1.

Hundreds of small new technologies and technological refinements occurred in the 800 years of
the Hellenistic and Greco-Roman periods, but overall the technological bases of production did not
change ---- during the period.

A) notoriously

B) fundamentally

C) coincidentally

D) erroneously

D) covertly

2. The last fifty years have brought a huge ---- in people’s knowledge of sailing ships through the
development of underwater archaeology, allowing scholars to study the remains of ships from all
periods of history.

A) fragility

B) urgency

C) constraint

D) expansion

E) disparity

3. John B. Watson ---- the key principles of behaviourism; however, although he continued to
elaborate on his own version of behaviourism, the movement was taken in different directions by his
successors, the neobehaviourists.

A) laid down

B) pulled through

C) called off

D) prevailed over

E) interfered with

4. The growth of the human population has been made possible by technological innovations that
have allowed a more efficient ---- of environmental resources, along with advances in medicine that
have reduced death rates.

A) justification

B) alteration

C) deduction

D) utilisation

E) confrontation
5. There are many factors causing nutrient depletion such as poor diet, stress and medications;
therefore, supplements are so important in ---- shortcomings in the diet and preventing deficiencies.

A) leading up to

B) making up for

C) getting back to

D) running out of

E) coming up with

6. The Internet boom in the 1990s fuelled a rapid ---- of marketing trends because both start-ups and
established companies sought to build strategies that fully exploited e-commerce technologies.

A) separation

B) alleviation

C) exclusion

D) proliferation

E) violation

7. In the 1990s, the papaya ringspot virus wiped out papaya plantations in Hawaii; ----, a variety of
genetically-modified papaya, called rainbow papaya, was developed to be resistant to the virus and
help the plantations thrive once again.

A) that is

B) hence

C) for example

D) in fact

E) similarly

8. Penguins’ favorite foods, depending on the species and the season, are krill and squid; ----, they
basically eat anything that swims in the ocean and what they can catch.

A) rather

B) in other words

C) for instance

D) however

E) as a result
9. The citadel of Athens, Acropolis, which enjoys a commanding position ---- the city, was the location
for the annual festival of the City Dionysia, ---- each year in late March.

A) to overlook / being performed

B) to have overlooked / performing

C) having overlooked / to be performed

D) overlooked / to have performed

E) overlooking / performed

10. Constructed ---- the orders of the emperor Hadrian, Hadrian’s Wall is one of the most famous and
iconic structures in Britain to have stood the test of time ---- centuries through political collapse,
plagues, wars, and fundamental industrial change.

A) in / against

B) on / across

C) for / into

D) from / at

E) above / during

11. The storming and fall of the Bastille prison, a popular insurrection that triggered the spread of
revolution ---- France and marked the entry of the people ---- the political sphere, was the central act
of the outbreak of the French Revolution.

A) for / at

B) through / about

C) across / into

D) in / with

E) around / over

12. In China, agriculture began ---- the Yellow River valley around 10,000 BCE ---- the domestication
of millet, barley, and other crops.

A) by / from

B) in / on

C) along / with

D) at / for

E) through / over
13.----- a group feels that it is bound together and tightly organised ----- power the group has over its
members.

A) Neither / nor

B) The more / the more

C) Whether / or

D) Either / or

E) Not only / but also

14. Since all stroke symptoms appear suddenly and it is not possible to determine -----it is a mini
stroke ---- a full stroke, medical treatment should be sought immediately.

A) the more / the more

B) whether / or

C) neither / nor

D) both / and

E) as / as
15. ----, about one in three people in the world had been infected, with the pandemic claiming some
50 million lives.

A) Given that autopsies on people who were struck by the Spanish flu showed hard, red lungs
drenched in fluid

B) Because what made the Spanish flu especially bewildering to health care workers was that it
attacked healthy, strong adults most often

C) While the outbreaks of the Spanish flu occurred in nearly every inhabited part of the world, first in
ports and then spreading from city to city

D) As it is very difficult from our perspective, 100 years later, to have an accurate picture of the
Spanish flu

E) When the fourth and last wave of the Spanish flu subsided in 1920, which was more lethal than
the others

16. Given that from the earliest times, herbs have been prized for their pain-relieving and healing
abilities by all societies around the world, ----.

A) over the centuries, many indigenous tribes had to develop their own traditions to make sense of
medicinal plants and their uses

B) some herbal healing traditions and medicinal practices may seem strange and magical despite
their efficiency

C) it is not surprising that today we still rely on the curative properties of plants in about 75 percent
of our medicines

D) few may be taken as attempts made to overcome illnesses and suffering rather than to enhance
beauty and physical appearance

E) experts warn that herbal medicines used to counter infections could prove useless in certain
situations
17. Because manufactured and processed foods often lack the fresh colours of wholefoods, ----.

A) no artificial food dyes are added into baby foods, and fruit juices or vegetable juices are used to
colour them

B) certification of food dyes implies that the dyes meet the standards of purity but does not assure
complete safety

C) most food dyes are not specified on food labels, and instead, they can be grouped under the
heading ‘artificial colouring’

D) food dyes have been used for years to make such foods look more appetising, though they do not
provide any nutritional benefits

E) some asthmatics and individuals allergic to aspirin may also be allergic to food dyes used in soft
drinks and baked goods

18. Liderler, zaman ve yoğun iş yükü gibi baskılarla sürekli olarak mücadele eden gruplara, çalışma
sürecinde gruplarda kaçınılmaz olarak ortaya çıkan anlaşmazlıkları çözmek için yardım etmelidir.

A) Leaders must help groups that constantly struggle with work pressures like time and heavy
workload to settle the conflicts that inevitably arise in groups in the course of working.

B) Leaders must help groups to overcome the conflicts that inevitably arise in groups in the course of
working as they relentlessly struggle with work pressures like time and heavy workload.

C) Leaders must help groups that relentlessly fight against work pressures like time and heavy
workload so that these groups can manage the conflicts that inevitably erupt in the course of
working.

D) Leaders must assist groups in handling the conflicts that unavoidably erupt in groups in the course
of working if these groups constantly fight against work pressures like time and heavy workload.

E) Leaders must assist groups that constantly struggle with work pressures like time and heavy
workload in order that conflicts arising unavoidably in groups in the course of working can be
resolved.
19. Castles, fortified houses where kings and rulers lived with their families, were built to provide
shelter from enemy armies and to show the power and wealth of the people who lived inside them.

A) Kralların ve hükümdarların aileleriyle yaşadıkları sağlamlaştırılmış evler olan kaleler, düşman

ordulara karşı koruma sağlamak ve içinde yaşayan insanların gücünü ve zenginliğini göstermek için
inşa edilmiştir.

B) Kralların ve hükümdarların aileleriyle yaşadıkları kaleler, düşman ordulara karşı koruma sağlamak
ve içinde yaşayan insanların gücünü ve zenginliğini göstermek için inşa edilen sağlamlaştırılmış
evlerdir.

C) Düşman ordulara karşı koruma sağlamak ve içinde yaşayan insanların gücünü ve zenginliğini
göstermek için inşa edilen kaleler, kralların ve hükümdarların aileleriyle yaşadıkları sağlamlaştırılmış
evlerdir.

D) Düşman ordulara karşı koruma sağlayan ve içinde yaşayan insanların gücünü ve zenginliğini
gösteren sağlamlaştırılmış evler olan kaleler, krallar ve hükümdarların aileleriyle yaşaması için inşa
edilmiştir.

E) Kaleler, kralların ve hükümdarların aileleriyle yaşadıkları sağlamlaştırılmış evlerdir ve düşman

ordulara karşı koruma sağlamak ve içinde yaşayan insanların gücünü ve zenginliğini göstermek için
inşa edilmiştir.

20. Modern psikanalizin kurucusu olarak Freud, görünürde mantıksız veya bilinçsiz olan birçok
psikolojik sürecin insanları hayatları boyunca şekillendiren önemli etkenler olduğunu göstererek
insanların zihinsel süreçleri ile ilgili algıları değiştirdi.

A) As the founder of modern psychoanalysis, Freud revealed that many seemingly illogical or
unconscious psychological processes are important factors that shape human beings across their
lifespan and changed the conceptions regarding humans’ mental processes.

B) As the founder of modern psychoanalysis, Freud showed that many seemingly illogical or
unconscious psychological processes are important factors that impact human beings across their
lifespan, thus changing the conceptions regarding humans’ mental processes.

C) Showing that many seemingly illogical or unconscious psychological processes are important
factors that shape human beings across their lifespan, Freud became the founder of the modern
psychoanalysis as he changed the conceptions regarding humans’ mental processes.

D) As the founder of modern psychoanalysis, Freud changed the conceptions regarding humans’
mental processes by showing that many seemingly illogical or unconscious psychological processes
are important factors that shape human beings across their lifespan.

E) Being the founder of modern psychoanalysis, Freud changed the conceptions regarding humans’
mental processes when he revealed that many seemingly illogical or unconscious psychological
processes are important factors that impact human beings across their lifespan.
21. The potential of geology in creating a sustainable world is huge now that it can allow farmers to
learn more about soils to get the most out of their land and can help municipalities trace how
contaminants affect water supplies.

A) In order for geology to be useful in the sustainability of the world, farmers should obtain deeper
insights into soils to use their land in a productive way and municipalities should address the threats
of contaminants to water supplies.

B) No matter how useful geology can be in sustaining the world as it is today, the methods used by
farmers who want to better use their land by exploring more about soils will not be effective unless
municipalities can prevent contaminants from disrupting water supplies.

C) Geology can be of immense use for the sustainability of the world as it can help farmers gain a
better understanding of soils to use their land effectively and can assist municipalities in identifying
the impacts of contaminants on water supplies.

D) Taking geology as a useful way to have a sustainable world can pay off only if farmers are
encouraged to develop greater expertise on soils to use their land effectively and local governments
are directed to examine the hazards of contaminants to water supplies.

E) Just as geology has proven to be highly useful for the sustainability of the world, it can also enable
farmers to enhance their knowledge of soils to use their land productively and can help local
governments detect the effects of contaminants on water supplies.

22. While modern science often involves doubting traditional beliefs and customs, it cannot be
totally separated from intellectual traditions as science is a collaborative venture.

A) It is almost impossible to disregard the association between modern science and intellectual
traditions because science requires a combined effort to question long-held beliefs and customs in
many cases.

B) Because modern science must be reinforced by intellectual traditions, disputes over long-
established beliefs and customs cannot be completely avoided as science requires cooperation.

C) It is doubtless that science is a collective enterprise; however, modern science may deviate from
long-established beliefs and customs though it usually resorts to intellectual traditions.

D) Although long-held beliefs and customs are generally questioned in modern science, it cannot be
wholly independent of intellectual traditions since science is a combined effort.

E) If long-held beliefs and customs are not doubted in modern science as much as intellectual
traditions are questioned, they cannot make contributions to science, which is a collective enterprise.
23. The nature of past environments is a key aspect of archaeology because human action cannot be
understood in isolation from its surroundings. For example, the lifestyle of a human group living in a
densely forested area in a temperate climate would be very different from that of the same
community inhabiting a treeless arctic landscape. ---- There may have been major changes in climate,
sea level, soils, and plant and animal communities over the millennia. Thus a site occupying a coastal
setting in the Mesolithic period might now lie several kilometres inland, or it might be completely
submerged by the sea.

A) Until the 1970s, archaeology was concerned mainly with using structures and artefacts to produce
a reconstruction of a site, and no attention paid to the surrounding environment.

B) On the other hand, environmental evidence usually consisted of animal bones and larger plant
remains.

C) Furthermore, in the case of any individual archaeological site, it must be realised that the modern
environment may bear little relationship to that of the past.

D) In wetlands, permanent waterlogging results in an oxygen-poor environment that reduces the

level of microbial activity.

E) The reconstruction of past environments is based on many types of evidence, including long-term
perspectives on climate change.
24. Reptiles are frequently secretive, and knowledge of their biological status is often based on
anecdotal information rather than on precise scientific data. ---- Species that are large, island-
dwelling, restricted in distribution, or are valued as food or medicine or for their skin are most likely
to show population declines when stressed by human activity. In combination, as when a large
species used for food lives on an island, these characteristics have made some reptiles extremely
susceptible to human influences. In addition to the spatial, size, and behavioural characteristics that
make reptiles doomed to extinction, certain life history traits combine to make recovery difficult for
many species.

A) Examples of reptiles in need of the highest-priority conservation efforts include the giant tortoises
of the Galápagos and Seychelles.

B) Little is known about how reptiles might respond to climate change, although it is certain that
barriers between existing fragmented habitats would limit movement to new areas.

C) Biologists have reversed declines in some of these species through strict legislation, research, and
management programmes, at least where habitat remains intact.

D) Scientists, nonetheless, have identified certain characteristics, which make some reptiles
particularly vulnerable to changes in their environment.

E) Knowing the biotic requirements of them helps in planning reserve design and management of
their ecosystem to ensure survival.

25. Archaeology, sometimes defined as material culture, provides an enormous body of information
concerning the production of material goods, their exchange, and their function in daily life – all
aspects of the economic life of the past. In the case of medieval France, some of this complements
what can be learned from written sources alone, but most of it diverges, by its very nature, from the
realities that writings tend to reveal. ---- The history of technology, for example, today a growing
field, would be impossible without the material provided by excavation, laboratory analysis, and
experimentation.

A) In many instances, indeed, archaeology provides the only significant evidence for important
themes in the development of medieval civilisation.

B) There were many changes and some technological decline, with an economic shift toward self-
sufficiency in basic matters at the local or regional level.

C) Therefore, museum displays throughout France have been updated to present the new material
and new historical viewpoints generated by research.

D) But the considerable research done on different materials such as ceramics in recent years warns
against drawing oversimple conclusions from the data.

E) These are usually associated on the same sites with common wares of more local or regional
origin, which are harder to date precisely.
26. (I) Invented to protect people from the sun in ancient Egypt and the Middle East, the parasol (a
sunshade similar to an umbrella) was developed as a fashion accessory in the late 16th-century Italy
and soon spread throughout Europe. (II) The shades of parasols were made of delicate fabrics like
silk, satin, and lace, or of fabrics imprinted with beautiful patterns. (III) At first used only in southern
European countries, parasols became popular in England by the mid-18th century and remained an
important fashion accessory for women throughout Europe well into the 19th century. (IV) Like other
fashionable accessories, the parasol soon became a vehicle for the display of taste and manners. (V)
They were also essential to helping women maintain their fashionably pale complexions.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

27.(I) It is well known that fluorides are a key factor in reducing tooth decay, particularly in children.
(II) Drinking water that has been adjusted to optimal fluoride levels prevents cavities and thereby
improves dental health. (III) The consumption of fluoridated water is more effective than the use of
fluoridated toothpastes or mouth rinses as the latter is only on the teeth for a short time. (IV)
Although some bottlers provide fluoride information on their labels, they are not required to do so.
(V) However, fluoridated water can be delivered to the teeth continuously through the bloodstream
and saliva.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

28. (I) Ray Charles, who was a pioneering American pianist and soul singer, changed the sound of
popular music by combining the melodies and emotional fervour of African American gospel music
with the secular lyrics and earthy sensibility of the blues. (II) He added elements of traditional pop,
jazz, and country music in the course of becoming the single most important figure in the transition
from the rhythm and blues of the 1950s to the soul music of the 1960s. (III) Charles was a gifted
singer, pianist, arranger, and bandleader who truly deserved his oft-bestowed title of ‘The Genius’.
(IV) Beyond his skills as a live performer and recording artist, Charles was a canny entrepreneur, who
founded his own recording, publishing, and management companies. (V) He became an international
star who put his unmistakable vocal imprint on everything he sang, from low-down blues to
Broadway show tunes to country ballads

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V