ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF NON-RECTANGULAR BEAMS (USD)

PROBLEM 1

A concrete beam with cross-section as shown is to be reinforced with deformed

steel bars of 𝑓𝑦=420 MPa and 𝐸𝑠=200 GPa. Upon analysis of the initial design,
the beam was found to be in the balanced strain condition, and the Whitney
stress block coincides with axis B-B. Assume 𝑓𝑐′<28 MPa.

a. Express the effective depth, d, in terms of the dimension ℎ 𝑓.

b. Suppose that the reinforcement is to be redesigned to ensure that the beam

is tension controlled and the ultimate moment capacity is maintained. By what
percent shall the initial steel area be decreased?

c. What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam, in kN-m, assuming ℎ 𝑓

=125 mm and 𝑓𝑐′ = 24 MPa?

SOLUTION:

From NSCP 2010, since f’c < 28 MPa, then β 1=0.85

Since the Whitney Stress block coincides with axis B-B, then the height of the
ℎ f 3 ℎf
stress block a=ℎ f + = .
2 2
Now,

a 600
c= = ∙d
β 1 600+ fy

3 ℎf 600
= ∙d
2∙ 0.85 600+ 420

d=3ℎ f Ans. a

Consider first the initial design at balanced strain condition.

C c =0.85 f ' c

'
( (
C c =0.86 f c ∙ ( 4 ℎf ∙ ℎ f ) + 3ℎ f ∙
ℎf
2
+2
1
2 ) () )
(ℎf )
2

( )
2
23 ℎ f
'
C c =0.85 f c ∙
4

' 2
C c =0.85 f c ∙ℎ f

For statics,

C c =T =A s , initial ∙ f y

' 2
4.8875 f c ∙ ℎf = A s ,initial ∙ f y
 ' 2
4.8875 f c ∙ ℎf
A s ,initial=
fy

Furthermore, calculating the ultimate moment capacity,

[ ( ) ( ) ( )(d − 76ℎ )]
2
ℎf 5 ℎf ℎf
M n=0.85 f c ∙ ( 4 ℎ ) + ( 3 ℎf ) d −
' 2 2 f
f d− +
2 4 4

'
M n=0.85 f c ∙ ¿

3 '
M n=11.12083333ℎ f ∙ f c

M u=∅ M n=0.65 M n [Note that the beam is compression-controlled]

M n=0.65 ( 11.12083333ℎ3f ∙ f c )

3
M u=7.228541667 ℎ f ∙ f c

Now, considering the tension-controlled scenario, assuming a < h f,

M n=0.85 f ' c ab d − ( a2 )
M n=0.85 f ' c a ( 4 ℎ f ) 3 ℎ f − ( a
2 )
2 ' ' 2
M n=10.2 ℎf f c a −1.7 ℎ f f c a

M u=∅ M n=0.90 M n [Note that the beam is tension-controlled]

M u=0.90 ( 10.2ℎ 2f f 'c a −1.7 ℎ f f ' c a2 )

2 2
M u=9.18 ℎ f f ' c a− 1.53 ℎf f ' c a

3 ' 2 ' ' 2

⇒ 7.228541667 ℎ f ∙ f c =9.18 ℎ f f c a −1.53 ℎ f f c a

2 2
7.228541667 ℎ f =9.18 ℎf a − 1.53 a

2 2
1.53 a −9.18 ℎ f a+7.228541667 ℎ f =0
 a=0.9323 ℎ f [There is another positive root, which was considered
extraneous as it exceeds d]

Since a < hf, the assumption is verified.

Now,

C c =T

'
0.85 f c ab=A s , final ∙ f y

'
0.85 f c ( 0.9323 ℎ f ) ( 4 ℎf ) = A s ,final ∙ f y

2 '
3.169754496 ℎ f ∙ f c
A s ,final=
fy

Finally,

δ= 1−
( )
A s ,initial
A s , final
∙ 100 %

( )
2 '
3.169754496 ℎ f ∙ f c
fy
δ= 1− ∙ 100 %
4.8875 ℎ2f ∙ f ' c
fy

δ=35.146 % The initial steel area shall be decreased by 35.146%. Ans. b

Substituting the given to the obtained expression for M u,

3
M u=7.228541667 ℎ f ∙ f c

3
7.228541667 ( 125 ) ( 24 )
M u=
106

M u=338.838 kN − m Ans. c

PROBLEM 2

A triangular beam shown in used as an architectural beam to support a

chandelier lighting system. The beam is simply supported at a length of 6cm.
The beam is reinforced with 3-20 mm diameter bars and located 65 mm from
the bottom of the beam. Use f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 400 MPa. Determine the
following:

a. Depth of compression block

b. Design moment of the beam

c. Maximum dead weight of the chandelier lights that in can carry if tied at third
points of the beam.

π 2 2
A s= ( 20 ) (3 )=942.48 mm
4

Depth of compression block

Assume tension steel yields (fs = fy)

C=T
 ' x 350
0.85 f c A c = A s f y ; = ; x=0.7 a
a 500

1 1
Ac = ax= a ( 0.7 a )
2 2

2
Ac =0.35 a

0.85 ( 28 ) ( 0.35 a 2) =942.48 ( 400 )

a
a=212.74 mm ; c= ,
β1

c=250.28 mm where β 1=0.85

Check actual fs

f s=600 ( d −c c )
f s=600 ( 435250.28
−250.28
)
f s=442.83 MPa> f y

∴ Tension steel yields

a=212.74 mm Ans. A

Design moment (øMn)

f s> f y

¿ 1000 MPa

2
M n=C (d − a)
3

2 2 −6
M n=0.85 (28)(0.35 ×212.74 )( 435 − ×212.74 )×10
3

M n=110.52 kN − m
 ∅ =0.65+
( f s− f y
1000− f y )
∅ =0.65+ ( 442.83
1000 − 400 )
− 400

Ø = 0.721

∅ M n =0.721 (110.52 )

∅ M n =79.68 kN −m Ans. B

Weight of chandelier lights

kN
Use δ c =24
m

SW =24 ( 12 × 0.35× 0.5)=2.10 kNm

 ∑Mb = 0 ↻+

R ( 6 ) =2.94 ( 6 ) ( 3 ) +1.4 W c ( 2 ) +1.4 W c (4)

R=8.82+1.4 W c

M u=R ( 3 ) −2.94 (3 )( 1.5 ) −1.4 W c (1)

M u=3 ( 8.82+1.4 W c ) − 13.23 −1.4 W c

M u=13.23+2.8 W c

∅ M n ≥ Mu

∅ M n =M u

79.68=13.23+2.8 W c

Wc = 23.73 kN Ans. c

PROBLEM 3

The cross section of the beam shown is expected to carry a service load moment
of 180 kN-m and live load moment 120 kN/m. Tension reinforcement shall be
place 100mm from the bottom of the beam. Use f’c = 28MPa and fy = 400MPa.
Determine the following:

a. Design moment

b. Depth of compression block

c. Compressive force on concrete

d. Actual stress on steel

e. Required area of steel reinforcement as required by code.

Design moment

M u=1.2 DL+1.6≪¿

M u=1.2 ( 180 ) +1.6(120)

M u=408 kN ∙ m Ans. a

Depth of compression block

 Verify location of depth of compression block

Let a = 100mm ø = 0.90

C=0.85 f c A c ; Ac = 350a

−3
C=0.85 ( 28 ) ( 350 ×100 ) ×10

C = 833

(
∅ M n =∅ C 450 −
100
2 )
×10 3

−3
∅ M n =0.90(833)(400)×10

∅ M n =299.88 kN < M u (green shaded area)

∴ a>100 mm
  For blue shaded area
∅ Mn 2=M u − ∅ M n=408 −299.88
∅ Mn 2=108.12 kN

(
∅ Mn 2=∅ C 2 350 −
z
2); C2 = 0.85f’c Ac

6 z
108.12 ×10 =0.90 ¿(z × 200)¿ (350 − )
2
z=81.62 mm

∴ a=100+ z
a=181.62 mm Ans. b

Compressive force (total)

'
C T =0.85 f c A c

Ac =350× 100+200 ×81.62

2
Ac =51.324 mm

−3
C T =0.85(28)(51.324 ×10 )

C T =1221.50 kN Ans. c

Actual stress on steel

f s=600 ( d −c c ) ; c=
a
β1
=213.67 mm

f s=6000 ( 450213.67
−213.67
)
f s=663.63 MPa > fy Ans. d
Actual area of steel reinforcement

Use fs = fy

T=C

3
A s f y =1221.50 ×10

3
1221.50× 10
A s=
400
2
A s=3054 mm Ans. e

PROBLEM 4

A hallow beam is shown beam is shown. Assume f’ c = 28 MPa and fy = 345 MPa

a. Calculate the required tension area when M u = 800kN – m

b. What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?

c. What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?

d. What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced

condition?
SOLUTION:

d = 800 – 75 = 725 mm

To guide us whether “a” will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design
moment when a = 150 mm.

a
c= =176.47 mm
β1

f s=600 ( d −c c )=1865 MPa>1000 MPa ∴ Tension controlled , ∅ =0.90

∅ M n =∅ C c d −( a2 )=0.90 ( 0.85 ) ( 28) (150 )( 500 )( 725− 1502 )
∅ M n =1044.225 kN −m

Since the required Mu = 800 kN-m < 1044.225 kN-m, a < 150 mm.

( a2 )
M u=∅ M n=∅ C c d −

( a2 )
M u=∅ 0.85 M f ' c ab d −

6
800 ×10 =0.90 ( 0.85 ) ( 28 ) a ( 500 ) ( 725 −0.5 a )

A = 111.6 mm < 150 mm

Stress in steel

f s=600 ( d −c c ) where c=
a
β1
=131.3 mm

600 ( 725 −131.2 )

f s= =2712 MPa> f y ∴ steel yields
131.3

'
T = Cc A s f y =0.85 f c ab
 A s ( 345 )=0.85 ( 28 ) ( 111.6 ) (500 )

2
A s=3850 mm Ans. a

Balanced condition; ø = 0.65

600 d 600 ( 725 )

C b= =Cb = =460.32 mm
600+ f y 600+ 345

a=β 1 C b=a=0.85 ( 460.32 )=391.3 mm

z=a− 150=241.27 mm

1
A1=500 ( 150 )=75000 mm
2
y 1=725 − =650 mm
2 ( 150 )

1
A1=125 ( 241.27 )=30159 mm
2
y 2=725 −150 − =454.37
2 ( 241.27 )

M bn=C 1 y 1 +2 C2 y 2

'
M bn=0.85 f c ( A1 y 1+ 2 A 2 y 2 )

M bn=0.85 ( 28 ) [ 75000× 650+2 ×30159 × 454.37 ]

 M bn=1812.52 kN −m

∅ M bn=0.65× 1812.52

∅ M bn=1178.14 kN − m Ans. b

Maximum steel area, As max

3
C max= =310.71 mm a=β 1 C max =264.11mm
7

z=a− 150=114.11 mm

1
A1=500 ( 150 )=75000 mm
2
y 1=725 − =650 mm
2 ( 150 )

2
A2=125 ( 114.11 )=14263 mm

1
y 2=725 −150 − =517.95
2 ( 114.11 )

T =C 1+C 2

'
A s ,max f y =0.85 f c ( A1 +2 A 2 )

A s ,max ( 345 ) =0.85 ( 28 ) ( 75000× 650+2 ×14263 )

2
A s ,max =7142 mm Ans. c

Maximum moment, M n ,max ;

M n ,max =C 1 y 1 +2 C2 y 2

'
M n ,max =0.85 f c + ( A 1 y 1 +2 A 2 y 2)
 M n ,max =0.85 ( 28 ) ¿

M n ,max =1511.9 kN −m

∅ =0.65+ 0.25
( 1000− f y)
800 − f y
=0.824

∅ M n , max=0.824 ×1511.9

∅ M n , max=1245.3 kN −m Ans. d

M u=1200 kN − m< ∅ M n ,max (singly reinforced)

M u=∅ 0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1+2 A2 y 2 )

∅ =0.65+ 0.25
( f s− f y
1000− f y ) f s=600 ( d −c c )
∅ =0.65+ 0.25 ¿

z=a− 150=0.85 c −150

A2=125 z=106.25 c −18750

1 1
y 2=725 −150 − =575− ( 0.85 c − 150 )
2z 2

y 2=650 − 0.425 c

M u=∅ 0.85 f ' c ( A 1 y 1+2 A2 y 2 )

( 166.03
120 ×106 =
c
+0.2893 ) 0.85 ( 28 )( 75000 )( 650 )+2 ( 106.25 c − 18750 ) ( 650 −0.425 c )

c=398.7 mm

166.03 2
A 2= − 18750=23615 mm
398.7
 T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c ( A 1+ 2 A 2)

A s ( 345 )=0.85(28)(75000+ 2(23615))

2
A s=8432 mm Ans. e

PROBLEM 6

steel bars of 𝑓𝑦=420 MPa and 𝐸𝑠=200 GPa. Upon analysis of the initial design,
A concrete beam with cross-section as shown is to be reinforced with deformed

stress block coincides with axis B-B. Assume 𝑓𝑐′<28 MPa.

the beam was found to be in the balanced strain condition, and the Whitney

a. Express the effective depth, d, in terms of the dimension ℎ𝑓.

b. Suppose that the reinforcement is to be redesigned to ensure that the beam

is tension controlled and the ultimate moment capacity is maintained. By what
percent shall the initial steel area be decreased?

=125 mm and 𝑓𝑐′ = 24 MPa?

c. What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam, in kN-m, assuming ℎ𝑓
answer a d=3ℎ f
answer b The initial steel area shall be decreased by 35.146%.

answer c M u=338.838 kN − m

PROBLEM 7

A triangular beam shown in used as an architectural beam to support a

chandelier lighting system. The beam is simply supported at a length of 6cm.
The beam is reinforced with 3-20 mm diameter bars and located 65 mm from
the bottom of the beam. Use f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 400 MPa. Determine the
following:

a. Depth of compression block

b. Design moment of the beam

c. Maximum dead weight of the chandelier lights that in can carry if tied at third
points of the beam.

answer a. a=212.74 mm

answer b ∅Mn=79.68 kN-m

answer c Wc = 23.73 kN

PROBLEM 8
The cross section of the beam shown is expected to carry a service load
moment of 180 kN-m and live load moment 120 kN/m. Tension reinforcement
shall be place 100mm from the bottom of the beam. Use f’ c = 28MPa and fy =
400MPa. Determine the following:
a. Design moment

b. Depth of compression block

c. Compressive force on concrete

answer a M u=408 kN ∙ m

answer b a=181.62 mm
answerc C T =1221.50 kN
Answer a = 3850 mm Answer b= 1178.15 KN- m

Answer c=5.373 MPA