Red-black tree in Data Structure

The red-Black tree is a binary search tree. The prerequisite of the red-black tree is that we
should know about the binary search tree. In a binary search tree, the values of the nodes in
the left subtree should be less than the value of the root node, and the values of the nodes in
the right subtree should be greater than the value of the root node.

Each node in the Red-black tree contains an extra bit that represents a color to ensure that the
tree is balanced during any operations performed on the tree like insertion, deletion, etc. In a
binary search tree, the searching, insertion and deletion take O(log2n) time in the average
case, O(1) in the best case and O(n) in the worst case.

Let's understand the different scenarios of a binary search tree.

In the above tree, if we want to search the 80. We will first compare 80 with the root node. 80
is greater than the root node, i.e., 10, so searching will be performed on the right subtree.
Again, 80 is compared with 15; 80 is greater than 15, so we move to the right of the 15, i.e.,
20. Now, we reach the leaf node 20, and 20 is not equal to 80. Therefore, it will show that the
element is not found in the tree. After each operation, the search is divided into half. The
above BST will take O(logn) time to search the element.

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The above tree shows the right-skewed BST. If we want to search the 80 in the tree, we will
compare 80 with all the nodes until we find the element or reach the leaf node. So, the above
right-skewed BST will take O(N) time to search the element.

In the above BST, the first one is the balanced BST, whereas the second one is the
unbalanced BST. We conclude from the above two binary search trees that a balanced tree
takes less time than an unbalanced tree for performing any operation on the tree.

Therefore, we need a balanced tree, and the Red-Black tree is a self-balanced binary search
tree. Now, the question arises that why do we require a Red-Black tree if AVL is also a
height-balanced tree. The Red-Black tree is used because the AVL tree requires many
rotations when the tree is large, whereas the Red-Black tree requires a maximum of two
rotations to balance the tree. The main difference between the AVL tree and the Red-Black
tree is that the AVL tree is strictly balanced, while the Red-Black tree is not completely
height-balanced. So, the AVL tree is more balanced than the Red-Black tree, but the Red-
Black tree guarantees O(log2n) time for all operations like insertion, deletion, and searching.

Insertion is easier in the AVL tree as the AVL tree is strictly balanced, whereas deletion and
searching are easier in the Red-Black tree as the Red-Black tree requires fewer rotations.

As the name suggests that the node is either colored in Red or Black color. Sometimes no
rotation is required, and only recoloring is needed to balance the tree.

Properties of Red-Black tree

 It is a self-balancing Binary Search tree. Here, self-balancing means that it balances

the tree itself by either doing the rotations or recoloring the nodes.
 This tree data structure is named as a Red-Black tree as each node is either Red or
Black in color. Every node stores one extra information known as a bit that represents
the color of the node. For example, 0 bit denotes the black color while 1 bit denotes
the red color of the node. Other information stored by the node is similar to the binary
tree, i.e., data part, left pointer and right pointer.
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  In the Red-Black tree, the root node is always black in color.
 In a binary tree, we consider those nodes as the leaf which have no child. In contrast,
in the Red-Black tree, the nodes that have no child are considered the internal nodes
and these nodes are connected to the NIL nodes that are always black in color. The
NIL nodes are the leaf nodes in the Red-Black tree.
 If the node is Red, then its children should be in Black color. In other words, we can
say that there should be no red-red parent-child relationship.
 Every path from a node to any of its descendant's NIL node should have same number
of black nodes.

Is every AVL tree can be a Red-Black tree?

Yes, every AVL tree can be a Red-Black tree if we color each node either by Red or Black
color. But every Red-Black tree is not an AVL because the AVL tree is strictly height-
balanced while the Red-Black tree is not completely height-balanced.

Insertion in Red Black tree

The following are some rules used to create the Red-Black tree:

1. If the tree is empty, then we create a new node as a root node with the color black.
2. If the tree is not empty, then we create a new node as a leaf node with a color red.
3. If the parent of a new node is black, then exit.
4. If the parent of a new node is Red, then we have to check the color of the parent's
sibling of a new node.

4a) If the color is Black, then we perform rotations and recoloring.

4b) If the color is Red then we recolor the node. We will also check whether the parents'
parent of a new node is the root node or not; if it is not a root node, we will recolor and
recheck the node.

Let's understand the insertion in the Red-Black tree.

10, 18, 7, 15, 16, 30, 25, 40, 60

Step 1: Initially, the tree is empty, so we create a new node having value 10. This is the first
node of the tree, so it would be the root node of the tree. As we already discussed, that root
node must be black in color, which is shown below:

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Step 2: The next node is 18. As 18 is greater than 10 so it will come at the right of 10 as
shown below.

We know the second rule of the Red Black tree that if the tree is not empty then the newly
created node will have the Red color. Therefore, node 18 has a Red color, as shown in the
below figure:

Now we verify the third rule of the Red-Black tree, i.e., the parent of the new node is black or
not. In the above figure, the parent of the node is black in color; therefore, it is a Red-Black
tree.

Step 3: Now, we create the new node having value 7 with Red color. As 7 is less than 10, so
it will come at the left of 10 as shown below.

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Now we verify the third rule of the Red-Black tree, i.e., the parent of the new node is black or
not. As we can observe, the parent of the node 7 is black in color, and it obeys the Red-Black
tree's properties.

Step 4: The next element is 15, and 15 is greater than 10, but less than 18, so the new node
will be created at the left of node 18. The node 15 would be Red in color as the tree is not
empty.

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The above tree violates the property of the Red-Black tree as it has Red-red parent-child
relationship. Now we have to apply some rule to make a Red-Black tree. The rule 4 says that
if the new node's parent is Red, then we have to check the color of the parent's sibling of a
new node. The new node is node 15; the parent of the new node is node 18 and the sibling of
the parent node is node 7. As the color of the parent's sibling is Red in color, so we apply the
rule 4a. The rule 4a says that we have to recolor both the parent and parent's sibling node. So,
both the nodes, i.e., 7 and 18, would be recolored as shown in the below figure.

We also have to check whether the parent's parent of the new node is the root node or not. As
we can observe in the above figure, the parent's parent of a new node is the root node, so we
do not need to recolor it.

Step 5: The next element is 16. As 16 is greater than 10 but less than 18 and greater than 15,
so node 16 will come at the right of node 15. The tree is not empty; node 16 would be Red in
color, as shown in the below figure:

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In the above figure, we can observe that it violates the property of the parent-child
relationship as it has a red-red parent-child relationship. We have to apply some rules to make
a Red-Black tree. Since the new node's parent is Red color, and the parent of the new node
has no sibling, so rule 4a will be applied. The rule 4a says that some rotations and recoloring
would be performed on the tree.

Since node 16 is right of node 15 and the parent of node 15 is node 18. Node 15 is the left of
node 18. Here we have an LR relationship, so we require to perform two rotations. First, we
will perform left, and then we will perform the right rotation. The left rotation would be
performed on nodes 15 and 16, where node 16 will move upward, and node 15 will move
downward. Once the left rotation is performed, the tree looks like as shown in the below
figure:

In the above figure, we can observe that there is an LL relationship. The above tree has a
Red-red conflict, so we perform the right rotation. When we perform the right rotation, the
median element would be the root node. Once the right rotation is performed, node 16 would
become the root node, and nodes 15 and 18 would be the left child and right child,
respectively, as shown in the below figure.

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After rotation, node 16 and node 18 would be recolored; the color of node 16 is red, so it will
change to black, and the color of node 18 is black, so it will change to a red color as shown in
the below figure:

Step 6: The next element is 30. Node 30 is inserted at the right of node 18. As the tree is not
empty, so the color of node 30 would be red.

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The color of the parent and parent's sibling of a new node is Red, so rule 4b is applied. In rule
4b, we have to do only recoloring, i.e., no rotations are required. The color of both the parent
(node 18) and parent's sibling (node 15) would become black, as shown in the below image.

We also have to check the parent's parent of the new node, whether it is a root node or not.
The parent's parent of the new node, i.e., node 30 is node 16 and node 16 is not a root node,
so we will recolor the node 16 and changes to the Red color. The parent of node 16 is node
10, and it is not in Red color, so there is no Red-red conflict.

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Step 7: The next element is 25, which we have to insert in a tree. Since 25 is greater than 10,
16, 18 but less than 30; so, it will come at the left of node 30. As the tree is not empty, node
25 would be in Red color. Here Red-red conflict occurs as the parent of the newly created is
Red color.

Since there is no parent's sibling, so rule 4a is applied in which rotation, as well as recoloring,
are performed. First, we will perform rotations. As the newly created node is at the left of its
parent and the parent node is at the right of its parent, so the RL relationship is formed.
Firstly, the right rotation is performed in which node 25 goes upwards, whereas node 30 goes
downwards, as shown in the below figure.

After the first rotation, there is an RR relationship, so left rotation is performed. After right
rotation, the median element, i.e., 25 would be the root node; node 30 would be at the right of
25 and node 18 would be at the left of node 25.

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Now recoloring would be performed on nodes 25 and 18; node 25 becomes black in color,
and node 18 becomes red in color.

Step 8: The next element is 40. Since 40 is greater than 10, 16, 18, 25, and 30, so node 40
will come at the right of node 30. As the tree is not empty, node 40 would be Red in color.
There is a Red-red conflict between nodes 40 and 30, so rule 4b will be applied.

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As the color of parent and parent's sibling node of a new node is Red so recoloring would be
performed. The color of both the nodes would become black, as shown in the below image.

After recoloring, we also have to check the parent's parent of a new node, i.e., 25, which is
not a root node, so recoloring would be performed, and the color of node 25 changes to Red.

After recoloring, red-red conflict occurs between nodes 25 and 16. Now node 25 would be
considered as the new node. Since the parent of node 25 is red in color, and the parent's
sibling is black in color, rule 4a would be applied. Since 25 is at the right of the node 16 and
16 is at the right of its parent, so there is an RR relationship. In the RR relationship, left
rotation is performed. After left rotation, the median element 16 would be the root node, as
shown in the below figure.

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After rotation, recoloring is performed on nodes 16 and 10. The color of node 10 and node 16
changes to Red and Black, respectively as shown in the below figure.

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Step 9: The next element is 60. Since 60 is greater than 16, 25, 30, and 40, so node 60 will
come at the right of node 40. As the tree is not empty, the color of node 60 would be Red.

As we can observe in the above tree that there is a Red-red conflict occurs. The parent node is
Red in color, and there is no parent's sibling exists in the tree, so rule 4a would be applied.
The first rotation would be performed. The RR relationship exists between the nodes, so left
rotation would be performed.

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When left rotation is performed, node 40 will come upwards, and node 30 will come
downwards, as shown in the below figure:

After rotation, the recoloring is performed on nodes 30 and 40. The color of node 30 would
become Red, while the color of node 40 would become black.

The above tree is a Red-Black tree as it follows all the Red-Black tree properties.

Deletion in Red Back tree

Let's understand how we can delete the particular node from the Red-Black tree. The
following are the rules used to delete the particular node from the tree:

Step 1: First, we perform BST rules for the deletion.

Step 2:

Case 1: if the node is Red, which is to be deleted, we simply delete it.

Let's understand case 1 through an example.

Suppose we want to delete node 30 from the tree, which is given below.

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Initially, we are having the address of the root node. First, we will apply BST to search the
node. Since 30 is greater than 10 and 20, which means that 30 is the right child of node 20.
Node 30 is a leaf node and Red in color, so it is simply deleted from the tree.

If we want to delete the internal node that has one child. First, replace the value of the
internal node with the value of the child node and then simply delete the child node.

Let's take another example in which we want to delete the internal node, i.e., node 20.

We cannot delete the internal node; we can only replace the value of that node with another
value. Node 20 is at the right of the root node, and it is having only one child, node 30. So,
node 20 is replaced with a value 30, but the color of the node would remain the same, i.e.,
Black. In the end, node 20 (leaf node) is deleted from the tree.

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If we want to delete the internal node that has two child nodes. In this case, we have to decide
from which we have to replace the value of the internal node (either left subtree or right
subtree). We have two ways:

 Inorder predecessor: We will replace with the largest value that exists in the left
subtree.
 Inorder successor: We will replace with the smallest value that exists in the right
subtree.

Suppose we want to delete node 30 from the tree, which is shown below:

Node 30 is at the right of the root node. In this case, we will use the inorder successor. The
value 38 is the smallest value in the right subtree, so we will replace the value 30 with 38, but
the node would remain the same, i.e., Red. After replacement, the leaf node, i.e., 30, would
be deleted from the tree. Since node 30 is a leaf node and Red in color, we need to delete it
(we do not have to perform any rotations or any recoloring).

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Case 2: If the root node is also double black, then simply remove the double black and make
it a single black.

Case 3: If the double black's sibling is black and both its children are black.

 Remove the double black node.

 Add the color of the node to the parent (P) node.

1. If the color of P is red then it becomes black.

2. If the color of P is black, then it becomes double black.

 The color of double black's sibling changes to red.

 If still double black situation arises, then we will apply other cases.

Let's understand this case through an example.

Suppose we want to delete node 15 in the below tree.

We cannot simply delete node 15 from the tree as node 15 is Black in color. Node 15 has two
children, which are nil. So, we replace the 15 value with a nil value. As node 15 and nil node
are black in color, the node becomes double black after replacement, as shown in the below
figure.

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In the above tree, we can observe that the double black's sibling is black in color and its
children are nil, which are also black. As the double black's sibling and its children have
black so it cannot give its black color to neither of these. Now, the double black's parent node
is Red so double black's node add its black color to its parent node. The color of the node 20
changes to black while the color of the nil node changes to a single black as shown in the
below figure.

After adding the color to its parent node, the color of the double black's sibling, i.e., node 30
changes to red as shown in the below figure.

In the above tree, we can observe that there is no longer double black's problem exists, and it
is also a Red-Black tree.

Case 4: If double black's sibling is Red.

 Swap the color of its parent and its sibling.

 Rotate the parent node in the double black's direction.
 Reapply cases.

Let's understand this case through an example.

Suppose we want to delete node 15.

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Initially, the 15 is replaced with a nil value. After replacement, the node becomes double
black. Since double black's sibling is Red so color of the node 20 changes to Red and the
color of the node 30 changes to Black.

Once the swapping of the color is completed, the rotation towards the double black would be
performed. The node 30 will move upwards and the node 20 will move downwards as shown
in the below figure.

In the above tree, we can observe that double black situation still exists in the tree. It satisfies
the case 3 in which double black's sibling is black as well as both its children are black. First,
we remove the double black from the node and add the black color to its parent node. At the
end, the color of the double black's sibling, i.e., node 25 changes to Red as shown in the
below figure.

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In the above tree, we can observe that the double black situation has been resolved. It also
satisfies the properties of the Red Black tree.

Case 5: If double black's sibling is black, sibling's child who is far from the double black is
black, but near child to double black is red.

 Swap the color of double black's sibling and the sibling child which is nearer to the
double black node.
 Rotate the sibling in the opposite direction of the double black.
 Apply case 6

Suppose we want to delete the node 1 in the below tree.

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First, we replace the value 1 with the nil value. The node becomes double black as both the
nodes, i.e., 1 and nil are black. It satisfies the case 3 that implies if DB's sibling is black and
both its children are black. First, we remove the double black of the nil node. Since the
parent of DB is Black, so when the black color is added to the parent node then it becomes
double black. After adding the color, the double black's sibling color changes to Red as
shown below.

We can observe in the above screenshot that the double black problem still exists in the tree.
So, we will reapply the cases. We will apply case 5 because the sibling of node 5 is node 30,
which is black in color, the child of node 30, which is far from node 5 is black, and the child

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of the node 30 which is near to node 5 is Red. In this case, first we will swap the color of
node 30 and node 25 so the color of node 30 changes to Red and the color of node 25 changes
to Black as shown below.

Once the swapping of the color between the nodes is completed, we need to rotate the sibling
in the opposite direction of the double black node. In this rotation, the node 30 moves
downwards while the node 25 moves upwards as shown below.

As we can observe in the above tree that double black situation still exists. So, we need to
case 6. Let's first see what is case 6.

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Case 6: If double black's sibling is black, far child is Red

 Swap the color of Parent and its sibling node.

 Rotate the parent towards the Double black's direction
 Remove Double black
 Change the Red color to black.

Now we will apply case 6 in the above example to solve the double black's situation.

In the above example, the double black is node 5, and the sibling of node 5 is node 25, which
is black in color. The far child of the double black node is node 30, which is Red in color as
shown in the below figure:

First, we will swap the colors of Parent and its sibling. The parent of node 5 is node 10, and
the sibling node is node 25. The colors of both the nodes are black, so there is no swapping
would occur.

In the second step, we need to rotate the parent in the double black's direction. After rotation,
node 25 will move upwards, whereas node 10 will move downwards. Once the rotation is
performed, the tree would like, as shown in the below figure:

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In the next step, we will remove double black from node 5 and node 5 will give its black
color to the far child, i.e., node 30. Therefore, the color of node 30 changes to black as shown
in the below figure.

Now let us implement the Red-black tree Data Structure in the java programming language.

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