DEVELOPMENT

STUDIES

MODULE: 1-4
PAPER TWO REVISION
QUESTIONS

MATER SPEI COLLEGE

 Development Studies
Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
Learners should be Learners should be able to:
able to:
Development Explain the concept and - Explain the concept of
practice of development development;
within the context of
their social, economic - Explain the following Describe any two aspects of development other than social development
and political divisions: First, Second and
environment. Third world, Newly  Economic Development is when the country’s production increases so that
Industrialised Countries, the people become richer or wealthier
North, South, Least
Developed Countries and  Political Development is when people’s participation in marking decisions
Developed Countries;
about their lives increases

- Give reasons for the  Political development is when people take control of their lives.
differences in the
development levels in  Political development is when people enjoy human rights
different countries;
[RULE: Award 1 mark for mentioning the correct aspect; 1 mark for
- Identify and discuss different
development indicators description]
including Gross Domestic
Product (GDP), Gross Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana is promoting social
National Product (GNP), development.
health, life expectancy,
education and energy  The government provides subsidized education
consumption.  The government provides sewage systems
 The government imports food for the people
- Show why political aspects of
development are difficult to  The government provides free food for the destitute /elderly/the
measure; orphans
 The government allocates land/ plots for people to build shelter/ build
houses through Botswana Housing Corporation (BHC)
- Describe the characteristics  The government builds clinics/hospitals to provide health care
of the developed and
 The government builds schools to improve literacy
developing countries;
 Provision of piped/safe water to protect people from diseases
- Analyse and evaluate theories  Control of prices for staple food such as sorghum to ensure that people
of development: can afford to buy food
modernisation, dependency,  The government cleans the environment
sustainable development and  Poverty alleviation programmes (allow examples), for example, back
alternative strategies;
yard gardening

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Study Fig.2, which shows the division of the world into countries of the
Describe actions that the government takes to promote economic North and countries of the South
development in Botswana.

- The action that the government takes to promote economic

development in Botswana is to keep peace and security
- The government of Botswana promote economic development
through provision of infrastructure, for example, electricity and
serviced land
- The Botswana government promote economic development through
skills development or imparting of entrepreneurial skills
- The provision of financial assistance is an action that government
of Botswana promote economic development, for example, CEDA
loans, youth grants, young farmer’s grant
- The government of Botswana promote economic development
through marketing of locally made goods
- The invitation of foreign investors is a way in which government
of Botswana is promoting economic development.
- The government of Botswana come up with policies to relax
registration/licensing of businesses to promote economic
development.
- The relaxed foreign exchanged regulations for easy import of raw
materials helps to promote economic development. Fig.2
Suggest ways by which income generating projects can help people to Describe the geographical locations of countries of the South
achieve social development
- Central America, for example, Mexico
- The way by which income generating projects can help achieve - South America/Latin America, for example, Brazil and
social development by allowing people use income gained to buy Argentina
food or increased calorie intake a - Africa, for example, Botswana, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethopia
- The people can use income gained to pay for health services/ and South Africa
increase life expectancy through better health as a way of - South Asia, for example, India
achieving social development. - Far East, for example, Malaysia/South East Asia
- Money used for better baby care/reduced infant mortality rate - East Asia, for example, China
- Increased self-reliance/ reduced dependency ratio - Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia
- Income can be used to get safer water supply and improve
health/reduced Death Rate Rule: Do NOT accept South of Brandt line
- Money gained can be used to pay for school/lessons to increase
literacy rate/education

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the economic characteristics of countries of the North Study Fig. 3 which shows Newly Industrialise Countries (NICs) in
different countries
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that of high
use of complex technology
- The countries of the North have high development of transport
networks/telecommunication/high infrastructural development
- The countries of the North have high share of international
trade/dominate or control international trade
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that of high
income levels/high wages
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that of high
energy consumption
- The countries of the North have high industrialisation/mass
production/high manufacturing
- They export finished goods/they import raw materials
- The countries of the North have low percentage of population
depending on agriculture
- High GNP/High GNP per capita/High GDP/High GDP per capita

Rule: DO NOT accept highly developed

Describe the economic characteristics of developed countries

 The economic characteristic of developed countries is that of high

GNP
 The developed countries have high GNP per capita
Fig.3
 The economic characteristic of developed countries is that of high
GDP Describe the geographical locations of Newly Industrialised Countries
 The developed countries have high GDP per capita (NICs) shown in Fig.3.
 The economic characteristic of developed countries is that of high
energy use - The Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) are located in South of
 The developed countries have high levels of industrialization/ North America/Central America
many industries - South of South America
 The economic characteristic of developed countries is that of low - North East of South America
population in agriculture - South of Africa
 The developed countries have high income levels - South of Asia
 The developed countries controls international trade - East of Asia
- South East of Asia/Far East
- Central Asia

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Suggest factors Less Developed Countries (LDCs) could copy from Study Fig. 4, which shows the New industrialising Countries (NICs), and
Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) to speed up development. answer questions below.

- The action that Less Developed Countries can copy from Newly
Industrialised Counties to speed up development is by inviting
Multi-National Companies (MNCs) to invest in them
.
- The Less Developed countries (LDCs) can focus on Maths and
Science education to help them speed up development like Newly
Industrialised Countries (NICs).

- The LDCs can adopt import substitution industrialisation (ISI)

to speed up development which was used by Newly Industrialised
Countries. This is encouraging people to buy locally produced goods
than those from elsewhere.

- The LDCs can adopt export oriented industrialisation (EOI) to

speed up development which was used by Newly Industrialised
Countries. This is setting up industries that produce goods needed
for the outside market.

- They can borrow capital from financial institutions such as the

World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), and countries Describe the location of the Newly Industrialising Countries.
of the South.
- The Newly Industrialising Countries [NICs] are found in Southern
- They can invest in infrastructure Africa, for example, South Africa.
- They are located in the Far East countries such as Malaysia,
- The action that Less Developed Countries can copy from Newly Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, South Korea and China
Industrialised Counties to speed up development is establishing - The NICs are located in South of North America, for example,
innovation and research centres/ use advanced technology Mexico
- They are found in North/Northeast of South America, for
example, Brazil/ North East or East of Latin America, for example,
Brazil
- They are located in South Asia, for example, India
- They are located in Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia and
Turkey

RULE: Award mention of appropriate examples

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the social characteristics of Newly Industrialized Countries Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialising
(NICs) Countries.

- The social characteristics of Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) - The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of
is that of decreasing morbidity rate high inflation rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are
high]/weak currencies/high fuel price
- The Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) have increasing
literacy rate - The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of
foreign debts/debt crisis
- The social characteristics of Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)
is that of decreasing Death Rate - They is huge disparities of wealth/wide gap between the rich and
the poor
- The Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) have decreasing Birth
Rate - The dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National
companies (MNCs) who move their investment out of the country/
- The Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) have decreasing Infant capital flight/neo-colonialism
Mortality Rate
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of
- The social characteristics of Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) depletion of the natural resources/damage to the environment
is that of increasing urban population/urbanisation
- The Newly Industrialising Countries have fast growth of the
- The social characteristics of Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) private sector which is becoming difficult to be controlled by the
is that of lower teacher-pupil ratio government

- The Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) have increasing calorie - The Newly Industrialising Countries have exploitation of workers
intake by the employers

- The Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) have improved health - The Newly Industrialising Countries have urban drift/urban
facilities poverty

- The social characteristics of Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) - The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of
is that of lower-doctor patient rate corruption

- The Newly Industrialising Countries have declining exports/tough

competition from Multi-National Companies

- The Newly Industrialising Countries have declining real income

- The Newly Industrialising Countries have high expenditure on

imports and less on exports

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Explain why there are differences in levels of development between
developed and developing countries. Explain why countries of the South are less developed than the countries
of the North.
- Raw materials/natural resource taken by the North[Developed
countries] Suggest why development is slow in most Southern African Countries.
- Human resources taken by the North[Developed countries]/brain  Rigidity /practice of customs which are counter-productive [
drain Accept examples: e.g exclusion of women from decision
making]
- Long history of industrialisation by developed countries  Lack of funds to use in development projects/poverty
 Lack of skilled people/brain drain/skilled people leave for other
- Domination/control of world trade by developed countries countries
 Colonial legacy/Europeans have introduced Southern African
- Slave trade countries to trade in cheap primary products/colonialism
 Neo-colonialism/negative effects of Multi-National Companies
- Huge debts by developing countries from developed countries (MNCs)
 Large populations
- Creation of dependency syndrome in developing countries/Neo-
 Export of raw materials
Colonialism
 Use of simple technology
- Level of technology [simple technology for developing countries  Mono-economies
and complex technology for developed countries]  Outbreak of civil wars
 Outbreak of killer diseases, for example, Ebola
- Dynamic society in developed countries and rigid society in
developing countries Describe the factors that slow down development in developing countries

- Political instability/civil wars/ civil strife in developing countries - Lack of funds

and peace in developed countries - Poor technology
- Lack of skilled labour
- Legacy of colonialism by developed countries - Rigidity/unhelpful traditional beliefs
- Wars/conflicts
- Primary production by developing countries which developed - High populations
countries focuses on secondary production - Neo-Colonialism
- Corruption/mismanagement
- High skilled manpower in developed countries and shortage of - Brain drain
skilled manpower in developing countries - Huge debts
- Dependency syndrome
- Developed countries policies directed to high infrastructural
development while developing countries policies directed to poverty
and diseases

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Study Fig. 7, which shows population statistics for selected African
countries and answer questions below.

Fig.6
Fig.5
Describe the causes of high infant mortality rate (IMR) in developing
Explain how each indicator shown in Fig. 6 is used to measure countries
development
- Doctor –patient ratio shows that if the population per doctor is - Lack of widespread immunisation programmes which lead to infant
high then there is less development/ If Doctor-population Ratio is killer diseases
high then there is less development/ If the Doctor-Patient Ratio is
low then there is high development. - Lack of access to clean water/safe water by majority of infants and
- Calorie intake shows that the higher the calorie intake, the higher mothers
the development/ the lower the calorie intake, the lower the
development - Poor nutrition/malnutrition
- School enrolment shows that the higher the school enrolment, the
higher the development/ the lower the calorie intake, the lower the - Lack of health facilities to attend to killer diseases
development.
- GNP per capita shows that the higher the GNP per capita, the - HIV and AIDS infection among mothers to infants
higher the development/ the lower the GNP per capita, the lower the
development.
- Percentage of the population in agriculture shows that the higher - Poor health education among mothers to raise babies
the percentage of population engaged in agriculture, the lower the
development/ the lower the percentage of population in agriculture, - Shortage of health personnel to attend infants, for example, doctors
the higher the development. and nurses
- Income level shows that the higher the income level, the higher the
development/the lower the income level, the lower the development. - Alcohol/substance abuse

Rule: Award 1mark even if only one side is given - Poor maternal care

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe ways in which the government is trying to reduce infant - World life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care
mortality rate (IMR) in Botswana. whereby there is enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and
nurses.
- Widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the
country, for example, measles and polio - Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary
health care to citizens who focus on the prevention of diseases and
- Provision of clean/safe water to all [through primary health care] giving assistance to the sick, for example, provision of clean water,
health education and immunisation programme.
- Provision of nutritious food/balanced diets in clinics, for example,
Tsabana - In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries
provide citizens with better nutrition for example, in Botswana children
- Construction of more health facilities, for example, clinics and are given supplementary feeding such as Tsabana.
hospitals

- Dissemination of health education/media/environmental health Why is calorie intake low in developing countries?

- Implementation of Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission - In developing countries there is high unemployment so less
(PMTCT) programme money to buy food.

- Training/employing more health personnel, for example, doctors - There is lack of purchasable food in some areas
and nurses
- The developing countries have low calorie intake because of
drought

- The high illiteracy rate in developing countries lead to inability to

determine food quality.

Suggest reasons for high calorie intake in developed countries

- High employment rates/high income levels

The reasons why world life expectancy is rising [increasing]
- High agricultural/food production/ many industries produce more
- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water supplies food/hybrid seeds/improved technology
to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera.
- Availability of wide variety of food[ to choose from]
- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens
to improve hygiene. - High level of education/more knowledge on nutrition

- Better social welfare services/supplementary feeding

- Low dependency ratio

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
What is the importance of literacy to development? Suggest reasons for high male deaths than females

- When people are able to read & write they are able to learn / - Macho mentality that exposes them to risks/ Lifestyle/fast
acquire new skills easily life/drinking/smoking/fewer men seek medical assistance

- They can better participate in decision making and national - Wars

campaigns, for example, elections, immunisation programmes
- Occupation/employment that exposes them to danger
- They can read and write understand environmental issues or
conservation better - Traditional roles that exposes them to danger

- This reduces dependency on those who are literate and promotes - More men are suicidal than women
privacy e.g. reading own letters/mail

- The literate mothers can access information on childcare leading The girl child school enrolment is lower in African countries.
to better hygiene and lower infant mortality rate ( IMR)

- The importance of literacy to development is that of improved Fig.8

nutrition when the mother is literate
Suggest reasons for the low enrolment of girls in African countries
- They can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g.
at the post office, credit facilities forms and can even write - The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is
application letters for jobs etc. domestic responsibilities

Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female - The belief that women will be married is another reason for low
literacy rate enrolment of girls in African countries.

Fig.7 - In African countries lower enrolment of girls is caused by religious

Suggest reasons for the difference between male and female literacy beliefs and customs, for example, polygamy.
rates
- The reason for the difference between male and female literacy rate - Oppression of women by men
is that girls are denied the chance to go to school and are expected
to stay home and help their mothers - The belief that women have smaller brains and are therefore less
- The girls drop out of school because they marry and get pregnant intelligent
- The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is caused
- Girls are neglected for cultural/traditional reasons by teenage pregnancy

- It is believed a girl child has a smaller brain than their male - Poverty due to high unemployment making parents to be unable to
counterpart (and this makes them less intelligent) and so sending pay school fees.
them to school is a waste of time and money

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe negative effects low school enrolment can have on a country’s What causes high school dropout rates in developing countries?
development
- High school dropout in developing countries is caused by teenage
- The negative effect of low school enrolment can have on a country’s pregnancy
development is that of low literacy rate
- A country that have low school enrolment can have fewer skilled - In developing countries high school dropout rate is caused by
personnel domestic responsibilities e.g. looking after livestock

- The negative effect of low school enrolment on a country’s

development is lack of alternative sources of income and poverty - Inability to pay school fees by some parents due to poverty causes
- In a country with low school enrolment fewer people will be high school dropout rates in developing countries.
involved in decision making
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of
- A country with low school enrolment will have high birth rates early marriage
because many people will lack knowledge on the use of
contraceptives. - The cause of high school dropout rates in developing countries is
lack of parental guidance
- The negative effects of low school enrolment on a country’s
development is high infant mortality rate and death rates - High school dropout in developing countries may be caused by
diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB).

Describe the challenges faced by developing countries in trying to - Some developing countries have problems of civil wars which may
improve their citizens’ education lead to high school dropout, for example, Somalia and Sudan.

- The challenge that developing countries will be faced with in trying

to improve their citizens’ education is shortage of funds leading to - Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of
inadequate educational facilities. alcohol and drug abuse by students.

- Developing countries will have shortage of trained personnel in - In Developing countries there are high school dropout rates because
trying to improve their citizens’ education. of poor learning environment due to shortage of classrooms.

- The challenge that developing countries is faced with in trying to - High school dropout rates in developing countries is caused by long
improve their citizen’s education is inaccessible educational distance / proximity to educational facilities
facilities.
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of
- Poverty is another challenge faced by developing countries in trying negative attitude and truant behaviour by students.
to improve their citizens’ education whereby parents are unable to
pay school fees for their children.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Suggest reasons for low numbers of girls in schools in developing Suggest measures that government of developing countries can take to
countries. encourage more girls to attend school

- The reason for low number of girls in schools in developing - The measure that government of developing countries can take to
countries is caused by belief that women are less intelligent/societal encourage more girls to attend school is to build girls schools
stereotypes/oppression. - Create girl friendly schools/curriculum
- Free education for girls/deliberate preferential sponsorship for girl
- Developing countries have low numbers of girls in schools because child/rewards
of early marriages/cultural practices. - Legislation/make laws that force parents to take girls to
school/compulsory education for girls
- The low number of girls in schools in developing countries is caused - Deliberate effort to reduce home chores for girls/introduction of
by poverty because parents will be unable to pay school fees. labour saving devices
- Build teen mothers’ schools/readmission of pregnant dropouts
- Home chores/domestic responsibilities - Educating parents on the importance of taking their girl child to
school
- Teenage pregnancy - Providing contraceptives in schools/ contraceptive education
- Positive affirmation/apportioning girl students quotas or numbers in
- Religious beliefs and customs schools

Describe how families can benefits of educating the girl child. Describe the causes of death rate.

- The benefit of educating a girl child is that they prepare balanced - Accidents/car accidents
diet for the family - Civil wars/war
- Suicide
- The girl child will practise a high level of hygiene/reduced chances - Murder
of infections/transmission of diseases
Describe the causes of birth rate.
- The benefit of educating a girl child is that they will have better
maternal care/child care - Lack of contraceptives
- Lack of knowledge on the use of contraceptives
- Advice on family planning - Teenage pregnancy
- Early marriages
- Prestige for the family/social status - Provision of labour
- Couples deciding to have a baby boy
- Improved finances/revenue for the family/provide for the - Replacing old aged people/family members who have died.
family/better family economic status/economic empowerment

- Assist family with school work

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- Informed family decision making

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Explain how social indicators are used to measure development - GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from
the economy and ignores the quality of life, social & environmental
- The low infant mortality rate [IMR] means that development is consequences of wealth/ignores happiness
high/When IMR is high it means development is low
State the disadvantages of using GNP per capita to measure
- The high literacy rate means that a country is developed/ a low development.
literacy rate means that a country is less developed
- The disadvantage of using GNP per capita to measure development
- The high Birth Rate means that a country is less developed/a low is that it is just an average figure that ignores how wealth is
Birth rate means that a country is developed distributed.
- GNP per capta fails to show the actual standard of living enjoyed
- The high Death Rate means that a country is less developed/a low by the people.
Death Rate means that a country is developed - It excludes income from the informal sector [so it is inaccurate]
Allow 1 example.
- When there is high doctor-patient ratio it means that the country is - It calculated using inaccurate government statistics/ people usually
less developed/ a low doctor- patient ratio means that the country is lie about the earnings (to avoid paying tax).
developed - It is calculated using outdated/ old government statistics
- The high life expectancy shows that the country is developed/a low - It emphasizes economic development but ignores social and
life expectancy shows that the country is less developed political development.
Explain why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of
- The high calorie intake shows that the country is developed/a low the South
calorie intake shows that the country is less developed
- Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South
Explain why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development: because they have mass production due to many industries and the use
of complex technology.
- A few people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc.
leaving the majority very poor, for example, it ignores the difference - The reason why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those
between the rich & the poor within the country. of the South is because they export a lot of quality (high value /
expensive) goods and services
- GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists
only count goods and services marketed openly and recorded by - The Countries of the North have higher GNP than the Countries of the
government. South because they price the goods (commodities) themselves.
.
- Production/income statistics may be inaccurate or concealing of actual - They have favourable terms of trade
earnings to avert tax or Business officials hiding information.
- Most multi-national companies (MNCs) originate from Countries of the
- Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or out-dated North and operate in other countries/profit repatriation is taking profit
back to countries of their origin
- There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage.

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- They earn a lot of interest from loans to the developing world

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Using Fig. 10 only, describe economic characteristics of developed
Suggest reasons for high energy use. countries

- Capital intensive industries/industrial production/ industries/ - GNP per capita- High GNP per capita
complex technology
- Energy use- High energy use per capita
- Household appliances/gadgets/devices/units/machines

- Many vehicles/transportation, for example, cars, trains - % GDP on Agriculture- Agriculture sector contributes less to
GDP
- Capital intensive agriculture/farming/commercial farming
RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description
- Infrastructure development/institutions, for example, schools,
hospitals
Why is it difficult to measure political aspects of development?
Fig. 9 shows a list of countries and their indicators of development. Use
it to answer question that follows
- Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are
intangible or immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen
nor touched.

- The political aspect of development is difficult to measure because

most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to
monitor human rights violations.

- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of

their rights.

- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious

beliefs, for example, women being marginalised or there are gender
inequalities.

- The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect

of development because countries belief that they are independent
therefore nobody can tell them how to treat their citizens.

- Political aspects of development are affected by different political

systems, for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because they
are no voting, no freedom of speech.
Fig.9

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Explain how any three political indicators can be used to measure Study Fig. 11. Which shows some theories of development
development.

 Number of women in decision making positions shows that if the

percentage of females in leadership [posts] is high it mean high
development whereas if it is low it mean low development

 Voter turnout/number of people who vote shows that if the

percentage of adults who participate in elections is high then
development is high and if it is low the development is low

 Adherence to human rights/human rights ratings/ranking

shows that if the respect that a country has for people’s entitlement
is high then development is high and if it is low then development Fig.10
is low, for example, good governance and transparency
Describe the stages of the modernisation theory
 Incidents of discrimination/inequality (times when people are
treated unfairly for who they are) shows that if there are many - The traditional society is where people practise barter
incidents of discrimination development is low and if there are few system/subsistence farming/make simple crafts/experience low
development is high, for example, justice and fair trial standard of living

 Incidents of conflict shows that if the occurrence of serious - Preconditions for take-off is where new technology arises/farming
disagreements, for example, war and social unrest is high then is commercialised/specialisation increases/urbanisation starts to
development is low happen

 Peace shows that if there is calmness in the country or the absence - Take off stage/the push is here people become rich/rapid
of wars or social unrest then development is high urbanisation

 Security shows that if the sense of safety in a country is high, then - The Drive to maturity/maturity stage is where manufacturing
development is high dominates the economy/there are more exports than imports/wages
increase/demand for consumer goods increases
 Happiness shows that if the feeling of joy/gladness among people
in a country is then development is higher. - The age of high consumption/high mass consumption is where
service industries and consumer goods dominate the
[RULE: Award 1mark for mentioning and 1mark for usage even if only economy/wages are high for many people/many people experience
one side is given] high living standards

RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the benefits to the people of a country where modernisation has Describe the weakness of the dependency theory
taken place
- Dependency theory ignores the fact that small countries are unable
- Technological development/ the use of complex technology to raise enough investment/capital on their own to break away

- Wealth creation - Countries may lose all benefits of international trade/countries that
cut links economically fell
- Infrastructural development
- If small countries try to make all their own goods, there will
- Human resource development/high literacy rate probably be a less efficient use of resources

- Improved standard of living - It is impossible to cut off all communication in a world linked
together in so many ways/connections difficult to break
- Improved service delivery through research and development
- People often aspire for the northern ways of life/object when
- Availability of affordable goods and services governments stop importing western goods/negative attitudes
towards local goods and services
- Employment creation
Describe ways by which less developed countries can use dependency
- Democratic process theory to develop.

Explain how developing countries can use of modernisation theory in - By breaking off all links with the developed countries /become self-
their development programmes. reliant

- Embraces market economy /capitalism - Stop borrowing money from outside/save/invest within their
- Invest a lot in industry countries
- Invest a lot in infrastructure
- Encourage inventions/new ideas/methods from your own culture - By spending less on consumer goods
- Emphasise formal vocational /technical education
- Encourages new attitude and appropriate cultural changes/fight - By using appropriate technology
rigidity
- Tell people to work hard/be patient and expect less income/wealth - Make their own inventions/promote local inventions
until the economy has grown quite large/trickle down of wealth
- Government must be democratic - By encouraging its people to exercise patience/work hard/shun
- Encourage urbanisation Northern lifestyle
- Open up for technological transfer/adopt advanced technology
- Encourages specialisation/division of labour
- Commercialise agriculture/mechanise agriculture
- Participate in international trade

15
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe ways of achieving sustainable development in a country: Suggest sources of air pollution

- Mines e.g. Selibe Phikwe (sulphur dioxide & coal, carbon

- The way of achieving sustainable development in a country is monoxide, dust)
through stock piling of minerals / preservation is keeping the
minerals until the world prices improves such as for diamonds and - Domestic / household appliances e.g. refrigerators, air-conditioners,
copper. aerosol sprays, etc

- Sustainable development can be achieved by coming up with - Dump sites (smoke)

legislation or laws to protect wild animals, for example, seasonal
hunting, quotas is number of wild animals a person allowed to hunt, - Industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc)
hunting licenses, National Parks and Game Reserves, and Anti-
poaching laws - Construction sites (smoke, dust)

- Stabilising population growth, for example, planning for small - Roads / airports / railway lines/stations (dust, smoke)
families, birth control, practicing population control, giving
incentives to small families or penalize for large families - Vehicles / trains / aeroplanes (carbon dioxide)

- Conservation measures, for example, tree planting, recycling, re- Describe ways by which air pollution can be prevented.
use, reduce, clean-up, limited use of resources, good farming
methods, Wildlife Management Areas - Through the polluter tax / polluter pays principle
- Environmental impact assessment
- Education on resource use - Use of alternative sources of energy, for example, solar energy can
be used to produce electricity instead of coal which pollutes the
- Use of synthetic products environment.
- Elongation of chimneys or making chimneys to be long to prevent
- Finding alternative energy sources, for example, the use of solar air pollution.
energy instead of coal to produce electricity - Use of catalytic converters
- Use of unleaded petrol
N.B. Ideas must be developed to get a point - Encourage non-motorised transport e.g. bicycle, walking
- Develop shopping malls that discourage use of cars
- Develop a reliable & sustainable public transport system
- Encourage car-pooling / many people using one car
Pollution has proved to be a global problem and an obstacle against
sustainable development.
Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development.

Fig. 11
Fig.12

16
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
What causes land pollution? Describe the challenges faced by the countries of the South [developing
countries] as a result of globalisation
- Concrete pieces and bricks from construction (sites)
- Development of international crime syndicates/terrorism
- Beverage containers (e.g. cans, bottles) & plastic (bags) from - Lack of funds to educate/train people/high illiteracy
industries - Loss of sovereignty/loss of independence
- Dominance of the economy by Trans National Companies
- Oils from garages (TNCs)/TNCS\s taking profit away to their countries of origin
- Increase brain drain/ educated people prefer working in
- Clinical waste / waste from health facilities developed countries
- HIV and AIDS killing skilled man power
- Worn out tyres - Consumerism mindset [which is difficult to change to
investment and production]
- Used batteries - Environmental damage by Trans National Companies (TNCs)
- Less developed countries (LDCs) having weak economies
- Effluent from industries / pumping of effluent from mines into which fail to compete in a globalised world/less industrialised
streams - Transfer of diseases
- Loss of culture
- Fertilisers & chemicals contained in run-off water from farms - Difficult to accept change
causing eutrophication in streams
Suggest ways through which globalisation encourages development of
Describe ways by which land pollution can be controlled all countries.

- The way by which land pollution can be controlled through - Improvement of technology/complex technology , for example,
introduction of polluter tax / Polluter Pays Principle automated machines/transfer from developed countries (DCs) to
less developed countries (LDCs)
- The government should introduce strict waste management - Introduction of global communication networks, for example,
legislation to control land pollution internet and television
- Trade liberalisation
- Land pollution can be controlled through wise use of resources; 3Rs - International policing/Interpol
of conservation; Recycle, Re-use and Refuse (extra wrapping or - Increase of Trans National Companies [TNCs]
packaging) - Formation of regional and international groupings such as European
Union [EU] and African Union [AU]
- The alternative packaging can be used to control land pollution, for - Promotion of democracy
example, use of returnable bottles at a refund as beverage containers - Free movement of labour
- Encouragement of investment /saving
- Overpopulation, industrialisation and pollution, therefore new
forms of development must be found which will conserve resources
for future generations and lead to a more equal sharing of the
world’s wealth.

17
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Module 2: Production, Consumption & Investment - Suggest and justify an alternative
production system for Botswana’s
economy.
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Enterprise Demonstrate an - Explain enterprise;
OBJECTIVES understanding of the - Discuss the characteristics of sole
Learners should be Learners should be able to: role of enterprise in the proprietors, private companies,
able to: process of production. parastatals, joint venture,
Production Explain the concept - Explain the concept of production; partnerships and co-operatives;
and the process of - Discuss the need for production - Discuss privatisation of
production including basic needs, needs, parastatals, citizen empowerment,
wants (material and non-material), localisation, women and property
choice, scarcity and opportunity ownership strategies for
costs; development;
- Discuss production in hunting and - Evaluate the role and development
gathering societies; of the primary, secondary, tertiary
- Identify and define the factors of and quaternary sectors of
production; production in developing countries
- Discuss land ownership and with specific reference to
problems related to utilisation and Botswana.
ownership; Consumption Develop an - Explain consumption;
- Explain the various forms of and investment understanding and - Describe the relationship between
capital such as finance, machinery appreciate consumption and production,
and technology; consumption and supply and demand, consumption,
- Discuss ways of raising capital; investment in savings and investment;
- Discuss labour and capital Botswana - Discuss the benefits and risks of
intensive modes of production investment;
- Discuss the determinant factors for - Discuss foreign reserves as a form
appropriate technology; of investment;
- Evaluate progress in the - Evaluate the promotion of a
development of relevant culture of investment in
technology in Botswana including Botswana’s economy.
efforts by Rural Industries
Innovation Centre and Botswana
Technology Centre;
Describe the need for production
- Discuss specialisation and division
of labour; - In order to develop we have to satisfy our basic needs and wants to
- Describe different types of labour start the process of economic growth.
including specialised, skilled,
semi-skilled and unskilled;
- To satisfy our needs and wants, we produce and exchange goods.
- Discuss conditions which either or - Development emphasizes satisfaction of people’s needs and the
promote labour efficiency; production process ensures that goods and services are made to
- Assess how far local conditions satisfy basic needs first and wants later.
facilitate or militate against labour
efficiency;
- Development requires money for it to take place and this money is
- Explain entrepreneurship; generated by production activities such as mining, industry and
- Describe the role played by an agriculture.
entrepreneur in the process of - Production creates wealth to fuel the development process.
production;
- Discuss economic production
- The higher the level of production the higher the level of

18
systems; development

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Explain three ways by which one of the factors of production can affect
the production process

Land:

- If land is unfertile crop production will be low / poor pasture for

livestock

- If there is shortage of water there will be poor harvest / poor pasture for
livestock

- There has to be land to start a production process

Capital:

- Capital / money is needed to pay workers

- Capital is needed to buy machinery & tools

- We need capital goods to start a production process

Describe factors of production (defined) Labour:

- Land refers to the whole of the earth’s surface together with all natural - There is need for workers to provide labour in the production process
resources found on it
- The labour has to be trained & motivated to be efficient / productive
- Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, that is
directed towards the production of goods and provision of services - The labour needs to be managed and/or coordinated for optimum
production
- Land is work done by people to produce goods and services

- Capital refers to things people use to produce goods and provide

services (e.g. tools, machinery, factories) and money saved up and used
to buy such things

- Enterprise is the organization (management) of land, labour and capital

in the production process with the intention of making profit.

19
*Simple mentioning without definition is unacceptable

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 - Private land ownership refers to land owned by individuals or companies
or owner is free to buy and sell land or owner has title deed.

- Renting refers to land that is being used by a person other than the owner
and paying a (monetary) fee for usage or a tenant uses land and pays money
to the landlord or owner.

(ii) Land ownership in Botswana is largely communal. Suggest problems that

communities in Botswana might face in trying to improve production in
agriculture.

- The problem that communities in Botswana might face in trying to improve

production in agriculture is that land cannot be sold to raise capital.

- The problem that communities in Botswana might face in trying to improve

production in agriculture due to communal land ownership is that the user
is unable to use it as collateral or security to obtain loan.

- The communities in Botswana might face the problem of land degradation

or soil erosion or deforestation in trying to improve production in
agriculture because of land communal ownership.

- There is easy spread of animal and plants diseases or pests in land owned
by communities in Botswana.

- The problem that communities in Botswana might face in trying to improve

production in agriculture is that of unfair distribution of land or
corruption.

- The land ownership in Botswana is largely communal which makes it

impossible to control breeding.
(a)(i) Describe each type of land ownership shown in Fig. 1. - There can be conflict over usage of land to improve agricultural production
by communities in Botswana because land ownership is largely communal.
- Communal land ownership refers to land owned by the tribe or society or
land boards oversee land allocation or land is accessible to a group of people - The land can be taken anytime by the government or people can be
without owning it. relocated anytime to pave way for developments.
- Public land ownership refers to land that belongs to government or state
or the government uses land for its purposes, for example, building dams,
schools and game reserves or state authority or land boards oversee land
allocation.

20
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
(b)(i) State the problems of using a capital intensive method of production for a - The capital for production in developing countries can be raised through
developing country. penalties of people who break the law, for example, over speeding fines or
speed traps.
- The problem of using a capital intensive method of production for
developing country is that of causing pollution to the environment due to - The capital for production in developing countries can be raised through
the use of complex technology. lotteries.

- The capital intensive leads to high unemployment rate because the use of - The developing countries can raise capital for production through joint
complex technology requires few people to operate. venture, for example, the government of Botswana and Debeers which is
responsible for mining and selling diamonds.
- The problem of using capital intensive method of production leads to loss
of craftsmanship or skills or loss of culture in developing countries.

- Capital intensive method of production requires skilled labour or does not

absorb unskilled labour because of the use of complex technology.

- The problem of using capital intensive method of production for a

developing country is that it can lead to use of inappropriate technologies.

- The capital intensive method of production may lead to depletion of

natural resources because it depends on the use of complex technology.

- The problem caused by capital intensive method of production is that of

land degradation due to the use of complex technology, for example,
deforestation and soil erosion.

(ii) Explain how developing countries can raise capital for production.

- The developing countries can raise capital for production through

international loans or borrowing.

- The privatisation of parastatals or selling of parastatals shares can help

developing countries to raise capital for production.

- The developing countries can raise capital for production through taxation,
for example, income tax paid by employees or workers and value added tax
(VAT) paid by consumers.

- The capital for production in developing countries can be raised through

licensing, for example, business licenses, driver’s licenses and hunting
licenses.

- The developing countries can raise capital for production through fees, for

21
example, school fees and game park fees.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe each type of land ownership shown in Fig. 1. - Failure to develop the land

- Collective land ownership is when people in the local community Describe the use of any three factors of production in a hunting and gathering
own and use land together, for example, in Tanzania after
independence families owned chunks of land together, shared work - Land : Hunter gatherers hunt wild animals and collect fruits and
and farming machinery. plants in their territories

- Private land ownership is the land owned by individuals and - Labour: Labour is provided by members of tribe/labour is divided
companies, for example, Molapo estate in Francistown and according to gender where men hunt and women gather
Phakalane in Gaborone.
- Capital :Hunter gatherers own simple tools for hunting/own simple
- Public land ownership is when the state or nation owns land. There bows, poisoned arrows, clubs etc
are rules on who has the right to fields. For example, Botswana and
Lesotho of Land Board/Land committee. - Entrepreneurship : Hunter-gatherers use traditional knowledge
and skill passed down to them by their ancestors over the years
- Renting land ownership is when people use land through paying
the owner some amount of money or annually Suggest reasons why hunting and gathering is practised by very few
societies
- Share cropping land ownership is when people use somebody’s
land to grow crops, for farming and pay the land owner with part of - Increased population/ people are more than wild animals /shortage
the harvest or crop. of land
- Establishment of game reserves and national parks
Suggest problems that people might face when they own land - Environmental laws that controls hunting of wild animals
communally - Government development plans which need people to be settled
- The land may be degraded/people ignore good practices when the - Cordon fences that restrict movement of wild animals
land is owned communally. - Modernisation of hunter gatherers, for example, need to attend
- The problem that people might face when they own land formal schools
communally is that of overgrazing/overstocking - Outbreak of diseases attacking wild animals
- The people might cause soil erosion when the land is owned - Provision of water by government, for example, boreholes.
communally. - Encroachment of pastoral farming into wildlife areas.
- The banks reject land as a form of security for loan if the land is - Overgrazing that has depleted edible plants.
owned communally - Construction of cordon fences that has disrupted migratory routes
- The problem that people might face when they own land of wild animals.
communally is that deforestation, for example, cutting down trees - Increased population that has reduced the land available for a
for firewood nomadic life.
- Over harvesting of veld products/depletion - Government resettlement programmes like Remote Areas Dwellers
- Conflicts over usage (R.A.D)
- The land can be taken anytime by the government - Increasing levels of education amongst the Basarwa.

22
- Land cannot be sold - Anti-poaching laws that prevent Basarwa from hunting.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe characteristics of production among hunting and gathering Describe ways an entrepreneur can raise capital for production
societies
- Personal savings/insurance policies
- Simple technology/tools/labour intensive
- Selling of shares
- Gender based division of labour/women gather/men hunt
- Loans [from financial institutions/banks]
- Communal use of land/hunting areas
- Grants/donations
- Dependence on natural resources
- Leasing/renting out property
- Subsistence production
- Craftsmanship production/use of traditional skills - Hire purchase

Describe three ways of raising capital for production - Debenture [loan from the public]/family members/friends

- Saving is abstaining from consumption and putting the money in the - Sale of assets/selling of property
bank to earn interest.
Explain the importance of capital in production
- Borrowing from the banks and financial institutions.
- Money is used in infrastructural development
- International loans from other countries, the World Bank and
International Monetary Fund. - Money buy equipment

- Investment is putting money into a business with the hope of - Money is used to buy raw materials
earning profit.
- Money is used to pay workers
- Shares are putting money in the business to get a certain percentage
of profit made. - Money used to pay utilities such as water and electricity bills

- Taxation is done by the government. It taxes workers and - Equipment is used to transform or change raw materials into semi-
companies to raise money for development. finished and finished goods

- Buildings house the machines/products

- Cars are used for transportation

23
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe three major types of technology, giving examples to illustrate your - Capital/Cost/Affordability, for example, complex technology is
answer. expensive to buy and maintain therefore only the rich countries can
afford it.
- Low/simple technology is the use of hand tools to produce goods and
services, for example, hoes, knives.
Developing countries are poor hence the technology they can only
It is cheap and made form local materials afford to use simple and intermediate.

- Intermediate technology: is the use of simple manually operated - Employment creation, for example, developing countries like
machines to produce goods and services, for example, hand sewing Botswana have high unemployment levels hence need simple and
machine, ox-drawn mould board plough. intermediate technology that are labour intensive.
It is also cheap but more efficient than low/simple technology and can
be used in small scale operations Complex technology would be inappropriate as it would lead to high
rates of unemployment.
- Advanced/Complex technology is the use of very big and
sophisticated/advanced/modern machinery to produce goods and
services on a large scale. - Environmental risks/Adaptability, for example, simple
technology causes less pollution while complex technology causes
- Most of the machinery is automatic, power driven, for example, uses pollution.
electricity and/or oil, for example, a tractor, combined harvester,
computer, etc.
- Availability of raw materials
Describe three factors determining appropriate technology

- The factor that determine appropriate technology is levels of Study Fig. 2 which is an extract about Rural Industries Innovation
development, for example, developed societies tend to concentrate Centre (RIIC)
on complex technology while developing societies concentrate on
simple and intermediate technology.
Located in Kanye, in the Southern District of Botswana, Rural Industries
- Education and skills/Availability of appropriate skills and Innovation Centre (RIIC) is the national appropriate technology development
and dissemination centre in Botswana. It undertakes new and renewable
knowledge, for example, complex technology needs highly energy activities with projects in solar cooking and pumping, biogas, energy
educated and skilled people to operate and maintain while simple management, and solar cold room.
technology and intermediate technology need less skills and Source: RIIC’s website http:// www.ripco.co.bw
education. Fig.2

24
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe factors which might make solar energy appropriate for
Botswana.

- Botswana has many months of sunshine/ sunshine is readily

available

- It is clean /environmentally friendly.

- RIIC can develop/install/maintain any required solar machines.

Fig.3
- It is easy to use.

- It is affordable. Advantages of labour intensive disadvantages of labour intensive

production production
- It can be set up in rural area [where most Batswana live] - In Labour intensive production, little - Labour intensive may lead to
capital is needed because of the use of poor quality work and products
Suggest problems that the Rural Industries Centre might face in their simple technology. because of the use of simple
effort to disseminate new developments. technology and unskilled labour.
- It creates employment to a large
number of people
- It takes long to conduct proper needs assessment to decide
- It is the slow method of
products and technologies to develop - It is cheap to run and maintain / little production it relies heavily on
capital required since simple human manual effort
- Feasibility of developing some technologies requested by clients is technology used
low due sophistication/lack of knowledge or skills by RIIC - It leads to low level of
- It provides with an opportunity to production because of the use of
- Batswana are slow to adapt to new technologies/are traditional so train on the job simple technology.
they fail to support RIIC/Low literacy making people to be rigid
- It causes less pollution or destruction - It makes people tired because the
- Recession/ shortage of money to conduct research/ high cost to of the environment work is strenuous.
RIIC
- It requires little skills to enter or run
- Batswana shun most non-agricultural technologies
- It promotes human interaction
- Most Batswana may lack money to buy such technologies
- It encourages craftsmanship

- It uses local skills & knowledge

25
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Advantages of capital intensive Disadvantages of capital intensive Describe any three forms of specialisation in production
production production
- Labour specialisation is where each worker concentrates on a
- Greater opportunity to use - Causes pollution to the specific task
machinery / quick & efficient environment because of the
method of production use of advanced technology. - Product specialisation is where a company or business
concentrates on the production of a specific commodity or service
- Production of quality goods - Lead to high unemployment
rate because the advanced - Country specialisation is where a country concentrates on the
- Mass production makes technology requires only few production of a specific product or service
goods cheaper people to operate.
- Regional specialisation is whereby a group of countries in the same
- Acquire skills of operating area concentrate on the production of a specific product or service
- Lead to loss of craftsmanship.
machines / skills
Describe any three forms of specialisation
development / creates a lot of
skilled manpower - It is expensive to buy and - Specialisation by Individual is when a person concentrates or
maintain. gives great attention to one task only e.g. a Development Studies
- Work is made lighter and teacher, a dentist, an optometrist, etc
more enjoyable because of - Specialisation by Product is when an individual or company
the use of machinery - It requires skilled manpower. concentrates on or gives great attention to making a single
commodity e.g. Nortex Company produces towels, Kgalagadi Soap
Industries, Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc.
- Specialisation by Nation is when a country concentrates on
Describe any three types of labour producing a certain good(s) / commodity (ies) which they have
comparative advantage over e.g. Botswana produces beef &
- Specialised Labour refers to people who are experts or highly diamonds, Namibia produces fish, etc.
skilled people, for example, engineers, doctors, teachers, nurses and - Specialisation by Region is when countries of the same
lawyers. geographical area concentrate on or give great attention to a
- Skilled Labour refers to people who are highly trained in practical particular product e.g. The Middle East countries produce oil./where
work related to production, for example, artisans, surveyors, the majority of people in a particular area are engaged in the same
electricians, auto mechanics, fitters and turners. type of work due to specific skills or resource availability e.g.
- Semi-Skilled Labour refers people who are trained on-the-job for basketry in North West Botswana, phane harvesting in the Central
specific tasks. For example a spanner boy who eventually become a & North East Botswana
fully-fledged mechanic. - Specialisation by Process is when a company concentrates on or
- Unskilled Labour refers to workers who have no training at all. gives great attention to various aspects of a product e.g. at a car
Mostly used as manual labourers, for example, farm workers, assembly plant there are different areas of specialisation in the
cleaners and garden boys. process of assembling a car; there is a person responsible for fitting
the engine, the wheels, the windscreen, the wipers, the gearbox etc.

26
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
State advantages of division of labour

- The advantage of division of labour is that work can be done faster and
perfectly

- The division of labour lead to no time is wasted moving from one task
to the other

- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential

- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job (this saves a
lot of money and time)

- The advantage of division of labour is that quality goods and services

are produced

- The advantage of division of labour is that no tools lie idle / there is full
utilisation of tools and/or machinery

Explain disadvantages of division of labour Fig.4

- The disadvantage of division of labour is that work becomes Describe advantages of specialisation of labour
monotonous and boring
- The advantage of specialisation of labour is that work can be done
- The division of labour causes loss of craftsmanship faster and perfectly because the worker perform only one task.

- The division of labour increases the chances of unemployment - The little time is wasted moving from one task to the other in
specialisation of labour.
- There is a lot of interdependence in division of labour - There is a chance of exploring people’s potential.

- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job.

- Quality goods and services are produced because of use of advanced

technology.
- There is higher productivity because of the use of machinery.
- Specialisation of labour increases worker’s proficiency because of
constant repetition.
- Specialisation of labour creates a lot of employment opportunities,
for example, teaching.

27
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Explain disadvantages of specialisation of labour - The good leadership can help to increase efficiency of labour in
workplace.
- The disadvantage of specialisation of labour is that doing the same
job repeatedly leads to boredom. - The efficiency of labour can be increased through division and
specialisation of labour
- Specialisation of labour makes workers lose the initiative to exercise
judgement and responsibility. - The improved workers welfare can help to increase labour
efficiency in workplace, for example, pension and medical aid
- Specialisation of labour increased risk of unemployment because of schemes
the greater use of machinery.
- The efficiency of labour can be increased through good work
- The specialisation of labour lead to loss of craftsmanship because of ethics, for example, coming to work on time
the increased use of machinery.
Suggest factors that may reduce labour efficiency among workers in
- Specialisation of labour can increase dependency which easily leads Botswana
to disruption of production, for example, if one worker is absent.
- The factor that may reduce labour efficiency among workers in
- The concentration on one task makes it difficult for one to acquire Botswana is poor work ethics/laziness/culture of
other skills. laziness/absenteeism from work
- The alcoholism/drug abuse may reduce labour efficiency among
Describe the factors that increase the efficiency of labour workers in Botswana.
- The labour efficiency among worker may be reduced by dirty
- The factor that increase labour efficiency is that of increased leisure unattractive working conditions
and rest - The low wages/salaries may reduce labour efficiency among
workers.
- The efficiency of labour can be increased through education and - The labour efficiency among worker may be reduced by poor
training, supervision/management
- The labour efficiency among worker may be reduced by lack of
- The efficiency of labour can be increased through motivation which training
offering incentives to workers such as higher wages, rewards, - The labour efficiency among worker may be reduced by lack of
promotion at work and bonuses/13th cheque machines/equipment/tools to use
- The crippling effect of deadly diseases may reduce labour
- The improved working conditions can increase efficiency of efficiency among workers such as HIV/AIDS and Covid-19
labour, for example, well ventilated workplace/ventilation - The poor/congested transportation routes causing late arrivals at
work, for example, Gaborone/ poor infrastructure
- The efficiency of labour can be improved through improved - The lack of motivation may reduce labour efficiency among
technology, for example, Workers who use advanced technology workers, for example, low wages
will be more productive. - The labour efficiency among worker may be reduced by conflict
among workers

28
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe any three roles played by an entrepreneur. Study the figure below which shows economic production systems and
answer questions that follows.
- Organisation of land, labour and capital to produce goods and
services.
- Decision-making on what to produce, how to produce and where
to produce.
- Management/leadership of the day to day running of business or
enterprise.
- Risk bearer which is the ability to take risks and steer the business
to be a success.

Fig.6

Describe the characteristics/features of market economic production

Fig.5
- Private property is when individuals have the right to own and
What are the qualities of a good entrepreneur? control the means of production, for example, labour, land and
capital.
- The qualities of a good entrepreneur is that of been
- Freedom of choice is when people are free to choose what to
innovative/creative in the running of the business
- Initiative/self-motivated produce, how to produce and where to produce.
- Good organisational skills/good planner/good - Freedom of enterprise is when people are free to start businesses
manager/interpersonal skills of their choice.
- Risk bearing/capability to bear risk - Self- interest is when people are motivated by the need to make
- Good motivator of employees profits for themselves.
- Good decision maker - Competition is when businesses compete against each other.
- Hard worker/productive
- Price mechanism is when the laws of supply and demand determine
- Able to move with the times
- Good leader/loyal to workers/good communicator/responsible/lead the prices for goods and services.
by example - Government role is minimal which means there is little
government interference with the running of the economy.

29
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the advantages of market economic production Study the figure below which shows world economies and
answer the questions that follows
- The economy responds quickly to the people’s needs and wants.
- Entrepreneurs always try to use the resources as efficiently as
possible in order to get the most profit out of them.
- High quality goods and services because of fierce competition.
- Entrepreneurs are always motivated to make a success of their
businesses because they want to make profit.
- Highly productive because of the use of mass production methods.
- Capitalist countries have achieved the highest levels of development
in the world, for example, japan and U.S.A. Fig.7
- Anyone has the chance to become rich provided he or she has the
business skills. State five characteristics of planned economy:
Explain the disadvantages of market economic production system
Describe the characteristics of planned/socialist economic production
- It ignore production of basic needs so people might suffer/shortage system
of basic needs/profit motive so it ignore production of basic needs
- The system is controlled by money o only those with money can - Government is the only entrepreneur/ businesses are funded by the
participate/ small businesses collapse due to government
competition/monopolies
- Inequality between the rich and the poor increase so there will be - Prices of goods and services are controlled by the government
unbalanced development
- Profit motive results in exploitation of workers/unemployment
- People work for the good of the society/ the aim of the production
- Too much competition results in unethical business practices
is to supply people’s needs/ collective interest
- Profit motive leads to damage of the environment
- Lack of serious planning may result in duplication of production
- Competition between businesses is prohibited
activities
- Free market may lead to illegal substances finding their way into the
market
- The means of production are owned by the government on behalf of
- Too much competition lowers prices of goods and services
the people
Rule: 1 mark for disadvantage and 1mark for explanation
- The government controls all parts of the economy

30
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the advantages of planned economy/socialism State the features/characteristics of mixed economic production system

- It satisfies all the people’s basic needs, for example, food, shelter - There is both private and state/public ownership of resources.
and clothes. - There is freedom of enterprise.
- The benefits of production are distributed equally among the whole - The government also operates enterprises, for example. State
population. corporations/ parastatals.
- Everyone has the right to work or employment. - The government plans for the economy, for example, National
- The goods and services are made available at low prices Development Plans.
- The government interferes in the running of the economy through
Describe the disadvantages of the socialist economic system the following ways, Taxation of businesses, Legislation, for
- It is too bureaucratic/red tape example, company laws and labour laws, Quality control, for
- It encourages laziness / lack of self interest
- There is lack of competition, which results in poor quality goods example, through the Botswana Bureau of Standards, Price
- It stifles creativity/initiative monitoring, and Provision of basic infrastructure, for example,
- Lack of personal choice or freedom / restricted choice roads, power, railways and water.
- Inefficient use / waste of resources as they are not allocated by price - The government provides social services for the people such as
- Planning gaps/some places are left undeveloped/unattended education, health, sanitation and social welfare.

Describe the disadvantages of planned economy

Describe the advantage of mixed economic production system
- It is difficult to plan for the whole country and these results in a lot - It redistributes the benefits of production through the taxing of
of mistakes. businesses.
- It suppresses individual freedom to think and act. - Helps the poor through the welfare system.
- State appointed managers are inefficient because they are appointees - The government provides the basic needs of the people.
rather than entrepreneurs. - The government protects the workers from exploitation.
- There is technological inefficient because managers are prohibited - Consumers obtain quality goods and services.
- The environment is protected from unnecessary damage by laws.
coming up with new ideas or make changes.
- People are free to establish enterprise of their choice.
- Very luxury goods are produced hence the people’s lives are
uncomfortable. State the disadvantages of mixed economic production system
- A very limited choice for consumers since all goods and services are Ideas such as:
produced by the state. - The government may discourage investment through laws and
- There is a low productivity level because of over-employment, heavy taxation.
inefficient management and low morale of the workers. - Government always ends up in debt because of public expenditure.
- The welfare system encourages people to be lazy and irresponsible.
NB: However most of the socialist are moving towards the Capitalist - State enterprises are inefficient and a drain to the economy.
mode of production.

31
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the features that shows that Botswana follows a mixed Explain the benefits of choosing a mixed economic production system
economic production system.
- The government social welfare programme ensures that everybody
- The feature that show that Botswana follows a mixed economic
has access to basic needs.
production system is that parastatals operating side by side with the
private businesses. For example, Botswana Power Corporation and
Choppies. - The government labour laws protects workers from exploitation
through coming up with labour laws.
- The prices determined by market forces while the government
controls prices for some goods and services, for example, petrol and
maize meal.
- The benefit of choosing a mixed economic production system is
having environmental laws that prevent damage to the environment.
- The government schools and universities such as University of
Botswana and Botswana International University Of Research
Science and Technology operating alongside private schools and - The presence of government businesses or parastatals ensures
universities such as Botho College and Baisago University College. availability of essential goods and services, for example, water and
electricity.
- The government hospitals and clinics operating alongside private
hospitals and clinics. For example, Nyangagwe Hospital in
Francistown and Riverside Hospital in Francistown. The
government prepares National Development Plans while individuals - The government price control ensures that basic needs are sold at
implement them. affordable prices, for example, water, electricity, mealie meal and
petrol.
- The government set regulations for business operations such as
quality control, price monitoring while individuals are free to make - The government laws and regulations prevent immorality, for
other decisions.
example, banning of pornographic materials. The element of
- The government gives free food or basic needs to destitute while freedom of enterprise allows high achievers to excel.
other people must buy for themselves. The government exempts the
poor from paying school fees whilst other people pay.

32
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Describe the advantages of a sole proprietor
Study Fig. 8 which shows a sole proprietor form of enterprise
- This type of ownership is advantageous because the owner is usually
self- motivated and has every reason to make the business become
as efficient as possible.
- The individual owner is in full charge and can devote as much of his
time and energy to the business as he or she wishes.
- The owner has no need to consult or involve anyone when making
a new policy for the business. This allows the owner to put decisions
into effect without having to convince others.
- Sole trader or sole proprietors are usually small and this allows the
owner to have more closer and personal contact with both the
employees and customers.
- In most cases, it requires small amount of capital to start.
- Sole trader pays tax for development of the country.
Fig.8 - Sole trader creates jobs.
With the aid of fig. 8, describe the characteristics of sole proprietorship
Suggest the problems of operating Sole proprietorship in a developing
- The characteristic of sole proprietorship is that business owned by country
only one person
- Wrong decisions may be made (due to lack of check points for
decision making)/Lack of consultation
- The profit/loss in sole proprietorship are for the owner alone
- It may be difficult to raise enough capital (for expansion alone)/less
- The owner is the one responsible for providing all capital needed to
capital
set up and run the business
- The business lacks (assured) continuity/when the owner dies, the
business also dies
- The owner uses his/her labour/assisted perhaps by one/two worker/
family members
- The business also lacks credit worthiness (to get loan)
- The business tends to be small in size although it is not always
- The owner is over-worked as he/she is everything to the
so/small scale
business/never goes on holiday
- The business has unlimited liabilities/responsible person’s assets are
- Since the individual owner bears all the risks, he or she is liable for
at risk
all the debts and losses of the business/unlimited liability
- The sole proprietorship is registered under the name of the owner
- The business will not enjoy economies of scale
- Competition from large scale businesses

33
- The decisions are made by the owner/ owner manages the business

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe disadvantages of a sole proprietor Study the fig.9 below which is an extract on parastatals

- Individuals usually have small amounts of capital and this might

hinder the expansion of the enterprise.

- The success of the business depends on the owner’s abilities, and

on his or her death or retirement, the business might be affected by Fig.9
the person who inherits it. If the inheritor is not a good business
person, the company will obviously collapse. With the aid of the above extract, describe characteristics of parastatals
- Since the individual owner bears all the risks, he or she is liable for - They are established by an Act of parliament/set up by the
all the debts and losses of the firm. government
- They are owned by the government/assets are publicly owned
- Liability is limited; this means the owners assets are at risk. - Chief Executive Officer (CEO) handle daily operations/daily
management
- Sole trader is at times has difficulties to get money or loan to - They are funded by the government
finance the business since banks need security. - Profit goes to the government
- They focus on the provision of useful goods and services
- There are no economies of scale. This means the sole trader cannot - Large scale businesses
buy in bulk to experience discounts.
Suggest benefits (advantages) of operating parastatals to a developing
- The division of labour may be difficult to organise because of the country
small size of the business, resulting in little sharing of the
workload, hence the owner is overworked. This may affect - Parastatal prevent duplication of production which is wasteful
productivity and labour efficiency. - Parastatals allows for economies of scale because they are large
- Parastatals ensures that essential goods and services are available
State the advantages of a private company even though are expensive to produce/provide, for example, water
supply and electricity supply
- They have a lot of potential in increasing public awareness of an - Parastatal provide sufficient capital for large scale development/
issue. source of income for the government
- Parastatals rescue dying industries in order to protect employment
- The private sector is profit and efficiency driven, and as such tends - Parastatals helps to create employment
to have a highly productive staff. - Parastatals helps the government to implement its policies
- Parastatals industries of strategic importance are in the hands of
the government rather than private individuals, for example,
- The private sector is demand and client driven and therefore very atomic power/electricity
responsive to the people’s needs. - Parastatal also serve as a strategy to promote industrialisation in
the country
- The sector is very flexible compared to others in that it has to amend - They are source of foreign exchange

34
its service to fit the public whenever a need arises. - They encourage infrastructural development

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Explain some parastatals have been privatised Give reasons why in most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals
such as Botswana Power Corporation (BPC)
- To increase wealth/GDP/GNP of a country
- To raise capital from sale of shares - To avoid exploitation of consumers/to offer electricity at
- To reduce the burden of running production for the affordable price
government/reduce expenditure of the country /reduce government
spending on daily running of businesses - To ensure continuous supply
- To encourage more people to own shares as a way of promoting
citizen empowerment - To achieve economies of scale
- To encourage competition in some business areas where there is
monopoly - Electricity is strategic ,so it is better in the hands of the
- To reduce trade union power since private companies are less government than of individuals/ electricity is an essential service
likely to give into demands by unions
- To increase efficiency in production since private productions will - The government has sufficient or enough funds to carry out such a
respond to market forces/ to reduce bureaucracy large scale service
- To reduce political interference from the businesses
- To attract foreign direct investment (FDI) so that individual - To ensure provision of electricity to remote areas even when it is
companies pay tax uneconomic/to promote government policy of rural electrification

Suggest problems that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of

Study the fig.10 below which is an extract on provision of electricity by power supply
Botswana Power Corporation (BPC)

- Lack of entertainment/most televisions and radios are off due

power cuts
- Failures to do house chores which need power/disruption of life
(Allow examples)
- Poor security due to lack of lights
- Lack of cell phone/telephone network/lack of communication
- Shopping is disrupted/most of shops are closed
- Disruption of study
- Provision of health services is disrupted (Allow examples), for
example, x-ray machines and theatre for operations will not
function without electricity
- Easy flow of traffic is disrupted/traffic lights stop working
Fig.10 - Damage to electrical appliances
- Production is disrupted/machines stop working

35
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the disadvantages of parastatals Explain how Multi-National Corporations benefit (advantages) host
countries or developing countries
- They tend to waste state funds if they are not run properly, which is
a great cost to taxpayers. - They pay tax to the host government. (Benefit to the government)
- They often lead to monopolies whereby the government owns most - They increase employment opportunities. (Benefit to the people)
of the profitable enterprises and competes with small companies and - They bring new technology to the host countries. (Technical
this might lead to the collapse of the small companies. knowhow)
- Parastatal mostly tends to provide goods and services of poor quality - They bring in foreign currency when they export from the host
due to monopolies. country. (International trade)
- Most are too expensive to run and over stretch the taxpayer’s money. - They enjoy greater economies of scale.
- Lack of initiative amongst workers leads to inefficiency in - They give support, mostly financial to the local social clubs and
production. associations. (Money)
- Uniform products may not satisfy everyone’s taste. - They offer goods and services of better quality and variety to
customers.
- They widen the country’s income base increasing Gross National
Study the fig.11 below which shows the relationship between Multi- Products.
National Corporations (MNCs) and developing countries.
Describe the problems (disadvantages) that Multi-National
Corporations cause to developing countries.

- At times they dominate economies by monopolistic practices.

- Sometimes they bring in their own expert instead of training locals

for managerial positions within the host country.

- Attracts experts/skilled locals to work for them at the expense of

local industries.

- They encourage dependency and neo-colonialism through

dependence on foreign technology.

- They may take all the profits back to the country of their origin.

Fig.11 - Sometimes they interfere with the policies of the host country.

36
- Some are too powerful for the host country to control.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
State the advantages of a joint venture Describe the advantages of partnership

- Cost sharing in buying materials or goods

- Efficient/prudent management/sharing management ideas/skills - The decision may be delayed by consultation.
- Increased resource base
- Economies of scale, for example, experience discount when buying in - The withdrawal of one or some partners may cause the partnership
bulk or buying many goods. to dissolve.
- They reduce unnecessary competition between companies selling the - Lack of capital may limit expansion.
same products which allow them to share the profits and losses.
- Unlimited liability.
- Joint ventures can expand easily and make more profits because they
have a lot of capital. - It may be difficult to find a suitable partner.
- Joint ventures can save money by buying products at low prices because
they buy in bulk. Study Fig. 12 which shows a weaving co-operative.
- They create a lot of employment by hiring many people because they
have capital

*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed

Describe the advantages of partnership in business:

- Share business skills / skills / division of labour

- Easy to set up / no winding procedures involved

- Share risks / consultative decision making

- Secrecy in business maintained / no publishing of accounts

- Share costs / contribute resources / share equipment

- Individuality maintained
- Greater chances of securing loans
- There is continuity Fig.12
- Partnership allows for division of labour
- In partnership create continuity is assured.
- It is easy to set up.
- There is shared decision making.
- Secrecy in business is maintained.
- There is a greater chance of security for loans.

37
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the advantages (benefits) of being a member of a co-operative. Study Fig. 13, which shows some of the government policies in
Botswana.
- Skills sharing/ members learn new skills
- Easy to raise a high amount of capital/group investment
- Opportunity for division of labour/sharing of tasks
- Members share ideas
- Collective decision making/ good decisions are made
- Improves marketing of products
- Easy access to financial assistance from financial institutions
- Sharing of a common market/reduced competition
- Sharing of a common market/reduced competition
- Collective saving gives opportunity for bigger interest rates
- Cost sharing, for example, transport is shared so the cost is shared
- Bulk buying of raw materials or inputs makes them cheaper Fig.13
- Poverty alleviation
- Employment creation
Describe each policy shown in Fig. 13.
Suggest how a government can ensure that co-operatives are successful.  Citizen empowerment is when the government equips nationals
with skills and other means so that they can participate in the
- Provide entrepreneurial skills or upskilling
- Provide storage facilities economy of the country/development/ creating social, political and
- Provide funding or financial assistance economic opportunities so that nationals take part in the
- Improve transport networks development/economy
- Provide technological assistance or invest in technological
development  Localisation is when the government replaces foreign workers with
- Assist with quality assurance or standards, for example, Botswana nationals/citizens/locals/ the government reserves some businesses
Bureau of Standards (BOBS) for locals
- Mentoring or giving expert advice or incubation strategy
- Market the products or services/ provide a market for the  Privatisation of parastatals is when the government transfers
cooperatives ownership of its businesses to individuals/companies usually
- Provide subsides through selling.
 Women and property ownership is when the government allows
women to own big possessions, for example houses and forms or

38
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 The government recognises the rights of women to own big Describe the advantages of privatisation/Explain the benefits of
privatisation
possessions such as businesses and houses.
[RULE: Do not penalise for repetition of terms] - Improves efficiency because of competition and profit
- Increases participation in ownership of national assets / citizen
empowerment
For three of the policies shown in Fig. 13, suggest two ways by which each - Reduces public bureaucracy or delays in decision making
- Accelerates economic growth by stimulating entrepreneurship
policy may improve production.
- Reduces prices and public sector budget deficit through enhancing the
 Citizen Empowerment quality of goods and services
- Increase businesses as locals are given financial assistance - Empowers citizens where such sales are restricted to them
- Increased production as citizens are trained or become - Revenue/govt. gets tax from companies/revenue from sale of shares
- Removes burden from government.
skilled
- Increases foreign direct investment
 Localisation - Private companies take social responsibilities
- Locals are likely to work harder for their country or
national pride Describe the disadvantages of privatisation:
- Local businesses are given financial assistance - There is massive job losses due to redundancy
- Locals are trained or given courses - Open to abuse by corrupt political bureaucrats
- Widens the gap between the rich and the poor
 Privatisation of parastatals
- Expensive due to adverts and publicity
- Efficient use of resources will result in high production - It is a transfer of monopoly from public to private hands/may lead to
- Possibility of increased foreign direct investment (FDI) to emergence of private monopolies
fuel production through more capital or technology transfer - Will lead to hyper-inflation to meet initial costs
- Improved quality of goods and services
Suggest problems that may be caused by privatisation
- Many privatised assets are sold too cheaply so tax payer loses/
 Women and property ownership
encourages corruption
- More women owned businesses will increase production in - Sometime shares /businesses can be in the hands of foreign
the economy companies so profits will go out of the country.
- Increased production in women inclined industries, for - Shares are often bought the rich businesses so locals fail to
example, Fashion and Design, Interior design, Beauty participate/widens the gap between the rich and poor
Parlours, Knitting and pottery - Privatisation may result in lower wages/poor working conditions
- Inherited funds can be used as capital for investment for workers/exploitation of workers
- Attempts to make profit often result in higher prices making
- Government allows females or women to own big or large
consumers suffer
possessions or assets/material/goods - Sometimes privatisation simply changes state monopoly to a
private monopoly
[Accept any two correct points per policy] - Privatised businesses often reduce workforce/loss of employment

39
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 - Private companies are profit driven so they fail to take care of the Suggest challenges that the government may face when trying to follow
environment, for example, pollution the localisation policy.

The role of government in privatisation:

- shortage of skilled locals
- Sets up regulatory price mechanism
- Makes laws that govern privatisation process - Poor work ethics among citizens
- Sets up prices of assets to be privatised
- Shortage of funds to implement the policy
- Empower citizens
- Provide loans/grants - Lengthy training programmes that may delay the process, for example,
medical doctors
Describe ways by which privatization can benefit developing countries
such as Botswana - Brain drain where trained locals prefer to work in developed countries
- Improves infrastructural development rather than at home
- Allows citizens to own businesses/citizen empowerment - Lack of experience among locals slows down production, for example,
- Country’s revenue is increased due to payment of tax/from
government enterprises when a fresh local graduate replaces an experienced expatriate graduate
- Efficiency is improved/quality goods/services improves. - The policy creates conflict between home government and other
- Government burden of running enterprises is reduced.
- Improves the country’s GDP/GNP/economic growth/income. governments/ it strains foreign relations/ promotes xenophobia.
- Improves the country’s foreign exchange/exports.
- Reduces government monopoly
- Reduces political interference [RULE: Award slowing down of the economy/productivity if it is the
- Reduces bureaucratic red tape only answer]
- Skills development
- Technological advancement Give three advantages of localisation policy in Botswana
- Privatization attracts Foreign Direct Investment [FDI]
Describe the benefits of localisation of labour in Botswana: - Promotes socio-economic development of locals
- It promotes the socio-economic development of locals
- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s - Creates employment for locals
independence
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show - It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s
too much respect for foreigners independence
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- Creates employment for citizens - It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show
- Development is in accordance to culture too much respect for foreigners
- There is possibility of making long term decisions as there is no fear of
end of contract - Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- Locals acquire necessary skills
- Workers are patriotic and have their national interest at heart - It saves money used on expatriates

40
- Saves money wasted on foreigners

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Explain ways through which your government empower citizens Describe ways by which the government of Botswana empowers citizens.

How does your government empower citizens?

- Training/educating citizens
- Guaranteeing locals access to credit facilities e.g. National
- Provision of financial assistance to locals
Development Bank (NDB) and Citizen Entrepreneurial Development
Agency (CEDA)/ providing loans at low interest rates to nationals - Providing opportunity for locals to vote in elections
- Provision of information through radio, television, newspapers on
- Organising markets for local producers
various issues
- Giving locals tax holidays which is allowing newly established from
- Provision of health services to fight/ cure/control/treat diseases
pay tax for a certain period of time and subsidies is covering part of
expenses on materials used in production - Teaching locals their rights
- Government providing a market to citizens or tenders
- Protecting infant industries, for Import Substitution Strategy and Export
Oriented Strategy can be used to protect local industries from - Marketing of local goods and services to outside markets
competition
- localisation
- Making some production exclusively for locals, for example, saloons
and transportation such as buses and taxies industry
What problems may hinder the implementation of citizen
empowerment in Botswana?
Suggest factors that make it difficult for the government of Botswana to
empower citizens
- Fronting is when citizens are given money by foreigners to start a
- Fronting (when foreigners use citizens to invest in businesses business and become silent partners or shareholders.
reserved only for citizens by giving them money to look as if they
are once owning them) - Insufficient market to sell the goods produced by locals or nationals or
- Insufficient market/lack of markets citizens
- Lack of commitment from bureaucrats/ lack of political will or
support/information not reaching the people enough - Poor business skills/ lack of entrepreneurial skills by locals
- Conflicting government programmes/ lack of proper coordination
of programmes by the government - Lack of commitment from the bureaucrats or those in power or the
- Corruption/nepotism/favouritism/bribery/misuse of money government or politicians
- Lack of proper monitoring
- Laziness/laxity by locals to access government programmes/lack
of cooperation from the people
- Lack of money for programmes by the government
- Lack of money by the people

41
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Study Fig. 14 which shows different types of production.
Identify and define the sectors of production

- Primary Sector involves the extraction of raw materials, for

example, mining, fishing, farming

- Secondary Sector deals with the manufacturing of

products/processing/turning raw materials into semi-finished or
finished goods e.g. Kgalagadi Soap Industries, Kgalagadi Breweries
Limited, etc.

- Tertiary Sector is the services provision sector or where goods and

services are distributed to the customers, for example, transport,
banking, Metsef etc.

- Quaternary Sector involves the use of information technology

where there is use of computers
Fig.14
State three benefits of the secondary sector
Describe each type of production shown in Fig. 14 - Promote economic linkages (Economic linkages is when industries
that produce goods and services depend on each other )
- Primary production is the extraction/removal/collection of raw
materials from the environment without changing their form - Value added products produced/ semi-finished and finished goods
will be produced/ goods that are ready for use
- Secondary production is the transformation/processing,
manufacturing, changing of raw materials into semi-finished and - Increased returns/ helps to maximise profit by selling finished goods
finished products and goods
- Control of the prices

- Tertiary production deals with provision of services to support - Stability in prices & demand enjoyed
production [Allow examples]

- Quaternary is the activities concerned with research, compilation,

processing, dissemination of the research information to improve
human resources or production.

[4 at 1mark each]

42
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Suggest ways by which the productivity of the secondary sector could be Explain why investing in livestock farming in Botswana may be risky.
improved in Botswana.
- Meat/beef prices can fail easily
- Training workers/entrepreneurs , for example, Local Enterprise - Livestock can be attacked by diseases, for example, foot and mouth
Authority (LEA) - Livestock can be attacked by pests, for example, tsetse fly
- Importation of raw materials - Drought can result in death of many animals
- Provision of cheaper utilities ,for example, water and electricity - Drought can reduce the quality of meat (grade/value)
- Provision of funding/ loans at low interest rate, for example, - Other livestock producers can bring too much competition
through Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA) - Demands by importers , for example, European Union (EU) market
and National Development Bank (NDB) can make sales difficult with their terms and conditions
- Provision of serviced land/infrastructure, for example, availability
of water, tarred roads, telecommunication network and electricity Study Fig. 15 which shows stages of industrial development
- Reduction of bureaucratic process/delay in decision making/red
tape
- Use of improved /better technology
- Inviting foreign investors/Multi-National Companies (MNCs)
- Marketing/ finding market for locally produced goods
- Use of import substitution strategy and export oriented strategy

Describe ways by which Botswana has benefited from primary

production

- Employment creation/improved standard of living of workers

- Foreign exchange/export of raw materials such as diamonds,
cooper, nickel and soda ash
- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads, improved
telecommunication network such as internet
- Botswana famous for beef production and diamond mining
- Stimulation of industrial growth, for example, meat processing and Fig.15
diamond polishing
- Food from production Using Fig. 1 only, describe the employment trend for each of the sectors
- Acquisition of skills through training of production shown in the post-industrial stage.
- Technological advancement
- Source of income - The primary sector employment is decreasing
- Increased GDP/GNP/GNP per capita /falling/dropping/slow
- The secondary sector employment is decreasing/falling/dropping
- The tertiary sector employment is increasing
- The quaternary sector employment is increasing/rising/fast

43
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the benefits of a growing tertiary industry international financial institutions such as the World Bank and
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- Increased market - Foreign reserves helps to secure the country’s financial future/helps
- Greater opportunities for new business/diversification during emergencies
- Job creation
Describe ways of promoting investment by citizens
- Infrastructural development
- Tax earning - Credit schemes/ facilities/ loans/grants/financial assistance, for
- Foreign exchange example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA)
- Skills development
- Skills development - Training in business skills, for example, Local Enterprise Authority
- Technological advancement (LEA)
- Improvement in production
- Providing infrastructure/serviced plots, for example, plots with
- Reduced imports
tarred roads, water, telecommunication networks and electricity

Suggest reasons why countries of the south still export mainly primary - Protectionism/protection of infant industries/localisation/citizen
product empowerment

- Unfair trade patterns/ countries of the South are viewed as a source - Marketing of local products, for example, Botswana Export
of raw materials Development Investment Agency (BEDIA)/buy local products
- They are seen as market for manufactured goods/Neo-colonialism campaign
- Lack of technological capacity/machines
- Reserving some businesses for locals/citizens only, for example,
- Lack of capital/debts transportation industry such as taxies and buses and saloons
- Lack of industrial skills/ training
- They suffer from rigidity/unwillingness to accept and effect change - Tax holidays/rebates/tax lowering ( Tax holiday is when newly
- Principle of comparative advantage established businesses are exempted from paying tax for a certain
period of time)
Describe the benefits of having foreign reserves by countries
- Government subsidy
- The money is invested in International Financial Markets using
international financial brokers to buy shares, bonds and equities - Encouraging import substitution industrialisation and export
hence generating profit. oriented industrialisation
- Foreign reserves as savings accrue/earns interest that is paid to the
country/loaning to other countries - Lowering inflation [reducing prices of goods and services]
- Foreign reserves helps a country to earn foreign exchange/ Foreign
Exchange Earner - Affordable utilities, for example, water and electricity
- Foreign reserves helps to enhance country’s credit worthiness [helps - Political stability

44
countries to be able to get loans from other countries and - Privatization

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Module 3: Rural Development Describe the positive effects of rural development

- The positive effect of rural development is that employment is

TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES created
OBJECTIVES
Learners should be Learners should be able to: - Empowerment of rural development [allow examples]
able to: - Reduce/alleviation of rural poverty
- Explain rural development; - Access to health care facilities/ clean drinking water/ sewage
Rural Develop an facilities/increased life expectancy
Development understanding and - Describe types of traditional rural
appreciation of the
- Access to educational facilities/increased literacy rate/increased
societies under the following school enrolment
nature of rural
headings: land use and ownership,
development. - Reduces rural-urban migration
division of labour, cultural
- There is an increase in agricultural production/commercial
activities, technology and
dependence on the environment;
production
- There is variety of goods to choose from/prices of goods may go
- Explain the concept of down due to different goods to choose from
colonialism; - Reduces the gap between the rich and the poor
- Increases production of raw materials for industries
- Discuss the impact of colonialism - There is development of other industries: multiplier effect/ provide
on rural development with alternative source of income
specific reference to Botswana;
State the aims of rural development
- Discuss changes in rural areas in
Botswana since independence;
- To increase productivity in agric.
- Discuss positive and negative
- To improve standard of living
aspects of rural development; - To free women from triple work load
- To give women (and the rural populace) practical skills
- Discuss strategies to solve - To provide credit facilities
problems of rural development; - To create non-agriculture labour intensive manufacturing/processing
industries
- Assess different rural schemes, - To create employment
programmes and projects: - To reduce rural-urban migration
- Investigate the changing family Explain the importance of rural development
roles in rural areas.
- It brings services closer to the rural populace
- Majority of the population in developing countries live in rural areas
- It help reduce rural-urban migration
- It increases agricultural productivity
- It increases the country’s self -sufficiency in food

45
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Suggest ways in which agricultural communities differ from hunter- Describe the characteristics of subsistence farming
gatherer societies
- Agriculture is seasonal
- Agricultural Communities get food from domestic animals and plants - Labour intensive production
while hunter-gatherers get food from wild animals, wild fruits and - Limited use of machinery / low/simple technology
vegetables - Division of labour is gender based
- Communal ownership and use of land
- Agricultural Communities live in permanent settlements while hunter- - Dependence on natural inputs e.g. reliance on natural soil fertility or
gatherers are nomadic, build temporary structures as shelter rainfall for watering
- Depend on last year’s harvest for seeds
- Agricultural Communities use relatively sophisticated technology (for - Use of family labour or animal power
example, iron tools) while hunter-gatherers use simple technology - Little or no surplus for sale / no or few cash crops
- Small scale farming / small land is used / harvest is small
- Mixed cropping
Describe the division of labour in the hunter-gatherer societies - Production for family consumption
- Use of traditional methods, for example, broadcasting
- Men generally hunted with boys
- Women and girls gathered wild food What are the problems faced by subsistence farmers?
- Children took care of the aged & sick
- Men protected their families from enemies/attacks - Unfavourable climatic conditions
- Women gathered water and firewood
- Lack of machinery and tools
Describe ways by which subsistence production can be improved
- Poor soils
- Provision of extension services, for example, agricultures
demonstrators, social workers - Lack of fertilizer

- Loan and credit schemes, for example, National Development Bank - Limited variety of crops
(NDB) and Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA) -
- Shortage of land
- Provision of Training, for example, Local Authority Enterprise (LEA)
- Hand tools make work tiresome
- Infrastructure development, for example, tarred roads
- Poor farming method
- Formation of syndicates
- Pests and diseases / lack of pesticides / herbicides
- Addition of modern inputs / tools / machinery / technology / methods
- Shortage of capital / loans or credit facilities
- Formation of cooperatives

46
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe three characteristics of commercial farming What are the problems faced by commercial farmers?

- Large scale production - Unserviced land

- Produce is for sale/for profit/for market - Poor soils
- Advanced technology is used - Pests
- Paid/hired labour is used - Diseases
- Use of fertilisers/pesticides/scientific methods/hybrid seeds/treated - Poor infrastructure (storage, roads, etc.)
seeds - Natural disasters e.g. drought/unreliable rainfall
- Large plots of land - Lack of funds/expensive farm inputs
- Land is privately owned - Lack of skilled labour/lack of skills and knowledge
- Capital intensive - Shortage of market/lack of processing industries
- Monoculture - Foreign competition for market
- All year round production/perennial
- Division and specialisation of labour Explain how government schemes help solve problems faced by
- Irrigation commercial farmers in Botswana

(N.B. ……Do not credit advantages as characteristics) - Provide Funding , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development
Agency(CEDA) and National Development Bank(NDB)

Describe the benefits of commercial farming - Provide Trading / information / research , for example, Sebele, Impala

- Introduction on new technology / irrigation schemes e.g. Rural

- Mass production Innovation Industries Centre (RIIC) , Botswana Technology Centre
(BOTEC)
- Employment creation
- Storage facilities / improvement of infrastructure
- Economic linkages
- Marketing of products, for example, Botswana Agricultural Marketing
- Research and development / infrastructure Board (BAMB) , Botswana Meat Commission (BMC)

- More income generation - Control of diseases, for example, foot and mouth, cattle lung disease

- Food self-sufficiency - Extension service through Agriculture Demonstrators and Veterinary

Officers
- Forex acquisition
- Protection of smaller producers; exclusive licenses on Arable products
- Quality / improved yield/products
- Provision of Inputs, for example, ALDEP

47
- Control of pests , for example, quelea birds

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe positive aspects of rural life What problems has colonialism caused for people who live in the rural
areas in countries in Southern Africa?
- Cheap lifestyle
- Cultural bondage / familiarity with other people from the same village State three negative impacts / effects of colonialism
/ kinship ties
- Homogeneity of society
- Dependence on the environment - Low agricultural production / land dispossession / Europeans took good
- Environmental friendliness / non-polluted environs quality land from Africans
- Extended family structure which brings social security - Delay in decision-making
- Oppression of women / tripartite oppression
Describe negative aspects of rural life - Acculturation / cultural extinction / erosion / loss of culture
- Exploitation through cheap labour / servitude / Africans forced to work
- Cultural instability leads to moral decay for low wages on farms/plantations/mines
- Rural neglect; development of towns/cities at the expense of the - Sex imbalance [more women than men in rural areas]
countryside - Concentration in raw material production / African raw materials were
- Poor agric. Production due to overworked soils and poor methods of exported cheaply to the developed countries
farming - Coming of cash economies / over utilisation of land
- Rural poverty is common - A change in the direction of trade
- Urbanism - Loss of craftsmanship
- Tax enforcement
Describe ways by which a country may benefit economically from being - Family breakdown / infidelity
colonised - Detribalisation
- Increased workload for women / women as heads of families
- The way by which a country may benefit economically from being - Resistance e.g. liberation struggles
colonised is organised markets - Usurpation of chiefs’ powers / dikgosi lost their powers
- The country will have large scale farming/plantation - Indiscipline (especially of the boy child) because of absence of men
agric./ranching when is colonised - Shunning of traditional beliefs
- The country that is colonised will benefit from having
commerce/trade/cash economy/use of money/cash cropping Rule:
- The people in a country that has been colonised will have paid - The problem has to show the link of HOW the problem came
employment about as a result of colonialism
- The country may benefit economically from being colonised by having - There must be a locus i.e. the rural area should be clearly stated
technological advancement/skills development
- The way by which a country may benefit economically from being
colonised is infrastructure development, for example, tarred roads
and improved telecommunication networks
- The country may benefit economically from being colonised by having
resource development, for example, mining

48
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe three negative effects of colonialism on women. Study Fig. 1, which shows the ‘Scramble for Africa’ by European nations
which colonised African countries
- Women’s work increased/tripled due to migration of men
- Women suffered tripartite oppression [allow examples]
- Women were employed in less paying jobs, for example, cashiers
and maids
- Women earned less than men though doing the same job
- Female headed households increased due to labour migration
- Sex imbalances in rural areas [more women than men found in
rural areas due to labour migration]
- Agricultural production declined
- Migrant labour brought diseases [STDs]
- Social problems like breakdown of marriages occurred
- Decision making was delayed waiting for men to come back from
where they are working
- Disciplinary problem increased [especially from boy child]

Give three reasons for land dispossession in Africa during the colonial
period

- For infrastructure development, for example, construction of railway

line and tarred roads

- To carryout mining activities

- For agricultural production , for example, plantation, ranching

- For permanent settlement of European population

- For strategic reasons, for example, the road to the North in

Bechuanaland Protectorate and Suez Canal in Egypt which provided the
shortest route to Asia

*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed Fig.1

49
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Give reasons why European nations colonised Africa - The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in
developing countries is that of family breakdown due to labour
- The reason European nations colonised Africa was to get minerals migration or migrant labour.
and other natural resources, for example, copper, gold and
diamonds. - There was introduction of unhealthy diets during colonialism, for
example, alcoholic beverages.
- The European nations colonised Africa to exploit cheap labour.
- The colonialism lead to abolition of initiation schools
- The European nations colonised Africa to set up plantations for
- The Dikgosi lost their authority or their powers during colonialism
industries in Europe.
- The people loss of culture during colonialism
- The European nations colonised Africa to give land to European
settlers. - There was increased workload for women due labour migration as
women were not allowed to join their husbands who worked in South
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand their markets. African mines

- The European nations colonised Africa to expand political - There was loss of property during colonialism such as cattle.
influence.
Describe the causes of rural poverty
Describe the negative effects of colonialism on people in rural areas in - The cause of rural poverty is population pressure
African countries
- The rural poverty is caused by lack of alternative income
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in
developing countries is that of introduction of hut tax resulting in - The cause of rural poverty is lack of skills & technology
migration of labour.
- The rural poverty is caused by unequal access to land
- Colonialism lead to decline in food production in rural areas in
developing countries due to introduction of cash crops, for example, - The cause of rural poverty is having no capital to invest.
cotton
- The rural poverty is caused by land dispossession
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in
developing countries is that of land dispossession or Africans lost
their land.

50
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
State five social causes of rural poverty

- The social cause of rural poverty is that of illiteracy

Describe ways by which the government of Botswana can assist people
- The rural poverty is caused by large families/population pressure in rural areas to solve their problems

- The traditional beliefs/witchcraft/rigidity causes rural poverty. Describe ways by the government of Botswana attempts to solve
problems of rural poverty
- The social causes of rural poverty is migration to towns and cities
by the able bodied/breadwinners - Provision of health facilities/clinics

- The government policies that encourage laziness lead to rural - Old-age pension
poverty
- Rural industrialisation
- The social cause of rural poverty is diseases/ill-health/death of
breadwinners - Provision of extension services e.g. training/advice to farmers by
agriculture Demonstrators
State five problems associated with rural poverty
- Provision of farming inputs, for example, free seeds, subsidised
- The problem associated with rural poverty is that of soil fertilizers/tools/ machinery
degradation & erosion
- Financial assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes, for
- The deforestation led to problem associated with rural poverty example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency.

- The problem associated with rural poverty is that of water - Redistribution of land
pollution and scarcity
- Provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water
- The wastage and rubbish disposal led to problem associated with
rural poverty - Encourage family planning

- The problem associated with rural poverty is that of rural-urban - Improvement of transport facilities
migration
- Drought relief programme(Namola Leuba) / job creation
- The increase in women fertility leading to high population growth
which is associated with rural poverty. - Food ration for the disadvantaged/orphans/destitute/HIV/AIDS
patients
- The problem associated with rural poverty is loss of animal species
- World War II veterans (or their spouses) allowance
- The problem associated with rural poverty is poor pastures / poor

51
food production

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Study fig. 4 and use it to answer question (a)(i) and (a)(ii) below. Study Fig. 5, which shows element of integrated rural development.

Fig.5
Describe each element of integrated rural development shown in Fig. 3

- The element of integrated rural development which is land reforms

Describe the changes brought by Rural Integrated Development deals with redistribution of land to help landless people or deals with
helping people to have access to land.
- Improvement in roads and transport infrastructure
- Modernising farming deals with teaching people new methods of
- Introduction of cash crops
growing crops and raising livestock or introducing credit schemes to
- Provision of social services help farmers improve their activities or to improve agricultural
production.
- Farm modernisation
- Water resource management deals with helping rural people to
- Establishment of cooperatives construct small dams or providing safe water to the people.

- Training of locals to continue development - Storage and markets helps with the establishment of selling points
for farm produce and buildings for keeping farm produce, for example,
- Setting up of industries grain silos and Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB).
- Introduction of credit schemes

52
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 - Rural industries is the setting up factories in the countryside to create Explain the challenges that the government of Botswana faces when
employment or jobs. trying to provide safe water in rural areas.

- The provision of social services deals with building of schools and - The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to
clinics to improve the education and health of people in rural areas provide safe water in rural areas is that it is expensive or of lack of
funds, for example, dam construction or piping is expensive.
Explain the problems which are caused in rural areas of Botswana as
- There are few big rivers
development occurs.
- Unreliable rainfall
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as
development occurs is that of loss of culture due to modernisation. - Scattered settlements making it difficult to take advantages of
economies of scale.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as
development occurs is that of increase in crime. - Vandalism by the rural people/ people vandalising pipe work or
livestock
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as
- Relocation of the people to pave way for dams may be unwelcomed by
development occurs is that people may be forced to relocate to give
people.
way to industries and other infrastructure, for example,
construction of tarred roads, schools and dams. - Culture/ traditional beliefs may block government efforts.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as Explain why rural development scheme often fail in Botswana
development occurs is that of high cost of food.
- Severe and persistent drought.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as
development occurs is that of commercialisation of life. - Dependency syndrome among farmers who now expected the
government to provide them with everything.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as
development occurs is that mobility of people increases and this - Most of the grants were used for non-agricultural activities.
could encourage spread of diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS.
- They mostly benefited the rich and literate farmers.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as
- Most farmers did not co-operate.
development occurs is that of pollution.
- Some farmers were resistant to change.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as
development occurs is that of deforestation and soil erosion.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as

53
development occurs is that of low production in agriculture.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Suggest ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help - They may get government grants and credit through joining a
people in rural areas to improve their standard of living. cooperative / They may obtain loans/credit through the cooperative
- They may share in communal tasks thus spreading the labour /
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people collective work on irrigation, dam building etc.
in rural areas to improve their standard of living is through fund income - Sharing of profit and loan repayment
generating activities or provide capital for people to start businesses.
Describe the services provided by cooperatives
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people
- Sales of agricultural equipment
in rural areas to improve their standard of living is by employing rural
- Government extension services
people in projects. - Credit schemes/provision of loans
- Marketing and selling of produce
- Train people in practical skills - Storage of produce
- Purchase and supply of fuel & inputs
- Buy rural products or crafts - Maintenance of vehicles
- Buying of produce from farmers
- Provide basic needs to the needy, for example, food and shelter
Identify three changes that have taken place in rural areas in Botswana since
- Teach people to utilize local natural resources or veld products independence
- Promote environmental awareness - Rural electrification
- Provision of piped water
- Advocate for human rights - Tarred roads
- Telecommunications
- Improve infrastructure, for example, roads. - Allocation of land by land boards
- Designated land use
Describe the advantages [benefits] of joining a farmers’ cooperative - Commercialisation of agriculture
Explain the importance of any three types of infrastructure to industry
- They may buy inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer, fuel, in bulk
and cheaper / collective purchase of farm inputs - Transport is needed to carry/ferry/transport goods from one point to
- They may join together to buy modern equipment such as a tractor or the other
truck and share its use
- They may hire tractors or teams of oxen rather than each having to pay - Power is needed to operate machines / for lighting / welding, etc.
for their own
- They may market their produce together and save on transport and - Telecommunications is needed to communicate with suppliers etc.
other costs
- They may get and be able to share expert advice on farming - Buildings are needed to store goods and operate business from / offer
methods/They may be able to invite government extension workers to services from
talk to them and share ideas

54
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
How can investment in rural areas be encouraged - The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that
of construction of dams such as Ntimbale dam, Lotsane dam,
- Financial assistance, for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Dikgatlong dam and drilling of boreholes.
Development Agency (CEDA) - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of recreational or entertainment facilities, for
- Provide training/entrepreneurial skills example, stadia such as Masunga Sports Complex and Molepolole
Sports Complex.
- Tax holidays for those investing in rural areas/incentives for those
investing in rural areas - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of rural industries.
- Open up market for rural goods
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred road networks Botswana is that of clinics and hospitals.

- Commercializing agriculture/agricultural development schemes - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that modern houses.
Describe three infrastructural changes that have taken place in many rural - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
areas in Botswana. Botswana is that of airports and airstrips.

- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Study Fig. 7, which is an extract on rural development.
Botswana is that of rural electrification.
Since Botswana’s independence in 1966, the major challenges facing the
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is country has been rural development, and the critical issue that needed urgent
that of piped water. attention has been, and still is, poverty alleviation. In an effort to achieve
rapid social and economic development, as well as promote social justice,
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that various policies, programmes and strategies have been formulated to address
of tarred roads and bridges. development issues in the country.

- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that Fig.7
of telecommunications networks. Describe how rural areas in Botswana have improved since
independence.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of construction of schools. - Wide tarred roads have been constructed
- The in change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is - More schools have been built
that of construction of market centres such as Botswana Agricultural
Marketing Board (BAMB), Cooperatives and cattle ranches.
- More health services have been provided/clinics/health
centres/hospitals built

55
- Increased agricultural extension service

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 - Increased livestock and crop production/ improved agricultural - Construction of educational facilities to increase literacy rate and to
infrastructure assist learners to qualify for upper levels of education

- Provision of agricultural marketing centres, for example Botswana - Construction of health facilities to treat the ill or injured people / to
Agricultural Marketing Board, Botswana Meat Commission improve people’s health

- Establishment of rural industries/shops in rural areas - Construction of houses by Village Development Committees to
provide accommodation
- Rural electrification, improved/modern housing
- Rural electrification to provide power
- Improved telecommunications
Describe challenges which result from development in rural areas.
- Provision of piped water
- Loss of culture, for example, changes in diet
- Agricultural disease control
- Increased population/ migration
Explain the importance of any three rural development projects in
Botswana. - Overharvesting of natural resources

- Road construction to improve transport - Increased crime

- Borehole drilling to supply clean water - Commercialisation of life/ increased cost of living

- Connection of water pipes/ construction of water treatment plants to - People living in heterogeneous groups instead of homogeneous
supply clean water groups thereby decreasing unity/ understanding

- Markets stalls to provide shelter for small scale businesses operations - Deforestation due to infrastructural development/ industrialisation
process
- Dam construction to supply clean water
- Complexity of life as opposed to the simple traditional life
- Bus shelter erection to protect travellers from harsh weather
conditions - Pollution [allow example]

- Construction of Kgotla buildings to protect people/attendants from - Poor sanitation/hygiene

harsh weather

- Construction of community halls to provide venues for activities

56
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
How can the foot & mouth (or cattle lung) disease affect the rural Rural development schemes in Botswana;
economy in Botswana? - SLOCA, LG 17, ALDEP, ARAP, AE 10, Drought Relief (Namola
Leuba), NAMPAAD, CEDA
- Shortage of meat and milk to supplement diet leading to poor health
& low productivity

- Retrenchment at cattle posts, meat processing industries

- Low standards of living; some families will have nothing or less

cattle and by products to sell and earn a living

- Lack of / shortage of draught power

- Rural urban migration

Suggest ways by which duties of family members in rural areas have

changed as a result of the development process.

- Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters look after large livestock

- Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters do paid work/jobs

- Husbands/sons/grandfathers/fathers babysit/look after children

- Grandmothers/mothers/wives make decisions

- Children attend school

- Grandfathers/fathers/husbands grow food crops

- Husbands do household chores

- Mothers/grandmothers head families/ female headed households

- Child headed families

57
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
- Investigate the impact of
industrialisation on their
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES locality.
OBJECTIVES
Urbanisation Explain the - Explain urbanisation,
dynamics of urban growth, rural-urban,
Learners should be Learners should be able to:
urbanisation and its urban-urban migration
able to:
impact on
and primates cities;
development in
Industrialisation Describe the process - Explain the
Botswana and the
of industrialisation industrialisation; - Discuss the effects of
SADC region.
and its impact on urbanisation;
development.
- Evaluate different
strategies for - Suggest possible solutions
industrialisation including to problems of
import substitution, export urbanisation;
oriented industries, small
and large scale enterprise, - Explain the formal and
multi-national companies, informal sectors of the
local investment and joint economy;
venture;
- Account for the growth of
- Describe the the formal and informal
characteristics of modern sectors;
industries including
mechanisation, advanced - Discuss the problems of
technology, a wide range the informal sector of the
of raw materials, synthetic economy and suggest
products, division of possible solutions;
labour, automation,
robotics, feminisation of - Compare and contrast the
the labour force, sub- process and impact of
contraction, cottage and urbanisation in Botswana
co-ordination of to that of other developing
specialised tasks; countries in the SADC
- Discuss the effects of region.
industrialisation;
- Discuss the successes and
challenges of newly

58
industrialised countries;

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 - Import substitution is the strategy that the government can
Study Fig.1, which shows some of the strategies for industrialisation. encourage the setting up of factories to produce goods to replace
those bought outside the country.

- State enterprises are the strategy whereby the government can

establish parastatals to produce goods and provide services in the
country.

Describe the benefits of industrialisation to developing countries

What are the advantages of industrialisation?

- Income generation/improves GDP / industries pay tax

Fig.1 - Employment creation

Describe the industrialisation strategies shown in Fig. 1. - Economic linkage / up & down stream industries [it is when industries
depend on each other ]
- Small scale enterprise is the industrialisation strategy where
government can organize and fund people to produce goods at home - Infrastructure development, for example, construction of tarred roads
(cottage industry) or craft industry, for example, weaving and - Import reduction
pottery. / The government fund people to produce few goods.
- Improved balance of trade [ it is when imports are equal to exports]
- Multi-National Companies are companies that the government can
invite to establish industries that produce goods and services in the - Widened skill base/technology use / acquisition of skill
country.
- Participation in international trade / gain global recognition
- Joint venturing is the industrialisation strategy whereby the
government works with other businesses to produce goods and - Encourage foreign investment, for example, Multi-National
services/ the government encourages businesses to work together to Companies
produce goods and services.
- Mass production
- Export orientation is the strategy the government can encourage
- Foreign exchange / increased returns
investors to set up factories to produce goods for sale outside the
country. - High quality goods

59
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe the advantages of export-oriented industrialization Describe the disadvantages of export-oriented industrialization:

- Creates employment for locals - It is foreign sponsored/relies on outside financing

- Improves infrastructure
- Encourages local inventions / innovations - Goods may be of poor quality
- Locally produced goods are cheaper and therefore affordable to the
local poor - Face stiff foreign competition
- Source of foreign exchange
- Improves technology / focus on science and technology - Environmental problems/pollution
- Encourages specialization of labour that in turn increases efficiency
and output / productivity Describe the characteristics of modern industries

Explain the problems caused by import substitution strategy in - Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries,
developing countries: for example, fruit and vegetable canning.
Describe the disadvantages of import substitution industrialisation
- Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology.
- Small market / home market is too small / expansion is limited
- Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings,
- Cut trade links with other countries / does not earn foreign exchange machinery and various types of equipment.

- Countries have to import more in order to be self- sufficient / may lead - Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more
to increased costs of imports of machinery and oil efficient and to make products within a short time it needs to divide
its workers into different tasks.
- Tax-induced / use of incentives to attract investment
- Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine
- Lack of competition, therefore goods and services may be expensive controlled by computers.

- Poor quality goods and services due to lack of competition - Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries
are increasingly doing the jobs regarded as men’s work, and
- Environmental damage consequently their numbers are constantly increasing.

- Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it

- Displacement of people possible to replace natural products with artificial ones, for example,
synthetic fibre and synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons
- Result in unemployment due to use of machine derived from petroleum.

- Sub-contraction because of high specialisation in industries some

companies find it increasingly hard to complete some tasks alone.
They hire some companies to do part of the job.

60
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 - Cottage industries is when the manufacturing is wholly or partly Describe the negative effects of industries on the environment.
carried out at the home of the worker.
- The negative effect of industries on the environment is that of air
- Coordination of specialised tasks is when large scale industries are pollution, land pollution, water pollution and noise pollution.
made up of large numbers of independent specialists, for example,
in a mining industry, there are people specialising in engineering, - Deforestation or cutting down of trees/ soil erosion
research, sales, accounting, advertising, etc.
- Depletion of natural resources or natural resources getting finished
Describe factors that a country should consider in order to set up
industries. - Poor sanitation due to growth of overcrowded cities

- The factor that a country should consider in order to set up industries - Acid rain
is the availability of raw materials or natural resources used to
produce goods. - Disturbance of the ecosystem/ loss of habitat
- Availability of capital for investment/money/ start-up capital - Creation of heat island/ raised temperatures in towns
- Availability of labour, for example, specialised labour, skilled
labour, semi-skilled labour and unskilled labour. - Climate change

- Availability of a large market to sell goods and provide services. Explain the importance of land in the industrialization process.

- Availability of power/electricity to drive machines used in the - Space/ area is needed for building factories/factory site
production process
- Part of the land surface is used for construction of infrastructure,
- Availability of transport and telecommunication networks
for example, road, railway lines
- Availability of water for cooling machines, cleaning and as an
ingredient - Natural resources are used as raw materials in the factories

- A stable political environment - Farmers grow crops on the land and these are used as raw materials
- Availability of land in the factories

- Availability of technical knowhow/skills/machinery - Water is used for cooling machines/ cleaning in the industries

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Suggest the benefits of having many industries in a developing country Study Fig. 2 which is a picture showing a large industry.
such as Botswana.

- The benefit of having many industries in a developing country

such as Botswana is job creation.

- Availability of a variety of goods and services locally/ reduced

imports

- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads

- Increase of GNP/GDP/GNP per capita/ GDP per capita

- Locals learn skills

- Technological advancement

- National pride

- Taxation by the government

- Foreign exchange from exports

Fig.2
- Utilisation of local resources
With the aid of Fig. 2, describe the negative effects of having many
- Self -reliance industries in a country.

- People have to relocate to give way to industrial activity

- Diversification of the economy.
- People may forget the importance of agriculture/craft production
- Culture may be lost/changed
- Large cities grow up around industries [often with various
problems of poor housing/overcrowding/bad sanitation/diseases]
Allow examples
- Industries cause environmental pollution
- Industries deplete natural resources
- Land degradation
- Loss of agricultural land
- Machines dehumanise the people

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Suggest factors that promote the industrialisation process Describe the negative effects of industrialisation

- Availability of funds/capital for investment - Depletion of ozone layer/global warming/greenhouse effect

- Pollution of the environment
- Availability of labour, for example, both skilled and unskilled - Cultural distortion
- Negligence of agriculture/craft production
- Technological capacity - Depopulation of rural areas/ rural-urban migration
- Dehumanisation
- Availability of a market/large population for market - Population dislocation/displacement/resettlement
- Fast life leading to stress/
- Developed infrastructure, for example, tarred roads - Family breakup/divorce
- Diseases associated with pollution
- Good transport system - Development of shanty areas/poor housing/overcrowding/poor
sanitation
- Availability of raw materials
Suggest ways of solving problems mentioned above

Study Fig. 3 which shows a petro-chemical factory, and use it to - Legislation/ environmental laws
questions below. - Have culturally oriented associations
- Provide financial assistance to farmers
- Creation of jobs in rural areas
- Conservation/preservation of natural resources
- Creation of social clubs within the work place to relieve stress
- Family life associations/counselling centre to keep families
together

Fig.3

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Describe negative effects of industrialisation on the environment

- Pollution [Accept examples] destroys ozone layer/global warming

- Deforestation/desertification/land degradation
- Soil erosion
- Loss of scenic value/scaring
- Depletion/overuse of natural resources
- Destruction of animal habitat/loss of species

Suggest possible solutions to each problem stated above

- Pollution -Environmentally friendly production methods

- Pollution- pollutant tax/ carbon tax/polluter pays’
principle/elongated chimney
- Desertification/deforestation- afforestation/tree planting/alternative
source of energy
- Soil erosion- rehabilitation of the land/proper drainage system
- Land degradation- land reclamation
- Depletion/overuse of natural resources- use of synthetic raw
materials/products/alternative source of energy
- Environmental education
- Reuse/recycle/reduce

Describe the success of Newly Industrialising Countries

- There is creation of employment.

- Introduction of new technologies.

- More exports.

- More foreign exchange.

- Variety of goods are available locally

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialising State three characteristics of a primate city
Countries.
- An area where government would normally set up its administration ,
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of for example, parliament / cabinet
high inflation rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are
high]/weak currencies/high fuel price - An area where a national university & technical training schools are
located
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of
foreign debts/debt crisis - Primate city has the best infrastructure and communications networks
and most of the financial investment
- They is huge disparities of wealth/wide gp between the rich and the
poor - Primate is an area where many government department and private
companies’ headquarters are found
- Dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National companies
(MNCs) who move their investment out of the country/ capital Describe three causes of urban growth
flight/neo-colonialism
- Affluence / rich people can commute
- Depletion of the natural resources/damage to the environment - Cheap land in the periphery
- Development of infrastructure
- Fast growth of the private sector which is becoming difficult to be - In-availability of paid rent houses in the Central Business District (
controlled by the government CBD)
- Expensive rented accommodation in the city centre
- Exploitation of workers by the employers - Corresponding cheap rent in the periphery
- Less pollution in the periphery/surrounding areas
- Urban drift/urban poverty - Urban decay
- Shortage of space/land (for expansion) in the CBD
- Corruption - Cheap service levies in the periphery, for example, water,
electricity, rates
- Declining exports/tough competition from Multi-National
Companies Describe the problems caused by urban growth on urban areas

- Declining real income - Deforestation

- Ruralisation of urban areas
- Pollution
- Traffic congestion / jam
- Town / urban decay
- Spiralling crime/increasing crime rates
- Overstretched social infrastructure
- Longer travel time to and from work / longer commuter times

65
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
 Describe the positive effects of urbanisation on towns
Describe the problems caused by urban growth on rural areas
- Pool of cheap labour/reservoir of cheap labour
- land becomes expensive / rent hikes - Large market/increase in market
- Urbanism / exposure to fast town life - Development of infrastructure, for example, tarred roads and piped
- Cultural erosion water
- Detribalize / acculturation - Strengthen of the informal sector
- Loss of land for agriculture / encroachment by the town/city / lower - Cultural exchange
agricultural production - Emergence of vocal groups, for example, Emang Basadi
- Increased crime / haven for criminal activities / illicit or illegal land
dealings Describe the factors which force people to move from rural to urban
- Pollution from the city / dumping sites usually located in nearby areas in developing countries.
villages
Ideas such as:
Describe the positive effects of rural-urban migration on rural areas - Lack of employment
- Lack of entertainment
- Reduction of rural unemployment/less unemployment - Shortage of social service, for example schools and clinics
- Fewer mouths to feed - Drought
- Bring home remittances/money - Fear of witchcraft
- Technological development/bring new technology to their villages - Traditional life
- Rural investments by migrants/job creation by the investors, for - Rural poverty
example, shops/supermarkets - Poor markets
- New life style/modernisation - Expensive goods and services
- Acceptance of change by rural dwellers
- Develop appropriate technology Describe the negative effects of rural-urban migration in towns and cities
in developing countries.
Describe disadvantages of rural-urban migration for rural areas
What are the problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas? - Unemployment
- Overcrowding
- Sex ratio imbalance leading to infidelity - Increase in crime
- Rural depopulation/low productivity in agric/shortage of workforce - Shortage of accommodation/shanty areas
- Family break-ups/family neglect/child indiscipline - Over load of social amenities, for example, clinics and school
- Increased workload for women (triple - Land/water pollution/air pollution/pollution
workload)/young/old/sick/weak/those who remain - Cultural distortion
- Loss of craftsmanship - Poor sanitation/hygiene
- Loss of culture
- Spread of diseases / introduction of STDs
- Introduction of socially undesirable behaviour e.g. prostitution

66
*To earn marks ideas need to be developed

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Solutions to problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas Negative effects of urbanisation on towns and cities

Problem Solution - Shortage of resources, for example, land, housing, water

- Shortage of labour in agric. / - Improve technology - Increase in unemployment leading to crime , for example, prostitution,
low production in agric. - Improve prices for selling dagga
agricultural products - Traffic jam/congestion/overcrowding
- Rural industries / job creation - Pressure on social amenities, for example, schools, clinics, sewage
in rural areas so that men systems
- Break-up of families work nearby - Pollution (air, water and land)
- Marriage under customary - Squatting [occupying land illegally]
law should be strengthened by - Acculturation/loss of culture
modern law - Loss of ethnicity/detribalisation
- Reproductive health - Street kids / juvenile delinquency
- Introduction of STDs education e.g. use of condoms
*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed
- Sex ratio imbalance - Job creation in rural areas
*Observe the 2/1 1/2 marks allocation
- Economic empowerment or
- Increased rural poverty job creation for people in rural What are the solutions to problems caused by urbanisation in towns and
areas cities?
- Financial assistance
- Introduction of socially - Provide serviced land / land reform
undesirable behaviour e.g. - Legislation - Dual roads/flyovers/traffic lights/traffic circles
prostitution - Decentralisation of govt. services
- Creation of jobs (especially in rural areas)
- Extension services
State the effects of urbanisation on towns and cities - Destruction of squatter settlements
- Crime prevention committee/neighbourhood watch
Positive effects - Encourage use of public transport
- Allow informal sector to accommodate jobless people
- Reservoir of cheap labour/provides cheap labour - Polluter tax (PPP) / proper disposal of litter / elongation of chimneys /
Catalytic converters on car exhausts / use of unleaded petrol or
- Increase in market alternative sources of energy
- Tax holidays for industries which establish in rural areas
- Emergence of a vocal group in towns - Rural areas allowance for those who work there (e.g. RASA)
- Encouraging trade between rural areas & urban centres
- Urban bias/development of urban areas at the expense of rural areas
(allow one example connoting urban bias)

67
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Study Fig. 1, which shows push and pull factors of rural-urban migration Describe the problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities.
and answer the question below
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is
pressure on social amenities, for example, schools and clinics

- Shortage of housing

- Poor sanitation

- Easy spread of diseases, for example, some people may decide to

practise prostitution due to high unemployment rate.

- Pollution for industries that produces goods

Fig.1
Describe the factors that attract people to urban areas. - Traffic congestion due to poor planning of roads.

- The factor that attracts people to urban areas is employment - Shortage of jobs
opportunities because there are many industries that provide goods
and services. - Crime rate increases

- Better health facilities, for example, clinics and hospital both - Overcrowding due to shortage of land
private and public owned.
Suggest the ways in which governments can help the informal sector
- Better educational facilities, for example, public schools and Describe the solutions to problems of the informal sector
private schools.
- License them / Government recognition
- Chances of better relationships
- Training entrepreneurs / short term technical courses e.g. through Local
- Better transport facilities Enterprise Authority [LEA] (in Botswana)
- Low prices of goods
- Give gazetted market places / designated places of operation
- Better entertainment and recreational facilities - Provide grants/loans and credit schemes, for example, Citizen
Entrepreneurial Development Scheme (CEDA)
- Security offered in towns
- Regulation
- Modern lifestyle
- Promote grouping
- Better housing
- Encourage them to supply what the big companies do not supply

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- Less beliefs in witchcraft - Grants/loans from the government

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
State the problems of the informal sector

- Market shortage/they face tough competition from the formal

sector/face competition amongst themselves/competition to the
formal sector

- Their goods are not insured/uninsured

- They are usually affected by harsh weather conditions

- They lack management and marketing skills

- They lack capital to expand their business

- They are usually in trouble with law enforcement officers because

of non-compliance

- Pollute the environment

- They disturb traffic

- Competition to the formal sector

- Engage in illegal activities, for example, crime increase Describe the characteristics of the informal sector of production such as
one shown in Fig. 2.
- Health hazard/open space/food poisoning
- The do not belong to a trade union
- Lack of places of operation
- They operate in small scale
- The work is done in temporary shelter/everywhere/anywhere
- Low wages/ irregular wages - Payment of taxes is unnecessary
- People are often self employed
- Non-unionised - The hours of work are flexible
- People use traditional skills/talents to do work, for example,
weaving and sewing
- They are unregistered businesses
- Irregular wages/no fixed wages

69
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Suggest reasons why many women are involved in the informal sector Describe ways by which formal businesses contribute to the development
of a country such as Botswana.
- Women lack education/qualifications/to enter the formal sector
- Women lack capital to establish formal business/women can afford - They pay tax to government
the little capital in informal activities - They improve infrastructure by building permanent structures
- Women are burdened with household chores so they engage in
informal activities right at home, for example, selling fruits on the - They train workers/skills development/scholarships/sponsor
front of their home students
- Women can cope with flexible working hours
- Women lack the documents required for registration of formal - They increase GNP/GDP since they are registered
businesses, for example, bank account and tax registration
- Most women have responsibility to care for children as single - They sponsor social activities, for example, sports/social
parents so they are forced into formal production responsibility
- To supplement low income - They increase international trade/earn foreign exchange

Suggest the reasons for the growth of the formal sector in Botswana. - Workers are paid regular wages/their living standards are
improved/employment creation
- Presence of Multi-National Companies (MNCs)/foreign investors - Technological advancement
- Availability of variety goods / services
- Financial assistance , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial
Development Agency Suggest reasons for the low numbers of women in the formal sector of
the economy.
- Government takes initiative to register businesses
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the
- In some cases registration is a requirement for operation economy is due to lack of education and training or high illiteracy
rate.
- Tendering process demands registration so businesses are
compelled/forced to register - Women are less credit worthy

- Business/entrepreneurship taught in schools motivating students to - Societal expectation on women, for example, taking care of
start formal businesses children

- The need to export goods/services/demands registration of business - Women’s low self- esteem or fear

- Women’s high workload at home especially in agriculture

- Tax holiday
- Myths or stereotypes about low intelligence of women
- Government setting up parastatal
- Early marriages

70
- Lack of capital

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
What are the disadvantages of having few women in decision making With the aid of Fig. 3 describe the characteristics of formal sector of the
positions? economy

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making - Work takes place in building/permanent work-place
positions is that women issues are ignored - Workers have written contracts with their employers
- Jobs require education/training/technical skills
- Birth rate will be high - Regular wages are guaranteed
- There are fixed hours of work
- Unequal participation in decision making - Work run according to labour laws/controlled by
government
- Poor status on human rights - Workers can belong to trade unions
- Mostly operates on a large scale
- Domestic violence/ conflict between men and women - Pays tax
- Use of advanced technology/better technology/capital
- Lack of role models for the girl child intensive
- Businesses are registered/licensed

Suggest reasons why there are few women in the formal sector in
Study Fig. 3, which shows some formal sector activities
Botswana

- Low levels of education/illiteracy/lack of skills/lack of

qualifications

- Cultural stereotypes/traditional beliefs/myths [allow one

example such as women are weak etc]

- Societal expectations/practices, for example, women

expected to stay home while men fend for the
family/women still expected to do household chores
[accept 1 example]

- Company preferences/some companies are still reluctant

to hire more women

- Lack of job opportunities near home

- Lack of money /capital to start businesses

Fig.3
- Low self-esteem/ lack of confidence by the women
- Lack of female role models

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Suggest reasons for the growth of the informal sector in Botswana Using Figs 1A and 1B and your own knowledge, state the differences
Ideas such as: between the informal and formal sectors of the economy.

- Shortage of job opportunities/job losses [in the formal - Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered
sector] or documented or the owners hold licence to do it.
- Lack of skills to enter the formal sector
- Easier entry requirements [allow one example] - Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is
- High opportunities for self-employment/can be profitable protected by the law.
- A chance to use one’s natural skills/craftsmanship
- Cheap to set up/run it/limited overhead costs - Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector
- Easy access to supporting structures, for example, stalls has fixed working hours.
- Access to government initiatives to support informal
sectors , for example, licensing - Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses
- Lack of money to start formal businesses complex technology
- Small/low salaries in the formal sector
- Flexible working hours - Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is
done on a large scale
Study Figs 1A and 1B, which show the informal and formal sectors of
the economy, and answer questions below. - Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst
formal sector has permanent buildings

- In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal

sector people are trained for the work.

- In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored

but in the formal sector tax is paid

- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal
sector trade union exist

- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the

formal sector wages are regular/ guaranteed.

Fig.4

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4
Suggest possible problems that are faced by people in the informal Explain why the informal sector of the economy is growing rapidly in
sector, such as the person in Fig. 1A. developing

- Lack of capital/small gain/profit

- Lack of entrepreneurship skills - The informal sector requires little capital to start
- Lack of proper shelter for operation so production is disturbed by
harsh weather - They utilises natural skills/traditional skills/uses less business
- Little market/competition for the formal sector/ competition among skills
themselves
- There is less requirements for registration and licensing/ less paper
- Lack of security so cases of theft are common
- Goods of poor quality due to poor technology work
- Harassment by law officers
- There is high unemployment/ little expansion in the formal
- Lack of credit worthiness
sector/creation of employment for the unskilled
- Lack of recognition by the government.
- The goods are attractive for their traditional value, for example,
Describe ways by which women in the informal sector contribute to the
economic development of Botswana. arts and crafts.

- Dominate specific important enterprises like catering, dressmaking, - Their operations can be done anywhere.
child care/ provide services
- The goods are mostly affordable.
- They utilise their natural skills like cleaning, cooking, weaving/
traditional skills/ use less business skills
- They Use simple and intermediate technology
- They create jobs for other people/self -employment

- They provide a market for producers of specific materials like

cotton, wool, reeds for weaving/ increases market

- They can develop into cottage industry, for example, making cakes
at home for supermarkets

- They train themselves/ others/impart knowledge and skills to others

- They form self- help group

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1-4