improve the standards Of news papers and to protect the freedom of press a body in
India ? :- ‘Press Council of India’ is constituted.
EXERCISES
I. Fill up the blanks:
1. The Electoral roll is revised ________ year. (Every)
2. The Public Election Campaign comes to end before ______hours to election day.(48)
3. The recognition to political parties is accorded by ________.(The Election commission)
4. The Independence of Journalism is protected by ________. (‘PRESS Council of India’).
II. Answer the following questions :
1. Which has responsibility to conduct both the central and state elections? :- Election Commission of India.
2. Which basis are formed on the Constituencies ?:- The basis of population.
3. What is constituencies ? :- The state is divided into small electoral divisions for the purpose of elections. These
electoral divisions are called constituencies.
4. What are The two types Election Constituencies in India ?:- Constituencies are of two types. Lok Sabha
Constituency and the other is Legislative Assembly Constituency.
5. What is ‘Electoral Roll’ ? :- The voters list is the list which contains the names and certain other details of the
voters. It is also called the Electoral Roll.
6. Who is prepared by The Electoral Roll in India?:- The Electoral Roll is prepared by the Election Commission.
7. Describe the EPIC ? :- The Electoral Photo Identity Cards (EPIC)
8. Describe EVMs ?:- Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs)
9. Which is the necessary in the democratic set up ?:- • Political parties
10. Who are the link between representatives, government and the people in Democracy ?:- Political parties
11. How can political parties classified in India ? :- Political parties are classified into national political parties and
regional political parties.
12. Give an example of national parties in India ? :- Indian National Congress, Bharathiya Janata Party, Communist
Party of India
13. Give an example of Regional political parties in India ?:- • DMK, AIADMK (Tamilnadu), Assam Gana Parishad
(Assam), Telugu Desham, (Andhrapradesh) Shivasena (Maharashtra) Janatha Dal (Secular) in Karnataka and
Samajawadi party(UP).
14. What is ‘Hung Parliament’ or ‘Hung Assembly’ ? :- Many a time no party gets the required majority to form the
government. Such a situation is called ‘Hung Parliament’ or ‘Hung Assembly’.
15. What is Coalition Government’s ?:- * Two or more than two parties join together and Make alliance and form a
government. it is called Coalition Governments. * A government formed with the co-operation of different political
parties is called ‘Coalition Government’.

CHAPTER – 22, DEFENCE OF THE NATION


* As you have already known, our country was under imperial rule of foreigners and only after many protests,
struggles and sacrifices we got our independence on 15th August 1947.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
* Hence it is our bounded duty to ensure that our nation does not ever come under external aggression.
* Our armed forces are to be prepared in such a manner that they are able to safeguard the sovereignty of the nation
at all times.
❖ How many kilometers of land border and water border does India have? :- India has nearly 15,200 km of land
border and about 7,516.50 km of sea border to protect.
❖ Which are the neighboring countries that share a border with India?:- We have border relationships with
Pakistan, China, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.
Though we desire to live in peace, our neighbouring nations do not permit us to do so. Although India has made
sincere efforts to solve all problems in an amicable manner through peace talks, our efforts have not met with
success. It is for these reasons that the role of our defence forces assumes great significance.
Organisation of the Defence Forces : * Explain the Organisation of the Defence Forces ?
• The Indian Defence system consists of three wings – Army, Navy and Air Force.
• The President is the Commander-in-chief of all the three divisions.
• The Chief of the army is known as General, the chief of the Naval Force is called Admiral and that of the Air Force
is called Air Chief Marshal.
• In 2001, Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CIDS) was appointed for better management of the three services.
• The Indian Defence Minister co-ordinates the work of the three forces.
• Each force has its own training centers.
• The headquarters of the Defence Ministry is in New Delhi.
❖ Which are the four divisions of our Defence Ministry?:- This Ministry has four sections : 1. Defence Section 2.
Defence Production Section 3. Defence Research and Development Section 4. Retired Defence Personnel Welfare
Section.
Indian Army :- * Explain the structure of the Indian Army.
▪ The headquarters of the Indian Army is in New Delhi.
▪ Its head is known as the Commander – in – Chief.
▪ He has a Deputy Commander-in-chief, General, Major General, Brigadier, Military Secretary and a Military
Engineer to assist him in his work.
▪ The army consists of Infantry, Cavalry, Tank Regiments called the Armed Corps and the Gunners’ Regiment.
▪ There is a Supply and Engineering branch too.
▪ The Indian Army has been divided into seven commands for administrative convenience.
❖ Which are the Commands of the Army ? :- The Indian Army has been divided into seven commands for
administrative convenience. Their names and headquarters are as given below :
1. Western Command – Chandimandir (Chandighar)
2. Eastern Command – Kolkata (West Bengal)
3. Norther Command – Udhampur (Kashmir)
4. Southern Command – Pune (Maharashtra)
5. Central Command – Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)
6. Training Command – Mhow (Madhya Pradesh)
7. North-Western Command – Jaipur (Rajasthan)
❖ What are the important training centers of Indian Army?
▪ The important training centers are
▪ The National Defency Academy in Khadakvasla near Pune,
▪ The Defence Personnel College in Wellington near Ooty,
▪ The National Defence College in New Delhi,
▪ The Indian Military Academy in Dehradun and
▪ The Officers’ Training School in Chennai..
❖ Explain the responsibility and function of the Indian Army ?
• The main responsibility of the army is to protect the land and its sovereignty against attacks by foreign nations.
• Defence has a great influence on our geographical, political, social and technical environments.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• It also plays an important role in guarding the border areas and in tackling natural calamities.
(There are 12,37,117 soldiers in the Land Army and 9,60,000 Reserved soldiers.)
Indian Navy :- Explain the structure of the Indian Army.
▪ India has one of the world’s longest coastline.
▪ We require a strong Naval force to protect the islands of Andaman-Nicobar and the Lakshadweep together with
the coast of the mainland.
▪ The headquarters of the Navy is also in New Delhi.
▪ Its head is The Admiral, under him there are various officers like, Vice-Admiral, Rear Admiral,
▪ Commander, Captain, Lieutenant Commander, Lieutenant and Sub-lieutenant.
▪ Our Navy has been organized into three Naval commands which are: 1.Western Naval command (Mumbai)
2. Eastern Naval command (Vishakapatnam) 3.Southern Command (Cochin).
▪ The navy has two fleets – the Western Fleet and the Eastern Fleet.
▪ Indian Navy is huge and to expand it further, Hindustan Ship Yard has been established at Vishakapatna. Besides,
ship building work also goes on in Kolkata and Goa.
▪ Ships, submarines and small boats are also built in these ship yards.
❖ Which are the two training centre of of Indian Navy? :- Indian Navy has two training centres, one in Kerala INS
Vanduvarti and the other in Maharashtra, INS Shivaji at Lonavala.
Indian Air Force :- Explain the structure of the Indian Air force.
➢ The Indian Air Force is a modern unit, well-equipped with technologically advanced aircraft.
➢ It has good defence equipment, well-developed communication network, latest spying technology, capability to
confront the enemy and defend the nation.
➢ The headquarters of the Air Force is in New Delhi.
➢ The head of the Airfore is Air Chief Marshall.
➢ It also has sufficient number of warplanes, helicopters and assault aircraft.
❖ Explain the functions of the Indian Air Force?:-
✓ The Indian Air Force works effectively and courageously both during war times and peace times.
✓ It has succeeded in ensuring safety, security and stability.
❖ Indian Air force is organized into five Operational Commands and 2 Functional Commands. Which are They:-
✓ Operational Commands :- 1. Western Command – New Delhi
2. Eastern Command – Shillong (Meghalaya)
3. Central Command – Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)
4. North Western Command – Gandhinagar (Gujarat)
5. Southern Command – Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala)
✓ Functional Commands :- 1. Training Command – Bangalore (Karnataka)
2. Maintenance Command – Nagpur (Maharashtra)
(Our Airforce has the most modernised war planes like Jaguar, Raphael. It has 1,00,000 soldiers and 1330 war planes.
We are proud that we have a strong Airforce.)
❖ What are the two important training centers of Air Force in India ?:- Two important centers imparting training to
the Air Force are Bangalore and Hyderabad.
❖ Which is the special training centre in Those who have been selected to the Air Force are given training in flying
:- Those who have been selected to the Air Force are given training in flying at the Special Training Center in
Dundighat.
❖ Give the example of aeroplane and helicopters in Indian Air Force ?:- Today our Air Force has more than one
thousand airplanes and helicopters. The main types of aircraft are Canberra, Hunter, Ajeet, MiG 21, MiG 23, MiG
25, MiG 27, MiG 29, Mirage 2000 etc.
Do you know this ? The various cadres of the 3 Armed Forces
1. Army 2 Navy 3. Air Force
a. General a. Admiral a. Air Chief Marshal
b. Lieutenant General b. Vice Admiral b. Air Marshal

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


c. Major General c. Rear Admiral c. Air Vice Marshal
d. Brigadier d. Commodore d. Air Commodore
e. Colonel e. Captain e. Group Captain
f. Lieutenant Colonel f. Commander f. Wing Commander
g. Major g. Lieutenant Commander g. Squadron Leader
h. Captain h. Lieutenant h. Flight Lieutenant
i. Lieutenant i. Sub-lieutenant i. Flying Officer.

❖ What are the qualifications required for recruitment to the Army?


Recruitment to the Army: * Those who desire to work in the Armed forces should be service-oriented, patriotic,
ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the country and also be familiar with the multi-cultural fabric of the
nation.
* Any citizen of the country, irrespective of his religion, caste, class or community can join the military. However,
there are certain conditions with regard to physical requirements, mental health, general education and technical
knowledge that have to be met.
* When recruitments are made to the lower posts of the army, they are made according to the percentage of
recruitable male population (RMP) of the State and Union Territories.
* Suitable candidates are recruited to the Air Force through selection and registration on an All-India basis. This is
done by the Central Airmen Selection Board (CASB).
* Recruitment of sailors to the Navy takes place through the Naval Recruitment Organisation (NRO). Responsibility
for this task lies with the Human Resource Project and the Directorate at the headquarters of the Navy.
* Recruitment of women to the three armed forces takes place through the Women Special Entry Scheme (WSES).
Defence Producting : Write a short note on the Defence Producing ?:-
• The activities of the Defence production are divided into two: 1. The manufacturing units run by the Department,
and 2. The manufacturing units run by the Public Defence Sector.
• The factories of the first kind manufacture gun powder, weapons, tanks etc.
• Whereas the factories in the public sector manufacture ships, aircraft, bulldozers, submarines, rockets etc.
(Do you know this? Public Sector Industries
BEL – Bharath Electronics Ltd. - 1954;
HAL - Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. - 1964;
BEML – Bharath Earth Movers Ltd. - 1964, and
BDL – Bharath Dynamics Ltd. - 1970.)
Our Defence- Preparedness and Research and Development: Write a short note on the Our Defence- Preparedness
and Research and Development ?
• Today our defence forces have to face many challenges. Ex: Terrorism, Naxal attacks etc. Hence our soldiers are
prepared to guard our borders all the time.
• Our army is the fourth largest in the world, our air force the fifth largest and our navy too the fifth largest.
• Seabird Naval base has been opened at Karwar in Karnataka to strength our navy.
• In addition, the DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) which was established in 1958, has
developed advanced earth- to- earth rockets like Pruthvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag, Agni 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (On 19th April
2012 Agni 5 was sent with a rocket which could cover 5 thousand kilometers). With submarines and
antisubmarines, India has joined the ranks of elite countries like America, Russia, Britain, France and others.)
• Bofors guns were used effectively in the Kargil war between India and Pakistan. The Pokhran experiment has
enabled India to develop technology which provides us ability to face even nuclear attacks.
• In addition, 55 Defence Laboratories have been established in different parts of the country.
• Therefore, like our Armed Forces, even we should be prepared to lay down our lives for the sake of our country.
❖ What is the Naval Base near Karwar known as? :- Seabird Naval base has been opened at Karwar in Karnataka to
strength our navy.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
Second Line of Defence (Paramilitary) :- Which are the other organizations second line of defence in Beside the
Armed Forces ?
Besides the Armed Forces, there are other organizations which form a second line of defence. They are:
1. Territorial Army
2. N.C.C. – National Cadet Corps
3. Coastal Guard
4. Border Security Force
5. Civil Defence
6. Home Guards
7. Red Cross
Territorial Army : Write a short note on the Territorial Army ?
▪ It is a voluntary part-time force.
▪ Its services are used only during emergencies like natural calamities.
▪ It was established by a Parliament Act in 1949. It has no professional soldiers, but only civilians who are eager to
play a role in defence and are given military training in their spare time.
▪ Only a person who is gainfully employed and in the age group of 18 to 42 is eligible to join the force.
▪ Every year, the third Saturday of November is celebrated as ‘Territorial Army Day’.
National Cadet Corps: N.C.C. is mainly a youth organisation of the country. School and college-going students can
voluntarily join this organisation.
❖ When did N.C.C?;- It was established in 1948.
❖ What are the aims of N.C.C.? What are its advantages? :-
▪ Its aim is to develop among the students a sense of discipline,
▪ leadership qualities,
▪ friendliness and service-mindedness.
▪ It is a body of disciplined and trained youth force which comes to the rescue of the nation during emergencies.
▪ There are two units in N.C.C. –the senior unit at college level and the junior unit at school level.
These cadets are given various concessions :
1. Those who have received N.C.C. training can join the armed forces easily.
2. Cadets who have earned distinction during training are given seats in professional colleges.
3. Cadets are given training in handling weapons.
4. During training, Cadets go on adventures like hiking, trekking, gliding, scaling or mountaineering, sailing etc.
5. Students who have received N.C.C. training can secure admission in any defence school.
Indian Coast Guard : Write a short note on the Indian Coast Guard?:-
▪ It is a para-military force.
▪ It is very important among the secondary defence forces.
▪ It was formed in 1978.
▪ It protects the interests of the nation with regard to its waters.
▪ It guards the coastline of 7516.5 km. area.
▪ The ships of the Coastal Guard have been given names like Puthar, Vikram, Vijay, Veera etc.
▪ They prevent smuggling and illegal sea trade.
▪ Its headquarters is in New Delhi and is headed by a Director General.
▪ It has four regional headquarters at Mumbai, Chennai, Gandhinagar and Port Blair in Andaman and Nicobar
islands.
(Our Coastal Guard has 1402 most modernised ships and 381 Naval planes and 60 Helicopters.)
Border Security Force : Write a short note on the Border Security Force?
• Border Security Force was established in 1965.
• Its soldiers vigilantly keep watch over our borders which stretch upto 15200 kms.
• Its training center is in Yelahanka in Bangalore.
• BSF has successfully prevented transgression of our borders and illegal entry of foreigners and smuggling.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


❖ Which are the Assist the BSF ? :- During threats to internal security, soldiers from Assam Rifles, Indo-Tibetan
Border Police (ITBP), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), National Security Guards (NSG – to tackle terrorism),
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Railway Protection Force (RPF) assist the BSF.
Civil Defence : What are the aims of Civil Defence? :-
▪ The main aim of this force is protection of life of the citizens.
▪ It also strives to reduce the damage to property and malpractices with regard to industrial products.
▪ It is a voluntary organisation. The activities of this citizens’ forum are restricted to 22 sections or cities.
▪ At present, there are 13 lakh consumer protection volunteers of whom 6.64 lakhs have been trained.
Home Guards : Write a short note on the Home Guards?:-
• Home Guards is a voluntary force. It was established first in 1946.
• It is of great help to the local police in curbing communal clashes, restoring peace in society and during elections.
This force can be found in some States and Union Territories.
• During the Indo-China war in 1962, volunteers from the Home Guards wore uniforms and fought along with the
Indian soldiers.
• There are nearly 5,73,793 Home Guards volunteers in India.
Red Cross : Explain the organization of the Indian Red Cross Society ?
▪ Red Cross Society is both a national and an international organization.
▪ In 1920 Indian parliament passed the bill and established this organisation.
▪ The Indian Red Cross is a humanitarian voluntary organization and has nearly 700 branches accross State and
Union Territories.
▪ Its headquarters are in New Delhi.
▪ The Indian President is its Chairman and Governer in the state branch.
▪ A Secretary General is its Administrative Officer.
▪ It has an administrative body consisting of 19 members and a Secretary.
▪ The President nominates 6 members whereas the remaining 12 members are elected from the State and Union
Territories.
▪ The Red Cross Society renders valuable service to people during natural calamities and other emergencies.
▪ Without any discrimination, it helps sick people and those wounded on the battle-field.
❖ What are The 7 fundamental principles of the Red Cross?:- This organization believes in 7 fundamental principles:
1) Humanity 2) Impartiality 3) Neutrality 4) Independence 5) Voluntary work 6) Oneness 7) Internationalism.
❖ What are the honoured awards given to soldiers? :- They are honoured with awards like Param Vir Chakra,
Vishisth Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra etc. These awards are equivalent to the Ashoka Chakra given during peace times
to citizens.
The Armed Forces and International Peace: What is the role of our Indian Armed Forces in establishing international
peace?
✓ Our Armed Forces have earned respect for not only serving our country well but also engaging themselves in
establishing peace in foreign countries.
✓ Our soldiers have worked under the supervision of the United Nations in countries like Gaza, Korea, Congo, Sri
Lanka and others.
✓ It was with the help of our soldiers that Bangladesh could become an independent country.
✓ In this way, our Armed Forces are working for our country both during war-times and peace-times.
✓ They are also rendering invaluable service during natural calamities like floods, droughts, earthquakes,
landslides, storms etc.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The main objective of our defence policy is protecting ________.(The sovereignty).
2. The Commander-in-Chief of our three Armed Forces is ______.(President)
3. The Chief of the Army is called ________________.(General)
4. The headquarters of the Defence Ministry is in ___________.(Delhi)

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


5. The Hindustan Ship-building yard is at ____________.(Vishakhapatnam)
6. The border security force training centre is in ___________. (Yelahanka in Bangalore ).
7. The Indian Red Cross Society established in ___________ .(1920)
II. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ANSWER
1. The Indian Defence system consists of three wings – Army, Navy and Air Force.
2. What is the Chief of Army, Chief of Navy and Air Force called?:- The Chief of the army is known as General, the
chief of the Naval Force is called Admiral and that of the Air Force is called Air Chief Marshal.
3. Where is The headquarters of the Defence Ministry ?:- is in New Delhi.
4. Who was appointed for better management of the three Wings services in 2001?:- Chief of Integrated Defence
Staff (CIDS) was appointed for better management of the three services.
5. Where is The headquarters of the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force & Indian Coast Guard?:- is in New Delhi.
6. Who is the head of Indian Army?:- Its head is known as the Commander – in – Chief.
7. The Indian Navy organized has been divided into three Area Commands. Which are they ?:- Our Navy has been
organized into three Naval commands which are: 1.Western Naval command (Mumbai)
2. Eastern Naval command (Vishakapatnam) 3.Southern Command (Cochin).
8. Which is the administrative and technical training centers of Indian Air Force in India:- Bangalore & Coimbatore.
9. What is the rank of Indian army, air force and navy in the whole world?:- Our army is the fourth largest in the
world, our air force the fifth largest and our navy too the fifth largest.
10.Describe the DRDO ?;- - Defence Research and Development Organisation-DRDO
11. When did established DRDO ?:- in 1958
12. Which war weapons has developed DRDO?:- Pruthvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag, Agni 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, Submarines and
Antisubmarines,
13. When did established Indian Coast Guard?:- in 1978
14.When did established Indian Territorial Army?:- in 1949
15. When did established Indian Border Security Force?:- in 1965
16. When was the frist Established Home Guards ?:- in 1946
17.When did established Red cross?:- in 1920
18.Which is The name of ships in the Indian Coastal Guard?:- The ships of the Coastal Guard have been given names
like Puthar, Vikram, Vijay, Veera etc.
19.Which are the four regional headquarters Indian Coast Guard?:- at Mumbai, Chennai, Gandhinagar and Port Blair
in Andaman and Nicobar islands.
20. Where is training center of the Indian Border Security Force ?:- Its training center is in Yelahanka in Bangalore.
21. Where is The headquarters of the Red cross in India?:- Delhi
22. Who is the Chairman of the Red Cross?:- The Indian President is its Chairman

CHAPTER – 23, NATIONAL INTEGRATION


NATIONALISM :
❖ From which word is the Nationalism derived? :- The word Nationalism is derived from the word Nation.
❖ What are the deciding factor of Nationalism? :-The deciding factors of Nationalism are :
1. The people who think their living land is their motherland.
2. The feeling of brotherhood among the people and equal participation of people in nations Joy and Sorrows.
Such people are called Nationalists and the feeling is known as Nationalism.
National Integration : What do you mean by ‘National Integration’ ? :- National integration refers to that situation
where all the people of the country feel they are one although there are differences with regard to race, religion,
culture and language.
❖ Why national integration is very necessary to build a strong nation ?
▪ India is a vast nation, ranking second in the world with regard to population.
▪ Nearly 1652 languages and dialects are spoken by the people of this country.
▪ Among these, 22 languages have been given official language status by our Constitution.
▪ There are many facilities provided to every citizen to learn his mother tongue in the area he resides.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ One unique feature of our nation is the freedom citizens enjoy to practise the religion they desire (ex:Hinduism,
Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Zorostrianism).
▪ Similarly, citizens have the freedom to dress, eat and interact with each other in the way they want.
▪ Further, though there is geographical and natural diversity, politically we are all united and follow the same
Constitution.
Unity in Diversity: * India has various aspects in diversities with in it. What are they?
✓ Geographical Diversity,
✓ Social And Cultural Diversity,
✓ Linguistic Diversity,
✓ Political Diversity,
✓ Religious Diversity,
✓ Economical Diversity
✓ Racial Diversity,
In spite of all differences in various aspects, India stands on a foundation of unity. Beneath all geographical, social,
linguistic, cultural, political, religious and racial variations are hidden
certain common aspects of the Indian lifestyle. Uniform administrative
system, efficient communication tools and modern education system
have enabled Indians to nurture a feeling of oneness.
Factors which enable unity in diversity: Which are the factors that lead to unity in diversity?
▪ Geographical unity,
▪ Political unity,
▪ Religious unity,
▪ Linguistic unity,
▪ Cultural unity,
❖ How political unity creates unity in diversity in India? (What are the elements of political unity that create unity
in diversity?)
✓ We have a common Constitution,
✓ Uniform law,
✓ Similar educational system,
✓ Uniform Judicial System, and
✓ A Strong Central Government.
✓ National integration
Factors Promoting National Integration :- Which are the factors that promoting national integration?
▪ Secularism,
▪ Democracy,
▪ National Festivals,
▪ Our National Symbols,
▪ Interdependence,
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. India is a secular country and so does not oppose any ______.(Religion).
2. Communalism is a major obstacle to ___________.(National integration)
3. Republic Day is a _________ festival.(National)
4. India considered ___________ languages as National languages.22
5. Our National Animal is _________ .(Tiger)
1. What is meant by ‘Nationalism’?:- The people who think their living land is their motherland and The feeling of
brotherhood among the people and equal participation of people in nations Joy and Sorrows. Such feeling is known
as Nationalism.
2. What is meant by Secularism?:- This means that every citizen enjoys the freedom to practice the religion he
desires. India has not declared any religion as the national religion, but treats every religion as equal.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
3. Give the example of national festival ?:- Independence Day, Republic Day, Gandhi Jayanti.
4. Give the example of Our National Symbol Or Emblem?:-
▪ National Anthem – Jana gana Mana
▪ National Flag - A horizontal tricolour of India saffron at the top, white in the middle and India green at the
bottom in equal proportion. (Thrivarna dhvaja)
▪ National Animal -Tiger
▪ National Bird. - Peacock
▪ National flower – lotus.

SOCIOLOGY, CHAPTER – 24, SOCIALISATION AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS


Socialisation : What is socialization ? :- This process of taking birth and slowly evolving into a social individual is
known as socialisation.
❖ Socialisation is a unique feature of man. How ? Or What are the futures of socialisation ?
▪ Man is a social animal.
▪ When his/her offspring takes birth, it is just like any other animal. It evolves into a social being over a period
of time.
▪ Socialisation is universal.
▪ The process of learning social behaviour and the Process of becoming social being is called socialization.
▪ Socialization is a process in which all the members of the society Live in accordance to their duties and
responsibilities.
▪ Socialization is a Continuous process of social action which starts from birth.
▪ He tries to follow the cultural aspects of his society like the Prevailing traditions, customs and moral principles.
▪ It goes on throughout a person’s lifetime.
▪ He assimilates them in his social behavior.
The importance of socialisation : Write a paragraph on the importance of socialisation.
• It makes man a member of a group
• It enables development of the personality
• It inculcates discipline in life
• It provides opportunity for the learning and assimilation of various skills
• It helps to cultivate the right kind of ambitions
• It reduces the gap in society
• It provides opportunity for shaping a bright future
• It is helpful in perpetuation of culture
• It provides support to the social system.
(Functions of Socialization :- What are the functions of Socialization ?:-
1. Converts human being into social being.
2. Provides the scope of adopting, imitating and learning of many skills.
3. Develops the social relationship and provide commitment and support to the social system.
4. Helps the development of personality.
5. Helps the continuity of tradition.)
The agents of socialisation : What are the factors influences the agents of socialisation(process of socialisation.)? :-
• Two kinds of influences can be identified among the agents responsible for socialisation.
• Firstly, age, experience and the influence of elders. Parents, teachers, elders and officials can be included in the
first group.
• Secondly, the influence of peers. Friends and peers can be included in the second group.
• Parents’ customs, educational status, ambitions, interests and priorities influence the process of socialisation.
• On the basis of this, we can identify the following agents of socialisation.
❖ Which are The Agents Socialisation ?
✓ Family,

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


✓ Peers,
✓ Religion,
✓ School,
✓ Mass Media,
✓ Neighbourhood,
Family :- The role of the family is very important in a child’s socialisation. Why? Justify the statement.
▪ The role of the family is very important in a child’s socialisation.
▪ The parents are the direct blood relatives of the child.
▪ The saying that the mother is the first teacher to the child and the family the first school of the child is literally
true.
▪ The words, behavior, activities, and transactions of the parents have a deep impact on the moral and emotional
growth of the child.
▪ The child learns its first lesson in love, affection, trust, patience, kindness, co-operation and other values at
home. The praise of its parents stimulates and encourages its activities.
▪ When it errs, punishment by the parents brings it back onto the right path.
▪ As the parents are senior to children in age, experience and power, children behave in an obedient manner.
▪ They are influenced by the intimacy with their parents.
▪ The minds of the children which are like small buds, blossom fresh and fragrant under the influence of
socialisation.
❖ What are the values a child learns in a family atmosphere? :-The child learns its first lesson in love, affection,
trust, patience, kindness, co-operation and other values at home.
Peers :- Explain the role of peers in socialisation
▪ Peers, playmates and friends form a very important factor of socialisation.
▪ This relationship is based on co-operation and mutual adjustment.
▪ They are mostly of the same age.
▪ As a result, the child learns from its peers what it cannot learn from its parents and teachers.
▪ This kind of knowledge is important from the view point of society.
Religion :- What is the role of religion in socialisation?
• Religion also plays an important role in socialisation.
• Religion provides a foundation of ideals to social life.
• It preaches a life of morality.
• Children observe parents, elders and relatives visiting places of worship.
• They participate in poojas, festivals, fairs and other religious celebrations.
• They learn religious practices.
• Through these, they develop an interest in social service, charity etc. and enable social welfare.
School : Explain the role of the school in the process of socialisation.
▪ The school occupies an important place in the process of socialisation of the child.
▪ The child gets influenced by its teachers and friends in addition to the influence of education.
▪ Through education, the child’s behavior, knowledge, morality and attitude are shaped.
▪ The child’s innate abilities and talents get exposure.
▪ By expanding the horizon of life, education prepares the children for the future.
▪ The role of teachers is very significant in the social development of the child.
▪ At that age, they are more influenced by their teachers.
▪ The good behavior, noble thinking and sense of equality expressed in the teachers’ behavior make the children
imbibe love, trust, patience, kind-heartedness and other values of life.
▪ Teachers should encourage children take part in extra-curricular and creative activities.
▪ The syllabus should include vocational training, sex education, spiritual education, physical education, life skills
etc.
▪ When the child learns these aspects, its socialisation is complete.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


Mass Media : How do the mass media work as an agent of socialisation in the modern society?
• In today’s modern society, mass media play a vital role. Television, movies, newspapers, periodicals, dramas,
radio and other media make use of literature on a large scale.
• Advertisements, radio programmes, stories, poems, novels, dramas, dance, music, posters, quotations from great
men, proverbs and words of wisdom influence children.
• The mass media can be used effectively through the news reports, quiz programs, introduction of great
personalities, interviews, debates, travel reports and investigations.
• Programmes of educational importance have a direct bearing on the personality and good conduct of the child.
The adolescent and the youth are moving away from values and culture.
❖ Give the examples of mass media’ ?:- Television, movies, newspapers, periodicals, dramas, radio, Mobile,
Internet
Neighbourhood : What is the role of religion in Socialisation?
▪ The people living in houses close to the child’s house form the neighbourhood.
▪ It is a small group having the characteristics of a community.
▪ The neighbourhood is a small group. People have mutual relations.
▪ They render various services to the people of their area.
▪ The role of neighbourhood is seen in both villages and cities.
▪ But the nature and type of neighbourhood is different.
▪ The role of neighbourhood is very significant in villages.
▪ Neighbours share one another’s happiness and sorrow, and live like members of the same family.
▪ They interact with each other with regard to their tastes, religious functions, marriages and other events.
▪ In villages we see people solely depending on their neighbours in every difficult situation.
▪ But such trust and confidence in the neighbourhood cannot be seen in cities.
▪ Normally, in cities, neighbours are identified as individuals rather than our own people.
❖ Give the examples the process of socialisation goes on in different ways based on the gender of the Child.
• In the process of socialisation, with or without their knowledge, parents teach their sons and daughters customs
and morals in different ways.
• For ex: There is a difference in the treatment of a boy coming home late after playing and a girl’s coming home
late. The boy is treated with kind words whereas the girl is admonished for her delay. She is asked to reach home
before dark.
• Especially in India, daughters are expected to assist the mother in cooking whereas this is not expected of sons.
• In the same manner, daughters are given a musical instrument while sons are given sports materials.
• In this manner, the process of socialisation goes on in different ways based on the gender of the child.
• This difference in treatment is called gender discrimination.
❖ What are Factors the changes in the attitude of society have enabled removal of gender inequality ?
• Nationalistic and Democratic Awareness,
• New Economic System
• Modern Education,
• The principle of equality
• The decisions taken by the Indian government for education of women,
• Specific programmes,
• Economic development,
• Urbanisation
• The Changes in the attitude of society,
EXERCISES Important Questions And Answers
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The process of evolution of man as a social being is called ____________.(Socialsation)
2. Mother is the child’s first ____________.(Teacher)
3. The tender minds of children blossom through ____________.(Family)
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
CHAPTER – 25, COMMUNITY
The meaning of Community :- What is meant by a Community ? :-
• A group of people living in a specific geographical area with common rules and regulations, values and common
identity is called community. It is a Social Unit.
• Man cannot live alone. He is a social animal. He establishes various relations with the members of the group he
lives in. Not only does he settle down to live with the members of a specific area, but he also develops
gregariousness and social concern.
• Community Due to this, a sense of togetherness develops. This type of living in a specific area and leading a
simple social life is called a community.
What are The Features of Community?:-
A community has the following features :
1. Group of people,
2. Limited specific area,
3. Feelings of togetherness,
4. Common vision of life,
5. Not established by law,
City:- What is the meaning of city ? :- A city is the permanent settlement of people having high population density
and variety of social strata.
❖ According to the 2011 census, What are the criteria to be considered a city?:- The census of India 2011 prescribed
the following norms to identify a place as a city:
1. minimum population of 50,000
2. population density of 1000 per sq.miles
3. majority of the people occupied in non-agricultural activities
4. Availability of civic amenities
5. People identify community as town, city and metropolitan city.
Features of cities: What are The Features of Cities? OR Explain the features of a city
▪ Variety of social strata
▪ Anonymity
▪ Increased social movement,
▪ Greater emphasis on individualism, materialistic comfort and privacy (luxury lifestyle)
▪ Development of associations and unions
▪ Families of small size
▪ Fast pace of social reforms,
▪ Large in size
▪ Cultural diversity
▪ Non-agricultural jobs
▪ Non importance of primary relationships
▪ Industrialisation and Urbanisation
▪ Formal social control.
Industrialisation and Urbanization
❖ What is Industrialisation ?:- It means the change in technology(New Technology) used in production of materials
and service.
❖ What does industrialisation suggest?:- To be specific, this term is used to indicate the development of the
manufacturing industry.
❖ How did the industrialization policy implemented by the British changed our social environment and created
cities?
• Because of the monopolistic attitude of the British Government, till I World War, they did not establish any
industry in India.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


• Subsequently British, establishment of industries resulted in destruction of old cottage industries.
• Villagers were brought to cities and industrial centers.
• Not only did the villagers desert their villages and take shelter in cities, but they also accepted the available
opportunities to work.
• Geographical and industrial movement brought people closer.
• Railways and surface transport like buses brought people together.
• More than anything else, industrialisation changed our social environment and created cities.
Rural community and its features :-
* Villages occupy a very important place in the development of Indian culture and history.
* Organised groups leading a social life in a specific area is called a community.
Which is The cornerstone of Indian Society? :- Rural community is the cornerstone of Indian society. Location of this
community is the village.
❖ Explain the term ‘village’
▪ A group of people leading a simple life in a limited land area is called a village.
▪ The village is a small group of people who not only engage in agriculture for their livelihood but
▪ also follow it as a way of life.
▪ “Village community is the union of small population Simple and low expenditure life with primary relationships”.
▪ On demographic background the rural community is defined As: Area consisting of less than 5000 population,
population Density is less than 400 per sq. km, 70% or more people depend on Agriculture and agriculture based
occupations.
Features of a rural community :- List out the features of a rural community.
In spite of variations, there are some characteristics which are common to all villages. They are
1. Small community
2. Harmonious relationships
3. Social untiy
4. Informal system of control
5. Prominence of undivided families
6. Prominence of agriculture and agriculture related economy,
7. Influence of nature
8. Influence of the neighbourhood
9. Simplicity
10. Increased religious involvement
11. Traditional opinions
12. Wide-spread caste system
13. Illiteracy, poverty
14. Community life,
15. Lack of Civic Infrastructure etc,
❖ What is the difference between one village and another in India?
▪ Each village differs from the other in terms of population, area and way of life.
▪ The village in the plains is different from the village in the coastal area.
▪ There may be differences in the lifestyle found in villages in deserts or mountains and hills.
Problems of rural community : What are the problems of rural communities?
1. Agricultural problems
2. Problems related to cottage industries
3. Illiteracy, poverty and unemployment
4. Lack of proper health facilities
5. Lack of civic amenities
Tribal community :

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


Meaning;- The group of people who live far away from urban communities in forests, valleys and hills is called tribal
community.
They are the same throughout the world and are in a significant number in some countries.
❖ Which nation has the largest number of the tribal people? :- After Africa, India has the largest number of tribal
people.
❖ How does anthropology define ‘tribe’? :- Anthropology defines a tribe thus: ‘a group usually restricted to a
specific geographical area, having its own language, cultural harmony and social organization’.
❖ How is classified can be Indian tribes? :- The Indian tribes can be classified under three groups is Negrito,
Mongolian and Meditteranean.
Features of tribal community: Identify the unique features of tribal communities
1. Common geographical area
2. Group of family/cluster of families
3. Inter-relatedness (Endogamous marriages),
4. Common language(Unique and different mother tongue),
5. Simplicity and self-contained nature (Simple and self content)
6. Common religion
7. Common culture
8. Common name
9. Sense of unity
10. Illiteracy
11. Worship of nature,
12. Living in natural environment,
13. Equality and independence to women,
14. Economic system based on hunting and gathering of minor forest
Produces and sporadic agriculture.
❖ How are the Indian tribes classified? :-
Indian tribes have been geographically classified into three groups:
✓ Tribals of the North East region,
✓ Tribals of the Central region,
✓ The Southern tribes,
✓ The tribes living in Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Give the examples of Tribals of the North East region ?:- Gurung, Limbi, Leppa, Aka, Mishi, Garo, Khasi, Chakma,
Naga, Sema and Kachari.
Give the examples of Tribals of the Central region?:- Santhals, Munda, Bhil, Gonda, Oran,Baiga, Khariya,
Khonda,Kola, Bhumi, Savar etc.
Give the examples of The Southern tribes?:- Soliga, Yerava, Todava, Kota, Chenchu, Paniya, Kadar, Siddhi,
Jenukuruba etc.
Give the examples of The tribes living in Andaman and Nicobar Islands? :- Jwara, Onge, Senthineli, Andaman and
Nicobaris,
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. __________ means a group of people living in a specific area and leading a common, social life. (Community)
2. The cornerstone of Indian society is ________ community.(Village)
3. The tribes of the eastern region belong to the _______ race.(Mongolian)
II. Important Questions & Answer.
1. Which is the Social Unit?: – Community is a Social Unit.
A group of people living in a specific geographical area with common rules and regulations, values and common
identity is called community.
2. What are the major types of the Communities?:- The Communities are divided into four Major types: They are:
Nomadic, Tribal, Rural and Urban.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
3. What is meant by a Village ? :- A group of people leading a simple life in a limited land area is called a village.
4. What is tribal community?:- The group of people who live far away from urban communities in forests, valleys and
hills is called tribal community.
5. In which states are Tribals of the North East region found?:- Nagaland, Meghalaya, Arunachalapradesh, Assam,
Tripura and Manipur.

Geography, Chapter-26, MINERAL RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA


* The mineral resources play a significant role in the economic development of the state country.
Mineral :- ‘A compound of naturally available substance with specific chemical composition is called a mineral’.
* Karnataka has rich and varied mineral resources.
-Which are the important minerals available in Karnataka? :- Iron Ore, gold, manganese, lime stone, copper, bauxite,
chromite, mica, asbestos and granite are the important minerals.
Let us study about them.
Iron Ore :- * Write a short note on iron ore available in Karnataka.
• Iron ore is the raw material for iron and steel industry.
• Karnataka has vast reserves of magnetite and haematite grade iron ore.
• Karnataka stands next to Odisha in the production of iron ore in India.
• There are 75 working iron ore mines in the state.
• High grade magnetite ore constributes 63%of the iron ore produced in our state. The rest is haematite ore.
Distribution : * Name the places in Karnataka where iron ore is available.
• Iron ore is mainly distributed in the districts of Ballari, Chikkamagaluru, Bagalkot, Chitradurga, Tumakuru,
Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada and Gadag.
• Ballari has rich deposits and they are mainly found in Hospet and Sandur areas. Iron ore is extracted at
Donimalai, Vibhutigudda, Belagala, Kumaraswamy Hills, Timmappana Gudi, Devadri range and Ramadurga Hills.
• Chikkamagaluru district occupies the second position. Iron ore is found in Bababudangiri hills (Inam Dattatreya
Peeta), Kemmannugundi, Kudremukh, Gangamula, Kalhattagiri and Jenusuri hillocks.
• With a view to protecting bio-diversity, the Supreme Court has ordered mining to be stopped at Kudremukh
which has a National Park.
• There are iron ore deposits in Hosadurga and Sasalu of Chitradurga district,
• Ameengadh of Bagalkot district,
• Huliyara and Chikkanayakanahalli of Tumakuru district,
• Kumsi, Shankaragudda and Siddarahalli of Shivamogga district etc.
• The iron ore produced in the state is supplied to the iron and steel factory at Bhadravati and the Jindal
Vijayanagar Iron and Steel factory near Ballari. The rest is exported.
Manganese :- * Write a short note on Manganese available in Karnataka.
• Manganese ore is mainly found in oxide form in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
• It is used as an alloy in the manufacture of steel to increase its hardsness.
• It is also used in the manufacture of chemicals, electrical industry, chemical fertilizers, calico printing and paints.
Hence it is known as ‘the jack of all trades’.
Distribution : * Name the places in Karnataka where Manganese is available. (State the distribution of iron ore in
Karnataka.)
• Deposits of manganese ore are plenty in Karnataka, and accounts for about 27% of the total deposits in the
country.
• Karnataka ranks second after Odisha in the production of manganese.
• The distribution of manganese is found in the areas where iron ore is found.
• Sandur in Bellary district is an important producer of manganese.
• It produces about 90% of the manganese ore of the state.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


• The other main manganese ore mining centers are Kumsi, Shankaragudda and Hosahalli in Shivamogga district,
Sadarahalli in Chitradurga district, Chikkanayakanahalli in Tumakuru district, Sirasi taluk, Supa, Londa, Uscanda in
Uttara Kannada district, and the districts of Dharwad, Vijayapura and Chikkamagaluru.
• A major portion of the state’s manganese production is exported to Japan, China and other countries.
Bauxite :- Write a short note on Bauxite available in Karnataka.
• Bauxite ore is mostly used in the preparation of aluminium.
• It is also used in the manufacture of cement, steel and electric wires.
• Hence its demand is increasing.
Distribution :- * Which district is an important producer of bauxite ?
• Deposits of bauxite ore in Karnataka are found in the districts of Belgavi, Chikkamagaluru, Chitradurga, Dakshina
Kannada and Udupi.
• Belgavi district is the leading bauxite-producing district.
• There are bauxite mines in Belgavi and Khanapur taluks.
• This ore is used in the Indian Aluminium Company factory at Belgavi.
Gold :- Write a short note on Gold available in Karnataka ?
• Gold is a very rare, glittering and durable yellow metal.
• It is used for making ornaments, and in the manufacture of valuable articles like watches etc.
• Recently the use and the demand for gold has increased, its price has also sky-rocketed.
• However, gold mining was begun on a large scale in 1880 by John Taylor, and this is the reason for the
establishment of K.G.F. in 1885.
• There are four important mines in the Kolar Gold Fields.
• They are Nandidurg, Urigaum, Champion Reef and Mysore Mines.
• Among these, Champion Reef is the deepest gold mine (3217 mtrs.).
• The gold deposits in these mines is almost exhausted due to continuous mining for many years. Now they are not
working. But mining continues at Hutti mines.
* Why is Karnataka called the ‘Land of Gold’?
• Karnataka occupies the first position in the production of gold in India.
• It produces 80% of the total gold in India.
• Gold is mined in Karnataka from ancient times.
• Hence Karnataka is known as the ‘Land of Gold’.
* Name the important gold mines of Karnataka.
• There are four important mines in the Kolar Gold Fields.
• They are Nandidurg, Urigaum, Champion Reef and Mysore Mines.
• At present, Hutti in Raichur district is the biggest gold mine in India. Lots of gold is produced here.
• Gold is also produced in Bellara in Tumakuru district and Ajjanahalli near Sira.
• Other places with gold deposits are Mulgund and Kappatagudda in Gadag district,
• Kempinakote in Hassan district etc.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Kudremukh in Karnataka is noted for _________ ore . (Iron)
2. The best-quality iron ore is ______________.(Magnetite)
3. Sandur in Ballari district has _____________ mines. (Manganese)
4. The metal that is produced from bauxite ore is ___________.(Aluminium)
5. The deepest gold mine is _____________.(Champion Reef)
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER.
1. What is Karnataka’s position in iron ore production in India? :- Second position
2. Which is the major iron and steel factory in Karnataka? :- Jindal Vijayanagar Iron and Steel factory
3. Which is the ore used as an alloy? :- Manganese

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


4. Which mineral is Known as ‘the jack of all trades’ ? :- Manganese
5. Which mineral increase to the Steel hardsness ?:- Manganese
7. Manganese is known as ‘the jack of all trades’. Why ?:- * It is used as an alloy in the manufacture of steel to
increase its hardsness. * It is also used in the manufacture of chemicals, electrical industry, chemical fertilizers, calico
printing and paints. Hence it is known as ‘the jack of all trades’.
8. How is manganese ore found on earth? :- Manganese ore is mainly found in oxide form in sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks.
9. What is Karnataka’s position in Manganese ore production in India ? :- Second position
10. Which district is an important producer of manganese in Karnataka ?( In which Place of the Karnataka 90% of
manganese is produced):- Sandur in Bellary district
11. Which ore is used to preparation of Aluminium ? :- Bauxite
12. Why Bauxite mineral demand is increasing ? :- Aluminium and It is also used in the manufacture of cement, steel
and electric wires. Hence its demand is increasing.
13. Where are bauxite mines in Karnataka? Bauxite mines in Belgavi and Khanapur taluks.
14. Gold price has also sky-rocketed. Why ? :- * Gold is a very rare, glittering and durable yellow metal.
* It is used for making ornaments, and in the manufacture of valuable articles like watches etc.
* Recently the use and the demand for gold has increased, its price has also sky-rocketed.
15.What is Karnataka’s position in Gold production in India ?:- first position.
16. There are four important mines in the Kolar Gold Fields. Which are they ?:- They are Nandidurg, Urigaum,
Champion Reef and Mysore Mines
17. Which is is the deepest gold mine in India? Champion Reef
Match the following.
A B
1. Supa Manganese
2. Hatti. Gold mine
3. Kumsi Irone ore
4. Khanapur Bauxite

CHAPTER – 27, TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN KARNATAKA


TRANSPORT ;- Transport refers to the system of carrying persons and goods from one place to another.
Importance of Transport :- * Explain the importance of Transport
It is the life line in the progress of agriculture, industry and commerce.
• people from one place to another
• Connect villages & town.
• Develop villages.
• Develop agriculture.
• Promote economic development.
• Promote industries.
• Increase trade.
• Helps defence.
• Supply Essential commodities required.
• Feeders to rail ways.
• Provide the movement of goods.
• Provide employment.
* Agriculture & Industry form the backbone & muscles of a nation & transport is its nervous system.
Karnataka is a land with varied natural resources. Minerals, commercial crops, forest products and sources
of energy are available here. In order to achieve economic development through proper use of
these resources, an efficient transport system is essential.
* Karnataka has well-developed road, rail, water and air transport facilities.
ROAD TRANSPORT :-
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
Importance : *-Explain the importance of road transport.
• A large number of people live in rural areas in Karnataka So, road transport occupies a very important role in
linking the villages and towns.
• Roads can be constructed easily,
• It is low cost Compare to other Transport .
• People and goods can be transported to every corner of the state.
• Development of roads determines the progress of the state’s agriculture, industry, mining & commerce.
Development of road transport : Write a short note on road transport in Karnataka.
• After independence when the Vishala Mysuru State was formed in 1961, totally 43,182 kms of roads were laid.
• At present, the total length of the roads is 2,31,062 kms.
• Of which, 35.70% are metalled (asphalted ಡಾಾಂಬರು ಹಾಕಿದ) roads whereas 64.30% are unmetalled roads.
Kinds Of Roads : * Name the different types of roads in Karnataka
Roads in Karnataka have been classified into four kinds. They are: 1. National highways, 2. State highways, 3. District
roads and 4. Village roads.
1. National highways : * Explain about National highways of Karnataka.
• Roads which link important cities, capitals of states and ports are called National highways.
• These are well-planned wide roads and are two- lane, four- lane and six- lane roads.
• They are under the authority of the Central Government, and are managed by the ‘National Highways Authority
of India’ (NHAI).
• At present, there are 14 national highways in Karnataka.
• Their total length is 4491 kms.
• Uttara Kannada, Vijayapura, Belagavi, Shivamogga, Bengaluru Rural, Tumakuru, Dakshina Kannada and
• Ballari districts have more National highways.
• Raichur and Kodagu districts have no National highways.
• National highway NH-4 and NH-7 come under the National Highway Authority’s ‘Golden Quadrilateral Highway
Project’ as well as ‘Corridor Project’. They have six lanes.
• The other main National highways passing through the state are NH-206, NH-209, NH-212 NH-13, NH-17, NH-48.
• NH-13 is the longest National Highway of Karnataka
2. State Highways : -Explain about State Highways of Karnataka.
• Roads which link the capital city of Bengaluru with district headquarters, major towns and other highways are
called State Highways.
• The construction and maintenance of these roads rests with the State Government.
• Karnataka has 20,905 kms of state highways.
• Belagavi has the longest state highway whereas Bengaluru has the least.
3. District Roads : -Explain about District roads of Karnataka
• Roads which link district headquarters with taluk headquarters, major towns, villages, railways and major
highways are called District roads.
• The construction, maintenance and supervision of these roads is under the Zilla Parishat.
• Karnataka state has 47,836 kms of district highways.
• Tumakuru district has maximum district highways, and Raichur has the least.
4. Village roads : * Roads which link taluk headquarters with village and district highways are called Village roads.
* The construction and maintenance of these roads is under the taluk panchayat and village panchayat.
* Karnataka has 1,47,212 kms of village roads.
RAILWAYS : -Explain about railways of Karnataka
• In Karnataka, railway is the second most important mode of transport next to roadways.
• The first railway line in the state was opened for traffic in‑ 1864.
• This was laid between Bengaluru and Madras by the Madras Railway Company.
• By the year 1956, the state had totally 2595 kms of railway track belonging to the Southern Railway Zone.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• Now, the South-Western Railways Zone has come into existence with its administrative center at Hubballi.
• Today, Karnataka has 3244 kms of railway track.
• In Karnataka state, there is no uniform distribution of railway tracks in all the districts.
• Bengaluru, Ballari, Belagavi, Hassan, Uttara Kannada, Chitradurga, Udupi, Ramnagar and Dakshina Kannada
districts have an average of 150 to 200 km long railway track.
• Kodagu district has no any railway tracks.
* List the important rail routes of Karnataka.
• Bangalore, Bellary, Belgaum, Hassan, Uttar Kannada, Chitradurga, Udupi, Ramnagar and Dakshina Kannada
districts have an average of 150 to 200 km long railway.
• Konkan Railway route of west coast links Mangalore to Mumbai.
Konkan Railways : -Write a short note on Konkan Railway.
• This is the most important railway route of West Coast.
• It links Mangaluru and Mumbai, and has reduced the time for travelling from 41 hrs to 18 hrs.
• Its length is 273 kms with 13 main and 310 other bridges.
• Of these, Sharavathi river bridge(2.2kms) the longest bridge and Kali river bridge (1.2 kms) are the important
bridges.
• Since this railway passes through many tunnels and across bridges, one can enjoy the natural beauty and scenery.
Metro Rail : -Write a short note on Metro Rail.
➢ Bengaluru has grown tremendously as a metropolitan city. Transportation has become a major problem.
➢ To overcome this problem, Namma Metro Rail Transport Plan is being implemented.
➢ On 20th October 2011, the first Metro rail between Byappanahalli and M.G.Road was started.
➢ Lakhs of people utilise this facility.
➢ It takes much less time to travel from one place to another.
➢ Other Metro rail tracks are at different stages of completion.
AIR TRANSPORT - What are the advantages of air transport?
• Air transport is the fastest mode of transport.
• It helps to carry people, mail and lightweight goods to distant places in the shortest time.
• Air transport is of great help during natural calamities,
• It helps wars and other emergencies.
-Explain about Air transport of Karnataka
• The first air travel facility was began between Bengaluru and Hyderabad by ‘Deccan Airways’ in the year 1946.
• Indian Airways was nationalized in the year 1953.
• After Indian Airlines was established, Bengaluru was linked with various places all over the country.
• In the year 1996 state airport of Bengaluru was declared as a International Airport.
• Belagavi, Hubballi, Mysuru and Mangaluru have domestic airports.
• New airports are being established in Hassan and Kalaburagi.
• The international airport which was in HAL was shifted to Devenahalli, about 34 kms away, on 24, May 2008.
• The HAL airport is now being utilized for the training of pilots.
• The Devenahalli International Airport is the country’s first green airport.
• This airport is well equipped to provide various facilities and is the most modern airport.
• It is the costliest mode of transport and not available to everyone.
WATER TRANSPORT :- Explain about Water transport of Karnataka
There are two types of Water transport 1).inland water 2).Sea waterways.
• In Karnataka, there are about 25 small and large ports.
• The Port Development Authority came into being in the year 1957, and there was an expansion in water
transport. * The New Mangaluru Port was declared the 9th major port of the country on 4th May, 1974.
• New Mangaluru is called the ‘Gateway of Karnataka’.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


• Through this port, iron ore, coffee, spices, cashew, sandalwood, tiles, chromide, granite stone and canned fruit
and fish are exported. Petroleum is being imported.
• Karwar is the most beautiful port. It being an all-weather port, iron ore, manganese, granite and agricultural
produces are exported through this port.
*- What are the districts and rivers of inland waterways in Karnataka?
• They are used in Udupi, Uttara Kannada and Dhakshina Kannada districts.
• These districts have Kali, Sharavathi and Nethravathi rivers which help in inland water transport
-* What is Ports ? :- The coastal places where ships are sheltered are called Ports. Ships are used for fishing, trade,
passenger travel and transport of goods.
-* Name the ports of Karnataka. :- New Mangaluru, ten smaller ports have been developed. Malpe, Hangarakatte,
Kundapura, Padubidri, Bhatkal, Honnavara, Tadri, Belekeri and Karwar.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Villages and towns are linked by ________ transport. (Road)
2. There are _________ national highways passing through Karnataka. (14)
3. The city railway system of Bengaluru is called ________.(Namma metro Rail)
4. The port that is called the ‘Gateway of Karnataka’ is ___________. (Mangalore)
5. The Coastal Railway of Karnataka is called ________.(Konkan)
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
1. Who is managed by national highways ? ;- ‘National Highways Authority of India’ (NHAI).
2. Which is the longest National Highway of Karnataka ?:- • NH-13
3. Which National highway come under the National Highway Authority’s ‘Golden Quadrilateral Highway Project’ as
well as ‘Corridor Project’ ? :- • NH-4 and NH-7.
4. Which districts have no National highways in Karnataka?:- • Raichur and Kodagu
5. Which district has the longest state highway in Karnataka ? :- • Belagavi has the longest state highway.
6. Which district has maximum district highways ?:- Tumakuru
7. Which district has Least district highways ?:- Raichur has the least.
8. Who is construction and maintenance of The Village roads ? :- Taluk panchayat and Village panchayat.
9. Which district has the Least state highway in Karnataka ? :- Bengaluru Urban has the least
10. Which transport helps in economical travel to distant places and transportation of goods ?:- Railways
11. When was opened for traffic in The first railway line in Karnataka ?:- traffic in‑ 1864
12. Where is the administrative center the South-Western Railways Zone ?:- Hubballi.
13. Which district has no any railway tracks in Karnataka ?:- Kodagu
14. When was started the first Metro rail in Bangalore ?;- 20th October 2011, the first Metro rail between
Byappanahalli and M.G.Road was started.
15. Air transport is not available to everyone. Why ? :- It is the costliest mode of transport And not available to
everyone.
16. Which Company and When The first air travel facility was began between Bengaluru and Hyderabad ?:- by
‘Deccan Airways’ in the year 1946.
17.When was nationalized as a International Airport in in Indian Airways ? :- nationalized in the year 1953.
18. When was Declared Bangalore state airport as a International Airport? :- In the year 1996
20. Which Airport is the first green airport in India ? :- The Devenahalli International Airport.
21.Which districts of Karnataka have domestic airports?:- Belagavi, Hubballi, Mysuru, Mangaluru, Hasana, kalaburugi
22. When did The Port Development Authority came into being ?:- in the year 1957
23. How many small and large ports in Karnataka ?:- there are about 25 small and large ports
24. When was declared The New Mangaluru Port is the 9 th major port of the country ?:- 4th May, 1974
25. List the major ports of Karnataka?:- Mangaluru Port, Malpe, Hangarakatte, Kundapura, Padubidri, Bhatkal,
Honnavara, Tadri, Belekeri and Karwar.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


26. Which is the most beautiful port in Karnataka And What goods are being exported through this port?:-Karwar.
iron ore, manganese, granite and agricultural produces are exported through this port.
27. What goods are being imported & exported through Mangalore port? :- Iron ore, coffee, spices, cashew,
sandalwood, tiles, chromide, granite stone and canned fruit and fish are exported. Petroleum is being imported.
III. Match the following.
A B
1. Golden Quadrilateral. NH-4
2. Broad gauge. Railways.
3. H.A.L. Airport.
4. Belekeri Port
5. Namma Metro Bengaluru

CHAPTER – 28, INDUSTRIES OF KARNATAKA


❖ Growth of industries plays an important role in the development of any state in the country.
* Our State Karnataka has this great opportunity to development of industry. justify the statement. (What are the
Factors influencing location of Industries) (Why Karnataka has famous for a variety of industries)
▪ Due to the presence of abundant mineral resources,
▪ Raw materials,
▪ Ideal climate,
▪ Sufficient water,
▪ Good transport system,
▪ Skilled labourers,
▪ Wide market and
▪ Modern technology,
▪ For this reason Karnataka is famous for a variety of industries.
* Write a note on the industrial development in Karnataka.
• Sir M.Visveswaraiah’s contribution to the development of industries in Karnataka is remakable.
• He Believing in the motto ‘Industrialize or perish’,
• He laid the foundation for many industries in the state.
• After the hydro-electric power generation station was started at Shivanasamudra in 1902, many industries
producing essential goods and products for daily use came into existence.
• And then Rice mills, tile factories. beedis and cigarettes, iron and brass foundries were established.
• After 1923, many modern manufacturing units like iron and steel, soap factories, cotton and silk mills, paper,
• cement, paint, sugar, sandal oil industries etc were started.
• In pre-independence era itself, Mysuru province was a model state with respect to industries.
• The main reason for this was the interest of British and the Mysuru kings took in this matter.
• The industries range from agriculture-based small scale industries to modern large scale industries in Karnataka.
• After independence, the industrial policy of the Central Government enabled further industrial development in
the state.
• As a result, many more factories were established, for instance; manufacture of aeroplanes, engineering,
machine tools, (HMT, BEL, BHEL), watches, iron and steel, aluminium, information technology, electronic bio-
technology industry etc.
Iron and Steel Industry : Explain the iron and steel industry of Karnataka.
▪ Karnataka occupies the pride of place by being the first state in South India to establish an iron and steel factory.
▪ Sir M. Visveswaraiah’s foresight enabled an Iron and Steel industry to be set up at Bhadravathi in Shivamogga
district in 1923.
▪ So that the rich and abundant iron ore deposits in the Bababudangiri hills (Inam Dattatreya Peeta) could be
utilized.
▪ This factory was named as Mysuru Iron and Steel Industries Limited (MISL).
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ Later on, it was handed over to Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) in 1989.
▪ Today it is known as Visveswaraiah Iron and Steel Industry (VISL).
▪ The iron ore, necessary this factory is supplied from Kemmannugundi, lime from Bandigudda, water from the
Bhadra river and manganese from Sandur.
▪ After the Sharavathi hydro power generating station was established, hydro-electricity began to be used.
▪ At present, a special variety of steel and pig iron are produced.
▪ Another important iron and steel industry of Karnataka is the private sector-owned Jindal Vijayanagar Steel
Limited. It was established in 2001 at Torangal in Ballari district using the latest Corex technology. It produces
iron and steel.
Cotton Textile Industry :-
❖ Cotton textile industry is one of the modern industries established very early in the state.
❖ It is an agro-based industry.
* Write a note on the Cotton textile industry development in Karnataka.
• From ancient times, weaving cloth on hand looms was in practice in Karnataka. It is practiced even now.
• Although cloth is produced from synthetic yarn, and foreign cotton textiles are available, Indian cotton textiles
are in great demand.
• The modern cotton mills were established towards the end of the 19th century.
• Ginning and spinning mills were set up in the northern districts.
• The first, M.S.K. cotton mill, was set up in 1884 at Kalaburagi.
• Later, cotton textile factories were started in Hubballi.
• After 1900, big cotton textile mills were established.
• Among them, Binny Mills and Minerva Mills of Bengaluru, K.R.Mill of Mysuru, Cotton Mill of Davanagere etc.
were established before independence itself.
• After independence, cotton mills were set up in the northern maidan where cotton was widely grown.
• Davanagere became the state’s most important cotton textile industrial centre. It is called ‘Manchester of
Karnataka’.
* Give an account of the distribution of cotton textile industry in Karnataka ?
▪ Davanagere became the state’s most important cotton textile industrial centre. It is called ‘Manchester of
Karnataka’.
▪ There are ginning and spinning mills in Hubballi, Ilkal, Guledgudda, Rabakavi, Bagalkot, Molakalmuru,
▪ Gadag-Betageri, Badami, Belagavi, Naragund, Gokak, Ballari, Hunsur, Nanjangud, Periyapattana and
Chamarajnagar. At present, there are 44 cotton mills in the state. Approximately, 5.1 million mtr’s of cotton cloth
is produced annually.
* Some cotton mills have been closed down more recently. Why
➢ The reasons for this are shortage of cotton,
➢ Obsolete machines,
➢ lack of electricity supply,
➢ increasing production costs,
➢ stiff competition from synthetic fibre cloth etc.
* What steps have been taken to improve the situation of textile industry in Karnataka?
• In order to improve the situation in the textile industry in Karnataka, the State government has formulated a
programme ‘Suvarna Textile Policy 2008-13’,
• And has established ‘Finished Goods Parks’ in 11 districts.
• The purpose of this programme is to export the goods from these industries to foreign countries.
• Karnataka ranks second in the country with regard to export of textiles.
• Such parks are in Doddaballapur, Anekal, Belagavi, Mysuru and Ramanagar.
Sugar Industry :
❖ The sugar industry is one of Karnataka’s important large-scale industries.
❖ It is also an agro-based industry.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
* What factors are essential to start sugar industry? (All factors necessary for the development of shugar industry are
favour in the Karnataka state. Justify statement)
➢ Sugarcane production requires
➢ humid climate,
➢ power supply,
➢ local market,
➢ transport system etc.
* Write a note on the Sugar industry development in Karnataka.
▪ This industry plays an important role in the economic development of Karnataka.
▪ Sir Francis Buchanan mentions in his writings that in the early part of the 19th century itself, sugar was produced
in Palalli (Ashtagrama) of Srirangapatna and Chikkaballapura.
▪ Records show that these towns were producing sugar in 1847 and had won prizes in the London Exhibition.
▪ The first modern sugar industry, ‘Mysuru Sugar Company’ (Mysugar) was established at Mandya in 1933,
▪ untill 1951, that was the only factory in the state.
▪ Now there are 47 sugar factories in the state.
▪ Their total annual production is 339 lakh tonnes.
▪ Karnataka stands third in the production of sugar in the country.
Distribution : Give an account of the distribution of Sugar industry in Karnataka.
➢ The distribution of sugar industry in Karnataka is concentrated in the sugar growing areas,
➢ especially the districts in the catchment areas of the Cauvery, Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers.
➢ There are more sugar factories in Belagavi and Bagalkot districts.
➢ Mandya, Mysuru, Bidar, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi, Ballari and Davangere districts also are significant for sugar
industry.
* What are the by-products of the sugar industry ? & What is their use?
▪ Bagasse and molasses are the by-products of the sugar industry.
▪ Bagasse is used for the manufacture of paper and fuel.
▪ Molasses are used for production of alcohol.
Paper Industry :- It is a forest based industry
* Paper is of great importance in the modern world. Why ? (Importance of paper industries)
➢ It is essential for education,
➢ printing,
➢ Newspaper,
➢ For preparation of culture,
* What are The raw materials used in Paper Industry (for the manufacture of paper)?;- Bamboo, Wood pulp, Grass,
bagasse, cloth rags and waste
* Write a note on the Paper Industry development in Karnataka.
▪ The first paper mill ‘Mysuru Paper Mill Limited’ was established in 1936 at Bhadravati.
▪ Later a private company ‘West Coast Paper Mill’ was started at Dandeli.
▪ Bamboo, eucalyptus tree pulp from nearby forests, water from the Kali river and electricity from Jog are supplied
to this mill.
▪ There are some more paper mills at Nanjangud, Krishnarajanagar, Satyagala, Mundagod, Munirabad, Yediyur and
Bengaluru.
▪ Karnataka ranks fourth in the production of paper in the country.
▪ Karnataka produces 3.6 lakh tonnes of paper products per year.
Cement Industry ; * Why has the demand for cement increased in recent Days?
• Construction activities. For example:
• Cement is essential for constructing houses, public Buildings, roads, bridges, dams etc.
• Since urbanization
• Industrialization,

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


• For this reason has in demand for cement is increased.
* What are the factors favouring the growth of cement industry in Karnataka?
▪ Limestone which is necessary for the establishment of cement industry, is found in abundance in Karnataka.
▪ In addition, gypsum and
▪ bauxite are also available.
▪ Only coal has to be imported from the neighbouring states.
▪ Availability of water,
▪ sand,
▪ transport,
▪ electricity supply,
▪ clay and
▪ wide market.
* Write a note on the Cement Industry development and Distribution in Karnataka.
• The first cement factory in the state was established at Bhadravathi in 1939.
• Later, factories were set up at Bagalkot, Ammasandra of Tumakuru district and Shahabad of Kalaburagi district.
• Other cement producing centres are : Wadi, Lokapura, Ittigehalli, Madakere, Kanchipura, Kaladagi, Kurkunta,
Sedam and Chittapura.
• Karnataka produces 8% of the total cement in the country.
• At present, it has an annual production capacity of around 121 lakh tonnes.
Information Technology Industries : * Mention the reasons for centralization of information technology industry in
Bengaluru?
▪ Karnataka is an important centre of information and technology in India.
▪ Information and Technological Industries have made great progress here,
▪ Since there are numerous engineering colleges, research centers, computer based technological courses, an
abundance of highly skilled manpower.
▪ Therefore many software industries have been established here.
▪ Today Karnataka occupies a very high position in India in this regard.
Bengaluru : India’s most important Information Technology Center :* Write a note on the development of bangalore
is the India’s most important Information Technology Center ?
• Bengaluru City is known as the ‘Silicon Valley’ (IT-BT City) of India.
• It is a leading producer and exporter of software components of computer programming.
• It is one of the world’s top-ten major advanced hi-tech cities.
• Software industry has spread to the suburbs around Bengaluru.
• This city alone has 1200 IT (Information Technology) and BT (Bio-Technology) industries and provides
employment for more than four lakh people.
• Leading companies from all over the world have established their branches here.
• The reasons for this are good climate, electricity supply, technical experts, financial assistance, vast market and
infrastructure.
• Bengaluru has emerged as a prestigious advanced information technology centre in India.
• There are prestigious companies like Infosys, Wipro etc. in Bengaluru.
• They have established their branches in different parts of the state. For example : Mysuru, Hubballi, Kalaburagi,
Shivamogga, Tumakuru, Mangaluru etc.
• This industry is more suitable for Human resource, information, appointment, training, etc.
Industrial Regions of Karnataka :- What are the Industrial Regions of Karnataka?
Karnataka is spread over five industrial regions, They are :
1. Bengaluru – Kolar – Tumakuru Industrial region.
2. Belagavi – Dharwar region.
3. Dakshina Kannada and Udupi region.
4. Ballari – Raichur – Koppal Industrial region.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
5. Mysuru – Mandya Industrial region.
EXERCISES
I fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The first Iron and Steel Industry of Karnataka was established at ___________.(Bhadravathi)
2. The Manchester of Karnataka is ___.(Davanagere)
3. ___ is obtained from sugarcane. (Sugar).
4. _____ industry is in Ammasandra. (Cement)
5. _____ city is called ‘Silicon Valley’.(Bangalore)
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
1. Who said the motto ‘Industrialize or perish’? Sir M.Visveswaraiah
2. Which State to establish an iron and steel factory occupies the pride of place by being the first state in South
India? :- Karnataka 4. Whose foresight established an Iron and Steel industry in Karnataka?:- Sir M.Visveswaraiah
5. From where are raw materials supplied to Visveswaraiah Iron and Steel Industry (VISL)? :- The iron ore, necessary
this factory is supplied from Kemmannugundi, lime from Bandigudda, water from the Bhadra river and manganese
from Sandur. To be used Sharavathi hydro power
6. Which is the important iron and steel industry of Karnataka in private sector ?:- Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Limited.
7. Which iron and steel industry has been set up at Torangal in Bellary district using latest Corex technology? When
was it established? :- * Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Limited. * It was established in 2001
9. Which industry was first established as a modern industry?:- Cotton industry
10. Where and when was the first cotton mill established(setup)? :- Set up in 1884 at Kalaburagi.
11. After 1900, big cotton textile mills were established. What are they? :- * Among them, Binny Mills and Minerva
Mills of Bengaluru, K.R.Mill of Mysuru, Cotton Mill of Davanagere etc. were established before independence itself.
12. Why is Davangere called Manchester of Karnataka? :- Davanagere became the state’s most important cotton
textile industrial centre. It is called ‘Manchester of Karnataka’
13. How many Cotton mills are there in Karnataka at present?:- Are there in 44 cotton Mills
14. Who mentions in his writings that in the early part of the 19 th century itself, sugar was produced in Palalli
(Ashtagrama) of Srirangapatna and Chikkaballapura ?and Sugar produced here participated in which exhibition and
won a prize? :- * Sir Francis Buchanan,
15. Which districts are more sugar factories in Karnataka? :- Belagavi and Bagalkot districts.
16. When and where was the first paper industry 'Mysuru Paper Mill Limited’ factory established?:-1936,
Bhadravathi,
18. What is the position of Karnataka in the country in textiles export? :- Karnataka ranks Second position
19. What is the position of Karnataka in the country in Sugar Production?:- Third position
20. What is the position of Karnataka in the country in Paper Production ?:- Fourth position
21.Which state ranks first position in software industries?:- Karnataka
22.When and where was the first Cement industry’ established in Karnataka?:-1939, Badravathi
23. Which City has emerged as a prestigious advanced information technology centre in India ? :- Bengaluru
24. Give an example of prestigious companies in Bangalore ?:- Infosys, Wipro.
III. Match the following.
A B
1. Dandeli Paper
2. Torangal Iron and steel
3. Molakalmuru Cotton Textiles
4. Shahabad Cement
5. Infosys Computers.

CHAPTER – 29, MAJOR TOURIST CENTRES OF KARNATAKA


“See places, read books is a proverb.”
❖ What is tourism ?

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


• People travel for curiousity, or religious celebrations, or peace of mind or relaxation, to see picturesque places,
seeking happiness or improving health. This is called a Tourism
❖ Name the basic facilities needed in a tourist spot. -The basic facilitates needed in a tourist spot are
• Tourist homes , lodges , restaurants & Tourist centres have facilities for accomodation and food
* What are the advantages of tourism?
➢ The advantages of tourism are it helps in
➢ Relaxation of mind ,
➢ Seeking happiness,
➢ Improvement of health and
➢ For trading
➢ it also helps to know new things .
➢ Tourism has become an inevitable part of the human life today.
➢ We gain knowledge about the place, culture, civilization and life style etc.
* Karnataka, being a haven for tourists, has various beautiful Places and attracts lakhs of people. Justify the
statement
• Karnataka has famous tourist spots, natural scenic places, the evergreen Sahyadri ranges with their rivers,
waterfalls, beautiful valleys, wild animals, sandalwood forests etc, The attractive coastlines, historical places,
temples with grand sculpture, religious centers, places of pilgrimage etc.
• These attract people from all over the country and abroad.
• UNESCO has recognized and declared Hampi, Pattadakal, and recently, the Western Ghats as ‘World Heritage
Sites’. Recently In 2023 announced beluru Halebidu and melukote as World Heritage sites.
• This has made Karnataka world-famous.
* What steps have Karnataka government taken for tourism and management?
▪ Realising the importance of tourism, Karnataka Government has established the ‘Karnataka State Tourism
Development Corporation’ (KSTDC) in the year 1974 to provide tourists with basic requirements like tourist
homes, lodges and restaurants at important tourist spots.
▪ The Government of Karnataka has implemented a new tourism policy and given opportunity and encouragement
to private companies in tourism.
▪ Karnataka has won the award for ‘Best Tourism Management’ state in 1996-97. The following are the well-known
tourist spots :
Hill Stations of Karnataka : Karnataka has a variety of relief features and many hill ranges. Thus, there are many hill
stations.
* Write a note on the Kudremukh hill station ?
• Kudremukh hill station is situated in chikkamagaluru district .
• It is a major hill station.
• It has dense, green forests, many hillocks, coffee estates and waterfalls making it a beautiful place.
* Write a note on the Nandi hill station ?
▪ Nandi hill station is situated in Chikballapur district,
▪ It is about 1492 mtrs above sea level, and has pleasant climate.
▪ As it is close to Bengaluru, it attracts lakhs of tourists.It has lodging and boarding facilities.
▪ Mahatma Gandhi stayed here for the improvement of his health, So a memorial has been constructed called
Gandhi Bhavan.
* Give an examples of important hill stations of Karnataka ?
• Kudremukh, Nandi hill station, Similarly, B.R.Hills, Agumbe Sunset spot, Kemmannugundi, Devarayanadurga, Jogi
hills of Chitradurga district,Kodachadri, Himavadgopalaswamy hills, the rocky hillocks of Ramnagar, Madhugiri
Monolithic hill, the enchanting rock formations at Yana, Mercara etc. have summer resorts and attract tourists.
Waterfalls of Karnataka : * Write a note on the waterfalls of Karnataka
• Our state is home to many waterfalls. The Malnad region has many waterfalls.
• During the rainy season, the water routes down with great force.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• Uttara Kannada has a greater number of waterfalls.
• The highest waterfall in the country is Jog Falls which is in Shivamogga.
• The water of Sharavathi falls from a height of 293 mtrs in four streams. They are named Raja, Rani, Roarer and
Rocket.
• During the rainy season, this waterfall has maximum amount of water and presents a scene of unforgettable
beauty.
• The Cauvery river at Shivanasamudra in Mandya district forms twin waterfalls named ‘Gaganachukki’ and
‘Bharachukki’.
• Near madikeri, there is the refreshing ‘Abbe falls’. Near Kemmanagundi hill station, there is Hebbe falls.
• In addition to these, we have Kalhatagiri falls, Unchalli Falls (called Loushington) Uttara Kannada district and
Gokak Falls in Belagavi district. Magod falls is also a famous waterfall..
• Gokak falls is formed on the river Ghataprabha and is famous as the ‘Niagara of Karnataka’.
Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka :- * Write a note on the Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka
▪ Karnataka has dense forests.
▪ In order to protect forests and wildlife, the Government of Karnataka has established a number of wildlife
sanctuaries, bird sanctuaries, national parks, tiger projects and biosphere reserves areas.
▪ There are five national parks in Karnataka. They are : Rajiv Gandhi National Park in Nagarahole, Bandipur,
Bannerughatta, Kudremukh and Anshi National Park.
▪ For the conservation of wild life in their natural habitat, eighteen wildlife sanctuaries have been identified. Of
these, Muthodi, Bandipur, Nagarhole, Dandeli, Bhadra animal sanctuaries and Ranganathittu, Kokkare Bellur,
Mandagadde, Gudavi bird sanctuary are the main ones.
* Give an examples of major beaches in Karnataka ?
Karnataka has beautiful beaches. They are:
the Om beach of Gokarna, Ullal, Murdeswara, Maravanthe, Malpe beach etc. These attract numerous tourists.
* Give an examples of major islands in Karnataka ?
➢ St.Mary’s Island near Udupi has special pillar-type rock formation and is very fascinating.
Murdeswar’s Nethrani Island, Devgadh and Kurmagadh islands near Karwar are also famous.
Historical Places : The earlier rulers of Karnataka , the Kadambas, Hoysalas, Chalukyas and the kings of Vijayanagar
have left behind very beautiful sculptural wonders.
* Name the places of historical importance in Karnataka ? :- They are at Hampi, Belur, Halebid, Somnathpur, Badami,
Pattadakal, Aihole, Gol Gumbuz of Vijayapura, Lakkundi, Banavasi, Basaralu, Belligave, Mysuru, Srirangapatna etc.
Places of Pilgrimage : * Give an examples of major pilgrimage centers in Karnataka? :- Karnataka has many pilgrimage
centers like Dharmasthala, Udupi, Sringeri, Horanadu, Kollur, Gokarna, Ulavi, Sirsi, Sravanabelagola, Kudala
Sangama, Melukote, Adichunchunagiri, Karkala, Devaragudda, Mylarakshetra, Bande Nawaz Darga of Kalaburagi,
Ibrahim Roza of Vijayapura, Mallikrahan Darga of Sira, St.Philomena Church in Mysuru, Rosario Cathedral in
Mangaluru etc.
Forts of Karnataka : * Give an examples of major historic Forts of Karnataka ? :- There are many historic and strong
forts inKarnataka and they are favorite tourist spots, for example : Fort of Bidar, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi, Hampi
(Vijayanagar), Keladi, Chitradurga, Madhugiri, Nandi Hills, Pavagada, Manjrabad, Ucchangidurga, Kavaledurga,
Parathagadha, Srirangapatna, the coastal forts of Bahadurgadha, Basavarajadurga, Devagadha Kurmagadha etc.
All the mentioned tourist centres above
have added to the greatness of Karnataka.
* How Bengaluru is attracting large number of tourists ? ;-
➢ In recent days the capital city of Bengaluru is attracting large number of tourists.
➢ It has a pleasant climate,
➢ Wonderful buildings like Vidhana Soudha, High court
➢ beautiful gardens like Lalbagh and Cubbon Park and hence it is called ‘Garden City’.
➢ It is Karnataka’s largest city and one of the megacities of the country.
* How Mysuru Is attracting large number of tourists ?

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


▪ Similarly Mysuru is the ‘City of Palaces’.
▪ Millions of people visit Mysuru during Dasara festival.
▪ Chamundi Hills,
▪ K.R.Sagar Dam and Brindavan etc.,
▪ are the other major tourist attractions of Mysuru.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Nandi Hill Station is in ___ district.(Chikballapur)
2. Abbe falls is near to ____ town.(Madikeri)
3. _____ waterfall is called Niagara of Karnataka.(Gokak)
4. _____ beach is near Gokarna.(Om beach)
5. ____ city is called the ‘City of Palaces’. (Mysore)
Important Question And Answers
1. Name the wildlife sanctuaries of Karnataka ? :- There are five national park are :-
1. Rajiv Gandhi national park
2. Bandipur
3. Bennerughatta
4. Kudermukh
5. Anshi national park.
2. Give an examples of important waterfalls of Karnataka ? :- Jog Falls,‘‘Gaganachukki’ and ‘Bharachukki’.
‘Abbe falls’. Hebbe falls, Kalhatagiri falls, Unchalli Falls, Gokak Falls, Magod falls,
3. When was Karnataka Government established the ‘Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation’ (KSTDC) ?:-
in the year 1974
4. Which are the places in Karnataka is UNESCO has recognized and declared as ‘World Heritage Sites’? :- UNESCO
has recognized and declared Hampi, Pattadakal, and recently, the Western Ghats, beluru, Halebidu and melukote as
‘World Heritage Sites’.
5. When Karnataka has won the award for ‘Best Tourism Management’ state ? in 1996-97.
6. Where did Mahatma Gandhi stayed in Karnataka to improvement of his health?:- Nandi hill station
7. Which district has a greater number of waterfalls in Karnataka? ;- Uttara Kannada
8. Which is The highest waterfall in the our country ? :- Jog Falls which is in Shivamogga.
9. Which Island near Udupi has special pillar-type rock formation and is very fascinating ?:- St.Mary’s Island
10. Which island is near Murdeswar’s ?:- Nethrani Island,
11. Why Bangalore is called ‘Garden City’?:- Bangalore have a beautiful gardens like Lalbagh and Cubbon Park and
hence it is called ‘Garden City’.
12. Which is The largest city of Karnataka and one of the megacities of the country ?:- Bangalore
III. Match the following.
A B
1. Biligirirangana hills aChamarajnagar
2. Jogi Betta Chitradurga
3. Yana Uttara Kannada district
4. Anshi National Park
5. Ranganthittu Bird sanctuary

ECONOMICS, CHAPTER – 30, MONEY AND CREDIT


MONEY :- * Which is the fundamental discovery of human Economic activity?:- Money is fundamental discovery
❖ Which is used in daily transactions and as a medium of exchange? :- Money.
❖ From which word is the word Money derived? :-The word Money is derived from Roman word ‘Moneta Juno’.
❖ From which word is the word The Indian Rupee derived?:- The Indian Rupee is derived from Sanskrit word Rupya
which means silver coin.
Meaning of Money :- * State the means of money ?
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• We use in our day to day business, as a medium of exchange, a means of valuation, as a store of wealth and
Which one is accepted by all is called money.
• Money buys goods and services. It is generally accepted as means of payment, measure and store of value.
❖ What is Money According to Robertson?:- According to Robertson ‘Money is anything which is widely accepted in
payment for goods or in discharge of other business obligations”.
Evolution of Money : * State The different stages of Evolution of Money.
➢ Barter system,
➢ Commodity money,
➢ Metallic money,
➢ Paper money,
➢ Bank money,
➢ Credit card and Debit card,
➢ Unified Payments Interface (UPI) Or E-Payment.
❖ Which is The earliest and primitive stage of Evolution of Money?:- Barter system.
Barter system : * What is Barter exchange system ?;- The exchange of goods for goods without using money is called
Barter system.
❖ What are the disadvantages of barter system? Explain with example.
▪ Lack of double coincidence of wants,
▪ Common measure of value,
▪ Division of goods problem,
▪ Indivisibility of commodities,
▪ Difficulties of storing wealth.
▪ Debt problem,
▪ Accounting problem,
* For example if A had cow and wanted Sheep in exchange A had to search an individual who not only had a sheep,
but also who needed cow in exchange. If finally, A comes across one such individual then the question is how many
sheep are equivalent to one cow?
❖ Give The examples of Commodity money used in different countries. :- Different commodities were regarded as
commodity money at different economies. For example; cattle in Greece, Sheep in Rome, teeth in China.
❖ Generally, the governments of all countries have given the monopoly of currency note issue to whom? :-
Generally, the governments of all countries have given the monopoly of note issue to their Central Banks
❖ Give The examples of Legal tender money of different countries ?:- India it is rupee, USA - dollar, UK-Pound,
Germany - mark, Japan -Yen, China-Yuan, etc
❖ Give The examples of Bank Money? :- Cheques, drafts, credit and debit cards etc.
❖ What are The deference between Credit card and Debit card? :-
▪ Credit card enables the holder to buy goods and services on credit at specified suppliers.
▪ But in the debit card the money will be deducted from the buyer’s savings account.
Functions of money : * Explain the functions of money
Functions of money are classified into
1) Primary functions 2) Secondary functions 3) Conting ent functions
a) Medium of exchange or a) Standard of deffered payments. a) Basis of Credit
Means of payment b) Store of value or store of purchasing power,. b) Increase productivity of capit al
b) Measure of Value c) Transfer of value or transfer of purchasing power
Types of Credit :-
❖ What is Credit? :- Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or
services in return for the promise of future payment.
❖ What are the Types of Credit? :- In India, we have two different forms of credit namely Formal Credit sector and
Informal Credit Sector.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


1) Informal Credit Sector : * Give The examples of Informal Credit Sector? The informal credit Sector includes the
indigenous bankers who are called as Shroffs, Mahajans, Shets, Sahukars, Chettis. They are basically the money
lenders.
2) Formal Credit : * Give The examples of Formal Credit Sector? The formal credit sector is distributed by banks and
cooperatives.
❖ What is Credit under the Regulated and supervision of Reserve Bank of India is called?:- Formal Credit
Banks and Deposits : * From which words the word bank is derived?
• the English term bank is derived from Italian word ‘Banco’ which means a Bench.
• For others it is derived from German word ‘Banck’ which means joint stock fund or a common fund.
❖ What is a BANK ? :- A banking company maybe defined as a company which transacts the business with finance.
❖ What is Bank According to The Indian Banking Regulation Act of 1949? :- The Indian Banking Regulation Act of
1949 defined the term “Banking Company” as “any company which transacts the business of banking in India”.
❖ What is Meant by Banking?:- The term “banking” as “accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of
deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise withdrawable by cheque, draft, order or
otherwise
Importance of banks : * Explain the Importance of the Banks ?
▪ Banks play very significant role in economic development.
▪ Bank mobilizes the savings of the public by offering attractive interest rates and help in the process of capital
formation.
▪ Banks provide the convenient way of payment though the cheque system.
▪ Banks give higher rates of interest on fixed deposits.
▪ Banks give loans to the borrowers at the prevailing market rate of interest.
▪ They help in the development of agriculture industry and services,
▪ banks also discounts the bills of exchange.
▪ They also offer demand drafts, credit cards, debit cards.
▪ The banks also invest the funds on securities.
▪ The bank play the major role in the credit creation.
▪ Therefore, Banks play a vital role in the process of economic development.
Types of Banks : * Mention the different types of banks
There are many types of Banks; each type usually specializes in a particular kind of business.
1. Industrial Banks,
2. Exchange Banks
3. Savings Banks
4. Co-Operative Banks
5. Land Mortgage Banks,
❖ Which bank offers long-term loan for agriculture?:- Land Mortgage Banks.
Deposits of commercial banks : * What are The types in Deposits of commercial banks ?
The main type of deposits the commercial banks collect are -
✓ Current accounts,
✓ Savings account deposit,
✓ Fixed or Term deposits.
Reserve Bank of India :- * Which is the central bank of India? :- Reserve bank of India is the central bank of India.
When was Established RBI? :- It was established on 1st April 1935, formally it was started as a share holder’s bank.
When was Nationalized RBI? :- RBI was nationalized on 1st January 1949,
Functions of central bank or RBI :- * Explain the functions of RBI ?
1) Monopoly of Note issue,
2) Acts as Banker to Government,
3) Bankers bank,
4) Acts as National Clearing House,

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


5) Acts as the controller of Credit,
6) Custodian o f Foreign Exchange,
7) Publishes the Economic Statistics and Other Information,
8) Promotion of Banking Habits,
9) Facilities for Agriculture,
• RBI is playing an important role in the development strategy of Indian Economy.
• The Reserve Bank has a rich tradition of data collection,
• Generating sound economic research, and
• Knowledge sharing.
• The Reserve Bank’s measures have helped the nation to come out of many financial crises.
EXCERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1) Indian rupee is derived from _______ . (‘Rupya’) .
2) Cheque is an instrument from ______ .(Bank)
3) The banks which deal with foreign currency are called_______ . (Exchange bank)
4) The Reserve Bank of India was established in the year _______ . (April 1 st 1935)
5) The money of Japan is ________ . (Yen)
6) Government of India nationalized 14 commercial Banks in ________ .(1969)
II. Answer the following questions.
1. Which is the Main and fundamental work of the commercial bank? :- Collecting deposits from the public &
granting loans
2. What is Current accounts ? :- Current account is opened by business man who have a large number of regular
transaction With the bank. It includes deposits, withdrawal’s & contra transaction.
3. What is Savings account deposit ?:- Saving deposits are opened by customers to save the part of their current
income. The customers can withdraw their money from their accounts when they require it
4. What is Fixed or Term deposits ?:- Fixed accounts are meant for investors who want their principle to be safe and
yield them fixed yields.
5. Which is the Another name of Fixed deposits? :- Term deposits,
6. RBI indirectly provides short term and long term facility for agriculture and agriculture related activities through
which bank? :- NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development),
7. Which Banks Acts as Banker to Government? / Who has the Monopoly of Currency Note circulation issue in India?/
Which Bank is Bankers bank ?/ Which Bank is Acts as the controller of Credit?/ Which Bank is Custodian o f Foreign
Exchange ? :- Reserve Bank of India
8. Why is RBI called the Bank of Banks? * It controls all the banks Of the country.* All the banks of the country have
to keep one part as reserve out of their deposits in the RBI. * Whenever banks need additional money RBI provides
credit to them.It guides the banks in Monetary management. * It acts as bankers bank.

CHAPTER – 31, LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT


Meaning of Labour : What is the meaning of labour? Or Explain the term of Labour?
• By ‘Labour’ we mean the capacity to exert physical or mental effort for the purpose of producing goods or a
service.
• It is only ‘Human Labour’ that is considered in this context. The exertion of non-human animals is not called
Labour.
• Labour includes all manual and mental effort made in order to earn a living.
• It results in the production of either goods or services or both.
• It does not include any work undertaken for one’s pleasure or out of charity.
• For example The services of a nurse who receives payment are regarded as Labour , but the services of a mother
who cares for her sick child are not regarded as Labour.
Features of Labour : * What are The Features of Labour?
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
1. Labour cannot be separated from the Labourer
2. Labour cannot be accumulated.
3. Labour supply varies over time
4. Labour is less mobile
5. Labour differs in efficiency
6. Labour is an active factor.
Importance of Labour : * Explain the importance of labour
▪ Labour is a productive factor of production.
▪ It activates the other factors and makes them useful for production purposes.
▪ Therefore the quantity and quality of labour force in a country are crucial factors.
▪ In accelerating development of that country.
▪ Higher the labour force, larger is the economic activity and development
▪ Therefore the size of Labour force in a country is determined by the number of people in the age group of 15 to
60 years.
▪ Generally, the children below 15 years and aged people above 60 years do not participate in productive activity.
In India 40% of population constituted the Labour force in 2011.
Types of Labour : * What are the types of Labour?
Labour can be of many types. It can be categorized as-
1. Nature of work done :- Physical and mental Labour
2. Skill :- Skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled Labour
3. Training :- Professional and Administrative Labour
4. Income earned :- Productive and unproductive Labour.
Division of Labour :-
• Division of Labour is as old as mankind.
• Even in the life of Primitive man, we find an elementary division of Labour between man and woman.
• Man hunted and fished while the woman cooked, made clothes and looked after the children.
❖ What is meant by division of labour? :- By division of Labour we mean the allocation of different parts of
the production process to different workers or to different groups of workers.
(* Any modern economy is characterized by the phenomenon of division Labour. In fact, in most cases, a person or a
group is engaged in just one line of production.
* Specialization is the rule rather than the exception.
Advantages of Division of Labour : * Explain the advantages of division of labour.
The important advantages of the division of labour are,
1. Efficiency of Labour : The basic advantage of division of Labour is that it increases the efficiency of Labour
2. Quality of production : The increase in the efficiency of Labour leads not only to an increase in the quantity of
output but also to an improvement in the quality of the produced goods and services.
3. Profit : The increase in quantity and quality of output brings greater Profit.
4. Average cost : Since Division of Labour increases the total output the average cost of producing a commodity falls,
then consumers get goods at cheap rate.
5. Research and Development : Division of Labour at a longer period helps in research and innovation which leads to
produce variety of new products.
Disadvantages of Division of Labour : * List the disadvantages of division of labour.
The important disadvantages of division of labour are,
1. Monotony of work :- Under division of Labour, a worker has to do the same job time and again for years together.
Therefore; after some time, the worker feels bored.
2. Lack of responsibility :- If the quality of the product is not up to the expected level, none can be held responsible
3. Increased dependence:- When the production is divided up in to a number of process and each part is performed
by different workers, it may lead to dependence among workers.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


4. Unemployment:- Division of Labour leads to specialization. A worker instead of completing the whole article is
specialized in making a small part of it. If he/she is removed from the job, he/she has to look for a job which is of the
same type
5. Class conflict :- Division of Labour facilitates large scale production which helps the producers to earn huge profits.
The producers thus become rich by paying less wages to the workers. This divides the society into haves and have
nots (rich and poor).
Gender Dimension of Labour : * Short note on the gender dimension of labour?
▪ Women constitute nearly 30% of the labour force in rural area and 20% of in urban areas.
▪ The percentage of women labour force is low when it is compared to the male, but the share of women force in
total labour force has been increasing gradually.
▪ Women are equally important, like men for the growth and development of a country.
▪ With economic progress, women are emerging as a force of empowering India.
▪ But it is unfortunate that the socio economic status of women labour in India is not increasing.
▪ In one way or the other women are exploited in the society.
▪ In India, as per the 2011 census, there are 587 million women.
▪ Gender concerns have gained prominence in gender bias and high gender inequality exists in the country.
▪ Government has also resolved for gender budgeting in the budget.
Gender bias :-
• The term Gender bias is commonly used to describe how women is far behind and remained with absence of
opportunities to improve their level.
• Gender bias is exposed in the form of gender inequality.
❖ What is meant by Gender inequality ? :- When women do not enjoy the same status and opportunities as men, it
is called gender inequality.
❖ Women are treated as unequal gender in several ways in India. Which are they? :-
(There is a wide spread inequality between women and men in India. Justify the statement)
• Women are treated as unequal gender in several ways.
• Viz unequal sex ratio,
• low level of female literacy rate,
• lower work participation rate for women,
• lower female economic activity rate,
• representation of women in the higher rank of Government (IAS, IPS and IFS) as compared to male employees.
• The number of women in Assemblies and Loka sabha is also very low.
• Violence against women, both domestic and at workplace is continuing.
• Early marriage of girls and early pregnancies though have reduced are still in existence.
• Women carry a disproportionately greater burden of work than men.
• Since women are responsible for a greater share in the home-based work, they enter the Labour market over
burdened.
• The dual work is neither recognized in the data nor considered in social policy making.
Productive Labour : * State the meaning of productive and unproductive labour.
Productive Labour :- Productive Labour is that which creates some utility or which has undergone for earning an
income.
Unproductive Labour :- Productive Labour is that which not creates some utility or which has undergone for not
earning an income.
❖ Which one do not considered productive Labour? :- The anti social activities are not considered productive
Labour because they try to rob the wealth of others.
❖ What is ‘productive Labour' According to Adam smith? :- According to Adam smith ‘productive Labour is only that
Labour, which leads to the creation of material goods or assets’.
Reproductive Labour :
❖ Explain the term of Reproductive Labour? (What is Reproductive Labour. Give an example for this) :-
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ Reproductive Labour us the work at domestic place, at house.
▪ It can also be called as Domestic Labour.
▪ It is unpaid work, performed by women in home.
▪ Child rearing and caring, cleaning, cooking etc. are the examples for reproductive labour.
▪ Domestic labour is labeled with in a feminine gendered sphere and recognized as the basis for inequality
between male and female.
▪ Exploitation of women by men which is supported by male dominance, illiteracy, ignorance and blind beliefs.
Abolition of Bonded Labour : * What is meant by Abolition of Bonded Labour? (Explain the term of Abolition of
Bonded Labour?):-
• Bonded labour is one who is bound to work in the house of the land lord for a fixed amount up to a fixed period
or till the repayment of the borrowed money.
• He will be pledged himself to the land lord for the loan amount.
• The land lord will exploit the workers by paying low wages and extracting more work. It is the other form of
slavery.
• The Government of India abolished bonded Labour system in 1976.
• This social evil though has declined, is alive in few pockets of the country.
Abolition of child Labour : What is meant by Abolition of Child Labour? (Explain the term of Abolition of child
Labour?) :-
▪ The children working below the age of 14 years to work is called child Labour. It is a serious problem in India.
▪ About 90% of the working children in the rural areas are employed in agriculture and allied activities.
▪ In urban areas they are working in small industries, match factories, workshops, hotels, business establishments
etc. It deprives the children from education, it adversely affects on their health and spoil their future of children.
▪ Child Labour prohibition act was passed in 1986 by the Government of India.
▪ It prohibits the children less than 14 years of age from hazardous jobs.
Employment : What is meant by Employment? :-
✓ Employment is a situation where a person is engaged in the work at the prevailing wage rate in the market, to
maintain his/her livelihood as it brings regular income either in private or public sector.
✓ In other words employment is a situation where people are engaged in various productive activities to earn their
normal income or livelihood.
Un employment :- What is Unemployment ? :- Define unemployment.
✓ An unemployed is one who is willing to work at the prevailing market rate, but still does not get the work.
✓ In other words it is a situation where able people who are capable of working both physically and mentally at the
existing wage rate do not get job opportunities.
❖ State the rate of unemployment in India? :- In India, of late, the number of unemployed and jobless persons is
increasing. They include the educated, skilled, rural and urban people. The total number of unemployed persons
increased from 5 million in 1951 to 40.47 million by 2007-08. At present about 9.79% of our working force is
unemployed.
NSSO classification: NSSO Developed three concepts to measure unemployment. What are They ?
National Sample Survey organization (NSSO) developed three concepts to measure unemployment. They are –
✓ Usual Status,
✓ Weekly status and
✓ Daily Status of unemployment.
❖ Explain the NSSO Developed three concepts to measure unemployment ?
1) Usual Status:- If a worker is unable to work 183 days in a year then he is considered as unemployed. The workers
remain unemployed for a major part of the year. This applies to educated people who will be searching regular or
permanent job and they may not accept casual work. This concept is used to measure open unemployment and
chronic unemployment.
2) Weekly Status:- On current weekly status basis a person is considered as unemployed if he or she has not worked
even for one hour during the survey week. It is a measure of seasonal unemployment.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


3) Daily status :- Daily Status of unemployment is measured if a person is unable to work even at least one hour in a
day he will be treated as unemployed. If he/she works one hour and less than 4 hours he will be treated as under
employed or half a day employed. If he/she works for more than 4 hours in a day, he will be considered as employed
for the whole day i.e., one man day’s of work. It helps to measure casual unemployment.
Youth unemployment : * What is Youth unemployment?
Unemployment among the people between the age group of 15-30 years is called youth unemployment. It is
found in rural and urban areas and more among educateds who are waiting for white-collar job
Types of Unemployment : * What are the types of unemployment ?
a) Rural Unemployment b) Urban Unemployment
1. Disguised Unemployment 1. Industrial Unemployment
2. Seasonal Unemployment. 2. Educated Unemployment
Other Types Of Unemployments :-
1. Frictional unemployment
2. Casual unemployment
3. Structural unemployment
4. Technical unemployment
5. Cyclical unemployment
6. Chronicle unemployment
Disguised unemployment : * Explain the term of Disguised unemployment?
▪ It is a situation of unemployment with surplus manpower than actual requirement and in which the marginal
productivity of some workers are zero.
▪ So even removal of them will not affect the volume of total production. It is also called under employment of
Labour.
▪ For eg:- suppose four persons are working in a family farm which is properly organized and if two more workers
▪ are employed on the same farm and if there is no change in output, we may say that these two workers are
disguisedly unemployed.
▪ This type of unemployment is a common feature in rural sector of under developed countries like India.
▪ In short, overcrowding in an occupation leads to disguised unemployment. It is common in an over populated
country.
Seasonal unemployment :- * What is meant by Seasonal unemployment ?
▪ Some occupations of agriculture and industries are seasonal in nature. They, offer employment for only a certain
period of time in a year. People engaged in such a type of work or activities may remain unemployed during the
off season. This is called Seasonal unemployment.
Voluntary Unemployment :- * What is Voluntary Unemployment?
▪ In every society there are some people who are unwilling to work at the prevailing wage rate and there are some
people who get a continuous flow of income from their property or other sources and need not work. All such
people are voluntarily unemployed.
It is the unemployment of once own choice. It refers to the unemployment of the leisured classes. The
classes, those who have vast properties and who can afford comfortable living without any Labour is called leisured
class.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1) The famous book of Admsmith is __________ .(The Wealth of Nations)
2) Abolition of bonded labour act was passed in the year ________.(1976)
3) When the marginal productivits of a labour is Zero is know as ________.(Disguised unemployment)
4) Division of labour increases __________.(Efficiency of labour)
5) Abolition of child labour act was passed in the year ________.(1986)
II. Additional Question and Answer
1. Which age group people determined labour force in the country?:- The age group of 15 to 60 Years.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


2. What is the meaning of labour? :- By ‘Labour’ we mean the capacity to exert physical or mental effort for the
purpose of producing goods or a service.
3. What is Reproductive Labour? :- Reproductive Labour us the work at domestic place, at house.
4. What is another name of Reproductive Labour? :- Domestic Labour
5. Describe the NSSO? :- National Sample Survey organization (NSSO)
6. What is Disguised unemployment ?:- It is a situation of unemployment with surplus manpower than actual
requirement and in which the marginal productivity of some workers are zero.
7 Which is the unemployment of once own choice ? :- Voluntary Unemployment.
8. Identify the differences between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.
Disguised Unemployment : It is a situation of unemployment with surplus manpower than actual requirement and in
which the marginal productivity of some workers are zero.
Seasonal Unemployment : Some occupations of agriculture and industries are seasonal in nature. They, offer
employment for only a certain period of time in a year.

BUSINESS STUDIES, CHAPTER – 32, MARKETING MANAGEMENT


MARKET –: From which word is the word Market derived? :- The term market is derived from the Latin word
‘Marcatus’, which means trade or a place of business.
Meaning :- What is meant by Market?:- In ordinary language, the term market refers to a certain place where buyers
and sellers personally meet each other and make their purchases and sales.
In other words, it is a place where goods are bought and sold.
Types of Market :- What are the types of Market ?
1) On the basis of area, (2) On the basis of items,. (3) On the basis of Link, 4. On the basis of volume of business,
• Local market. • Commodity market. • Primary market. • Wholesale market :
• Regional market. • Money market. • Secondary market. • Retail market
• National market. • Capital market. • Terminal market
• International market
5. On the basis of nature of transactions, 6. On the basis of nature of goods, 7. On the basis of Regulation
• Spot market. • Consumer market. • Regulated markets
• Future market • Producers markets. • Non-regulated or free markets
8. Traditional and Non Traditional markets
❖ Mention the four types of markets classified under the basis of area.
On the basis of area,
• Local market.
• Regional market.
• National market.
• International market.
❖ What are money markets? How are they different from capital markets?
Money market : It is a specialized market for availing short term finance to business houses.
Capital market : It is a specialized market for availing long term finance to business houses, generally through
financial institutions and stock exchanges.
❖ What are producers markets what are consumers markets?
• Consumer market : In this type of market goods are purchased for personal consumption.
• Producers markets : In this type of markets goods are purchased for the use in the further process of production.
❖ What is a spot market and how is it different from future market?
• Spot market : In this type of market goods are sold to the buyers on the spot where the sellers agree to sell their
Products and buyers agree to buy them for consideration.
• Future market : In this type of market goods are transferred at a later date.
❖ Mention any four types of non-traditional markets.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


Non-Traditional markets : These markets do not have a fixed place, the purchases and sales are carried out from
different places. They generally include
• Mail order houses • Tele shopping • Virtual stores • Catalogue market • Online marketing
❖ What are Regulated markets what are Non-regulated or free markets?
• Regulated markets : These markets are regulated by statutory regulations.
• Non-regulated or free markets : These markets are not controlled by statutory measures. They operate
❖ What What are Wholesale market what are Retail market?
• Wholesale market : In this type of market goods are sold in huge quantities to the retailers.
• Retail market : In this type of market goods are sold in small quantities to the ultimate consumers.
MARKETING
Meaning : It involves all the activities which results in the flow of goods and services from the producers to the
consumers.
What is Marketing according to American Marketing Association ?:- Marketing Association defines marketing as
“Marketing is the performance of business activity that directs the flow of goods and services from producers to
consumars or users.”
* From the above definitions, it is clear that marketing does not confine itself to physical distribution of goods and
services but it is the consumer orientation of all the marketing activities.
Functions Of Marketing : What are the functions of marketing? Explain any one function briefly? ;-
Marketing involves many functions. Some of the major functions of marketing are :-
1. Buying and assembling.
2. Selling.
3. Transportation.
4. Storage and warehousing.
5. Market research.
6. Standardization.
7. Grading.
8. Branding.
9. Insurance.
1. Buying and assembling : Buying in marketing implies buying of goods by the manufacturers for use in production
or buying of goods from middle men for resale. It is not buying of goods by the consumers for consumption.
Assembling is a function which starts after buying is over.
Branding : What is branding of goods?
• This is the act of fixing a symbol or some letter to a product to distinguish it from the products of others.
• Brand should be duly registered under the Trade Marks Act.
• The letter ‘R’ within a circle on each product and package indicates that the selected brand is duly registered.
• Others cannot use this brand name. If used legal action can be taken. E.g. : Reebok shoes, Rin soap, Parker pen
etc.
Standardization : What is Standardization?:- Standardization is determining the quality and setting of standards for
manufactured products. Standards convey ideas relating to the uniformity to the external appearances and internal
content of the product. It facilitates purchase and sale of goods.
Grading : What is Grading?:- It is a process of sorting out products on the basis of some established criteria. Grading
widens the market, helps in price fixation. It also assures the consumers the assured standard quality at a reasonable
price.
IMPORTANCE OF MARKETING :- What is the importance of marketing? How does marketing help in improvement of
standard of living ?
▪ Standard of living,
▪ Consumer satisfaction,
▪ Employment opportunity,
▪ Resources,

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


▪ International Marketing,
▪ Economic Development,
MARKETING MIX
Meaning : What do you mean by Marketing Mix? :- Formulation and implementing the methods of marketing is
referred as ‘Marketing Mix’.
❖ Who was First introduced by the concept of Marketing Mix?:- The concept of Marketing Mix was first introduced
by Prof. N.H. Borden of Hardware Business School of America.
❖ Mention the two lists of market mix according to prof N H Borden ? :- According to him the marketing mix refers
to two lists : • List of important elements that make up the marketing programme.
• List of forces having the marketing operations.
Elements Of Marketing Mix :- What are the main Elements Of Marketing Mix? Explain any one of them?
The elements of marketing mix are made up of four forces namely
✓ Product mix,
✓ Price mix,
✓ Promotion mix and
✓ Place mix.
1. Product Mix : It is a very important and vital element of the marketing mix. It means the different alternative
combinations of the features relating to the product to be offered for sale. It includes service mix also. The producer
aims at producing quality products but emphasis is also given to the variety of the product, design of the product,
packaging, colour and other features under the product mix. Consumer satisfaction is also aimed at through product
mix. Grading, Branding and labeling are also included in product mix.
What are the importance of Marketing Mix ?:- Marketing mix is important because of the following reasons:
• Marketing mix helps the firm to increase its sales and profit.
• Marketing mix represents the integral approach to marketing by maintaining balance among various elements
which are interrelated.
• Marketing mix serves as a link between the firm and its customers. Marketing mix helps in pursuing customer
oriented marketing. There by increases the satisfaction of the customers.
• Marketing mix helps to meet the needs of the customers.
Role of Producer - Middlemen and Consumers in the exchange of Goods
* Distribution channel plays an important role in place mix of marketing. Distribution channel includes the exchange
of goods and transfer of ownership from the producer to consumers.
* The distribution channel can be classified mainly into two categories. They are :
• Direct distribution or Direct selling
• Indirect distribution or indirect selling.
Under direct selling the goods are sold by the producer directly to the consumers. Ex : Bata shoes, Raymond outlets
etc.,
❖ What are the distribution channels in Under Indirect selling?:- Under indirect sending we have the following
distribution channels.
1. Producer → Retailer → Consumer
2. Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer
3. Producer → Agent → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer
4. Producer → Wholesaler → Consumer
Role of Middlemen in the channel of distribution :- What is the Role of Middlemen in the channel of distribution ?
• The distribution channel of a product begins with the producers and ends with the consumers.
• In between producer and the final consumer various middlemen are included. They either purchase and sell
goods or negotiate purchases and sales.
• However transporting agents, banks, insurance companies which also help in the movement of goods are not
included in the distribution channel.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


• This is because though these agencies perform certain functions of marketing, they neither purchase nor sell the
goods or negotiate the purchases and sales of goods.
Consumer rights and the functions of Consumer Forums :
Consumer : Consumer is a person who buys goods or hires or avails services for a consideration called Price or wages.
❖ Why is consumer protection required? ;- Protection to consumers against the exploitation by the producers and
traders. To avoid cheating customers
a) Consumer protection : It refers to protection to consumers against the exploitation by the producers and traders.
There is a great need for consumer protection. To safeguard the interests of consumers, consumer rights are assured.
b) Consumer rights : Many Regulatory Acts have been passed in our country to provide an opportunity for the
consumers to seek redresses of their grievances. Some of them are (1) Indian Contracts Act-1872
(2) The sale of goods Act-1930 (3) Indian Standards Institutions Act-1952 (4) Essential Commodities Act-1955 (5) The
Consumer Protection Act-1986.
❖ What are the highlights of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986? :-
The Act promotes the rights of consumers as follows :
• The right to be protected against the marketing of goods which are hazardous to life and property.
• The right to information – information about the quality, quantity, purity, standard etc. to protect the consumers
against unfair trade practices.
• Right to choice : Where ever possible access to variety of goods at competitive prices.
• Right to be heard : The interests of the consumers to be heard with due consideration.
• Right to seek redressal : Against the unfair trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation.
• Right to consumer education : The consumers are to be educated about their rights.
• Right to stop exploitation.
• Right to healthy environment that is good physical environment will enhance the quality of their life.
Which are The redressal agencies in Consumer Protection Act ? The consumer protection act provides for the
establishment of Consumer disputes redressal agencies such as :
(1) District forum (2) State Commission (3) National Commission.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The place where sellers and buyers meet to sell and buy the goods is generally called _____. (Market)
2. The market that is generally restricted to a geographical region is called _____ market.(Regional)
3. The markets that are regulated by statutory regulations is called ______ Markets.(Regulated)
4. Storing of goods between the time of production and the time of sale is facilitated by ______. (Ware housing)
5. The activities that pursue customers to buy the products come under the scope of ___ mix. (Promotion)
6. The best example for the goods sold by the producers directly to the consumer is________.(Bata shoe)
7. For all the brand registered products, on packages _____ is indicated.®( ‘R’ )
8. The assurance of the standard quality of product to consumers is assured by _____ of goods.(Grading)
II. Important Questions and Answers
1. What is Traditional markets? :- It is refer to oldest form of marketing under which the goods are exchanged on
some predetermined basis. It generally reflects to traditional place concept. It includes market on the basis of area,
potential buyers and sellers, volume and nature of goods.
2.What is Marketing?:- * It involves all the activities which results in the flow of goods and services from the
producers to the consumers. * It is clear that marketing does not confine itself to physical distribution of goods and
services but it is the consumer orientation of all the marketing activities.
3. What are The classified categories in The distribution channel ? :- The distribution channel can be classified mainly
into two categories. They are : • Direct distribution or Direct selling • Indirect distribution or indirect selling.
4. What is indirect selling and give example?:- Under direct selling the goods are sold by the producer directly to the
consumers. Ex : Bata shoes, Raymond outlets etc.,
5. What is Consumer ?:- Consumer is a person who buys goods or hires or avails services for a consideration called
Price or wages.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


6. What is Consumer protection ?:- It refers to protection to consumers against the exploitation by the producers and
traders. There is a great need for consumer protection.
7. what is consumer rights ?:- To safeguard the interests of consumers, consumer rights are assured
8. What are the consumer protection laws implemented in India so far?:- (1) Indian Contracts Act-1872
(2) The sale of goods Act-1930 (3) Indian Standards Institutions Act-1952 (4) Essential Commodities Act-1955 (5) The
Consumer Protection Act-1986.
9. Who is the President National Commission according to Consumer Protection Act-1986?:- Judge of Supreme Court
10. Who is the president of state Commission according Consumer Protection Act-1986?:- Judge of High Court
Judge
11. Which Commission shall dispose of any complaints where the claim shall exceed one crore ?:- National
Commission 12. Which Commission shall dispose of any complaints where the claim shall Rs 20 lakhs but not more
than 1 crore ?:- State Commission
ASSESSMENT – MARCH 2024 9th MODEL PAPER 1
I. Four choices are given for each incomplete statements. Choose the correct answer and write the same in [8 x 1 = 8]
1. Founder of Karkota Empire……. : A. Lalithaditya B. Raja Durlabhavardhana C. Udayaditya D. Vajraditya
2. The soldiers of Shivaji were experts in this type of warfare….. : A. Guerilla B. Chakravyuh C. Combat-Wrestling D.
Cannon War
3. The Upper House of the State Legislature…… : A. Vidhana Sabha B. Lok Sabha C. Rajya Sabha D. Vidhan Parishat
4. The cornerstone of Indian society is…… : A. City Community B. Tribal Community C. Rural Community D. Town
Community
5. "Biodiversity Zone of kannataka……. : A. The Malnad B. The coast C. The Northern Maidan D. The Southern Maidan
6. District that has maximum number of waterfalls in Karnataka……. : A. Uttara Kannada B. Mangaluru C. Udupi D.
Belagavi
7. Reserve Bank of India was established in the year……. : A. 1947 B. 1935 C. 1962 D. 1986
8. Complaints where the value of goods or services less than 20 Lakhs shall be registered at….. :
A. The National Commission B. Taluk Forum, C. The State Commission D. District Forum
II. Answer the following questions in a sentence each: [8 x 1 = 8]
9. Which is the collection of the teachings of Guru Nanak?
10. Who Advocated "Aham Brahmasmi''?
11. What is Socialization?
12. What are the Values a child learns in a family atmosphere?
13. Define Irrigation Farming.
14. What are the factors of Production?
15. What is the Naval Base near Karwar known as?
16. What is marketing?
III. Answer the following questions in three to four sentences each [8 x 2 = 16]
17. How were economic factors responsible for the French Revolution?
18. What is the purpose of establishing Lok Adalats?
19. How are the Indian tribes classified geographically?
20. Explain the geographical location of Karnataka in India.
21. Mention the uses of Manganese.
22. Why are sugar industries of Karnataka are concentrated in the catchment areas of the Cauvery, Krishna and
Tungabhadra?
23. How does division of labour helps in the increase of Production?
24. What factors are to be kept in mind while taking a decision of Business Management?
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
24. What factors are to be kept in mind while taking a decision of Business Management?
IV. Answer the following questions in five to six sentences each: [9 x 3 = 27]
25. What are the reasons for the popularity of Christianity?
26. Which are the tenets advocated by Madhvachanya?
27. What were the reasons for geographical exploration?
28. How are the Directive Principles of the State Policy aimed at the holistic development of India?
29. Describe the features of an undivided family.
33. Marketing is important in the development of a country’s economy – How?
V. Answer the following questions in eight to ten sentences each: [4 x 4 = 16]
34. According to Robert Sewell - "Krishnadevaraya was an unparalleled warrior" – Substantiate the above statement.
35. Explain how Industries played a prominent role during Mughal Economy.
36. Explain the election process of the President in India.
37. Road Transport System in Karnataka is better than Railways. Justify.
VI. 38. Draw the map of Karnataka and locate the following places. 1 + 4 = 5
A. Bandipura B. Dandeli C. Mangalore D. Bidar

9th STANDARD ASSESSMENT – MARCH 2024 MODEL PAPER 2


I Four choices are given for each incomplete statements. Choose the correct answer and write the same in 8x1=8
1. The founder of the Ahom dynasty was.. A. Jayadhwaja Singha, B. Sukapa, C. Chakradhwaja Singha, D. Lachit
2. The author of Shivatatva Chintamani.. A. Ratnakaravarni, B. Srinath, C. Lakkanna Dandesha, D. Chamarasa
3. The article that mentions about the formation of election commission of India is.. A. 324, B. 361, C. 352, D. 356
4. An important feature of the village community is..
A. Variety of social strata, B. Fast pace of social reforms, C. Social unity,. D. Increased social movement
5. A very important agent of socialization is.. A. Family, B. Peers, C. Neighbourhood, D. Religion,
6. Niagara of Karnataka is… A Jog Falls, B Gokaka Falls, C Abby Falls, D Unchalli Falls
7. The Reserve Bank of India was established in the year of....
A. April 1, 1935, B. April 1, 1949, C. April 1, 1986, D. April 1, 1980
8. The process of bringing together the man power and material resources is..
A. Planning B. Organising,. C. Stafng D. Controlling
II Answer the following questions in a sentence point each : 8x1=8
9. What is ‘Hijra’?
10. Where did the renaissance movement begin?
11. What is the main purpose of People’s Courts?
12. What is a tribal community?
13. The northern plains are known as the land of sunshine Why?
14. Which district has the longest state highway in Karnataka?
15. Why did the Government of Karnataka establish the Knowledge Commission?
16. Why is the consumer protection necessary?
III Answer the . following : questions in two to four sentences points each 8x 2=16
17. The French revolution led to major events How ?
18. State the teachings of Kabir?
19. Name the major mineral resources found in Karnataka?
20. Karnataka is known as the land of sandalwood Why?

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


21. State the features of Labour.
22. Mention the types of markets based on geographical area.
23. In the development of human Personality socialisation plays an important role. How?
24. What are the qualifcations to become the member of the Lok Sabha ?
IV Answer the following questions in six sentences points each : 9x3=27
25. Basavanna is recognised as the cultural leader. Justify the statement.
26. The teachings of Jesus Christ are very simple and easy to follow. Analyze.
27. Write about the art and architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire.
28. Explain the characteristics of a joint family.
29. State the powers and functions of the Chief Minister
30. Describe the characteristics of the coastal region of Karnataka.
31. What are the diferences between black soil and red soil ?
32. Industrial sector plays an important role in strengthening the economy How ?
33. What are the principles of management suggested by Henry Fayol?
V Answer the following questions in eight sentences / points each: 4x 4=16
34. Explain the efects of the Industrial revolution.
OR Explain the administration of Mughals.
35. Write briefly important achievements of a Ahome dynasty.
36. What are the salient features of the Constitution of India ?
37. Agriculture is the backbone of Karnataka’s economy How ?
VI 38. Draw an outline map of Karnataka and mark the following : 1+4=5
a. KGF, b. Mahatma Gandhi hydro power station, c. Gudavi bird sanctuary,. d. New Mangalore.
9th STANDARD ASSESSMENT – MARCH 2024 MODEL PAPER 3
I Four choices are given for each incomplete statements. Choose the correct answer and write the same in 8x1=8
1.The Madhura Vijaya was written by. a. Prouda Devaraya, b. Ganga Devi, c. Allah Sahni peddanna, d. Lokamahadevi.
2. The Taj Mahal was got built by.. a.Akbar, b.Jahangir, c. Shah Jahan, d.Aurangzeb
3. The Governor is appointed by the .. a. Chief Minister, b. Prime minister, c. President,. d. Supreme Court
4.The corner stone of Indian society is.. a.rural , b.urban community, c.social community, d tribal community
5. The evolution of man has a social being is called…. a.culture, b.tradition,. c socialization, d. stratificati on
6. black soil is called as ‘black cotton’ soil why?
a.This is false, b. found in everywhere,. c.capacity of retention of moisture, d.Suitable for every crop
7. Static economic word has been derived from… a.Latin word, b.Italian work, c.Greek word, d.Arabic word
8. share market established first in India.. a.Chennai, b.Mumbai,. c.Karnataka, d.Delhi
II Answer the following questions in a sentence point each : 8x1=8
9. Who is the proponent of Advaita philosophy?
10. Who was the founder of young Italy?
11. When did Indian constitution come into force?
12. What is patriarchal family?
13. Which is the deepest Goldman in Karnataka?
14. What is land utilization?
15 when was new economic policy introduced?
16.What is management?
III. Answer the following questions in 2 to 4 sentences. 8X2=16

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


17. Write the dynasty's ruled in Vijayanagar Empire.
18. List the important rulers of karakottas of Kashmir.
19. What is the role of religion in socialization? Or Describe the features of an undivided family.
20. Which are the four divisions of our defense ministry?
21. Name the four seasons of Karnataka.
22. Name the different types of roads in Karnataka. OR Mention the uses of ragi.
23. State the different types of money.
24. Mention the four types of markets classified under the basis of area.
IV. Answer the following questions in 6 sentences. 9X3=27
25. Liston the teaching of prophet Muhammad.
26.Describe the shivaji's system of administration.
27. What are the effects of industrial revolution?
28 .What are the qualifications to appoint as supreme court judge?
29. Listout the features of family.
30. Malnad region is called as biodiversity zone. Why? OR Why is Karnataka known as ‘the Land of Sandalwood’?
31. Liston in the essential factors for the establishment of industries.
32. Explain the importance of secondary sector.(Industrial Sector)
33. Explain the importance of marketing. OR Explain the functions of RBI
V. Answer the following questions in eight sentences. 4X4=16
34. Explain the contribution of rajaputs in the field of literature.
35. List out the feature of renaissance.
36. Explain the principles of Red cross. Or Explain the salient features of our Constitution.
37.Write a note on importance of agriculture.
VI. 38. Draw an outline map of Karnataka and mark the following. a. Sharavati, b.Bannerghatta c.Bidar d.Shimsh
9th STANDARD ASSESSMENT – MARCH 2024 MODEL PAPER 4
I Four choices are given for each incomplete statements. Choose the correct answer and write the same in 8x1=8
1.The scripture of Islam. a. Bhagavad Gita, b. Quran, c. Bible, d. Tripitaka.
2. “The world is an illusion, Brahma alone is the Truth”. This was propounded by..
a. Ramanujacharya, b. Shankaracharya, c. Basavanna, d. Non of the above
3. The minimum age to become member of Loksabha.. a.18 year, b. 20 year, c. 35 year, d. 25 year
4.The Supreme Court came into existence on… a January 28 2950, b. January 26 2950, c. August 15 th 1947, d. 1956
5. More than two Generations in living under one House is a. Divided family, b. Undivided family,. c nuclear family,
6. Vijayanagara empire was established in the year.. a.1336. b. 1436. c. 1536. d. 1236.
7. Industrial Revolution first took place in _ a.UK, b. USA, c. Germany, d. Japan
8. Main occupation of India is ________ a. Agriculture, b. Industry,. c. Service sector, d. Business
II Answer the following questions in a sentence point each : 8x1=8
9. Who was the writer of ‘Spirit of Laws’ ?
10. What is ‘Humanism’?
11. Which Authorise body recognizes political parties in India??
12.What is meant by a ‘City’ ?
13. When did established The Indian Red Cross Society ?
14. Which is called The city railway system of Bengaluru?
15. Which city is called ‘Silicon Valley’?

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.


16. What is branding of goods?
III. Answer the following questions in 2 to 4 sentences. 8X2=16
17. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?
18. Name karnataka’s neighbouring states. Or Name the important rivers of Karnataka.
19. Describe the features of an undivided family. Or What are the features of a family?
20. Which are the factors that lead to unity in diversity? Or Who are Sikhs? Which is their holy book?
21. Mention the main hydro-electric power stations of our state.
22. Mention the uses of ragi. Or Name the types of natural vegetation of Karnataka.
23. State the different types of money.
24. Write a note on ‘Electoral Roll’.
IV. Answer the following questions in 6 sentences. 9X3=27
25. Write a note on the ‘Work is Worship’ philosophy of Basavanna.
26. Explain the composition of the Rajya Sabha. Or Explain the structure of the Legislative Assembly.
27. Explain the significance of the American war of independence.
28 . List out the powers of the Prime Minister. Or What are the important elements of decision making?
29. What are the administrative reforms brought by Mohammad bin Tughlaq?
30. Why is Karnataka known as ‘the Land of Sandalwood’?
31. List the problems of rural communities? Or Explain the advantages of division of labour.
32. Explain the functions of RBI Or Explain the difference between static and dynamic economics.
33. What are the principles of management suggested by Henry Fayol?
V. Answer the following questions in eight sentences. 4X4=16
34. What are the areas won by Akbar ?
35. List the teachings of Jesus Christ.
36. Explain the salient features of our Constitution. Or List out the Fundamental Rights we enjoy.
37. What are the types of unemployment ?
VI. 38. Draw an outline map of Karnataka and mark the following. a. Sharavati, b.Bannerghatta c.Bidar d.Shimsha

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

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