Chapter 1

Python Basic

Wear A Mask Properly

You are encouraged to wear a mask during the lecture class
and lab session.

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Learning Outcomes
 Explain the fundamental concept of python
programming and security knowledge
 Perform different programming structures and
executions for python program
 Propose solution to security field using python
programming through teamwork

Mark Distribution
Coursework (100%)
1. Continuous Assessment (70%)
 Quizzes 20%
 Test 30%
 Assignment 20%
2. Final Assessment (30%)
 Project 30%

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Introduction
 Python is an interpreted, high-level and general-purpose
programming language.
 Python is case sensitive.
 It is free and open-source.
 Python can be used for things like:
 Desktop app and software development
 Processing big data and performing mathematical computations
 Back-end (or server-side) web and mobile app development
 Writing system scripts (creating instructions that tell a computer
system to “do” something)
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History

1980 1991 1994 2000 2008

• Python was • Python code • Python 1.0 was • Python 2.0 was • Python 3.0 was
conceived by ver 0.9.0 was released introduced released
Guido van published
Rossum

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 Compiler vs Interpreter
 Compiler and interpreter transform source code (written in
high-level programming language) into the machine code.
 Compiler:
 It takes entire program as input
 The compiler takes a full program at a time and compiles them.
 This compilation is done before execution.
 Interpreter:
 It takes single instruction as input
 It executes the program line by line at a time.

Compiler vs Interpreter

Machine
How Compiler works: Source
Compiler code Output
code

How Interpreter works: Source

Interpreter Output
code

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Working with Python
 The python program is first compiled and then interpreted.
 Python Interpreter:
 Source code is compiled into byte code
 Byte code is executed line by line on the Python Virtual Machine (PVM)
 Program will run and display the output.
Library
Modules
Python Interpreter
Source Byte
code Compiler code PVM Output
(x.py) (x.pyc)

Installation
 Miniconda
 Download Python Executable Installer (Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10)
 Run Executable Installer
 Jupyter Notebook
 Install Jupyter Notebook:
 Anaconda Prompt>> conda install -c conda-forge notebook
 Open Jupyter Notebook:
 Anaconda Prompt >> jupyter notebook

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 Miniconda
 The python interpreter have two mode:
 Interactive mode and Script mode.
 Interactive mode:
 It run the Python code in block or a single line
 In the Anaconda Prompt, type “python” to go into the Python shell

 The >>> is named as Python Prompt. It indicates that the Python shell is
ready to execute and send the commands to the Python interpreter.

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Miniconda
 Script mode:
 In the Anaconda Prompt, type "idle"
to open the Python shell.
 In the Python shell, click "File" then
choose "New" to open a blank script.
 Write the Python code into the blank
script and save the file.
 Run the script by clicking "Run" then
"Run Module".
 Result will be displayed on the
Python shell.

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6
Python IDE
 Python IDE is a development environment for Python.
 It is a graphical editor in which the programmer can type code, work
with multiple files, testing, debugging and etc.
 It helps programmer to manage a large codebase and achieve quick
deployment.
 IDLE is a decent IDE for learning as it is lightweight and simple to
use. However, it is only for small projects.

Jupyter Notebook
 It is web based front-end to IPython (Interactive Python) kernel.
 IPython is an enhanced interactive environment for Python with
many functionalities compared to the standard Python shell.

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Feature of Python
 Easy to learn and use
 Python is easy to learn as compared to other programming languages.
 Program statement does not end with semicolons.
 Indentation is used to define a code block, instead of curly braces.
 Expressive Language
 Python can perform complex tasks using a few lines of code.
 Ex, the hello world program – just simply type print("Hello World").
 Free and Open-Source
 Python is freely available, it can be download from the Python Website.
 Python is open-source and its source code is available to the public.
 Everyone can download it, change it, use it, and distribute it
 Interpreted Language
 Python is an interpreted language that the program is executed one line at a time.

Feature of Python
 Cross-platform Language
 Python can run equally on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, UNIX, and
Macintosh, etc.
 It enables programmers to develop the software for several competing platforms
by writing a program only once.
 Object-Oriented Language
 Python has all features of an object-oriented language such as inheritance,
polymorphism, objects, etc.
 It also supports the implementation of multiple inheritances, unlike java.
 Extensible
 Python code can be written in other languages such as Java, C++ and others.
 Python source code can be embedded in another programming language as well.
 Ex, if programmer wish not to expose any piece of code or algorithm, he/she can
write them in C or C++ and use the same from Python program.

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Feature of Python
 Large Standard Library
 It provides a vast range of libraries for the various fields such as machine learning,
web developer, and also for the scripting.
 GUI Programming Support
 Graphical User Interface is used for the developing Desktop application.
 Libraries such as PyQT5, Tkinter, Kivy are used to develop the web application.
 Embeddable
 The code of other programming language can use in the Python source code.
 Ex, programmer can embed Python with C or C++ programs.
 Dynamic Memory Allocation
 Python does no need to specify the data-type of the variable.
 When value is assigned to the variable, it automatically allocates the memory to
the variable at run time.

Variable
 Variables are containers for storing data values.
 A variable is created the moment a value is assigned to it.
 Example:
 _name = "walk"
 na23me = 'I'
 x = y = z = 25.6 // assign single value to multiple variables
 a, b, c = 5, 'B', 6 // assign multiple values to multiple variables

print() - to display value of the variable. type() - to get the type of the variable.
print(_name) type(a) <class 'int'>
print(x, y, z, a, b, c, na23me) type(b) <class 'string'>

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Variable Naming Rule
 Variable names must begin with an alphabet or underscore
 Variable names are case-sensitive
 Variable names must not contain any white-space, or special
character (!, @, #, %, ^, &, *).
 Examples of valid variable name: a123, _n, n_9, etc.
 Examples of invalid variable name: 1a, n%4, n 9, etc.

Variable
 Local variable
 It is created inside the function and have scope within the function.
 Global variable
 It is created outside the function and have scope in the entire program.
 To create a global variable inside a function, the global keyword is
used.
To change the value of a global
variable inside a function, refer to
the variable by using the global
keyword.

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Variable

Data Type
 Numeric type
 int: number without a decimal point.
 e.g. -5, 5, 236, 235786.
 float: number that has a decimal point.
 e.g. 0.98, 3.983, 7.451189e2.
 complex: number with a real and imaginary component
(format: a + bi).
 e.g. 8.19j, 2.0 + 2.5j, 3.7 + 4.6j

 Boolean type
 It provides two built-in values, True (non-zero value or ‘T’) and
False (0 or ‘F’)

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Data Type
 Sequence type
 String: the sequence of characters represented in quotation marks
 e.g. 'hello', "good day", "welcome"

 List: It contain collection of the items of different data types.

The items stored are enclosed in square brackets [].
 e.g. ['security', ‘data science', 2006, 2010], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

 Tuple: It contain collection of the items of different data types.

The items stored are enclosed in parentheses ().
 e.g. ('melaka', 'fist', 2020, 'cyberjaya', 'fci', 2021)

Data Type
 Set type
 It contains collection of the items of different data types.
 The set elements are unique.
 Sets can be used to perform mathematical set operations like
union, intersection, symmetric difference, etc.
 e.g. {'fist', 'fet', 'fob', 'fol'}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

 Dictionary type
 It consists of a collection of key-value pairs.
 Each key-value pair maps the key to its associated value.
 e.g. {'Melaka': 98, 'Johor': 139, 'Pahang': 27}

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String Literals
 String literals - text enclosed in the quotes.
 Python does not have a character data type, a single character is
just a string with a length of 1.
 Single and double quotes are used to create a string.
 Single-line String – String terminated within a single-line
 name1 = 'user' or name1 = "user"
 Multi-line String – A piece of text written in multiple lines.
name2 = 'hello\ name3 = '''welcome
user' to
FIST'''
single or double quotes

Comment
 Comment - hash(#) symbol is used
 It provides explanatory information about the source code.
 It helps a developer to explain logic of the code and improves
program readability.
 To help other developers to clearly understand the logic used in
the program.

# This is the print statement

print("Hello Python")

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Expression
 Expression is a combination of values, variables,
operators, and calls to functions.
 In the Python prompt, the interpreter evaluates the expression
and displays the result, which is always a value.

operand operator operand

 A value all by itself is a simple expression,

and so is a variable.

Statement
 Statement is instruction that a Python interpreter can execute.
 Other types of statements: assignment statement, conditional
statement, looping statements etc.
 Ex. num = 2 is an assignment statement.

 Multi-line Statement:
 In Python, the end of a statement is
marked by a newline character.
 The statement can be extended over
multiple lines with line continuation
character \, parentheses (), square
brackets [], braces {}, and semicolon ;

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Operators
 Arithmetic Operator
 It is used to perform arithmetic operations between two operands.
 Assuming that a=5 and b=3.
Operator Description Example

+ Addition a+b=8

- Subtraction a-b=2

/ Divide a/b = 1.67

* Multiplication a * b = 15

% Modulo a%b = 2

** Exponent a**b = 125

// Floor division a//b = 1

Operators
Operator Example
 Assignment Operator
= a=5
 It is used to assign values b=2
to variables. += a += b
a=a+b=7

-= a -= b
a=a-b=3

*= a *= b
a = a * b = 10

%= a %= b
a=a%b=1

**= a**=b
a = a**b = 25

//= a//=b
a = a // b = 2

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Operators
 Comparison Operator
 It returns a Boolean value either True or False.
Operator Description Example

== True if the operands are equal x == y

!= True if the operands are not equal x != y

<= True if the left operand is lower than or equal to the right one x <= y

>= True if the left operand is higher than or equal to the right one x >= y

> True if the left operand is higher than the right one x>y

< True if the left operand is lower than right one x<y

Operators
 Logical Operator
 Two operands should have Boolean value True or False.
 Assuming that x=True and y=False.
Operator Description Example

and True if both are true x and y

or True if at least one is true x or y

not Returns True if an expression evalutes to false not x

and vice-versa

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 Operators
0000 0111
 Bitwise Operator 0000 0011
 It perform bit by bit operation on the values of the two operands.
 If x=7, y=3 => binary (x) = 0000 0111, binary (y) = 0000 0011
Operator Description Example

& (binary and) If both the bits at the same place in two operands are 1, then 1 is copied to the result. x&y
Otherwise, 0 is copied. =0000 0011=3
| (binary or) The resulting bit will be 0 if both the bits are zero; otherwise, the resulting bit will be 1. x|y
=0000 0111=7
^ (binary xor) The resulting bit will be 1 if both the bits are different; otherwise, the resulting bit will be 0. x^y
=0000 0100=4
~ (negation) It calculates the negation of each bit of the operand, i.e., if the bit is 0, the resulting bit will ~x = -(7+1) = -8 OR
be 1 and vice versa. (Same as -(x+1)) ~x = -(0000 0111+1)
= -(0000 1000)
= -8
<< (left shift) The left operand value is moved left by the number of bits present in the right operand. (x<<2)
= 0001 1100=28
>> (right shift) The left operand is moved right by the number of bits present in the right operand. (x>>2)
=0000 0001=1

Operators
 Bitwise Left Shift Operator

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Operators
 Bitwise Right Shift Operator

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Operators
 Bitwise Complement Operator

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Operators
 Identity Operator
 It is used to check if two values (or variables) are located on the
same part of the memory.
Operator Description x = ["AI", "DCN", "ST"]
y = ["AI", "DCN", "ST"]
z=x
is True if the operands are identical
(refer to the same object) print(x is z)
# returns True because z is the same object as x
is not True if the operands are not identical
(refer to the different object) print(x is not y)
# returns True because x is not the same object as y,
even if they have the same content

print(x == y)
# to show the difference between "is" and "==": this
comparison returns True because x is equal to y

Operators
 Membership Operator
 It is used to test whether a value or variable is found in a
sequence (string, list, tuple, set and dictionary).
 In a dictionary the test is applied for the key, not the value.
Operator Description x = 'Hello world'

# Output: True
True if value/variable is found in the print('H' in x)
in
sequence
# Output: True
print('hello' not in x)
True if value/variable is not found in
not in
the sequence

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Operators
 Operator Precedence

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https://medium.com/
@thoashook/operatio
ns-in-python-
69bbbef781a4

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