Scribd
Upload
18 views13 pages

4.1 Representation and Mapping: Manipulating That Knowledge To Create Solutions

Uploaded by

undeanushka2602
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views13 pages

4.1 Representation and Mapping: Manipulating That Knowledge To Create Solutions

Uploaded by

undeanushka2602
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

4.

1 Representation and mapping


 In order to solve complex problems encountered in artificial
intelligence, one needs both a large amount of knowledge and some
mechanism for manipulating that knowledge to create solutions.

Knowledge and Representation are two distinct entities. They play


central but distinguishable roles in the intelligent system.

Knowledge is a description of the world. It determines a system’s


competence by what it knows.

Moreover, Representation is the way knowledge is encoded. It


defines a system’s performance in doing something.

Different types of knowledge require different kinds of


representation.

Fig: Mapping between Facts and Representations

The Knowledge Representation models/mechanisms are


often based on:
 Logical representation: This involves representing
knowledge in a symbolic logic or rule-based system,
which uses formal languages to express and infer new
knowledge.
 Semantic networks: This involves representing knowledge
through nodes and links, where nodes represent concepts or
objects, and links represent their relationships.
 Frames: This approach involves representing knowledge in the
form of structures called frames, which capture the properties
and attributes of objects or concepts and the relationships
between them.
 Ontologies: This involves representing knowledge in the form
of a formal, explicit specification of the concepts, properties,
and relationships between them within a particular domain.
 Neural networks: This involves representing knowledge in the
form of patterns or connections between nodes in a network,
which can be used to learn and infer new knowledge from data.

There are two different kinds of entities, we are dealing with.

1. Facts: Truth in some relevant world. Things we want to represent.

2. Also, Representation of facts in some chosen formalism. Things we


will actually be able to manipulate.

These entities structured at two levels:

1. The knowledge level, at which facts described.

2. Moreover, The symbol level, at which representation of objects


defined in terms of symbols that can manipulate by programs
4.2.Approaches to knowledge representation:

There are mainly four approaches to knowledge representation, which


are given below:

1. Simple relational knowledge:

o It is the simplest way of storing facts which uses the relational


method, and each fact about a set of the object is set out
systematically in columns.
o This approach of knowledge representation is famous in
database systems where the relationship between different
entities is represented.
o This approach has little opportunity for inference.

Example: The following is the simple relational knowledge


representation.

Player Weight Age

Player1 65 23
Player2 58 18
Player3 75 24

2. Inheritable knowledge:

o In the inheritable knowledge approach, all data must be stored into


a hierarchy of classes.
o All classes should be arranged in a generalized form or a hierarchal
manner.
o In this approach, we apply inheritance property.
o Elements inherit values from other members of a class.
o This approach contains inheritable knowledge which shows a
relation between instance and class, and it is called instance relation.
o Every individual frame can represent the collection of attributes and
its value.
o In this approach, objects and values are represented in Boxed nodes.
o We use Arrows which point from objects to their values.
o Example:

3. Inferential knowledge:

o Inferential knowledge approach represents knowledge in the form of


formal logics.
o This approach can be used to derive more facts.
o It guaranteed correctness.
o Example: Let's suppose there are two statements:

a. Marcus is a man
b. Allmen are mortal
Then it can represent as;

man(Marcus)
∀x = man (x) ----------> mortal (x)s
4. Procedural knowledge:

o Procedural knowledge approach uses small programs and codes


which describes how to do specific things, and how to proceed.
o In this approach, one important rule is used which is If-Then rule.
o In this knowledge, we can use various coding languages such
as LISP language and Prolog language.
o We can easily represent heuristic or domain-specific knowledge
using this approach.
o But it is not necessary that we can represent all cases in this
approach.

What is Knowledge Representation in AI?


 Knowledge representation is a fundamental concept in artificial
intelligence (AI) that involves creating models and structures
to represent information and knowledge in a way that
intelligent systems can use.
 The goal of knowledge representation is to enable machines to
reason about the world like humans, by capturing and encoding
knowledge in a format that can be easily processed and utilized
by AI systems.
 Logical Representation is a fundamental method of communicating
knowledge to machines through a well-defined syntax with precise
rules.
 This syntax should be unambiguous and able to handle prepositions,
making it an ideal way to represent facts.
 There are two types of logical representation: Propositional Logic and
First-order Logic.
 In propositional logic, propositions are combined using logical
connectives such as "and", "or", and "not", and the resulting
compound propositions can also be evaluated as true or false based on
the truth values of their component propositions.
3)Semantic Network
 A semantic network is a graphical representation of
knowledge, where nodes represent concepts or objects, and
links represent relationships between them.
 The syntax of a semantic network consists of nodes and links,
and the semantics involve defining the meaning of each node
and link.

Example:
Example: The following are a few statements that must be represented with
nodes and arcs:

 Jerry is a cat.
 Jerry is a mammal
 Jerry is owned by Priya.
 Jerry is brown-colored.
 All Mammals are animals.

You might also like