Specialising in O Level Mathematics

Paradigm Ultimate Exam Guide & Cheat Sheet

EQUATION & INEQUALITIES NATURE OF ROOTS SURDS

Completing The Square Multiplication: Division: Addition & Subtraction:
Determinants (Curve & Axis)
No Real Roots or Imaginary Roots or
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 No Roots
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗 Graph is always positive (Completely above x-axis) or
√𝑎 × √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏 𝑎 √𝑎 2√3 + 5√3 = 7√3
𝟓 𝟗 Graph is always negative (Completely below x-axis) ට =
= 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + ) 2 Real & Equal or 𝑎 × √𝑏 = 𝑎√𝑏 𝑏 √𝑏 4√2 − √2 = 3√2
𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 1 Roots
𝟐 𝟐 Real & Repeated Roots 𝑐√𝑎 × 𝑑√𝑏 = 𝑐𝑑√𝑎𝑏
𝟐
𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟗 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 2 Roots Real & Distinct Roots or
√𝑎 × √𝑎 = 𝑎 Similar Terms can be
= 𝟐[(𝒙 − 𝒙 + (− ) − (− ) + ] Different Roots Added or subtracted
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 Graph has real roots or 𝑏√𝑎 × 𝑏√𝑎 = 𝑏2 𝑎
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 1/2 Roots
𝟓 𝟐 𝟒𝟕 Graph Intersects the x-axis Key To Solving Surds:
= 𝟐[(𝒙 − ) + ] Number × Number, Simplify all Surds to their simplest forms
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 Surd × Surd √50 = 5√2
𝟓 𝟐 𝟒𝟕
= 𝟐 (𝒙 − ) + √27 = 3√3
𝟒 𝟖
Quadratic Inequalities [Divide negative, flip sign if it’s −𝒙𝟐 ]
Rationalisation of Surds: (We don’t like SqRoots in Denominator)
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) > 0 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4) < 0 Question Type 1: Nature of Roots Note: Change Signs while Rationalizing
𝑥 < −3 or 𝑥 > 4 −3 < 𝑥 < 4 Find the range of 𝑎, for which the graph is <Condition> 3 √2 3√2
× = 4 2 − √3 4(2 − √3)
√2 √2 2 × =
Step 1: Equate Curve and Line if applicable* (=, >, <) 2 + √3 2 − √3 4−3
Step 2: Flush everything to the left and rearrange according 1 √3 √3
× = = 8 − √3
to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 5√3 √3 15
Question Type 1: Quadratic Inequalities Step 3: Determine Nature of Roots base on the condition
Find the range of values of 𝑥 for which 𝑥(𝑥 − 12) ≤ 3𝑥(1 + 𝑥) Step 4: Simplify and rearrange according to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Step 1: Flush everything to the left and rearrange according Step 5: Solve your quadratic inequalities 𝑎√𝑏 + 𝑐√𝑑 = 𝑥√𝑏 + 𝑦√𝑑
to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 Step 6: Reject if Necessary implies that 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑐 = 𝑦
Step 2: Simplify and rearrange according to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 E.g. 3𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑎√5 = −29 −12√5
Step 3: Solve your quadratic inequalities Question Type 2: Proving Questions (Prove/Show/Explain) 2𝑎 = −12 ⟹ 𝒂 = −𝟔
Show that the expression is negative for all real values of 𝑥.
3𝑎 + 𝑏 = −29 ⟹ 3(−6) + 𝑏 = −29 ⟹ 𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏
Question Type 2: Reverse Quadratic Inequalities Prove that the expression is always positive for all values of 𝑥.
Find the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 for which 𝑥 < −3 or 𝑥 > 2
Step 1: Flush everything to the left and rearrange according to
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 Mensuration with Surds
is the solution set of 𝑥 2 + 𝑞 > −𝑝𝑥.
Step 2: Apply 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 but don’t put the sign
Step 1: 𝑥 < −3 or 𝑥 > 2 Step 3: Simplify and rearrange according to 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 Cone Pyramid
Step 2: (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) > 0 (Reverse and Form Back Original) Step 4: Use Completing The Square/otherwise (See Condition) Surface Area: 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙 Surface Area: Add all sides
1 1
Step 3: 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 > 0 (Expand) Step 5: For all real values of 𝑥, ____ is positive/negative (Proven) Volume: 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ Volume: Base area x Height
3 3
Step 4: 𝑥 2 − 6 > −𝑥 (Rearrange according to question) Hemi-Sphere Sphere
Step 5: 𝑞 = −6, 𝑝 − 1 (Compare coefficient) Surface Area: 2𝜋𝑟 2 [open] /3𝜋𝑟 2 Surface Area: 4𝜋𝑟 2
Example 2 4
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = [−(𝑘 + 2)]2 − 4(3)(2𝑘 − 9) Volume: 𝜋𝑟 3 Volume: 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
= 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 4 − 24𝑘 + 108 Prism Cylinder
= 𝑘 2 − 20𝑘 + 111 Surface Area: Add all sides Surface Area: 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
= (𝑘 − 10)2 + 12 Volume: Cross Section x Length Volume: 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Since (𝑘 − 10)2 + 12 > 0, 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and line intersects the
curve for all real values of k.

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POLYNOMIALS Question Type 3: Reverse Engineer to get Polynomial Equation Note: If Mode 3,3 shows imaginary number, use 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and show it is < 0.
Important terms: Step 1: Listing down all the different variations and conditions *Look at the question. They may ask you to express answers in surd forms.
Step 2: Always check the coefficient of the highest power, unsure put 𝑘 Apply Quadratic Formula and simplify.
Coefficient of a Variable:
Number in front of the variable (algebra) Step 3: Substitution Method and Apply Remainder and Factor Theorem −𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2 is the coefficient of 2𝑥, 4 is the coefficient od 4𝑥 2 2𝑎
The highest order term of a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) is 3𝑥 4 . Three of the roots of the
1
Degree of a Polynomial: equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 are 0, and −1. When 𝑓(𝑥) Is divided by (𝑥 − 2), the
3
The degree of a polynomial is the highest power in the equation remainder is 30. Find the expression for 𝑓(𝑥) in descending powers of 𝑥. Question Type 5 (Hence): Solve Cubic Equations
Type 1:Nature of Roots
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥)(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑎) After long division, you can use 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 to determine the number
Sub 𝑥 = 2 of roots of the Quadratic Equation.
Adding, Subtraction & Multiplication follows algebra rules 𝑓(2) = (2)(5)(3)(2 − 𝑎) = 30
60 − 30𝑎 = 30 Recap:
Division of Polynomials 𝑎=1 𝑏^2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 => 1 root
𝑏^2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 => 2 roots
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥)(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑏^2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 => 0 root
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥
If asked for TOTAL roots, remember to add Initial Solutions.
Question Type 4: Cubic Factorisation
Type 2: Replacement
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
(𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) Level 1:
Note: When you encounter polynomials such as
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 0
Divide 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 10 by 𝑥 + 1
Hence, solve 𝑦 3 − 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 0
Please write it as 𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 10.
Question Type 5: Solve Cubic Equations 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
Fil up the missing terms with 0
Step 1: Mode 3,4 to find the factor Level 2:
Question Type 1: Solving Unknowns Step 2: Choose the smallest solution and prove that it is a Factor Hence, solve (𝑦 + 2)3 − 3(𝑦 + 2)2 + 2(𝑦 + 2) = 0
Step 3: Write by Factor Theorem (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor
Method 1: Fully expand and compare coefficient 𝑦 + 2 = 0, 𝑦 + 2 = 1, 𝑦 + 2 = 2
Step 4: Conduct Long division to obtain your quotient
Method 2: Substitution Method Step 5: Using your quotient, apply quadratic equation to get your roots 𝑦 = −2, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑦 = 0
Step 6: If roots are irrational, use 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and show it is < 0.
Level 3:
Given that the identity Step7: Souble check all answers with Mode 3,4
Hence, Solve 2𝑦 3 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) + C, for all real 1 1 1
= 0, = 1, = 2
values of x, find the value of A, of B and of C by substitution. 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Solve the cubic expression 6𝑥 3 − 23𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 9 completely.
1
Step 1: Sub 𝑥 = 1 (to get C) Use Mode 3,4 (Don’t Write This) 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 =
Step 2: Sub 𝑥 = −2 (to get B) Substitute 𝑥 = −1 2
Step 3: Sub in convenient value of 𝑥 e.g. 𝑥 = 0 (to get A) 𝑓(−1) = 6(−1)3 − 23(−1)2 − 20(−1) + 9 = 0
You will find A, B, and C easily. By Factor Theorem, (𝑥 + 1) is a factor. Greetings from Paradigm!

Question Type 2: Remainder & Factor Theorem Using Long Division, (Show Working) Hope this Cheatsheet can help you in your O Levels Preparation. We
wish you all the best
Remainder Theorem: Factor Theorem: You will get 6𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 9 as the Quotient.
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑏)𝑄(𝑥) Use Mode 3,3 If you’re looking for more
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑅(𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟) 𝑓(𝑏) = 0 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 9)(3𝑥 − 1) Resources & Study Advice,
Sub 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, Simply Scan this QR Code!
9 1
Partial Fractions 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥 = 3

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PARTIAL FRACTIONS BINOMIAL THEOREM Question Type 2: Finding Specific Term

Case N(𝑥) Form of denominator,

Partial Fraction Form (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 General Term Formula:
Fraction D(𝑥) (where A, B and C are 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
D(𝑥) unknown constants) = ( ) (𝑎)𝑛−0(𝑏)0 + ( ) (𝑎)𝑛−1(𝑏)1 + ( ) (𝑎)𝑛−2(𝑏)2 + ⋯ + ( ) (𝑎)0 (𝑏)𝑛 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 (𝑎)𝑛−𝑟 (𝑏)𝑟
0 1 2 𝑛
1 N(x) A B
Linear Factors + 1. Sub in values,
(ax + b)(cx + d) ax + b cx + d 𝑛
A B Note: ( ) can be written as 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 2. SPLIT to individual indices
N(x)
Repeated Linear + 0
(ax + b)2 ax + b (ax + b)2 3 3. Rearrange and merge powers of 𝑥
2 Factors Evaluate ( ) using calculator: Press 3, Shift ÷ ,1, =
N(x) Linear and Repeated A B 1 4. Equate to required power (Independent of 𝑥 means 𝑥 0)
+
(ax + b)(cx + d)2 Linear Factors ax + b cx + d 5. Find coefficient
C
+ Question Type 1: Binomial Expansion
(cx + d)2
3 N(x) Linear and Quadratic Question Type 3: When 𝒏 is unknown
A Bx + C
(ax + b)(x 2 + c 2 ) (which cannot be + 3 7 7 3 1 7 3 2
factorised) Factors ax + b x 2 + c 2 (𝑥 − ) = 𝑥 7 + ( ) 𝑥 6 (− ) + ( ) 𝑥 5 (− ) + ⋯
𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑥 When power is unknown, we need to expand 𝑛 𝐶𝑟
Step 1: If improper fraction and Conduct Long Division = 𝑥 7 − 21𝑥 5 + 189𝑥 3 … When n is unknown…
Improper = Degree of numerator ≥ Degree of denominator 𝑛
𝐶0 = 1
Dividend Remainder 𝑛
= Quotient + 𝐶1 = 𝑛
Divisor Divisor 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)
Hence Expansion Type 1: Selective Expansion 𝐶2 = , where 2! = 2 × 1
2!
Step 2: Ensure Denominator is Fully Factorised 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
Step 3: Apply Partial Fraction Rules 𝐶3 = , where 3! = 3 × 2 × 1
You selectively rainbow the terms to obtain the algebra you need. 3!
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)(𝑛−3)
𝑛
Step 4: Eliminate all fractions by multiplying the Denominator 𝐶4 = , where 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 & so on…
4!
Step 5: Solve using Substitution Method Last but not least, 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 = 1
4−4𝑥−8𝑥 2
Express as a sum of its partial fractions. Hence Expansion Type 2: Full Expansion
𝑥 2 (𝑥+2)
4 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 You can use either
= + 2+ You have no choice but to expand everything fully
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) 1. Binomial Expansion Method or
4 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶𝑥 2 2. Finding Specific Term Method
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝐵 = 2 Hence Replacement Type 1: Number
Let 𝑥 = −2, 𝐶 = −5
Timeline to O Levels
Let 𝑥 = 1, 𝐵 = 2, 𝐶 = −5, 𝐴 = −3 𝒙 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟕𝟓
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝟏 − ) = 𝟑 − 𝒙+ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯ Jun – Complete Topical Revision (TYS) & Notes
4−4𝑥−8𝑥 2 3 2 5 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
=− + − . Jul – Kickstart Prelim Papers
𝑥 2 (𝑥+2) 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥+2 Aug – Prepare for Prelims
Observe that x is replaced with 0.1.
𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟕𝟓 Sep – Complete Yearly TYS + Prelim Papers
𝟑. 𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑 − (𝟎. 𝟏) + (𝟎. 𝟏)^𝟐 − (𝟎. 𝟏)^𝟑 + ⋯ Oct – Final Revision. Ready to ACE O’s!
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓
Towards Os, I will be sharing in-depth on
-MUST Know Questions for Os
-AM Paper 2 Analysis
Hence Replacement Type 2: Algebra See you inside!

(𝟏 + 𝒌)𝟓 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 (𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟓
(𝟏 + 𝒌)𝟓 = 𝟏 + 𝟓𝒌 + 𝟏𝟎𝒌𝟐
(𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟓 = 𝟏 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐

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LOGARITHM Solving Question Type 1: Log to Indices Form EXPONENTIAL

log 5 𝑥 = 2 Usually this is in the form of
log 𝑎 𝑦 is read as logarithm of y to base a 𝑥 = 52 log 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑐 Solving Type 1: Compare Power
𝑥 = 25
log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 log10 𝑎 = lg 𝑎 53 = 5𝑥
log 𝑎 1 = 0 log 𝑒 𝑒 = ln 𝑒 = 1 Solving Question Type 2: CCC (Change, Combine, Cancel) 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠,
log 3(𝑥 + 2) + log 3(𝑥 − 2) = log 3 (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥=3
log 3[(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)] = log 3 (2𝑥 − 1) 1. Change Base Solving Type 2: Use Log/Ln to solve 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒃
𝑥 2 − 4 = 2𝑥 − 1 2. Combine Log
Laws of Logarithm 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 3. Cancel Log 3𝑥 = 5
Product Law: log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥𝑦) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑙𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑥 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = −1 (Reject) -Sub in to make sure Log is Positive 𝑥𝑙𝑛3 = 𝑙𝑛5
Quotient Law: log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎
𝑦 𝑙𝑛5
Power Law: 𝑟 × log 𝑎 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑟 𝑥=
Solving Question Type 3: Substitution* 𝑙𝑛3
log 5 𝑥 = 4 log 𝑥 5 + 3
Changing Base: log 5 5 1. Change Base Advance Type 2: Split & Rearrange
log 5 𝑥 = 4 × +3 2. Substitute Solve 42𝑥+3 = 73−𝑥
log 5 𝑥 343
4 3. Solve 42𝑥 × 43 = 73 × 7−𝑥 112𝑥 =
log 5 𝑥 = +3 64
343
Changing Log to Index Form: log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 log 5 𝑥 16𝑥 × 64 = 343 × 7−𝑥 𝑥lg112 = lg
64
343 343
Substitute 𝑦 = log 5 𝑥 16𝑥 ÷ 7−𝑥 = 𝑥 = lg ÷ lg112
64 64
4 343
16𝑥 × 7𝑥 = 𝑥 = 0.3558
Simplifying Question 𝑦 = +3 64
𝑦 𝑥
(16 × 7) =
343
𝑥 = 0.36 (2 d. p. )
𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0 64
Step 1: Check Base 112𝑥 =
343
𝑦 = 4 or 𝑦 = −1 64
Step 2: Decide MERGE or SPLIT
Step 3: Simplify (Bring Down Powers, Special Logs etc) Solving Type 3: Substitution
log 5 𝑥 = 4 or log 5 𝑥 = −1 (3𝑥 )2 − 3(3𝑥 ) + 2 = 0
1
Remember that we can convert integers back into Logarithm as well. 𝑥 = 45 = 625 or 𝑥 = 5−1 = 𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0
5
For us to do that, we must determine what base we want to change (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 − 1) = 0
Logarithmic Graphs (Asymptotes, 𝒚 & 𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕) 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = 𝟏
If we want base 5, 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟐 or 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟏
𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥, where 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥, where 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥, where
1 = log 5 5
𝑎>1 𝑎>1 0<𝑎<1 Sub ln on both sides to solve
2 = log 5 52
0 = log 5 1
Exponential Graphs (Sub 𝒙 = 𝟎 to get y-intercept)
Restrictions on logarithms: For log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
E.g. Show that the equation log 3(4𝑥 − 11) − log 3 (𝑥 − 3) = 1 has
no real solutions:
4𝑥−11 4𝑥−11
log 3 ( ) =1 ⟹ = 3 ⟹ 4𝑥 − 11 = 3𝑥 − 9 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2
𝑥−3 𝑥−3

When 𝑥 = 2, both log 3(4𝑥 − 11) & log 3 (𝑥 − 3) are undefined.

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑦 = ln(−𝑥) 𝑦 = log 1 𝑥
∴ the equation has no real solns. 3

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COORDINATE GEOMETRY CIRCLE LINEAR LAW

𝑦1 −𝑦2
1. Gradient of line: 𝑚 = 1. Equation of Circle: (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 1. Equation of Line: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥1 −𝑥2
2. Use Complete the Square to achieve Circle Equation: We can replace the 𝑥 and 𝑦 base on the AXIS.
2. Equation of line: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 18𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 76 = 0 When we do this, we are LINEARISING the equation.
3. Length of line: √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 𝟖𝟏 − 𝟖𝟏 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 𝟒 − 𝟒 + 76 = 0
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦1 +𝑦2
(𝑥 + 9)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 9
4. Midpoint Formula: ( 1 2 , ) 3. To Determine the position of a point: 2. Process of Linearizing Non-Linear Functions
2 2
Applicable to Parallelogram: Use Pythagoras Theorem (Centre & Point) & Remember the generic formula:
Compare with Radius. 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Gradient and y intercept MUST be a CONSTANT.
Reflection There should not be any variables.
Reflection about Vertical & Horizontal Lines Paper 2 Linear Law Graph Question
1. Always remember to sketch.
2. Radius of the circle remains the same. 1. Identify Linearised Equation (New Axis)
1 3. Remember that the Distance between Centre and Mirror is Equal to Distance 2. Find New Coordinates
5. Gradient of Perpendicular Bisector = − between Reflected Centre and Mirror
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 3. Draw your Line
4. Find Gradient & Y Intercept
6. Perpendicular Bisector
-Find Midpoint of Line d d
-Find Gradient of Line
-Find Gradient of Perpendicular Bisector
PLANE GEOMETRY
-Find Equation of Perpendicular Bisector (Midpoint & Grad)

Reflection about Diagonal Lines

1. Find the Gradient of Diagonal Line (Mirror)
2. Find the Gradient of Perpendicular Line to the Mirror
3. Form Equation of Perpendicular Line passing through Centre
8. Finding Angles: 4. Simultaneous Equation
between Equation of
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 Perpendicular Line & Mirror
5. Use Midpoint Theory to find
If Gradient is Negative, the Reflected Centre
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 6. Form the Reflected Circle
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 180° − 𝜃 Equation

Area (Shoe-Lace Method to get Area of Figure) Midpoint Theorem Alternate Segment Theorem
Step 1: List Coordinates in an anticlockwise direction
Step 2: First Coordinate must be repeated Tangent, Normal, Chord, Perpendicular Bisector
Step 3: Apply Formula
1.All normal passes through Centre.
2. All Perpendicular Bisector of Chord Passes through Centre.

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TRIGONOMETRY Trigonometric Graphs Simple Trigonometry Formulas

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
Angle Conversion Sine and Cosine Graphs 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
(Degree & Radian) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
180° = 𝜋 rad 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
1 1 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Pythagoras Theorem, 𝐻 2 = 𝐴2 + 𝑂2
𝑂 𝐴 𝑂 Further Trigonometry Formulas
tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 =
𝐴 𝐻 𝐻
Addition

Negative Angles Trigo Functions sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

1
sec 𝜃 = cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos 𝜃
sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 1 tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
tan 𝐴±tan 𝐵

cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃 cosec 𝜃 = 1∓tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

sin 𝜃
1
tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃
Double Angle Half Angle
Solving Tangent Graphs sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜃 1−cos 𝜃
Step 1: Simplify to obtain Basic Form sin ( ) = ± ∗ ට
Step 2: Calculate Basic Angle (If Equation = 0 or 1, Draw Graph)
cos(2𝜃) = 2cos2 𝜃 − 1 2 2
(*Omit Negative, Check Calculator Mode, Don’t write Inverse Sign) = 1 − 2sin2 𝜃 𝜃 1−cos 𝜃
Step 3: Identify the Quadrant base on Sign of Angle = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 cos ( ) = ± ∗ ට
2 2
2 tan 𝜃
Step 4: Check Domain tan(2𝜃) = 2
1−tan 𝜃
Step 5: Solve The sign depends entirely on
𝜃
which quadrant lies in
2
Quadrant Questions
Step 1: Identify Quadrant R Formula
Step 2: Draw your Triangle and Label the Sides of Triangle 𝑎 sin 𝜃 ± 𝑏 cos 𝜃 = 𝑅 sin(𝜃 ± 𝛼)
(Please be careful of the Signs) 𝑎 cos 𝜃 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 cos(𝜃 ∓ 𝛼)
Step 3: Use Pythagoras Theorem to obtain all the Signs
Step 4: Solve the Question Easily Step 1: Prove Equation
Step 2: Apply R Formula
𝑏
Quick Hack: 𝑅 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 , 𝑎 = tan−1 ( ) Step 3: Application Question
𝑎
Max/Min Value, Find Value
𝒔𝒊𝒏[𝒏(𝟗𝟎) ± 𝜽] 𝒄𝒐𝒔[𝒏(𝟗𝟎) ± 𝜽] 𝒕𝒂𝒏[𝒏(𝟗𝟎) ± 𝜽]

1. If 𝑛 is EVEN, trigonometry remains the same.

2. If 𝑛 is ODD, add a CO to the trigo/change Trigo
3. Sign depends on Quadrant

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DIFFERENTIATION Equation of Tangent & Normal Maximum and Minimum

Key Concepts: Always remember that stationary point has a gradient of 0.
Algebra
𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1
1. Always Sketch out Graph for Visualization 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑛[𝑎𝑥 ] 1 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = − 𝑑𝑥
Chain Rule: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)𝑛−1 ][𝑓 ′ (𝑥)] 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥
3. 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) However, we are unsure the nature of the point.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Product Rule: 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑣
𝑣−𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 First Derivative Test
Quotient Rule: 𝑦 = = 2 Increasing & Decreasing Function 𝑥 = 𝑎 − 0.1 𝑥=𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 0.1
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
𝑑𝑦
Increasing Function >0 𝑑𝑦
Differentiation: Trigonometry (PTB) 𝑑𝑥
Decreasing Function
𝑑𝑦
<0 𝑑𝑥
Rule: Differentiate Trigo, X Angle
𝑑
𝑑𝑥 Slope
൛sinൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ൟ = cos[൫𝑓(𝑥)൧. 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Minimum Point? Maximum Point? Point of Inflexion?
൛cosൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ൟ = − sinൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧. 𝑓′(𝑥) Trick Question:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
൛tanൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ൟ = sec ൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧. 𝑓′(𝑥)
Find the range of values for the gradient of curve, 𝑓′(𝑥) is Second Derivative Test
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
Remember Power, Trigonometry, Bracket increasing. This indicates that > 0. d2 y
𝑑𝑥 2 Minimum Point: >0
𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1 dx2
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑛. sin ൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ ∗ cosൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ ∗ 𝑓′(𝑥) d2 y
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Question Type 1: Finding Range Maximum Point: <0
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑛. cos 𝑛−1ൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ ∗ −sinൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ ∗ 𝑓′(𝑥) dx2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Apply concept in Quadratic Inequality to find Range
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑛. tan𝑛−1ൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ ∗ sec 2 ൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ ∗ 𝑓′(𝑥) d2 y
𝑑𝑥
If 2 = 0,
If you are given other Trigo, Question Type 2: Prove/Show dx
Apply identities to convert to sin, cos, tan Method 1: Observation Method. Use First Derivative Test.
Dissect Fraction/Term and explain individually.
1 2
Differentiation: Exponential & Logarithm e.g. Since 2
> 0 => 2
>0
(𝑥+3) (𝑥+3) Maximum and Minimum
Exponential [Differentiate Power, Multiply Original Eq] Method 2: Completing the Square Method
𝑑 Apply this when you see a Quadratic Equation. Cone Pyramid
𝑑𝑥
ൣ𝑎𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) ൧ = 𝑎𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓′(𝑥)ห Surface Area: 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙 Surface Area: Add all sides
1 1
Rate of Change Volume: 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ Volume: Base area x Height
3
3
Advance: Law of Indices Write OUT what is given & what you need! Hemi-Sphere Sphere
𝑑𝑥
Rate of Change of 𝑥 = Surface Area: 2𝜋𝑟 2 [open] /3𝜋𝑟 2 Surface Area: 4𝜋𝑟 2
Logarithm: [Differentiate Bracket, Over Bracket] 𝑑𝑡 2 4
𝑑𝑦 Volume: 𝜋𝑟 3 Volume: 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑓′(𝑥) Rate of Change of y = 3 3
𝑑
൛𝑎𝑙𝑛ൣ𝑓(𝑥)൧ൟ = 𝑎 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 Prism Cylinder
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Surface Area: Add all sides Surface Area: 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
= ×
Advance: Law of Logarithm 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 Volume: Cross Section x Length Volume: 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

When dealing with Mensuration, remember to recall the

Formulas of Volume & Surface Area (E. Maths)

Advance Rate of Change Question:

1. Split & Cancel (Rate of Change of X is 3x the Rate of Change of Y)
2. Double Split
3. Mensuration (eg Cone Questions)

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INTEGRATION
Integration and Partial Fraction and Ln Kinematics
Algebra
Fundamental: [Power +1. Divide New Power] 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝑝𝑥 𝑛+1 ∫
∫ 𝑝𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝑛+1 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
Definite Integrals (Upper Limit – Lower Limit) = ∫ (𝟒 + − − ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙+𝟏
𝑏
𝑏 𝑝𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑝𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑝𝑎𝑛+1 𝟏
∫𝑎 𝑝𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = [
𝑛+1
] = [(
𝑛+1
)−(
𝑛+1
)] = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + − 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝒄
𝑎 𝒙
Drawing Pathways is the KEY to excel in this segment.
Algebra: [Power +1, Divide New Power, Divide Coeff 𝒙] Notice the mix of integration techniques here
𝑝(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟)𝑛+1
∫𝑝(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 Question Type 1: Instantaneous s, v, or a
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑞)
Equation of Curve 1. Sub in 𝑡 to find Answer
Exponential
Question Type 2: Maximum/Minimum Velocity
𝑑𝑣
𝑝𝑒 𝑞𝑥+𝑟 1. = 0
𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑝𝑒 𝑞𝑥+𝑟 = +𝐶
𝑞 2. Find 𝑡 when it occurs
Common Exam Questions: 3. Substitute 𝑡 into 𝑣 to find maximum/minimum value
𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥
1) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 Remember to always +C when integrating.
Know clearly what to substitute to find unknown constants. Question Type 3: Total Distance or Average Speed
2) ∫(𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯ Be mindful of Question: Gradient of Tangent/Normal
Find Total Distance:
1. Starting Position (START)
Trigonometry Substitute 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑠 = 0 (*Origin)
Area Under Graphs
−𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟)
∫ 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 2. Turn (TURN)
𝑞 Substitute 𝑣 = 0, find 𝑡, find 𝑠
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟)
∫ 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑞 3. Final Position (STOP)
𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟) Use 𝑡, find 𝑠
∫ 𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 4. Draw Pathway to find the Total Distance
𝑞
Note: You can only integrate 𝑠𝑖𝑛, 𝑐𝑜𝑠, sec 2 𝑥. Any other Trigo needs
to be converted. Note: If question is asking for distance travelled in 5th Second, that is
1 distance travelled between 4𝑡ℎ and 5𝑡ℎ second.
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
1 1 1 1 Note: If there are 2 particles colliding, displacement by both
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 particles should be same as point of collision.
2 2 2 2
[Double Angle] [Double Angle]

Logarithm
1 1 𝑝 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + 𝐶
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑝 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑝
Note: Ln integration happens only when denominator is Linear.
Ensure that numerator is the coefficient of 𝑥 in the denominator.

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