A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING

PROGRAM ON LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING CORONARY ARTERY

DISEASE AND ITS PREVENTION AMONG STUDENTS OF SELECTED
COLLEGES, J&K.

PLAN OF DISSERTATION
FOR
M.Sc. Nursing
(Medical Surgical Nursing)

SUBMITTED
TO
UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU

BY
SHEIKH MUZAMIL NAZIR

BEE ENN COLLEGE OF NURSING

CHAK BHALWAL
JAMMU – 181122
 BIO-DATA

Name of the candidate : Sheikh Muzamil Nazir

Father’s Name : Nazir Ahmad Sheikh

Month and year of passing : July 2021

B.Sc Nursing

Institute of graduation : Syed Mantaqi Memorial College of Nursing and

Medical Technology, IUST, Awantipora

Proposed Title : A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching

program on level of knowledge regarding coronary artery
disease and its prevention among students of selected
colleges, J&K.

Present occupation : Student.

Name and address of the Guide : Ms. Bharti Sharma

Place:
Date: Signature of candidate
 BEE ENN COLLEGE OF NURSING
CHAK BHALWAL
JAMMU – 181122

CERTIFICATE

Certified that I am willing to act as guide for the title “A study to assess the effectiveness of
structured teaching program on level of knowledge regarding coronary artery disease and its
prevention among students of selected colleges, J&K”. It will be ensured that data being
included in the dissertation will be genuine and work will be conducted by the candidate
himself / herself under my supervision and guidance. There will be no conflict of interest
involved.

GUIDE

(Name and designation of Guide)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. CONTENTS PAGE No.

1 Introduction

2 Statement of the Problem and Objectives

3 Review of literature

4 Methodology

5 Bibliography

6 Description of Tool / Instrument

7 Consent / Assent form

 INTRODUCTION

Coronary artery disease is a type of heart disease where the arteries of the heart cannot
deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart. It is sometimes also called ischemic heart
disease. Coronary artery disease affects the larger coronary arteries on the surface of the heart.
The main cause of coronary artery disease is cholesterol, a waxy substance that builds up inside
the lining of coronary arteries, forming plaque. This plaque buildup can partially or totally
block blood flow in the large arteries of the heart. In minority of the people ischemic heart
disease is preventable with a heart-healthy lifestyle and medications.Being overweight,
physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and smoking tobacco are the common risk factors for
CAD.A family history of heart disease also increases your risk for CAD especially a family
history of having a heart disease at an early age (50 or less). The most common common
symptom of CAD is angina (chest pain).Other symptoms include shortness of breath,
weakness,lightheadedness,nausea or a cold sweat.lifestyle changes play a big role in preventing
and treating coronary artery disease.Such changes include avoiding the tabacco products,eat
heart healthy foods low in sodium ,fat and sugar,regular exercise of at least 30 minutes
and limiting alcohol intake.The tests which help to diagnose or monitor coronary artery
disease are;Electrocardiogram,Echocardiogram,exercise stress test ,nuclear stress test ,heart ct
scan,cardiac catheterization and angiography.CAD has no cure but the person can take
medications to manage the condition .The medications that people can take to reduce the risk
and manage the symptoms are;

• Statins
• Beta blockers
• Nitroglycerin patches
• Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)
• Calcium channel blockers
Doctors may perform invasive procedures to open or replace the blocked arteries .If the artery
has become very narrow or if the symptoms are not responding to medications .Surgical options
include coronary artery bypass surgery and Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).PCI
procedures are minimally invasive option to open the blood vessels and improve blood flow.In
rare cases a person may need a heart transplant however this is the case only if the heart has
severe damage and the treatment is not working.If not treated at early stages,CAD can lead to
serious and sometimes life threatening conditions such as:
• Angina (chest pain). Over time, coronary artery disease will cause plaque to build up inside
your arteries and make them more narrow. As a result, your heart might not get enough
blood when it needs it, such as during exercise, and you may feel chest pain and shortness
of breath.
• Heart Failure:This is when your heart can’t pump enough blood.If you have narrowed
arteries or high blood pressure ,the walls of heart might become weak making it harder to
function.
• Heart attack:This is most common complications of CAD .Heart attack occurs when a
plaque that builds in your arteries breaks up and forms a clot that blocks blood supply to
heart muscles and thereby causing them damage to the muscles of heart .
• Arrythmias :If the heart does not get enough blood supply it will beat irregularly 1

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death globally and one of the major health
burden worldwide.Ischemic heart disease can negatively affect the quality of life and status of
person especially financial status.2

CAD remains highest cause of mortality in India and the most of the cases are due to risk
factors that include hypertension ,elevated serum cholestrol ,smoking and diabetes melitus .In
particular the incidence of acute mycardial infraction in developing like India is especially
alarming because it contributes to one third of all deaths from heart disease .The gravity of this
situation is emphasized by a recent projection from WHO and the Indian council of medical
research (ICMR) ,which predicts that India will be the MI capital of the world by 2020.3

Progressive urbanisation and adoption of a western lifestyle contributed to the rising burden
of cardiovascular disease (CVD)in the developing world .Developing nations continue to be
ill-equipped to handle this burden and this coupled with poor literacy rates and lack of
awareness of disease symptoms result in worse disease outcomes .This is reflected in the rising
rates of hospital admissions and mortality from CVD at an early age which in turn inflate the
disability adjusted life year.4

Prevention of CVD is the most effective way of combating the CVD epidemic in the resource
poor nations. Although knowledge alone is insufficient, it is assumed to be a key component
of behavioural change decision making and provides cues for action . Estimating the level of
knowledge of the population at large can help to guide public health programs especially those
directed towards reducing modifiable risk factors for CVD. One method of targeting preventive
education strategies involves measuring and approximately disseminating knowledge of
preventive strategies.The risk of CAD is greater in urban settings compared to rural areas of
India.A particularly high prevalence of risk factors has been noted in industrial settings.This
warrants in assessing knowledge among those in large cities.5

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a noncommunicable disease (NCD) that has become the
ultimate cause of death worldwide, in developing countries, the main cause of death and a
major contributor to the disease burden in developing nations is CAD. Globally, 17 million
people die each year from CAD and stroke, with 23.6 million dying by 2030. The World Health
Organization estimates that approximately 17.9 million people died from cardiovascular
disease (CVD) in 2016, accounting for 44% of all NCD deaths and 31% of all deaths
worldwide. Of the 179 million cardiovascular deaths, coronary heart disease (CHD) was
responsible for 41.3% (7th 4 million) dead worldwide. In 2016, 78% of all noncommunicable
deaths and 85% of premature. noncommunicable deaths among adults occurred in low- and
middle-income countries (LMICS). Adults in LMICs were at the greatest risk of dying from
NCDs (21% and 23%, respectively).6

In accordance with World Health Organisation,India accounts for one -fifth of these deaths
worldwide especially in younger population.The results of Global Burden of Disease state age
standardized CVD death rate rate of 272 Per 100000 population in India which is much bigger
than the global average of 235.The prevalence of CAD in Indians living in India is 21.4% for
diabetics and 11% non diabetics The prevalence of CAD in rural parts of the country is nearly
half than in urban population.7

Nowadays ,Coronary heart disease remains the most common cause of death in the country
especially in the erstwhile UT of Jammu and Kashmir.The Global Health Research
Institute suggest that J&K has reported 29.6% deaths due to coronary ischemic disease.The
report further suggests that 25% of deaths occur in 25-29years.Out of these 32.5% deaths
occur in urban areas and 22.9% in rural areas.These percentages shoot up in winters as
compared to summers owing to extreme weather conditions limiting regular exercises and
outdoor activities as a sedantary lifestyle leads to increased chances of heart attacks.8

The development of ischemic heart disease is significantly influenced by risk factors for CVD.
Therefore, understanding and being aware of these CVD risk factors is crucial for preventing
the illness itself as well as its repercussions. In developing nations, the rate of growth of CVD
is twice as high as in developed nations. In addition, CVD often strikes younger people in
developing nations, for instance, in India, 52% of CVD-related deaths happen before the age
of 70 years, compared to 23% in developed market economies.9

Since the majority of its risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity,
smoking, lack of physical activity, stresses, and unhealthy dietary habits, are preventable or
controllable, CAD is global, the most avoidable cause of death. among people. The prevalence
of CAD is likely to continue to increase due to rapid urbanization and associated lifestyle
changes, including dietary changes, physical inactivity, drug and alcohol use, and a higher
prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The social and environmental causes of CHD and stroke are
well known, and improved population-based preventive programs could result in a substantial
reduction in the number of cases of CAD morbidity and mortality. The alarming rise in the
prevalence of cardiac risk factors, including central obesity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension,
atherogenic dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity, might be utilized to explain the rising
incidence of CHD in India.10

The knowledge of CAD and its importance is its modifiable risk factors for changing people's
health perceptions, behaviors, and lifestyle habits.) Improvement in recognizing the signs and
symptoms of a heart attack or stroke may lead to an early approach to medical services, which
could lead to improved patient outcomes. Individuals with a good understanding of CAD risk
factors would be more anticipatory in lowering their risk since the majority of risk factors are
modifiable in the population. The population's risk factor prevalence affects future health-care
costs and the number of years; an individual will be unable to work. Risk factors put an
individual's health at risk while also burdening the economy as a whole. Five different dietary
and lifestyle habits as well as traditional risk factors may have a role in the rise in the prevalence
of CAD and the rural-urban disparities in prevalence.11

With the increase in urbanization in India, there has been a significant change in the lifestyles
of the Indian population which has restricted them to the table and changed their mode of life,
limiting their physical activity and making them more vulnerable to being affected by health-
care issues. Considering the overburden of CVDs, it is very essential to measure people's
knowledge. and attitude toward the prevention of CAD. The study results might help to
understand the awareness of people and their approach toward the prevention of CAD and
suitable target interventions may be given to the people for promoting better health outcomes. 12
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A study to assess the effectives of structured teaching proame on level of knowledge regarding
coronary artery disease and it’s prevention among students of selected colleges of J&K.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To assess the previous level of knowledge regarding coronary artery disease among
students of selected colleges of J&K.
• To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programe on knowledge regarding c
coronary artery disease and it’s prevention among students of selected colleges of J&K.
• To find out the association between the pretest level of knowledge regarding coronary
artery disease and it’s prevention with their selected socio-demographic variables among
students of selected colleges of J&K.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. Effectiveness: In this study, it refers to the extent to which structured teaching programe
(STP) has achieved the desired objectives for the students regarding coronary artery disease
and its prevention.
2. Knowledge: In this study, it refers to knowledge regarding coronary artery disease among
students of selected colleges of J&K.
3. Structured teaching programe (STP): In this study, it refers to systematically developed
teaching programe designed for the students with the help of power point power point
presentation in order to provide information regarding coronary artery diseases and it’s
prevention.
4. Coronary artery disease:It refers to common heart condition that involves atherosclerotic
plaque formation in the lumen vessel.This leads to impaired blow flow and thus limited
oxygen delivery to the myocardium..
5. Preventive strategies: In this study, it refers to bringing awareness regarding lowering and
controlling of risk factors of coronary artery disease among students of selected colleges of
J&K.
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

• H01: Their will be no significant difference between the pre test and post test in the level of
knowledge regarding coronary artery disease among students of college

• H02: Their will be no significant association between the pre test level of knowledge
regarding coronary artery disease with selected demographic variables among students of
selected college

• H1: Their will be significant difference between the pre test and post test level of knowledge
coronary artery disease among students selected college students

• H2: Their will be significant association between the pre test level of knowledge regarding
coronary artery disease with selected demographic variables among students of selected
college.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study will be limited to the students of colleges who are studying in J&K only.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a topic. The

term can refer to a full scholarly paper or a section of a scholarly work such as a book,
or an article. Either way, a literature review is supposed to provide

the researcher/author and the audiences with a general image of the existing

knowledge on the topic under question. A good literature review can ensure that a

a proper research question has been asked and a proper theoretical framework and/or

research methodology has been chosen.Lambert,defines a literature review as a

critical analysis of what is known about the study topic,the themes related to it and
various perspectives expressed regarding the topic.

The literature relevant to the study is reviewed and organised under the following sections:

SectionI:Studies related to coronary artery disease in general.

Section II:Studies related to knowledge regarding coronary artery disease.

Section III:Studies related to effectiveness of structured teaching programe regarding

coronary artery disease.

Section I:Studies related to coronary artery disease in general.

Badmanaban B, Sachithanandan.(2013) Conducted a study in Malaysia to determine the

prevalence of Coronary Disease and related risk factors in individuals with a history of
primitive Coronary Artery Disease in their first-degree relatives.The study included 700
healthy individuals with a history of premature coronary artery disease in their parents or
siblings in Tehran heart center in 2003-2004 with the age group of 15-65 years. The results
showed that diabetes was found in 5.3%, hypertension in 20.6%. cholesterol above 200mg/dl
is 39.9%. Hence the researcher concluded that in addition 6.4% had ECG changes and 3%
echocardiography abnormalities and conducted that risk factors determine in these individuals
may prove to be more.
Section II:Studies related to knowledge regarding coronary artery disease.
Monica Laishram ,Monika Kalita (2024) conducted a study to asses the knowledge
regarding prevention of coronary artery disease among the students of selected colleges of
Guwahati Assam and with a view to develop an information booklet on prevention of
coronary artery disease. Quantitative research approach was used.The samples were
collected using non probability purposive sampling technique from152 students, who were
in the age group of 17 - 30 years, studying in selected college of Guwahati, Assam and who
fulfills the inclusioncriteria. Structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge
regarding prevention of coronary artery disease among thestudents. Result showed that out
of 152 respondents that majority i. e 114 (75%) respondents had moderately adequate
knowledge, 28(18.42%) respondents had inadequate knowledge and 10 (6.57%) had
adequate knowledge.

Eman A Elsheikh ,Osama H Alqahtani ,Haneem M Aljedani Saleh M Alkulayb,Omar M

Bamousa,Rana M Alqahtani et.al (2024) conducted a study to asses the knowledge and
awareness regarding coronary artery disease risk factors among Saudi Arabian
population.The study included a total of 1409 participants.Knowlege scores revealed that
70.3% high,27.4 % medium and 2.3% low levels while awareness scores showed 59.9%
high ,32.9% medium and 7.2% low levels.
Priyanka Upreti,Saraswati Basnet (2021) conducted a study to asses the knowledge
regarding coronary artery disease among adults in community at Baratnagar.Non porpusive
sampling has been used for data collection .69 respondents were interviewed through
semistructured questions The findings revealed that 58% of the respondents have
inadequate knowledge and 42% have adequate knowledge of coronary artery disease.

Jeya Thanga Selvi,Juliana Shanthi Rosy (2021) conducted a study to asses the knowledge
and attitude of coronary artery disease risk factors among adults in Christian Mission
Hospital at Madurai ,Tamil Nadu.Research design of the study was descriptive in nature.
The sample size for this study is 30 adult patients between the ages of 20 – 60 years.
Samples for this study were selected through convenience sampling technique. Results
showed that majority of adult patient’s adequate knowledge (73.3%) and favourable
attitude (100%) on CAD.

Mukesh Singh Bisht ,Shatrughan Pareek (2019) conducted a study to asses the
knowledge regarding risk factors coronary artery disease among patients attending
medical OPD in Doon Medical College Hospital Dehradun.A total of 200 samples were
selected by nonprobability convenient sampling. Knowledge was assessed through
dichotomous questionnaire on risk factors of CAD. Results showed that most of the samples
(76%) had adequate knowledge and 21.5% of the samples had moderate knowledge; rest of
2.5% of the samples had poor knowledge regarding risk factors of CAD. There were positive
associations between knowledge and selected demographical variables such as age and sex.

Jyoti Kapoor conducted a descriptive exploratory study to asses knowledge regarding risk
factors of coronary artery disease among teachers in selected schools of Jammu ,J&K. The
sample consisted of 100 teachers of K C Public School, Jammu. Purposive convenient
sampling technique was used to select the sample. Socio-demographic profile and Structured
knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge. The results showed that
majority of teachers 66 (66%) were having poor knowledge followed by 32 (32%) were having
average knowledge and only 2 (2%) were having good knowledge regarding risk factors of
coronary artery disease.

Baby Elizabeth,Larissa Martha Sams ( 2015) conducted a study to asses the

knowledge regarding coronary artery disease among patients in selected
Hospitals at Mangalore.The purposive sampling technique was used to draw 75
 patients as samples. Data was collected by administering the CAD questionnaire to
assess the knowledge.The result showed that there was significant relationship
between knowledge level and age group, occupation, and education with odds ratio
[95% confidence interval], age group between 25-35years have OR 1.632 (0.208
,1.934), age group of 36-45years OR 1.325 (0.352 , 4.989) (verses age group of 46-55
years)and Pre university OR 1.442 (0.423,4.91) Diploma OR 1.02 (0.287,3.489), Private
employee OR 1.513 (0.136, 1.939), Govt.employee OR 1.418(0.083, 2.114). But there
was no significant relationship between knowledge level and religion, any related
diseases and when was diagnosed to have CAD. The findings of the study showed that
patients have moderate level of knowledge regarding CAD.

Surendran Sinha, (2012) conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study at AIIMS in New

Delhi to assess the knowledge of modifiable risk factors of CAD among patients."
Participants (n=217) recruited from patient waiting areas in the emergency room. 41% of
the sample surveyed has a good level of knowledge. The result showed that 65%, 72%,
85% of the population identified Smoking, Obesity, Hypertension, and High Cholesterol
respectively. Hence the researcher concluded that a good knowledge level was associated
with higher levels of education.

Section III:Studies related to effectiveness of structured teaching programe (CAD)

regarding coronary artery disease:

Gyani Kumari, Sonia Bahera, and Itishree Biswal (2023) conducted research on the
effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge regarding coronary heart disease
and its prevention among college students in Bhubaneswar. A Pre-experimental One group pre-
test post-test design was used to conduct this study. A pre and post-test frequency distribution
of College students regarding selected cardiovascular health problems and its prevention was
found by a 3-point rating scale in which 80% of college students had poor knowledge in the
pre-test and 58.33% of College students had good knowledge in the post-test. The pre-test mean
knowledge scores among college students were 12.08, whereas post-test mean knowledge
scores were 32.38. The p is 2.00 (p>0.0.5). Hence the difference is statistically non-significant.

Rooby Pal (2023) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching
programme on the knowledge of clients with diabetes mellitus regarding the management of
modifiable risk Factors of coronary artery disease at Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital, Kanpur, Uttar
Pradesh." The research approach was a quantitative approach and the research design adopted
was a pre-experimental "one group pre-test post-test design". The population for the study was
all clients with diabetes mellitus. The total sample of sixty clients was selected by convenient
sampling technique or accidental sampling technique.The findings revealed that after the
structured teaching program there was a significant difference in pre and post-test scores of
knowledge in clients with diabetes mellitus regarding Management of Modifiable Risk Factors
of Coronary Artery Disease. The obtained pre-test mean was 9.13. S.D-2.071 and post-test
mean was 22.233, S.D-2.41722, there was a significant difference between the pre-test and
post-test score.

Sarmista Das and Menarva Yambem (2022) conducted a pre-experimental study to find out the
effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge regarding a healthy lifestyle to
prevent cardiovascular disease among adolescents in selected schools of Agartala. Result
revealed that In pretest 93% adolescents had inadequate knowledge, after a structured teaching
program in posttest 72% adolescents have adequate knowledge regarding a healthy lifestyle to
prevent cardiovascular diseases. The mean difference of pre-test and post-test knowledge score
was statistically significant (1100 19.23 which was higher than tabulated 't' value 1.98 at 0.05
levels of significance) The Structured Teaching Programme was an effective method of
imparting knowledge to adolescents.

Jinit Dewivedi, Darmesh Chaturvedi, and Sanjay Nagda (2022) conducted a study to assess the
effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program (PTP) on knowledge and practice regarding the
prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) among patients with modifiable risk factors of
CAD in Udaipur,Rajasthan.Pre-experimental research design was selected to conduct the study.
120 patients with modifiable risk factors of CAD were selected for this study by using
purposive sampling technique. The result revealed that around 75% of patients with modifiable
risk factors of CAD had inadequate knowledge score and practice score in the pre-test. Whereas
in the post-test approximately 80% of patients with modifiable risk factors of CAD had
adequate knowledge score and practice score. The Paired 't' test value for the knowledge level
was 33.67 and for the practice level, it was 29.41, which was greater than the table value at .05
levels of significance. This shows that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and
post-test levels of knowledge and practice regarding the prevention of coronary artery disease
among patients with modifiable risk factors of CAD. There was a significant positive
correlation 0.570 found between post-test knowledge score and post-test practice score. There
was no significant association found between the pre-test knowledge score and pre-test practice
score regarding the prevention of coronary artery disease among patients with modifiable risk
factors of CAD with demographic variables.

Jasinder Paul Kaur, Seema Agarwal, and Guruveer Kaur (2022) conducted a study to assess the
level of knowledge regarding risk factors and its of coronary artery disease among patients
attending the medicine outpatient department in Dasmesh Hospital Faridkot, Punjab.Non-
purposive sampling technique was used.The study was conducted in the medicine outpatient
department in Dasmesh Hospital Faridkot. Data were collected through the structured interview
schedule by using a structured knowledge questionnaire.Majority of patients have average level
of knowledge. The result revealed that there is no significant association between the
knowledge and selected Socio-demographic variables.

Payal Vaghela and Suneesh PM (2021) conducted a pre-experimental study to assess the
effectiveness of a planned teaching program on knowledge regarding the prevention of
coronary artery disease among diabetic patients in a selected hospital at Rajkot.Total 40
samples were selected from admitted hospital settings based on non-probability purposive
sampling. The research used a structured interview schedule and structured questionnaire for
data collection regarding demographic variables and pre-test. As a part of intervention
structured teaching program on knowledge regarding the prevention of coronary artery disease
among diabetic patients in a selected hospital. The post-test score was measured with the same
questionnaires after 7 days. It revealed that the mean score of the pretest was 7.4 and the post-
test was 22.1 The mean difference was 14.7. The obtained 't' value 35.1 Hence it was highly
significant p<0.05 levels. Hence their findings of the study revealed that the planned teaching
program was effective in improving knowledge regarding the prevention of coronary artery
disease among diabetic patients in a selected hospital.

Karth R, Kunmudhavalli D, and Suryakanth H (2018) conducted a study to assess the

effectiveness of knowledge regarding the risk status of coronary artery disease among diabetic
patients at ES hospital, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu. A pre-experimental design one group pre-test
post-test research design was adopted. 30 diabetic patients were selected by using purposive
sampling technique. The study concluded that there is an increased level of knowledge of
diabetic patients after administering a structured teaching programe.

Rajesh Kumar Sharma (2013) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of planned
teaching programs on the risk factors of coronary artery disease to create knowledge and
preventive behavior among administrative employees in selected colleges of Dehradun.In
selected colleges, administrative employees were selected through simple random technique;
60 administrative employees were selected, 30 each in the experimental group and control
group. Data were collected by structured knowledge questionnaire and Structured self-rating
scale.Result showed that most of the sample (experimental group-80%, control group-86.7%)
had moderate knowledge regarding risk factors of CAD in the pre-test. Whereas the mean
percentage post-test scores and the modified gain scores in all areas were found to be high in
the experimental group only. There was a significant difference between pre-test post-test
knowledge scores in the experimental group only (12913.717, p<0.05). The effectiveness of
the planned teaching program between the experimental group and control group (ts=12.179,
p<0.05) was highly significant. There was no significant association between pre-test
knowledge and selected demographic variables.

Badmanaban B, Sachithanandan.(2013) Conducted a study in Malaysia to determine the

prevalence of Coronary Disease and related risk factors in individuals with a history of
primitive Coronary Artery Disease in their first-degree relatives.The study included 700
healthy individuals with a history of premature coronary artery disease in their parents or
siblings in Tehran heart center in 2003-2004 with the age group of 15-65 years. The results
showed that diabetes was found in 5.3%, hypertension in 20.6%. cholesterol above 200mg/dl
is 39.9%. Hence the researcher concluded that in addition 6.4% had ECG changes and 3%
echocardiography abnormalities and conducted that risk factors determine in these individuals
may prove to be more.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology involves the systematic procedure by the researcher, which starts from
the initial identification of the problem to its final conclusion. The methodology of research
indicates the general pattern of organizing the procedure for gathering valid and reliable data
for the purpose of investigation.

RESEARCH APPROACH
Quantitative Research Approach

RESEARCH DESIGN
Pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design.

RESEARCH SETTING
Selected college of J&K.

TARGET POPULATION
College students 18-21 years of age

ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
College students available at the time of data collection.
SAMPLE
College students, those who are meeting inclusion & exclusion criteria.

SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

200 College students by Purposive Sampling Technique.

TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION

SECTION A: Socio Demographic Variables.
SECTION B: Self Structured Knowledge Questionnaire.
RESEARCH APPROACH:Creswell describes research approach as the plans and
Fig 1: Schematic representation of research.
procedures for research that spans the steps for broad assumptions to detailed methods of data
collection ,analysis and interpretation .Similarly Grover explains research approach as a
strategy of inquiry.

Quantitative Research Approach will be used in the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN:Leedy defines research design as a plan for study,providing the

overall framework for collecting data.Macmilan and Suchumacher define it as a plan for
selecting subjects ,research sites and data collection procedures to answer questions.

Pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design.

VARIABLES: A variable is defined as any property,a chracteristic,a number or a quantity

that increases or decreases over time or can take as different values in different situations.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE :It is a variable that stands alone and is not changed by other
variables you are trying to measure.In this study ,STP is the the independent variable.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:A dependent variable is the variable that changes as a result of
independent variable manipulation.In this study post test knowledge score of college students
regarding CAD and it’s prevention is the dependent variable
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES:Extraneous variable is any variable not being investigated
that has to potential to effect the outcome of the research study.It includes
age,gender,religion,academic qualification, locality.
Demographic variables: age, gender, marital status, educational qualification.

Independent variables: Teaching package regarding coronary artery disease.

Dependent variables: Knowledge of college students regarding coronary artery disease .

SETTING:

Selected college of J&K

POPULATION:

Students of selected college.

SAMPLE:College students those who are meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria.

SAMPLE SIZE:

200 students.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:

Purposive sampling technique.

CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION:

Inclusion criteria:
 • College students who are studying at selected colleges .
• Available at the time of data collection
• Willing to participate in the study
• Who can read and write English

Exclusion criteria:

Nursing Students.

DESCRIPTION OF TOOL

The tool consists of two sections:

Section A: related to Socio-demographic variables, it consists of Age, gender,

religion,academic qualification, locality.

Section B: Self structured knowledge questionnaire for assessing the knowledge of college
students coronary artery disease, It is further subdivided into the following subheadings:

• Definition of coronary artery disease

• Causes and risk factors of coronary artery disease.
• Signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease.
• Prevention and management of coronary artery disease.
 REFERENCES

1. CDC. (2022, December 6). Coronary artery disease. Retrieved May 2, 2024, from Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention website:
https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/coronary_ad.htm
2. Coronary artery disease. (2022, May 25). Retrieved May 2, 2024, from Mayo Clinic
website: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-
disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613.
3. Choudhary, Mamta & Sharma, Kapil & Sodhi, Jaspreet. (2014). Knowledge Regarding
Preventive Measures of Coronary Artery Disease among Patient Attending Out Patient
Departments of Selected Hospital Of Ludhiana City. 60-63.
4. Cardiovascular diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2024, from Who.int website:
https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases.
5. Kumar, R., Singh, M. C., Singh, M. C., Ahlawat, S. K., Thakur, J. S., Srivastava, A., …
Kumari, S. (2006). Urbanization and coronary heart disease: a study of urban-rural
differences in northern India. Indian Heart Journal, 58(2). Retrieved from
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18989056/
6. Sreeniwas Kumar, A., & Sinha, N. (2020). Cardiovascular disease in India: A 360 degree
overview. Medical Journal, Armed Forces India, 76(1), 1-3.
doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.12.005.

7. Sekhri, T., Kanwar, R. S., Wilfred, R., Chugh, P., Chhillar, M., Aggarwal, R., … Singh, S.
K. (2014). Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in an urban Indian
population. BMJ Open, 4(12), e005346. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005346
8. JK Policy Institute. (2020, December 20). Rising heart attacks among young people in
Jammu and Kashmir. Retrieved May 2, 2024, from JK Policy Institute website:
https://www.jkpi.org/rising-heart-attacks-among-young-people-in-jammu-and-kashmir/
9. Sharma, M., & Ganguly, N. K. (2005). Premature coronary artery disease in Indians and its
associated risk factors. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 1(3), 217.
10. Brown, J. C., Gerhardt, T. E., & Kwon, E. (2023). Risk factors for coronary artery disease.
StatPearls Publishing.
11. Risk factors for coronary artery disease. (2023, June 13). Retrieved May 2, 2024, from
Medscape.com website: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/164163-
overview?form=fpf
12. Sekhri, T., Kanwar, R. S., Wilfred, R., Chugh, P., Chhillar, M., Aggarwal, R., … Singh, S.
K. (2014). Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in an urban Indian
population. BMJ Open, 4(12), e005346. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005346
13. Rajesh Kumar sharma J NRS Health sci 6,17-21-2013
14. Payal Vaghela, Suneesh P.M., Jeenath Justin Doss. K... A Study to Assess the Effectiveness
of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding Prevention of Coronary Artery
Disease among Diabetic Patients in selected Hospital at Rajkot. Asian J. Nursing Education
and Research. 2021;11(1):45-47. doi: 10.5958/2349-2996.2021.00011.2
15. Jinit Dwivedi, Dharmesh Chaturvedi, Sanjay Nagda. Effectiveness of educational package
on knowledge and practice regarding prevention of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) among
patients with modifiable risk factors of CAD. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and
Research 2022; 12(1):37-1. doi: 10.52711/2349-2996.2022.00007
16. Joyce M Black, (3rd ed) "Medical Surgical Nursing", W. B Saunder Company
publications.p:724-756.
17. Surendran sinha.et.,al. "To assess the knowledge of modifiable risk factors of CAD among
patients". Philadelphia WB Saunders company.
18. Badmanaban B. Sachithanandan.et.,al.(2013) "To determine the prevalence of coronary
disease and related risk factors in individuals with history of primitive coronary artery
disease in their first degree relatives". Unpublished thesis: Available from www.indian
nursing journal.
19. Gyani Kumari, Sonia Behera, Itishree Biswal. Effectiveness of Structured Teaching
Programme on Knowledge regarding selected Cardiovascular Health Problems and its
Prevention among College Students. International Journal of Advances in Nursing
Management. 2023;11(3):139-3. doi: 10.52711/2454-2652.2023.00033
20. Kaur Brar, J., Aggarwal, S., & Kaur, G.(2022). A descriptive study to assess the level of
knowledge regarding risk factors and it's prevention of coronary artery disease among
patients attending medicine outpatient department in Dasmesh Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab.
Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research, 42-46. doi:10.52711/2349-
2996.2022.00008
21. Mendis S. Cardio vascular disease (online). Accessed on 20 July 2014; Available from:
URL: https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Cardiovascular disease.
22. Black, Hawks. Medical surgical Nursing, 7 th edition, Elsevier publishers, 1:1243-1246.