9/10/2024

R.SARAVANAN.,B.E.,M.E.(Thermal ) (Ph.d.) ,.
Assistant Professor
Research scholar

ME3791 / C701 - MECHATRONICS AND IoT

UNIT – I SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

UNIT – II SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUITS AND PLC
UNIT – III FUNDAMENTALS OF IoT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
UNIT – IV CONTROLLERS
UNIT – V MECHATRONICS AND IoT CASE STUDIES

1
 9/10/2024

UNIT – I SENSORS AND ACTUATORS 9

Introduction to Mechatronics - Modular Approach, Sensors and Transducers: Static and Dynamic Characteristics,
Transducers - Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and Resonant, Optical Sensors – Photo detectors - Vision Systems –
Laser - Fibre optic - Non-fibre Optic, Solid State Sensors, Piezoelectric and Ultrasonic Sensors. Actuators – Brushless
Permanent Magnet DC Motor – PM, VR and Hybrid Stepper motors – DC and AC Servo Motors

light sensor

2
 9/10/2024

Photo detectors
Vision Systems
Laser Scanning
Fibre Optic Transducers

Photo detectors

The bolometer is a device used for detecting and measuring the heat and radiation of Microwave
energy or RF. It uses the temperature sensitive resistive element who resistance changes with
the temperature. The Thermistor and Barretter are the examples of the commonly used resistive
element.

3
 9/10/2024

The element used by the bolometer bridge is of two types. They are
Barretter – It is a metallic wire which has a positive temperature coefficient i.e, their temperature increases
with the increases in the temperature.
Thermistor – It is a type of thermal resistor made of semiconductor material and has a negative temperature
coefficient. The negative temperature coefficient means their resistance decreases with the increases in
temperature.
Thermopiles

QUANTUM PHOTO DETECTORS

Photodiodes create electron-hole pairs
when exposed to light, generating a
PHOTOVOLTAIC DETECTORS photocurrent in reverse bias conditions.

4
 9/10/2024

The figure below shows the basic phototransistor circuit. This

is seen to be common-emitter amplifier circuit. When light
Phototransistor strikes upon the phototransistor, current carriers are released
and setup a base current. This corresponds to the input
current of the common-emitter circuit. This current is
amplified in accordance with the amplification factor, beta, of
the transistor. An amplified collector current I accordingly
flows through the load RL. Before the application of light, a
small dark current flows in the collector circuit.

PHOTO CONDUCTORS When this n-type layer is illuminated there is an effective

change in conductivity which can be detected by a bridge
circuit.

5
 9/10/2024

PHOTO MULTIPUERS

The photomultiplier consists of a vacuum tube containing a photosensitive cathode

(photocathode). a series of intermediate electrodes (dynodes) and an anode.

Vision systems

6
 9/10/2024

Laser scanning
In a camera based vision system. the camera is used to generate an image from
an illuminated field. In a 'flying spot' laser scanning system an image is produced by scanning a narrow beam
of monochromatic light across the object field and collecting the scattered light by a wide area detector. The use of a
laser enables ambient illumination to be excluded by filtration, allowing operation in daylight or other lit
environments.

Fiber optic transducers

Fiber optic transducers operate by modulating transmitted energy in various ways and are
known for their significant advantages, such as reduced susceptibility to electromagnetic
interference and the ability to operate in hazardous environments. The modulation forms
include intensity modulation, phase modulation, modulation of the angle of polarization,
and modulation of wavelength and spectral distribution.

7
 9/10/2024

Non-fibre optical transducers

Optical Encoders

8
 9/10/2024

Solid state sensors and Transducers

Solid state sensors and transducers utilize semiconductor materials, particularly silicon, to
detect and measure various physical phenomena. These devices offer benefits such as high
reliability, compact size, and the potential for integration with signal processing on the same
chip

Hall effect sensor

when a beam of charge particles

passes through a magnetic field,
forces act on the particles and the
current beam is deflected from its
straight line path
path..Thus one side
of the disc will become
negatively charged and the other
side will be of positive charge
charge..
This charge separation generates
a potential difference which is
the measure of distance of
magnetic field from the disc
carrying current
current..

9
 9/10/2024

Tachogenerator

10
 9/10/2024

Bimetallic strips

R.SARAVANAN / AP/ MECH

11
 9/10/2024

Piezoelectric sensor
Piezoelectric sensors utilize materials that generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress.
Common materials used include quartz and lead zirconate titanate

•Accelerometers: They measure dynamic forces and vibrations. The configuration generally includes a seismic mass
that exerts force on the piezoelectric material, producing a charge that is monitored by a charge amplifier [[6.1.1]].

•Humidity Measurement: By coating a piezoelectric crystal oscillator with a hygroscopic material, its frequency of
oscillation changes as moisture is absorbed, allowing for humidity measurement [[6.1.2]].

•Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Devices: These devices propagate elastic waves along the surface of a piezoelectric
material, capable of measuring various parameters like voltage, pressure, and temperature [[6.1.3]].

•Light Modulation: Piezoelectric crystals can modulate light when a voltage is applied, which has applications in
communication systems [[6.1.4]].

•Actuators: They provide precise linear displacements and are used in various applications, including optics and
machinery [[6.1.5]].

12
 9/10/2024

Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic sensors operate by emitting ultrasonic waves and measuring the response

Sources: Ultrasonic waves can be generated using piezoelectric materials or magnetostrictive

materials. The efficiency of piezoelectric sources is generally higher

13