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Module 2-3 The Transfer Function

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Module 2-3 The Transfer Function

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ganironremalyn01
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2.

3 The Transfer Function


In the previous section we defined the Laplace transform and its inverse. We presented
the idea of the partial-fraction expansion and applied the concepts to the solution of
differential equations. We are now ready to formulate the system representation shown
in Figure 2.1 by establishing a viable definition for a function that algebraically relates a
system’s output to its input. This function will allow separation of the input, system, and
output into three separate and distinct parts, unlike the differential equation. The
function will also allow us to algebraically combine mathematical representations of
subsystems to yield a total system representation.

Let us begin by writing a general nth-order, linear, time-invariant differential equation,

dnc(t) dn-1c(t) dm-1r(t)


𝑎 +𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑎 𝑐(𝑡) = 𝑏 dmr(t) + ⋯ + 𝑏 𝑟( 𝑡 ) (2.50)
n
dtn n-1 0 m dtm + 𝑏m-1 0
dtn-1 dtm-1

where c(t) is the output, r(t) is the input, and the ai’s, bi’s, and the form of the differential
equation represent the system. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides,

Equation (2.51) is a purely algebraic expression. If we assume that all initial conditions
are zero, Eq. (2.51) reduces to

Now form the ratio of the output transform, C(s), divided by the input transform, R(s):

Notice that Eq. (2.53) separates the output, C(s), the input, R(s), and the system, the ratio
of polynomials in s on the right. We call this ratio, G(s), the transfer function and
evaluate it with zero initial conditions.
The transfer function can be represented as a block diagram, as shown in Figure 2.2, with
the input on the left, the output on the right, and the system transfer function inside the
block. Notice that the denominator of the transfer function is identical to the
characteristic polynomial of the differential equation. Also, we can find the output, C(s)
by using

Let us apply the concept of a transfer function to an example and then use the result to
find the response of the system.

Laboratorych2p9 to ch2p12 and ch2sp3


In general, a physical system that can be represented by a linear, time-invariant
differential equation can be modeled as a transfer function. The rest of this chapter will
be devoted to the task of modeling individual subsystems. We will learn how to represent
electrical networks, translational mechanical systems, rotational mechanical systems,
and electromechanical systems as transfer functions. As the need arises, the reader can
consult the Bibliography at the end of the chapter for discussions of other types of
systems, such as pneumatic, hydraulic, and heat-transfer systems (Cannon, 1967).

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