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Lecture-1 4

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7 views

Lecture-1 4

Uploaded by

Theingi Myint
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 Quantifiers

 Translating English Sentences into Logical Expressions


Learning Objective

 To understand the types of quantifiers

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Quantifiers

 Universal Quantification

 A predicate is true for every element under consideration.

Existential Quantification

 There is one or more element under consideration for which the predicate is
true.

 The area of logic that deals with predicates and quantifiers is called the
predicate calculus.

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Universal Quantifier(∀)

 The notation ∀x P(x) denotes the universal quantification of P(x)

 Read as “for all x P(x)” or “for every x P(x)”.

 “all of ”, “for each ”, “given any ”, “for arbitrary ”, “for each”

 ∀ x P(x): P(x) for all values of x in the domain.

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Universal Quantifier(Examples)

 Let P(x) be the statement “x + 1 > x.” ∀xP(x) is true.

 Let Q(x) be the statement “x < 2.” ∀xQ(x) is false.

 P(x) is “𝑥 2 > 0.” ∀xP(x) is false.

 ∀x (𝑥 2 ≥ x) if the domain consists of all real numbers is false.

 ∀x (𝑥 2 ≥ x) if the domain consists of all integers is true.


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Existential Quantifier(∃)

 The notation is ∃x P(x).

 “There exists an element x in the domain such that P(x).”

 Read as “There is an x such that P(x),”

“There is at least one x such that P(x),”

or For some x P(x).

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Existential Quantifier(∃)

 Let P(x) denote the statement “ x > 3.”


∃𝑥𝑃 𝑥 is true because P(4) is true.
 Let Q(x) denote the statement “ x = x+1.”
∃𝑥𝑄 𝑥 is false because Q(x) is false for all real number x.

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Nested Quantifier

 The nested quantifiers, where one quantifier is within the scope of


another, such as
∀𝑥∃𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 .
 For every real number x, there is a real number y such that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.

-5 + 5 = 0
 Every real number has an additive inverse
Number Additive inverse

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Nested Quantifier

 The statement ∀x ∀y ((x > 0) ∧(y < 0) → (xy< 0))says that for every real
number x and for every real number y, if x > 0 and y < 0, then xy< 0.

 Translate into English: “The product of a positive real number and a negative
real number is always a negative real number.”

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Summary

 Types of quantifiers (Universal quantifier and Existential quantifier)

 Nested Quantifiers

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Let P(x) be the statement “x + 1 > x.” What is the truth value of the
quantification ∀𝑥P(x), where the domain consists of all real numbers?

Answer: TRUE

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Sets and Set Operations

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