Definition: Increasing interconnection among

countries, economies. cultures, and people.

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Economic Globalization _____ Example: Trade agreements like NAFTA, FOi in emerging
markets.

Political Globalization - - - - - Example: Influence of UN, WTO in global governance.

~ - Cultural Globalization _____ Example: Hollywood movies, global popul arity of social
media.
Constituent Parts
Technological Globalization - - - - - Example: internet access. global use of smartphones.

Environmental Globalization _____ Example: Global climate agreements l ike the Paris
Accord.

Social Globalization - - - - - Example: Migration, spread of global NGOs.

Example: Wealth gap between countries like USA and

Economic Inequality -!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!- Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Cultural Erosion _____ Example· Westernization of traditional Indian attire and
practices.

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Example: Deforestation in Brazil due to global demand for

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~..-.- Environmental Degradation ·- - - - -
Challenges soy.

Job Displacement - - - - - Example. Outsourcing of manufacturing j obs to China.

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Example: EU regulations overriding national laws in
Political Sovereignty - - - - - - member states.

Globalizati on
sc
Health Risks - - - - Example: Global spread of COVID-19 pandemic.

Example: Growth of IT sector m Bengaluru due to

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Economic Growth - - - - -
globalization.

Job Creation ~=== Example: BPO jobs in cities like Hyderabad and Pune.
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Positive Impacts
Example: Mobile and digital payment technologies like
Technology Transfer ~ = = =
UPI.
e/

Cultural Exchange = = = = Example: Bollywood fil ms gaining popularity abroad.

Impact on India Example: Far mers struggling due to competition from

t.m

Rural Displacement ~ = = =
global agribusinesses.

Example: Economic divide between metro cities and rural

reg ions.
Negative Impacts
Example: Air pollution in Delhi due to rapid
Environmental Impact
industrialization.

Example: Influence of Western fast food chai ns on Indian

Cultural Homogenization
cuisine.

Example: Schemes like Pradhan Mantri Jan Ohan Yojana

Inclusive Economic Policies
for financial inclusion.

Strengthening Environmental Regulations = = = = Example: Ban on single-use plastics to reduce waste.

Example: Efforts to revive traditional handlooms and

Suggested Solutions
crafts.

Job Reskilling Programs = = = = Example: Skill India imtiative for workforce training.

Example: National Health Mission to strengthen

Health Infrastructure
healthcare services.
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Definition: Judiciary's proactive role in

interpreting laws and the Constitution to enforce
rights and promote social change.

Example: Kesavananda Bharat! case (1 973). introduction

of lhe basic structure doctrine.

Historical Context .....1---- Example: Maneka Gandhi case (1978), expanding the
interpretation of Article 21 ~Right to Lite)

Example: Post-Emergency assertiveness of the judiciary

in India.

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) _,,,.....,.......,..,,,,_. Example: Environmental protection cases like the Ganga
Poll ution Case.

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Constitutional Interpretation - - - - - Example: Puttaswamy case (2017), Right to Privacy under
Article 21.
Forms of Judicial Activism
Striking Down Legislation - - - - · Example: Striking down of NJAC (201 5) related to judicial

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appointments.

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_______ Example: Ban on diesel vehicles In Delhi lo combat
Judicial Review of Policies
pollution.

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Example: Supreme Court's ban on firecrackers In Delhi
Judicial Overreach - - - -
during Dlwali.

Example: Judicial interference in political appointments.

~ Challenges
Undermining Elected Bodies - - - - sc such as the NJAC case.

Example: Delays caused by excessive Plls. affecting

Judicial Activism Backlog of Cases
efficiency.
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Example: Varied judgments on sensitive social Issues
Subjectivity
(e.g., same-sex marriage).
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Protection of Fundamental Rights Example: Right to Privacy (Puttaswamy case. 2017).

Example: National Green Tribunal decisions on pollution

Positive Impacts controt.
e/

Example: Vishaka Guidelines (1997) for prevention of

Social Justice
sexual harassment.
t.m

Impact on Indian Political System

Example: Frequent judicial interference in executive
Weakening of Democratic Institutions
matters (e.g .. CBI case management).

Example: NJAC case leading to conflict between judiciary

Negative Impacts Policy Stalemate
and legislature.

Example: Case backlog worsened by Plls. especially

Judicial Delays
environmental cases.

Judicial Restraint - - - - Example: Encouraging courts to avoid overreach into

executive decisions.

Balanced Powers - - - - Example: Strengthening the separation of powers to

maintain checks and balances.
Suggested Solutions
Reform of PILs - - - - Example: Limiting Plls to genuine public interest cases to
reduce misuse.

Improved Judicial Accountability - - - - Example Implementing mechanisms like the Judicial

Standards and Accountability Bill.
 Defin ition: Political or cultural movement
emphasizing the interests and identity of a
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Cultural Regionalism - - - - Example: Tamil identity in Tamil Nadu. promotion of

language and festivals.

Political Regionalism - - - - - Example: Autonomy movements in Jammu & Kashmir.

- - - Economic Regionalism - - - - - Example: Economic policies focused on Gujarat's

Constituent Parts industrial growth.

Geographical Regionalism - - - - - Example: Natural resource management in northeastern

India.

Administrative Regionalism ,_____ Example: Demands for decentralization in West Bengal

and Kerala.

Political Fragmentation - - - - - Example: Separatist movements in Punjab and Nagaland.

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_,.,...,........,........,-. Example: Uneven development between northern and
Economic Disparities
southern states.

,.------- Cultural Conflicts - - - - - - Example: Ethnic tensions in Assam between indigenous

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Challenges groups and migrants.

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Governance Issues - - - - - Example: Strains between regional parties and central
government (e.g .. in West Bengal).

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Inter-regional Rivalries - - - - - Example: Cauvery water dispute between Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu.
Reg ionalism
sc Cultural Preservation
= = = = Example: Preservation of Bengali language and culture in
West Bengal.
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Positive Impacts Decentralization - - - - - Example: Kerala's regional autonomy and focus on social
welfare policies.

Economic Growth """"""'====-- Example: Industrial development in Maharashtra through

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regional economic policies.

Impact on India
Secessionist Movements Example: Calls f or andependence in Kashmir.
e/

Inter-State Water Disputes - - - - - Example: Conflict over river water between PunJab and
Negative Impacts Haryana.
t.m

Example: Ethnic violence in Manipur between Nagas and

Ethnic and Linguistic Conflicts
Kukis.

Example: Government's "One Nation. One Market" scheme

Balanced Regional Development = = = =
to boost inter-state trade.

Example: Ongoing negotiations with regional leaders to

Political Dialogue
addr ess autonomy concerns (e.g., Nagaland).

Resource Allocation - - - - - Example: Centrally-funded projects for backward regions

Suggested Solutions
like Bihar.

Example: National festivals like Republic Day to foster

Cultural Integration --======
unity in diversity.

Example: Strengthening Panchayati Raj institutions for

Decentralized Governance
local governance.
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Early Hesitation - - - - - Example: India's initial reluctance to establish ties due to

support for Palestine.

. - - Cold War Alignment - - - - - Example: India aligning with the Non-Aligned Movement.
Israel with the West.

Normalization (1992) - - - - - Example: Full diplomatic relations established between

India and Israel in 1992.

Growing Partnership - - - - - Example: steady growth in defense, agriculture, and

technology since the 1990s.

Defense Cooperation - - - - - Example: Israel as one of India's top defense suppliers

(e.g.. Barak-8 missile system).

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--- Political Engagement - - - - - Example: PM Modi's visit to Israel in 2017 marking a
historic shift.

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Innovation and Technology - - - - - Example: Cooperation in cybersecu rity, agriculture, and
water management.

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Strategic Partnership ,_____ Example: Intelligence sharing and counter-terrorism
cooperation.

scDefense and Security - - - - - Example: Acquisition of drones and radar systems from
Israel.
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--- Agriculture . . ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .- Example: Israel's drip irrigation techn iques improving
India-Israel Ties Indian agriculture.
" - - - . Major Areas of Cooperation _...._
Technology and Innovation -=--=====- Example: Collaboration on Al, healthcare tech. and water
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recycling .

Water Management ,_ _ _ _ _ Example: Israel's desalination and wastewater recycling

e/

technologies used in India.

t.m

Palestinian Issue = = = = Example: Ind ia's historical support for Palestine creating
a balancing act.

Example: India's energy dependence on Gulf nations

Major Areas of Concern Middle East Diplomacy
complicating its Israel ties.

Example: India's reliance on Israeli military tech

Dependency on Defense Imports
challenging the Make in India initiative.

Example: Joint development of advanced defense

Deepening Defense Cooperation -=====
systems like drones.

====~ Example: Growth in trade sectors like technology, water

management, and agriculture.
Future Outlook
Example: India balancing ties with Israel. Arab nations,
Geopolitical Rea lignment
and Iran.

Example: Balancing relationships with Jsrael. U.S.. Russia;

India's Strategic Autonomy
and China.
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Ancient Civilizations - - - - - Example: Trade and cultural exchange between Persian

Empire and Indus Valley civilization.

Historical Background ---~--- Mughal Era - - - - - Example: Persian influence on Indian architecture and
language.

Post-Colonial Relations - - - - - Example: Cooperation after Indian independence in areas

like oil and politics.

Energy Cooperation - - - - - Example: India 's reduction of oil imports from Iran due to
U.S. sanctions.

.,.,.._ Chabahar Port - - - - - Example: fnd ia·s strategic investment in lran's Chabahar

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Port to access Central Asia.

U.S. Sanctions Impact - - - - - Example: Reimposition of U.S. sanctions on Iran in 2018

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disrupting India-Iran trade.

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Shift to Multilateralism - - - - - Example: Cooperation in the Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO).

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Energy Cooperation - - - - - Example: Farzad-8 gas field exploration by India in Iran.
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--- Chabahar Port ,_____ Example: Ind ia developing the port to bypass Pakistan
and access Afghanistan.
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~ Major Areas of Cooperation
- - Connectivity Projects - - - - - Example: International North-South Transport Corridor
India-Iran Ties (INSTC) project.
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Cultural Ties - - - - - Example: Iran's influence on Indian Shia communities and

cultural exchanges.
e/

Example: Impact on India's oil imports and the Chabahar

U.S. Sanctions ~ = = = =
project.
t.m

===~ Example: Iran's role in the Syrian and Yemeni conflicts

Regional Stability
raising security concerns.
Major Areas of Concern
China-rran Relations - - - - - Example: $400 billion China-Iran investment deal
influencing regional dynamics.

Example: Uncertainty post-Taliban takeover impacting

Afghanistan ~====
India-Iran cooperation.

Example: India's challenge of balancing strategic ties with

Balancing U.S. and Iran
U.S. and Iran in the energy sector.

Regional Connectivity - - - - - Example: Continued importance of Chabahar Port for

Indian trade with Central Asia.
Future Outlook
Example: India and Iran working together in forums like
Multilateral Cooperation
sea and NAM.

=======- Example: India's competition with China's growing

Influence of China
influence in Iran and the region.
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Fiscal Deficit Management - - - - - Example: Fiscal deficit target for 2023-24 set at 5.9% of
GDP

Revenue Generabon - - - - - Example: GST as a significant tax reform for indirect tax
collection
Key Patterns and Trends
Expenditure Allocation - - - - - Example: Capitat expenditure in 2023-24 raised by 33% to
f 10 lakh crore

Debt Management - - - - - Example: India's public debt-to-GDP ratio around 86% in

2022

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Economic Growth Targets - - - - - Example: o.5% growth forecast for 2023-24 by the
government

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jnflation Management - - - - - Example: RBIs inflation target of 4% {+/ - 2%)

Factors Influencing Budgeting

Global Economic Factors - - - - - Example: Impact of global oil prices on subsidy
allocations

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Fiscal Prudence and Deficit Control - - - - - Example: Steps towards reducing fiscal def1c1t to below
4.5% by 2025-26

Government Budgeting in the Indian

sc Investment in Infrastructure - - - - - - - Example: PM Gati Shakti scheme for infrastructure
development

Economy ~ Alignment with Inclusive Growth ----~---- Skill Development and Employment _____ Example: f4,000 crore allocation for PM Kaushal Vikas
Yojana 4.0
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Support to MSMEs - - - - - Example: Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme
extended t,ll 202,
@

=======- Example: f2.2 lakh crore allocated for food subsidy under
Social Welfare Schemes
PM Ganb Kalyan Anna Yojana

Example: MGNREGA allocation off 60.000 crore in 2023-

Poverty Alleviation
e/

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Economic Stability and Poverty Reduction
Health and Education Investment -==== Example: f 86.175 crore for the health sector: fl .12 lakh
crore for education sector in 2023-26
t.m

Financial Inclusion ---===== Example: Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) to 2.5 crore
farmers under PM Kisan Yojana

Example: food and fertihzer subsidy allocation of f 3.6

Rising Subsidy Burden
lakh crore m 2023-24

Example: Higher poverty rates in rural Bihar compared to

Challenges and Recommendations Regional Disparities
urban Maharashtra

Example: tl 9,700 crore for National Green Hydrogen

Climate Action and Green Budgeting
Mi::.sion
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Origin: Naxalbari Uprising (196 7) - - - - Example· Initial rebellion in West Bengal

Definition of Naxalism
-< Ideological Foundation: Maoist Insurgency - - - -
Example: Violent opposition to the Indian state and
capitalism

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- - - - Example: Disruption of infrastructure projects in
Threat to Governance and Development -
Chhattisgarh

Spread of Violence and Fear - - - - Example: Regular attacks on security forces in Jharkhand

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Impact on Internal Security - -

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Radicalization of Tribal Communities _ _ _ _ Example: Recruitment of youth from impoverished tribal
areas m Odisha

Example: Hindrance to industnal investments i n mmeral-

Economic Implications - - - - nch areas like Bastar

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Colombia's Approach to FARC Insurgency ,_ _ _ _ Example: Peace negotiations and reintegration programs

Naxalism and Its Impact on India's

_,,,,---- Global Best Practices
_,,,,,
sc
- = 1 ~ - - Philippines· Strategy Against CPP-NPA
Example: Decentralized local governance and
development programs

Inter nal Security Peru's Response to Shining Path - - - - - Example: Military and community policing collaboration
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Use of Social Media for Recruitment - - - - - Example: Propaganda videos targeting youth

Future Implications of Naxalism in the Context of Example: Potential use of drones and improvised
Access to Advanced Weaponry
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Technology and Communication explosive devices (IEOs)

Cyber Warfare Capabilities - - - - Example: Hacking of government and security systems

e/

Example: Anti-Naxal operations by security forces in

Operation Green Hunt
central India
t.m

Example: Road construction and employment schemes in

Developmental Initiatives In Affected Areas
Bihar and Jharkhand
Measures Taken by India
Example: Unified command structure to monitor Naxal
Improved Intelligence and Coordination --======
activities

==== Example: Government schemes encouraging Naxal

Surrender and Rehabilitation Policies
members to surrender and reintegrate
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Embryonic Stem Cells - - - - - Example: Use in spinal cord injury repair

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) - - - - - Example: Cardiac cell regeneration

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Regenerative Potential - - - - - Example: Heart tissue repair after a heart attack

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Treatment of Chronic Diseases - - - - - Example: Diabetes treatment usmg stem cells

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Ethical Concerns - - - - - Example: Use of embryonic stem cells

Limitations -E---,_ High Cost _____ Example: Limited access to personalized stem cell

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therapies

Immune Rejection (for non-autologous therapies} - - - - - - Example: Organ transplant incompatibility

Stem Cell Therapy Overview

sc Regulatory Hurdles ==== Example: Sl ow FDA approval process for new therapies

Limited Research and Climcal Data - - - - - Example: Incomplete long-term safety data for iPSCs
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Example: Shortage of specialized l abs for stem cell
Infrastructure and Expertise
cultivation
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Example: Expanding rural healthcare systems to

Healthcare Accessibility
accommodate new treatments
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Example. High cost of importing technology for stem cell

Implications for India Economic Barriers = = = =
therapies

Example: Need for more specialized medical

t.m

Education and Training c====

professionals in regenerative medicine

Tumor Formation - - - - - Example: Risk of teratoma from embryonic stem cells

Potential Hazards -~------ Unproven Treatments - - - - - Example: Clinics offering unverified stem cell procedures

- - - - Example: Risk of patients discontinuing conventional

Overpromising Results -
treatments for unproven therapies
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~ Excessive Rainfall in Cities - - - - - Example: Mumbai floods in 2005

Definition of Urban Floods ~
Poor Drainage fnfrastructure - - - - - Example: Waterlogging in Chennai due to clogged drains

Example 2018 Kerala floods causing damage worth

Loss of Life and Property - - - - - f 40.000 crores

Disruption of Public Services - - - - - Example Delh, metro servaces halted during heavy rains
Impacts of Urban Floods
Example: Annual economic losses from floods in India
Economic Losses - - - - -
estimated at fl 4.000 crore

Example· Spread of waterborne diseases like cholera

Public Health Crises - - - - -
during floods jn Patna

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Climate Change and Increased Rainfall ------- Example: Increased rainfall intensity in Bengaluru

- - - - Example: Encroachment on wetlands and water bodies in

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Unplanned Urbanization -
Hyderabad

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Causes of Urban Floods
Inadequate Drainage Systems - - - - - Example: Overloaded drainage systems in Kolkata

Example· loss of mangroves in Mumbai, leading to

Deforestation and Loss of Green Spaces - - - - -
reduced natural drainage

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======- Example: 2005 floods caused by 94.4 mm of rainfall in a
Mumbai
smgle day

Urban Floods in India

sc
Chenna1 - - - -
Example: 2015 floods caused by heavy rams and poor
urban planning
Regions Most Prone to Urban Floods m India
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Example Floods caused by unplanned construction and
Bengaluru - - - -
blocked lakes

Kolkata _____ Example: Chronic flooding due to heavy rains and poor
drainage infrastructure
@

Example: Lack of climate-resilient infrastructure m

Urban Planning and Infrastructure
Gurugram
e/

Example· Impact on slum dwellers in Mumbai due to lack

Social Vulnerability ...._===
of proper housing
Implications and Challenges
Example: Repeated need for disaster recovery funds
t.m

in
Economic Burden on Cities ~===
flood-prone cities

Example. Depletion of groundwater due to impermeable

Long-term Environmental Impact
surfaces in cities

Example. Chennai implementing a new stormwater

Strengthening Drainage Systems - - - - -
drainage project post-2015 floods

Example: Mandatory rainwater harvesting in urban areas

Rainwater Harvesting and Water Conservation - - - - - of Tamil Nadu
Best Practices for Dealing with Urban Floods (as
per NOMA Guidelines) Example: Installation of Doppler radars for early flood
Improving Flood Forecastmg and Early Warning Systems - - - - -
warnings in Mumbai

- - - - Example: Creation of urban green belts and parks in

Promoting Green Infrastructure -
Bengaluru to absorb floodwaters
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Definition~ Decentralized. distributed digital

ledger technology that records transactions
across mu ltiple computers.

Security and Fraud Prevention ,_ _ _ __ Example: Bitcoin s cryptographic security prevents

unauthorized changes.

Example: Supply cham tracking in the food industry using

Tr ansparency - - - - - blockchain.

Advantages
Decentralization - - - - - Example: Peer-to-peer payments via cryptocurrencies.

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Efficiency in Transactions - - - - - Example: Cross-border payments using Ripple.

Example: Medical records stored on blockchain to prevent

Immutability - - - - -
tampering.

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Example: Bitcoin network's limited transaction speed
Scalability Issues - - - - -
compared to Visa.

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Energy Consumption - - - - - Example: High energy usage of Bitcoin mining.

Example: Challenges regulating cryptocurrency

Regulatory Concerns - - - - -
exchanges.
sc
Complexity and Lack of Understanding - - - - - -
Example: Businesses reluctant to adopt blockchain
without technical knowledge.
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Example: Uncertainty about cryptocurrency regulation in
Regulatory Frameworks ~===
India.
Blockchain Technology
@

Example: Blockchain integration in traditional banking

- - Integration with Existing Systems
systems.
Challenges for Widespread Adoption
Example: Difficulty integrating Ethereum with other
e/

Interoperability ~===
blockchains.

Example: Slow transaction speeds during high demand

t.m

Scalability
periods on Ethereum.

Example: Blockchain digital identities for rural financial

Financial Inclusion
services.

Example: Tracking agricultural produce with blockchain in

Supply Chain Management
India.
Implications for India
Example: Blockchain-based land registry system in
Government Services
Andhra Pradesh.

Example: Digital health records on blockchain for better

Healthcare
patient management.

Job Loss in Intermediary Roles - - - - - Example: Reduced need for banking intermediaries.

Example: Exposure of personal data on public blockchain

Data Privacy Concerns - - - - - networks.

Example: 51 % attack vulnerability alter ing blockchain

Cybersecurity Risks - - - - -
transactions.

Example: Cryptocurrencies used for illegal financial

Regulatory Risks - - - - - transactions.
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Definition: Fairness and the moral obligation to

act with equity and impartiality.

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Upholding Fairness _ _ _ _ _ Example: Ensuring fair distribution of government
welfare schemes.

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Relevance in the Life of a Public Servant ....5io-_ _ _ Legal and Ethical Decision-Making _ _ _ _ _ Exampl e: Applying l aws equally to all citizens. without
favoritism.

_ Accountability _ _ _ _ _ Example: Public servants must j ustify decisions made in

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resource allocation .

Integrity _ _ _ _ _ Example: Public servants remaining honest and avoi ding

Justice in Ethics
sc corrupt ion.

. - - Equity _ _ _ _ _ Example: Ensuring mar ginalized groups receive fair

treatment in policies.
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_ _ _ _ Example: Decisions made without bias towards political
Impartiality
or personal connections.
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Transparency --====='-- Example: Disclosing government spending to ensure

public understanding.
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Example: Treating colleagues and family member s with

Consi stency in Personal and Professional Life
fairness and respect.
t.m

Example: Acting ethically in personal decisions, aligning

Impact in Personal Sphere
with professional values.

Example: Gaining respect from family and society for

Respect and Trust
upholding justice in all aspects.