*2–60.

The stock mounted on the lathe is subjected to a force of

60 N. Determine the coordinate direction angle b and
express the force as a Cartesian vector.
z

60 N

45⬚
SOLUTION b

1 = 2cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g 60⬚

1 = cos2 60° + cos2 b + cos2 45° y

x
cos b = ; 0.5

b = 60°, 120°

Use

b = 120° Ans.

F = 60 N(cos 60°i + cos 120°j + cos 45°k)

= {30i - 30j + 42.4k} N Ans.

2–61.

Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles z

of the resultant force and sketch this vector on the
coordinate system.
F1 80 lb

y
30
40

F2 130 lb
SOLUTION
x
F1 = {80 cos 30° cos 40°i - 80 cos 30° sin 40°j + 80 sin 30°k} lb

F1 = {53.1i - 44.5j + 40k} lb

F2 = { -130k} lb

FR = F1 + F2

FR = {53.1i - 44.5j - 90.0k} lb

FR = 2(53.1)2 + (-44.5)2 + ( -90.0)2 = 114 lb Ans.

53.1
a = cos-1 ¢ ≤ = 62.1° Ans.
113.6

-44.5
b = cos-1 ¢ ≤ = 113° Ans.
113.6

-90.0
g = cos-1 ¢ ≤ = 142° Ans.
113.6
2–62.

Specify the coordinate direction angles of F1 and F2 and z

express each force as a Cartesian vector.
F1 80 lb

y
30
40

F2 130 lb
SOLUTION
x
F1 = {80 cos 30° cos 40°i - 80 cos 30° sin 40°j + 80 sin 30°k} lb

F1 = {53.1i - 44.5j + 40k} lb Ans.

53.1
a1 = cos-1 ¢ ≤ = 48.4° Ans.
80

-44.5
b 1 = cos-1 ¢ ≤ = 124° Ans.
80

g1 = cos-1 a b = 60°
40
Ans.
80

F2 = {- 130k} lb Ans.

0
a2 = cos-1 ¢ ≤ = 90° Ans.
130

0
b 2 = cos-1 ¢ ≤ = 90° Ans.
130

-130
g2 = cos-1 ¢ ≤ = 180° Ans.
130
2–63.

The bolt is subjected to the force F, which has components z

acting along the x, y, z axes as shown. If the magnitude of F is
80 N, and a = 60° and g = 45°, determine the magnitudes
of its components.
Fz

g
F b
y
Fy a
SOLUTION
Fx
cosb = 21 - cos2 a - cos2g

= 21 - cos2 60° - cos2 45°

x
b = 120°

Fx = |80 cos 60°| = 40 N Ans.

Fy = |80 cos 120°| = 40 N Ans.

Fz = |80 cos 45°| = 56.6 N Ans.

*2–64.

Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles of

F1 = 560i - 50j + 40k6 N and F2 = 5- 40i - 85j + 30k6 N.
Sketch each force on an x, y, z reference frame.

SOLUTION
F1 = 60 i - 50 j + 40 k

F1 = 216022 + 1 - 5022 + 14022 = 87.7496 = 87.7 N Ans.

a1 = cos-1 a b = 46.9°
60
Ans.
87.7496

- 50
b 1 = cos-1 a b = 125° Ans.
87.7496

g1 = cos-1 a b = 62.9°
40
Ans.
87.7496

F2 = - 40 i - 85 j + 30 k

F2 = 21- 4022 + 1 -8522 + 13022 = 98.615 = 98.6 N Ans.

-40
a2 = cos-1 a b = 114° Ans.
98.615

-85
b 2 = cos-1 a b = 150° Ans.
98.615

30
g2 = cos-1 = 72.3° Ans.
98.615
2–65.

The cable at the end of the crane boom exerts a force of z

250 lb on the boom as shown. Express F as a Cartesian
vector.
y

70°
30°

SOLUTION x

Cartesian Vector Notation: With a = 30° and b = 70°, the third coordinate
direction angle g can be determined using Eq. 2–8.
F = 250 lb
cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1

cos2 30° + cos2 70° + cos2 g = 1

cos g = ; 0.3647

g = 68.61° or 111.39°

By inspection, g = 111.39° since the force F is directed in negative octant.

F = 2505cos 30°i + cos 70°j + cos 111.39°6 lb

= 217i + 85.5j - 91.2k lb Ans.

2–66.

Express each force acting on the pipe assembly in Cartesian

vector form. z

5
F1 600 lb 120
3
4

y
60

SOLUTION x

Rectangular Components: Since cos a2 + cos b 2 + cos g2 = 1, then

2 2 2
F2 400 lb
cos b 2 = ; 21 - cos2 60° - cos2 120° = ;0.7071. However, it is required that
b 2 6 90°, thus, b 2 = cos - 1(0.7071) = 45°. By resolving F1 and F2 into their x, y, and
z components, as shown in Figs. a and b, respectively, F1 and F2 can be expressed in
Cartesian vector form, as

F1 = 600 a b (+ i) + 0j + 600 a b ( +k)

4 3
5 5

= [480i + 360k] lb Ans.

F2 = 400 cos 60°i + 400 cos 45°j + 400 cos 120°k

= [200i + 283j - 200k] lb Ans.

2–67.

Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant

force acting on the pipe assembly. z

5
F1 600 lb 120
3
4

y
60

SOLUTION x

Force Vectors: Since cos a 2 + cos b 2 + cos g 2 = 1, then cos g 2 =

2 2 2
F2 400 lb
; 2 1 - cos 2 60° - cos 2 120° = ; 0.7071. However, it is required that
b2 6 90°, thus, b2 = cos - 1(0.7071) = 45°. By resolving F1 and F2 into their x, y, and
z components, as shown in Figs. a and b, respectively, F1 and F2 can be expressed in
Cartesian vector form, as

F1 = 600 a b ( +i) + 0j + 600 a b ( +k)

4 3
5 5

= {480i + 360k} lb

F2 = 400 cos 60°i + 400 cos 45°j + 400 cos 120°k

= {200i + 282.84j - 200k} lb

Resultant Force: By adding F1 and F2 vectorally, we obtain FR.

FR = F1 + F2

= (480i + 360k) + (200i + 282.84j - 200k)

= {680i + 282.84j + 160k} lb

The magnitude of FR is

FR = 2(FR)x2 + (FR)y2 + (FR)z2

= 26802 + 282.84 2 + 1602 = 753.66 lb = 754 lb Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

(FR)x 680
a = cos - 1 B R = cos - 1 ¢ ≤ = 25.5° Ans.
FR 753.66
(FR)y 282.84
b = cos - 1 B R = cos - 1 ¢ ≤ = 68.0° Ans.
FR 753.66

(FR)z 160
g = cos - 1 B R = cos - 1 ¢ ≤ = 77.7° Ans.
FR 753.66
*2–68.

Express each force as a Cartesian vector. z

30⬚

x 30⬚ y

SOLUTION 45⬚
F1 ⫽ 300 N
Rectangular Components: By referring to Figs. a and b, the x, y, and z components
of F1 and F2 can be written as

(F1)x = 300 cos 30° = 259.8 N (F2)x = 500 cos 45° sin 30° = 176.78 N
F2 ⫽ 500 N
(F1)y = 0 (F2)y = 500 cos 45° cos 30° = 306.19 N

(F1)t = 300 sin 30° = 150 N (F2)z = 500 sin 45° = 353.55 N

Thus, F1 and F2 can be written in Cartesian vector form as

F1 = 259.81(+ i) + 0j + 150( -k)

= {260i - 150k} N Ans.

F2 = 176.78(+ i) + 306.19( +j) + 353.55(- k)

= 2{177i + 306j - 354k} N Ans.
2–69.

Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles z

of the resultant force acting on the hook.

30⬚

x 30⬚ y
SOLUTION 45⬚
F1 ⫽ 300 N
Force Vectors: By resolving F1 and F2 into their x, y, and z components, as shown in
Figs. a and b, respectively, F1 and F2 can be expessed in Cartesian vector form as

F1 = 300 cos 30°(+i) + 0j + 300 sin 30°( - k)

= {259.81i - 150k} N F2 ⫽ 500 N

F2 = 500 cos 45°sin 30°( + i) + 500 cos 45° cos 30°(+ j) + 500 sin 45°( - k)
= {176.78i - 306.19j - 353.55k} N

Resultant Force: The resultant force acting on the hook can be obtained by vectorally
adding F1 and F2. Thus,

FR = F1 + F2
= (259.81i - 150k) + (176.78i + 306.19j - 353.55k)
= {436.58i) + 306.19j - 503.55k} N
The magnitude of FR is

FR = 2(FR)x2 + (FR)y 2(FR)z 2

= 2(436.58)2 + (306.19)2 + ( - 503.55)2 = 733.43 N = 733 N Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

ux = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 53.5°

(FR)x 436.58
Ans.
FR 733.43

uy = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a
(FR)y
b = 65.3°
306.19
Ans.
FR 733.43
(FR)z
uz = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 133°
- 503.55
Ans.
FR 733.43
2–70.

The beam is subjected to the two forces shown. Express each z

force in Cartesian vector form and determine the magnitude
and coordinate direction angles of the resultant force.

F2 ⫽ 250 lb
60⬚
135⬚
SOLUTION 60⬚
7 24
F1 = 630 a b j - 630 a b k y
25 25 24 25
x
F1 = (176.4 j - 604.8k) 7
F1 ⫽ 630 lb

F1 = {176j - 605k} lb Ans.

F2 = 250 cos 60°i + 250 cos 135°j + 250 cos 60°k

F2 = (125i - 176.777j + 125k)

F2 = {125i - 177j + 125k} lb Ans.

FR = F1 + F2

FR = 125i - 0.3767j - 479.8k

FR = {125i - 0.377j - 480k} lb

FR = 2(125)2 + (- 0.3767)2 + ( - 479.8)2 = 495.82

= 496 lb Ans.

125
a = cos-1 a b = 75.4° Ans.
495.82

- 0.3767
b = cos-1 a b = 90.0° Ans.
495.82

- 479.8
g = cos-1 a b = 165° Ans.
495.82
2–71.

If the resultant force acting on the bracket is directed along z

the positive y axis, determine the magnitude of the resultant
force and the coordinate direction angles of F so that
b 6 90°.
g F 500 N

SOLUTION
Force Vectors: By resolving F1 and F into their x, y, and z components, as shown in b
Figs. a and b, respectively, F1 and F can be expressed in Cartesian vector form as a

F1 = 600 cos 30° sin 30°(+i) + 600 cos 30° cos 30°(+j) + 600 sin 30°(-k)
30
= {259.81i + 450j - 300k} N y
x 30
F = 500 cos ai + 500 cos bj + 500 cos gk

Since the resultant force FR is directed towards the positive y axis, then F1 600 N

FR = FR j

Resultant Force:

FR = F1 + F

FR j = (259.81i + 450j - 300k) + (500 cos ai + 500 cos bj + 500 cos gk)

FR j = (259.81 + 500 cos a)i + (450 + 500 cos b)j + (500 cos g - 300)k

Equating the i, j, and k components,

0 = 259.81 + 500 cos a

a = 121.31° = 121° Ans.

FR = 450 + 500 cos b (1)

0 = 500 cos g - 300

g = 53.13° = 53.1° Ans.

However, since cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1, a = 121.31°, and g = 53.13°,

cos b = ; 21 - cos2 121.31° - cos2 53.13° = ;0.6083

If we substitute cos b = 0.6083 into Eq. (1),

2
FR = 450 + 500(0.6083) = 754 N Ans.

and 2

b = cos - 1 (0.6083) = 52.5° Ans.

2 2
*2–72.

A force F is applied at the top of the tower at A. If it acts in z

the direction shown such that one of its components lying in
the shaded y-z plane has a magnitude of 80 lb, determine its A
magnitude F and coordinate direction angles a, b, g. y

60°

45°
x
SOLUTION 80 lb

Cartesian Vector Notation: The magnitude of force F is

F cos 45° = 80 F = 113.14 lb = 113 lb Ans.

F
Thus,

F = 5113.14 sin 45°i + 80 cos 60°j - 80 sin 60°k6 lb

= 580.0i + 40.0j - 69.28k6 lb

The coordinate direction angles are

Fx 80.0
cos a = = a = 45.0° Ans.
F 113.14
Fy 40.0
cos b = = b = 69.3° Ans.
F 113.14

Fz - 69.28
cos g = = g = 128° Ans.
F 113.14
2–73.

The spur gear is subjected to the two forces caused by z

contact with other gears. Express each force as a Cartesian
vector. 60⬚
F2 ⫽ 180 lb

SOLUTION 60⬚ 135⬚

7 24 y
F1 = (50)j - (50)k = {14.0j - 48.0k} lb Ans.
25 25 x
25

F2 = 180 cos 60°i + 180 cos 135°j + 180 cos 60°k 24

7
= {90i - 127j + 90k} lb Ans. F1 ⫽ 50 lb
2–74.

The spur gear is subjected to the two forces caused by z

contact with other gears. Determine the resultant of the two
forces and express the result as a Cartesian vector. 60⬚
F2 ⫽ 180 lb

SOLUTION 60⬚ 135⬚

FRx = 180 cos 60° = 90 y

x
7 25
FRy = (50) + 180 cos 135° = -113
25 24
7
24 F1 ⫽ 50 lb
FRz = - (50) + 180 cos 60° = 42
25

FR = {90i - 113j + 42k} lb Ans.

2–75.

Determine the coordinate direction angles of force F1. z

F1 ⫽ 600 N
5
F2 ⫽ 450 N
3
4
45⬚
30⬚

y
SOLUTION x

Rectangular Components: By referring to Figs. a, the x, y, and z components of F1

can be written as

(F1)x = 600 a b cos 30° N (F1)y = 600a b sin 30° N (F1)z = 600a b N
4 4 3
5 5 5
Thus, F1 expressed in Cartesian vector form can be written as

F1 = 600 e sin 30°(- j) + ( + k) f N

4 4 3
cos 30°( + i) +
5 5 5
= 600[0.6928i - 0.4j + 0.6k] N

Therefore, the unit vector for F1 is given by

F1 600(0.6928i - 0.4j + 0.6k

uF1 = = = 0.6928i - 0.4j + 0.6k
F1 600
The coordinate direction angles of F1 are

a = cos-1(uF1)x = cos-1(0.6928) = 46.1° Ans.

b = cos-1(uF1)y = cos-1( - 0.4) = 114° Ans.

g = cos (uF1)z = cos (0.6) = 53.1°

-1 -1
Ans.
*2–76.

Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles z

of the resultant force acting on the eyebolt.

F1 ⫽ 600 N
5
F2 ⫽ 450 N
3
4
45⬚
30⬚

y
x

SOLUTION
Force Vectors: By resolving F1 and F2 into their x, y, and z components, as shown in
Figs. a and b, respectively, they are expressed in Cartesian vector form as

F1 = 600 a b cos 30°( + i) + 600a bsin 30°( - j) + 600 a b( + k)

4 4 3
5 5 5

= 5415.69i - 240j + 360k6 N

F2 = 0i + 450 cos 45°(+ j) + 450 sin 45°( + k)

= 5318.20j + 318.20k6 N
Resultant Force: The resultant force acting on the eyebolt can be obtained by
vectorally adding F1 and F2. Thus,

FR = F1 + F2

= (415.69i - 240j + 360k) + (318.20j + 318.20k)

= 5415.69i + 78.20j + 678.20k6 N

The magnitude of FR is given by

FR = 3(FR)x 2 + (FR)y 2 + (FR)z 2

= 3(415.69)2 + (78.20)2 + (678.20)2 = 799.29 N = 799 N Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

a = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 58.7°

(FR)x 415.69
Ans.
FR 799.29
(FR)y
b = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 84.4°
78.20
Ans.
FR 799.29

(FR)z
g = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 32.0°
678.20
Ans.
FR 799.29
2–77.

The cables attached to the screw eye are subjected to the z

three forces shown. Express each force in Cartesian vector F1 = 350 N
form and determine the magnitude and coordinate direction
angles of the resultant force. 40°
F3 = 250 N 60°

45° 120°
y
60°
SOLUTION 60°

Cartesian Vector Notation: 45°

x
F1 = 3505sin 40°j + cos 40°k6 N F2 = 100 N

= 5224.98j + 268.12k6 N

= 5225j + 268k6 N Ans.

F2 = 1005cos 45°i + cos 60°j + cos 120°k6 N

= 570.71i + 50.0j - 50.0k6 N

= 570.7i + 50.0j - 50.0k6 N Ans.

F3 = 2505cos 60°i + cos 135°j + cos 60°k6 N

= 5125.0i - 176.78j + 125.0k6 N

= 5125i - 177j + 125k6 N Ans.

Resultant Force:

FR = F1 + F2 + F3

= 5170.71 + 125.02i + 1224.98 + 50.0 - 176.782j + 1268.12 - 50.0 + 125.02k6 N

= 5195.71i + 98.20j + 343.12k6 N

The magnitude of the resultant force is

FR = 2F2Rx + F2Ry + F2Rz

= 2195.712 + 98.202 + 343.122

= 407.03 N = 407 N Ans.

The coordinate direction angles are

FRx 195.71
cos a = = a = 61.3° Ans.
FR 407.03
FRy 98.20
cos b = = b = 76.0° Ans.
FR 407.03
FRz 343.12
cos g = = g = 32.5° Ans.
FR 407.03
2–78.

Three forces act on the ring. If the resultant force FR has a z

magnitude and direction as shown, determine the
magnitude and the coordinate direction angles of force F3.
F3
FR 120 N
F2 110 N

SOLUTION
Cartesian Vector Notation: F1 80 N 5 45
y
3 4
FR = 120{cos 45°sin 30°i + cos 45°cos 30°j + sin 45°k} N 30

= {42.43i + 73.48j + 84.85k} N

4 3
F1 = 80 b i + k r N = {64.0i + 48.0k} N
5 5 x

F2 = { -110k} N

F3 = {F3x i + F3y j + F3z k} N

Resultant Force:

FR = F1 + F2 + F3

{42.43i + 73.48j + 84.85k} = E A 64.0 + F3 x B i + F3 y j + A 48.0 - 110 + F3 z B k F

Equating i, j and k components, we have

64.0 + F3 x = 42.43 F3x = - 21.57 N

F3 y = 73.48 N

48.0 - 110 + F3 z = 84.85 F3 z = 146.85 N

The magnitude of force F3 is

F3 = 2F 23 x + F 23 y + F 23 z

= 2(- 21.57)2 + 73.482 + 146.852

= 165.62 N = 166 N Ans.

The coordinate direction angles for F3 are

F3 x - 21.57
cos a = = a = 97.5° Ans.
F3 165.62
F3 y 73.48
cos b = = b = 63.7° Ans.
F3 165.62
F3 z 146.85
cos g = = = g = 27.5° Ans.
F3 165.62
2–79.

Determine the coordinate direction angles of F1 and FR. z

F3
FR 120 N
F2 110 N

SOLUTION
Unit Vector of F1 and FR : F1 80 N 5 45
y
3 4
4 3 30
u F1 = i + k = 0.8i + 0.6k
5 5

uR = cos 45° sin 30°i + cos 45° cos 30°j + sin 45°k

= 0.3536i + 0.6124j + 0.7071k x

Thus, the coordinate direction angles F1 and FR are

cos aF1 = 0.8 aF1 = 36.9° Ans.

cos b F1 = 0 b F1 = 90.0° Ans.

cos gF1 = 0.6 gF1 = 53.1° Ans.

cos aR = 0.3536 aR = 69.3° Ans.

cos b R = 0.6124 b R = 52.2° Ans.

cos gR = 0.7071 gR = 45.0° Ans.

*2–80.

If the coordinate direction angles for F3 are a3 = 120°, z

b 3 = 45° and g3 = 60°, determine the magnitude and
coordinate direction angles of the resultant force acting on F3 ⫽ 800 lb
the eyebolt.

5
4 3 F2 ⫽ 600 lb
SOLUTION
Force Vectors: By resolving F1, F2 and F3 into their x, y, and z components, as shown 30⬚
in Figs. a, b, and c, respectively, F1, F2 and F3 can be expressed in Cartesian vector y
x
form as
F1 ⫽ 700 lb
F1 = 700 cos 30°(+ i) + 700 sin 30°( + j) = 5606.22i + 350j6 lb

F2 = 0i + 600 a b (+ j) + 600 a b( + k) = 5480j + 360k6 lb

4 3
5 5

F3 = 800 cos 120°i + 800 cos 45°j + 800 cos 60°k = 3 - 400i + 565.69j + 400k4 lb

Resultant Force: By adding F1, F2 and F3 vectorally, we obtain FR. Thus,

FR = F1 + F2 + F3

= (606.22i + 350j) + (480j + 360k) + ( - 400i + 565.69j + 400k)

= 3206.22i + 1395.69j + 760k4 lb

The magnitude of FR is

FR = 3(FR)x 2 + (FR)y 2 + (FR)z 2

= 3(206.22)2 + (1395.69)2 + (760)2 = 1602.52 lb = 1.60 kip Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

a = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 82.6°

(FR)x 206.22
Ans.
FR 1602.52
(FR)y
b = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 29.4°
1395.69
Ans.
FR 1602.52

(FR)z
g = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 61.7°
760
Ans.
FR 1602.52
2–81.

If the coordinate direction angles for F3 are a3 = 120°, z

b 3 = 45° and g3 = 60°, determine the magnitude and
coordinate direction angles of the resultant force acting on F3 ⫽ 800 lb
the eyebolt.

5
4 3 F2 ⫽ 600 lb
SOLUTION
Force Vectors: By resolving F1, F2 and F3 into their x, y, and z components, as shown 30⬚
in Figs. a, b, and c, respectively, F1, F2, and F3 can be expressed in Cartesian vector x y
form as F1 ⫽ 700 lb

F1 = 700 cos 30°(+ i) + 700 sin 30°( + j) = 5606.22i + 350j6 lb

F2 = 0i + 600 a b( +j) + 600 a b ( + k) = 5480j + 360k6 lb

4 3
5 5

F3 = 800 cos 120°i + 800 cos 45°j + 800 cos 60°k = 5- 400i + 565.69j + 400k6 lb

FR = F1 + F2 + F3

= 606.22i + 350j + 480j + 360k - 400i + 565.69j + 400k

= 5206.22i + 1395.69j + 760k6 lb

FR = 3(206.22)2 + (1395.69)2 + (760)2

= 1602.52 lb = 1.60 kip Ans.

a = cos-1 a b = 82.6°
206.22
Ans.
1602.52

b = cos-1 a b = 29.4°
1395.69
Ans.
1602.52

g = cos-1 a b = 61.7°
760
Ans.
1602.52
2–82.
If the direction of the resultant force acting on the eyebolt z
is defined by the unit vector uFR = cos 30°j + sin 30°k,
determine the coordinate direction angles of F3 and the F3 ⫽ 800 lb
magnitude of FR.

5
4 3 F2 ⫽ 600 lb
SOLUTION
30⬚
Force Vectors: By resolving F1, F2 and F3 into their x, y, and z components, as shown
in Figs. a, b, and c, respectively, F1, F2, and F3 can be expressed in Cartesian vector x y
form as F1 ⫽ 700 lb

F1 = 700 cos 30°(+ i) + 700 sin 30°( + j) = 5606.22i + 350j6 lb

F2 = 0i + 600 a b (+ j) + 600 a b( + k) = 5480j + 360k6 lb

4 3
5 5

F3 = 800 cos a3i + 800 cos b 3 j + 800 cos g3k

Since the direction of FR is defined by uFR = cos 30°j + sin 30°k, it can be written in
Cartesian vector form as

FR = FRuFR = FR(cos 30°j + sin 30°k) = 0.8660FR j + 0.5FR k

Resultant Force: By adding F1, F2, and F3 vectorally, we obtain FR. Thus,

FR = F1 + F2 + F3
0.8660FR j + 0.5FR k = (606.22i + 350j) + (480j + 360k) + (800 cos a3i + 800 cos b 3 j + 800 cos g3k)
0.8660FR j + 0.5FR k = (606.22 + 800 cos a3)i + (350 + 480 + 800 cos b 3)j + (360 + 800 cos g3)k

Equating the i, j, and k components, we have

0 = 606.22 + 800 cos a3

800 cos a3 = - 606.22 (1)
0.8660FR = 350 + 480 + 800 cos b 3
800 cos b 3 = 0.8660FR - 830 (2)
0.5FR = 360 + 800 cos g3
800 cos g3 = 0.5FR - 360 (3)

Squaring and then adding Eqs. (1), (2), and (3), yields

8002 [cos2 a3 + cos2 b 3 + cos2 g3] = FR 2 - 1797.60FR + 1,186,000 (4)

However, cos2 a3 + cos2 b 3 + cos2 g3 = 1. Thus, from Eq. (4)
FR 2 - 1797.60FR + 546,000 = 0

Solving the above quadratic equation, we have two positive roots

FR = 387.09 N = 387 N Ans.

FR = 1410.51 N = 1.41 kN Ans.

From Eq. (1),

a3 = 139° Ans.

Substituting FR = 387.09 N into Eqs. (2), and (3), yields

b 3 = 128° g3 = 102° Ans.
Substituting FR = 1410.51 N into Eqs. (2), and (3), yields
b 3 = 60.7° g3 = 64.4° Ans.
2–83.

The bracket is subjected to the two forces shown. Express z

each force in Cartesian vector form and then determine the
resultant force FR. Find the magnitude and coordinate F2 = 400 N
direction angles of the resultant force. 60°

45°
120°
SOLUTION y
25°
Cartesian Vector Notation:

F1 = 2505cos 35° sin 25°i + cos 35° cos 25°j - sin 35°k6 N 35°

= 586.55i + 185.60j - 143.39k6 N

x
F1 = 250 N
= 586.5i + 186j - 143k6 N Ans.

F2 = 4005cos 120°i + cos 45°j + cos 60°k6 N

= 5- 200.0i + 282.84j + 200.0k6 N

= 5- 200i + 283j + 200k6 N Ans.

Resultant Force:

FR = F1 + F2

= 5186.55 - 200.02i + 1185.60 + 282.842j + 1 - 143.39 + 200.02 k6

= 5- 113.45i + 468.44j + 56.61k6 N

= 5- 113i + 468j + 56.6k6 N Ans.

The magnitude of the resultant force is

FR = 2F2Rx + F2Ry + F2Rz

= 21- 113.4522 + 468.442 + 56.612

= 485.30 N = 485 N Ans.

The coordinate direction angles are

FRx - 113.45
cos a = = a = 104° Ans.
FR 485.30
FRy 468.44
cos b = = b = 15.1° Ans.
FR 485.30
FRz 56.61
cos g = = g = 83.3° Ans.
FR 485.30
*2–84.

The pole is subjected to the force F, which has components z

acting along the x, y, z axes as shown. If the magnitude of F
is 3 kN, b = 30°, and g = 75°, determine the magnitudes of Fz
its three components.

g F
SOLUTION b Fy
y
cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1
a
cos2 a + cos2 30° + cos2 75° = 1
Fx
a = 64.67°

Fx = 3 cos 64.67° = 1.28 kN Ans. x

Fy = 3 cos 30° = 2.60 kN Ans.

Fz = 3 cos 75° = 0.776 kN Ans.

2–85.

The pole is subjected to the force F which has components z

Fx = 1.5 kN and Fz = 1.25 kN. If b = 75°, determine the
magnitudes of F and Fy. Fz

g F
SOLUTION
b Fy
y
cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1
a
1.5 2 1.25 2
a b + cos2 75° + a b = 1 Fx
F F

F = 2.02 kN Ans. x

Fy = 2.02 cos 75° = 0.523 kN Ans.

2–86.

Express the position vector r in Cartesian vector form; then z

determine its magnitude and coordinate direction angles.

8 ft
B

r 2 ft
y
30
SOLUTION 5
20
ft
r = ( -5 cos 20° sin 30°)i + (8 - 5 cos 20° cos 30°)j + (2 + 5 sin 20°)k
x
A
r = {-2.35i + 3.93j + 3.71k} ft Ans.

r = 2( -2.35)2 + (3.93)2 + (3.71)2 = 5.89 ft Ans.

- 2.35
a = cos-1 a b = 113° Ans.
5.89

b = cos-1 a b = 48.2°
3.93
Ans.
5.89

g = cos-1 a b = 51.0°
3.71
Ans.
5.89
2–87.

Determine the lengths of wires AD, BD, and CD. The ring z
at D is midway between A and B.
C

B
A D
0.5 m
SOLUTION y
0.5 m 2m
2 + 0 0 + 2 1.5 + 0.5
Da b m = D(1, 1, 1) m
2m
, ,
2 2 2 1.5 m

rAD = (1 - 2)i + (1 - 0)j + (1 - 1.5)k

= -1i + 1j - 0.5k x

rBD = (1 - 0)i + (1 - 2)j + (1 - 0.5)k

= 1i - 1j + 0.5k

rCD = (1 - 0)i + (1 - 0)j + (1 - 2)k

= 1i + 1j - 1k

rAD = 2(-1)2 + 12 + ( - 0.5)2 = 1.50 m Ans.

rBD = 21 + ( - 1) + 0.5 = 1.50 m

2 2 2
Ans.

rCD = 212 + 12 + ( -1)2 = 1.73 m Ans.

2–89.

If F = 5350i - 250j - 450k6 N and cable AB is 9 m long, z

determine the x, y, z coordinates of point A.
A

F
z

B
SOLUTION x
y
Position Vector: The position vector rAB, directed from point A to point B, is given by x y

rAB = [0 - (- x)]i + (0 - y)j + (0 - z)k

= xi - yj - zk
Unit Vector: Knowing the magnitude of rAB is 9 m, the unit vector for rAB is given by
rAB xi - yj - zk
uAB = =
rAB 9
The unit vector for force F is

F 350i - 250j - 450k

uF = = = 0.5623i - 0.4016j - 0.7229k
F 3 3502 + ( -250)2 + (- 450)2
Since force F is also directed from point A to point B, then

uAB = uF

xi - yj - zk
= 0.5623i - 0.4016j - 0.7229k
9
Equating the i, j, and k components,
x
= 0.5623 x = 5.06 m Ans.
9
-y
= - 0.4016 y = 3.61 m Ans.
9
-z
= 0.7229 z = 6.51 m Ans.
9
2–90.

Express FB and FC in Cartesian vector form. z

B C

2m
FB ⫽ 600 N 3.5 m

SOLUTION 0.5 m FC ⫽ 450 N

A
Force Vectors: The unit vectors uB and uC of FB and FC must be determined
1.5 m
first. From Fig. a 1m
1.5 m 0.5 m
rB ( - 1.5 - 0.5)i + [ - 2.5 - ( -1.5)]j + (2 - 0)k y
uB = = x
rB 3(- 1.5 - 0.5)2 + [ - 2.5 - (- 1.5)]2 + (2 - 0)2
2 1 2
= - i - j + k
3 3 3
rC ( - 1.5 - 0.5)i + [0.5 - (- 1.5)]j + (3.5 - 0)k
uC = =
rC 3(- 1.5 - 0.5)2 + [0.5 - ( - 1.5)]2 + (3.5 - 0)2
4 4 7
= - i + j + k
9 9 9
Thus, the force vectors FB and FC are given by

FB = FB uB = 600 a - i - j + k b = 5 - 400i - 200j + 400k6 N

2 1 2
Ans.
3 3 3

FC = FC uC = 450 a - i + j + k b = 5- 200i + 200j + 350k6 N

4 4 7
Ans.
9 9 9
2–91.
Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles z
B C
of the resultant force acting at A.

2m
FB ⫽ 600 N 3.5 m

SOLUTION 0.5 m FC ⫽ 450 N

A
Force Vectors: The unit vectors uB and uC of FB and FC must be determined 1.5 m
first. From Fig. a 1m
1.5 m 0.5 m
rB (- 1.5 - 0.5)i + [ - 2.5 - ( - 1.5)]j + (2 - 0)k y
uB = = x
rB 3(- 1.5 - 0.5)2 + [ - 2.5 - (- 1.5)]2 + (2 - 0)2
2 1 2
= - i - j + k
3 3 3
rC (- 1.5 - 0.5)i + [0.5 - ( - 1.5)]j + (3.5 - 0)k
uC = =
rC 3(- 1.5 - 0.5)2 + [0.5 - ( - 1.5)]2 + (3.5 - 0)2
4 4 7
= - i + j + k
9 9 9
Thus, the force vectors FB and FC are given by

FB = FB uB = 600 a - i - j + k b = 5- 400i - 200j + 400k6 N

2 1 2
3 3 3

FC = FC uC = 450 a - i + j + k b = 5- 200i + 200j + 350k6 N

4 4 7
9 9 9
Resultant Force:

FR = FB + FC = ( - 400i - 200j + 400k) + ( -200i + 200j + 350k)

= 5 -600i + 750k6 N
The magnitude of FR is

FR = 3(FR)x 2 + (FR)y 2 + (FR)z 2

= 3( -600)2 + 02 + 7502 = 960.47 N = 960 N

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

a = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 129°

(FR)x - 600
Ans.
FR 960.47
(FR)y
b = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 90°
0
Ans.
FR 960.47

(FR)z
g = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 38.7°
760
Ans.
FR 960.47
*2–92.
If FB = 560 N and FC = 700 N, determine the magnitude z
and coordinate direction angles of the resultant force acting
on the flag pole.

A
6m FB
FC
SOLUTION
Force Vectors: The unit vectors uB and uC of FB and FC must be determined first. 2m
From Fig. a
B
rB (2 - 0)i + ( -3 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 2 3 6 3m
uB = = = i - j - k
rB 3(2 - 0)2 + ( - 3 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7
3m y
rC (3 - 0)i + (2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6 2m
uC = = = i + j - k x
rC 7 7 7 C
3(3 - 0)2 + (2 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2
Thus, the force vectors FB and FC are given by

FB = FB uB = 560 a i - j - k b = 5160i - 240j - 480k6 N

2 3 6
7 7 7

FC = FC uC = 700 a i + j - k b = 5300i + 200j - 600k6 N

3 2 6
7 7 7
Resultant Force:

FR = FB + FC = (160i - 240j - 480k) + (300i + 200j - 600k)

= 5460i - 40j + 1080k6 N

The magnitude of FR is

FR = 3(FR)x 2 + (FR)y 2 + (FR)z 2

= 3(460)2 + ( - 40)2 + ( - 1080)2 = 1174.56 N = 1.17 kN Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

a = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 66.9°

(FR)x 460
Ans.
FR 1174.56
(FR)y
b = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 92.0°
- 40
Ans.
FR 1174.56

(FR)z
g = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 157°
- 1080
Ans.
FR 1174.56
2–93.
If FB = 700 N, and FC = 560 N, determine the magnitude z
and coordinate direction angles of the resultant force acting
on the flag pole.

A
6m FB
FC

SOLUTION
Force Vectors: The unit vectors uB and uC of FB and FC must be determined first. 2m
From Fig. a B
rB (2 - 0)i + ( -3 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 2 3 6 3m
uB = = = i - j - k
rB 3(2 - 0)2 + ( - 3 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7 3m y
2m
rC (3 - 0)i + (2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6 x
uC = = = i + j - k C
rC 3(3 - 0) + (2 - 0) + (0 - 6)
2 2 2 7 7 7
Thus, the force vectors FB and FC are given by

FB = FB uB = 700 a i - j - k b = 5200i - 300j - 600k6 N

2 3 6
7 7 7

FC = FC uC = 560 a i + j - k b = 5240i + 160j - 480k6 N

3 2 6
7 7 7
Resultant Force:

FR = FB + FC = (200i - 300j - 600k) + (240i + 160j - 480k)

= 5440i - 140j - 1080k6 N

The magnitude of FR is

FR = 3(FR)x 2 + (FR)y 2 + (FR)z 2

= 3(440)2 + ( - 140)2 + ( - 1080)2 = 1174.56 N = 1.17 kN Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

a = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 68.0°

(FR)x 440
Ans.
FR 1174.56
(FR)y
b = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 96.8°
- 140
Ans.
FR 1174.56

(FR)z
g = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 157°
- 1080
Ans.
FR 1174.56
2–94.

The tower is held in place by three cables. If the force of z

each cable acting on the tower is shown, determine the
D
magnitude and coordinate direction angles a, b, g of the
resultant force. Take x = 20 m, y = 15 m.
600 N
800 N
400 N
SOLUTION
24 m
FDA = 400 a
20 15 24
i + j - kb N
34.66 34.66 34.66

-6
FDB = 800 a
4 24
i + j - kb N
25.06 25.06 25.06 16 m 4m
O B
C
16 18 24 6m
FDC = 600a i - j - kb N 18 m y x y
34 34 34
A
FR = FDA + FDB + FDC
x
= {321.66i - 16.82j - 1466.71k} N

FR = 2(321.66)2 + (- 16.82)2 + ( -1466.71)2

= 1501.66 N = 1.50 kN Ans.

a = cos-1 a b = 77.6°
321.66
Ans.
1501.66

-16.82
b = cos-1 a b = 90.6° Ans.
1501.66

-1466.71
g = cos-1 a b = 168° Ans.
1501.66
2–95.

At a given instant, the position of a plane at A and a train at z

A
B are measured relative to a radar antenna at O. Determine
the distance d between A and B at this instant. To solve the
problem, formulate a position vector, directed from A to B,
and then determine its magnitude. 5 km

60⬚
35⬚
SOLUTION O
y
Position Vector: The coordinates of points A and B are 40⬚
x
25⬚
A(- 5 cos 60° cos 35°, -5 cos 60° sin 35°, 5 sin 60°) km 2 km
B
= A(-2.048, - 1.434, 4.330) km

B(2 cos 25° sin 40°, 2 cos 25° cos 40°, -2 sin 25°) km

= B(1.165, 1.389, -0.845) km

The position vector rAB can be established from the coordinates of points A and B.

rAB = {[1.165 - ( -2.048)]i + [1.389 - ( - 1.434)]j + ( - 0.845 - 4.330)k} km

= {3.213i + 2.822j - 5.175)k} km

The distance between points A and B is

d = rAB = 23.2132 + 2.8222 + ( - 5.175)2 = 6.71 km Ans.

*2–96.
The man pulls on the rope at C with a force of 70 lb which z
causes the forces FA and FC at B to have this same
magnitude. Express each of these two forces as Cartesian
B
vectors. FA
FC
A
8 ft

5 ft
SOLUTION 5 ft
1 ft
Unit Vectors: The coordinate points A, B, and C are shown in Fig. a. Thus, 7 ft C

rA [5 - (- 1)]i + [ - 7 - ( -5)]j + (5 - 8)k 7 ft 4 ft y

uA = = 5 ft
rA x
3[5 - (- 1)]2 + [ - 7 - (- 5)]2 + (5 - 8)2
6 2 3
= i + j + k
7 7 7

rC [5 - (- 1)]i + [ - 7( - 5)]j + (4 - 8)k

uC = =
rC 3[5 - (- 1)]2 + [ - 7(- 5)]2 + (4 - 8)2
3 6 2
= i + j + k
7 7 7

Force Vectors: Multiplying the magnitude of the force with its unit vector,

FA = FA uA = 70 a i - j + k b
6 2 3
7 7 7

= 560i - 20j + 30k6 lb Ans.

FC = FC uC = 70 a i + j + k b
3 6 2
7 7 7

= 530i + 60j + 20k6 lb Ans.

2–97.
The man pulls on the rope at C with a force of 70 lb which z
causes the forces FA and FC at B to have this same
magnitude. Determine the magnitude and coordinate B
FA
direction angles of the resultant force acting at B.
FC
A
8 ft

5 ft
SOLUTION 5 ft
1 ft
Force Vectors: The unit vectors uB and uC of FB and FC must be determined first. 7 ft C
From Fig. a
7 ft 4 ft y
5 ft
rA [5 - ( -1)]i + [ - 7( - 5)]j + (5 - 8)k x
uA = =
rA 3[5 - ( - 1)]2 + [ - 7( - 5)]2 + (5 - 8)2
6 2 3
= i + j + k
7 7 7

rC [5 - (- 1)]i + [- 7(- 5)]j + (4 - 8)k

uC = =
rC 3[5 - ( - 1)]2 + [ - 7( - 5)]2 + (4 - 8)2
3 6 2
= i + j + k
7 7 7
Thus, the force vectors FB and FC are given by

FA = FA uA = 70 a i - j + k b = 560i - 20j + 30k6 lb

6 2 3
7 7 7

FC = FC uC = 70 a i + j + k b = 530i + 60j + 20k6 lb

3 6 2
7 7 7
Resultant Force:

FR = FA + FC = (60i - 20j - 30k) + (30i + 60j - 20k)

= 590i + 40j - 50k6 lb

The magnitude of FR is

FR = 3(FR)x 2 + (FR)y 2 + (FR)z 2

= 3(90)2 + (40)2 + ( - 50)2 = 110.45 lb = 110 lb Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

a = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 35.4°

(FR)x 90
Ans.
FR 110.45
(FR)y
b = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 68.8°
40
Ans.
FR 110.45

(FR)z
g = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 117°
- 50
Ans.
FR 110.45
2–98.
The load at A creates a force of 60 lb in wire AB. Express z
this force as a Cartesian vector acting on A and directed
toward B as shown.

y
30⬚
5 ft
B

SOLUTION
Unit Vector: First determine the position vector rAB. The coordinates of point B are 10 ft

B (5 sin 30°, 5 cos 30°, 0) ft = B (2.50, 4.330, 0) ft x

F ⫽ 60 lb
Then A

rAB = 5(2.50 - 0)i + (4.330 - 0)j + [0 - (- 10)]k6 ft

= 52.50i + 4.330j + 10k6 ft

rAB = 32.502 + 4.3302 + 10.02 = 11.180 ft

rAB 2.50i + 4.330j + 10k

uAB = =
rAB 11.180

= 0.2236i + 0.3873j + 0.8944k

Force Vector:

F = FuAB = 60 50.2236i + 0.3873j + 0.8944k6 lb

= 513.4i + 23.2j + 53.7k6 lb Ans.

2–99.

Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles of z

the resultant force acting at point A.
1.5 m
A

F1 150 N
F2 200 N 4m

SOLUTION y
3m
rAC = {3i - 0.5j - 4k} m 3m 60
C B
|rAC| = 232 + (- 0.5)2 + ( -4)2 = 225.25 = 5.02494
2m
3i - 0.5j - 4k
F2 = 200 a b = (119.4044i - 19.9007j - 159.2059k)
5.02494
x
rAB = (3 cos 60°i + (1.5 + 3 sin 60°) j - 4k)

rAB = (1.5i + 4.0981j + 4k)

|rAB| = 2(1.5)2 + (4.0981)2 + ( - 4)2 = 5.9198

1.5i + 4.0981j - 4k
F1 = 150 a b = (38.0079i + 103.8396j - 101.3545k)
5.9198

FR = F1 + F2 = (157.4124i + 83.9389j - 260.5607k)

FR = 2(157.4124)2 + (83.9389)2 + ( - 260.5604)2 = 315.7786 = 316 N Ans.

a = cos-1 a b = 60.100° = 60.1°

157.4124
Ans.
315.7786

b = cos-1 a b = 74.585° = 74.6°

83.9389
Ans.
315.7786

-260.5607
g = cos-1 a b = 145.60° = 146° Ans.
315.7786
*2–100.

The guy wires are used to support the telephone pole. z

Represent the force in each wire in Cartesian vector form.
Neglect the diameter of the pole.

SOLUTION
B 1.5 m
Unit Vector: A
FB 175 N
FA 250 N
rAC = {( -1 - 0)i + (4 - 0)j + (0 - 4)k} m = { -1i + 4j - 4k} m
4m
rAC = 2(-1)2 + 4 2 + ( -4)2 = 5.745 m 2m 4m
D
C
rAC - 1i + 4j - 4k 3m
uAC = = = - 0.1741i + 0.6963j - 0.6963k 1m
rAC 5.745 y
x
rBD = {(2 - 0) i + ( - 3 - 0)j + (0 - 5.5)k} m = {2i - 3j - 5.5k} m

rBD = 22 2 + ( -3)2 + ( - 5.5)2 = 6.576 m

rBD 2i - 3j - 5.5k
uBD = = = 0.3041i - 0.4562j - 0.8363k
rBD 6.576

Force Vector:

FA = FA uAC = 250{ -0.1741i + 0.6963j - 0.6963k} N

= { -43.52i + 174.08j - 174.08k} N

= { -43.5i + 174j - 174k} N Ans.

FB = FBuBD = 175{0.3041i + 0.4562j - 0.8363k} N

= {53.22i - 79.83j - 146.36k} N

= {53.2i - 79.8j - 146k} N Ans.

2–101.

The two mooring cables exert forces on the stern of a ship z

as shown. Represent each force as a Cartesian vector and
determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles
of the resultant.

FA = 200 lb FB = 150 lb
SOLUTION
y
50 ft
Unit Vector: 10 ft 40 ft

rCA = 5150 - 02i + 110 - 02j + 1 -30 - 02k6 ft = 550i + 10j - 30k6 ft x
A 30 ft
rCA = 250 + 10 + 1 -302 = 59.16 ft
2 2 2 B

rCA 50i + 10j - 30k

uCA = = = 0.8452i + 0.1690j - 0.5071k
rCA 59.16

rCB = 5150 - 02i + 150 - 02j + 1 -30 - 02k6 ft = 550i + 50j - 30k6 ft

rCB = 2502 + 502 + 1- 3022 = 76.81 ft

rCA 50i + 50j - 30k

uCB = = = 0.6509i + 0.6509j - 0.3906k
rCA 76.81

Force Vector:

FA = FA uCA = 20050.8452i + 0.1690j - 0.5071k6 lb

= 5169.03i + 33.81j - 101.42k6 lb

= 5169i + 33.8j - 101k6 lb Ans.

FB = FB uCB = 15050.6509i + 0.6509j - 0.3906k6 lb

= 597.64i + 97.64j - 58.59k6 lb

= 597.6i + 97.6j - 58.6k6 lb Ans.

Resultant Force:

FR = FA + FB

= 51169.03 + 97.642i + 133.81 + 97.642j + 1 -101.42 - 58.592k6 lb

= 5266.67i + 131.45j - 160.00k6 lb

The magnitude of FR is

FR = 2266.672 + 131.452 + 1 - 160.0022

= 337.63 lb = 338 lb Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

266.67
cos a = a = 37.8° Ans.
337.63

131.45
cos b = b = 67.1° Ans.
337.63

160.00
cos g = - g = 118° Ans.
337.63
2–102.

Each of the four forces acting at E has a magnitude of z

28 kN. Express each force as a Cartesian vector and
determine the resultant force.

FEA FEC
FED
FEB
D
SOLUTION
6 4 12 12 m
FEA = 28 a i - j - kb C
14 14 14
A
6m
FEA = {12i - 8j - 24k} kN Ans. 4m
B 6m
6 4 12 4m
FEB = 28 a i + j - kb
14 14 14 x y

FEB = {12i + 8j - 24k} kN Ans.

-6 4 12
FEC = 28 a i + j - kb
14 14 14

FEC = { - 12i + 8j - 24k } kN Ans.

-6 4 12
FED = 28 a i - j - kb
14 14 14

FED = { - 12i - 8j - 24k} kN Ans.

FR = FEA + FEB + FEC + FED

= { - 96k } kN Ans.
2–103.

If the force in each cable tied to the bin is 70 lb, determine z

the magnitude and coordinate direction angles of the
resultant force.
E

FA FC 6 ft
SOLUTION FD
FB
Force Vectors: The unit vectors uA, uB, uC, and uD of FA, FB, FC, and FD must be D
determined first. From Fig. a, A C
rA (3 - 0)i + (-2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6 2 ft
uA = = = i - j - k x 2 ft B 3 ft
rA 2(3 - 0)2 + ( - 2 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7 y
3 ft
rB (3 - 0)i + (2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6
uB = = = i + j - k
rB 2(3 - 0)2 + (2 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7
rC (-3 - 0)i + (2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6
uC = = = - i + j - k
rC 2(-3 - 0)2 + (2 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7
rD (- 3 - 0)i + (-2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6
uD = = = - i- j - k
rD 2( -3 - 0)2 + ( -2 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7

Thus, the force vectors FA, FB, FC, and FD are given by
3 2 6
FA = FAuA = 70a i - j - kb = [30i - 20j - 60k] lb
7 7 7

FB = FBuB = 70a i + j - k b = [30i + 20j - 60k] lb

3 2 6
7 7 7
3 2 6
FC = FCuC = 70a - i + j - kb = [ - 30i + 20j - 60k] lb
7 7 7

FD = FDuD = 70 a - i - j - k b = [- 30i - 20j - 60k] lb

3 2 6
7 7 7

Resultant Force:
FR = FA + FB + FC + FD = (30i - 20j - 60k) + (30i + 20j - 60k) + ( - 30i + 20j - 60k) + ( -30i - 20j - 60k)
= {- 240k} N

The magnitude of FR is
FR = 2(FR)x2 + (FR)y2 + (FR)z2
= 20 + 0 + ( -240)2 = 240 lb Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

R = cos-1 a b = 90°
(FR)x 0
a = cos-1 B Ans.
FR 240
(FR)y
R = cos-1 a b = 90°
0
b = cos-1 B Ans.
FR 240
(FR)z -240
g = cos-1 B R = cos-1 a b = 180° Ans.
FR 240
*2–104.

If the resultant of the four forces is FR = 5 - 360k6 lb, z

determine the tension developed in each cable. Due to
symmetry, the tension in the four cables is the same.
E

FA FC 6 ft
SOLUTION FD
FB
Force Vectors: The unit vectors uA, uB, uC, and uD of FA, FB, FC, and FD must be D
determined first. From Fig. a, A C

rA (3 - 0)i + ( -2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6 x

2 ft
2 ft B 3 ft
uA = = = i - j - k y
rA 2(3 - 0)2 + (-2 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7
3 ft
rB (3 - 0)i + (2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6
uB = = = i + j - k
rB 2(3 - 0)2 + (2 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7

rC ( -3 - 0)i + (2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6

uC = = = - i + j - k
rC 2(-3 - 0)2 + (2 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7

rD ( -3 - 0)i + ( - 2 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k 3 2 6

uD = = = - i- j - k
rD 2( -3 - 0)2 + ( - 2 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 7 7 7

Since the magnitudes of FA, FB, FC, and FD are the same and denoted as F, the four
vectors or forces can be written as

FA = FAuA = F a i - j - k b
3 2 6
7 7 7

3 2 6
FB = FBuB = Fa i + j - kb
7 7 7

FC = FCuC = F a - i + j - k b
3 2 6
7 7 7

FD = FDuD = F a - i - j - k b
3 2 6
7 7 7

Resultant Force: The vector addition of FA, FB, FC, and FD is equal to FR. Thus,

FR = FA + FB + FC + FD

{- 360k} = B F a i - j - k b R + B F a i + j - kb R + B Fa - i + j - k b + B F a - i - j - k b R
3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

24
- 360k = - k
7

Thus,

24
360 = F F = 105 lb Ans.
7
2–105.

The pipe is supported at its end by a cord AB. If the cord z

exerts a force of F = 12 lb on the pipe at A, express this
force as a Cartesian vector. B

SOLUTION 6 ft

Unit Vector: The coordinates of point A are

A(5, 3 cos 20°, -3 sin 20°) ft = A(5.00, 2.819, -1.206) ft

F 12 lb
5 ft
Then x y
3 ft
rAB = {(0 - 5.00)i + (0 - 2.819)j + [6- ( -1.206)]k} ft 20
A
= {- 5.00i-2.819j + 7.026k} ft

rAB = 2( -5.00)2 + ( - 2.819)2 + 7.0262 = 9.073 ft

rAB -5.00i -2.819j+ 7.026k

uAB = =
rAB 9.073

= -0.5511i- 0.3107j +0.7744k

Force Vector:

F = FuAB = 12{ - 0.5511i - 0.3107j+ 0.7744k} lb

= { - 6.61i - 3.73j+ 9.29k} lb Ans.

2–106.

The chandelier is supported by three chains which are z

concurrent at point O. If the force in each chain has a
magnitude of 60 lb, express each force as a Cartesian vector
and determine the magnitude and coordinate direction O
angles of the resultant force.
FB
FC
SOLUTION
FA
6 ft
(4 cos 30° i - 4 sin 30° j - 6 k)
FA = 60 B
2(4 cos 30°)2 + ( - 4 sin 30°)2 + ( - 6)2
= {28.8 i - 16.6 j - 49.9 k} lb Ans. 120 120 4 ft C
y
120
(- 4 cos 30° i - 4 sin 30° j - 6k) A
FB = 60
2(-4 cos 30°)2 + (- 4 sin 30°)2 + ( -6)2
= { -28.8 i - 16.6 j - 49.9 k} lb Ans.

(4 j - 6 k) x
FC = 60
2(4)2 + ( -6)2
= {33.3 j - 49.9 k} lb Ans.

FR = FA + FB + FC = { -149.8 k} lb

FR = 150 lb Ans.

a = 90° Ans.

b = 90° Ans.

g = 180° Ans.
2–107.

The chandelier is supported by three chains which are z

concurrent at point O. If the resultant force at O has a
magnitude of 130 lb and is directed along the negative z axis,
determine the force in each chain. O

FB
FC
SOLUTION
FA
6 ft
(4 j - 6 k)
FC = F = 0.5547 Fj - 0.8321 Fk B
24 2 + ( -6)2
FA = FB = FC 120 120 4 ft C
y
120
FRz = ©Fz; 130 = 3(0.8321F) A

F = 52.1P Ans.

x
*2–108.

Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles z

of the resultant force. Set FB = 630 N, FC = 520 N and 3m B
FD = 750 N, and x = 3 m and z = 3.5 m.
2m 4.5 m

C
FB
FC
A
SOLUTION 4m O
2.5 m
Force Vectors: The unit vectors uB, uC, and uD of FB, FC, and FD must be determined FD
z
first. From Fig. a, x 6m
y
(- 3 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (4.5 - 2.5)k x
rB 3 6 2 D
uB = = = - i - j + k
rB 3(- 3 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 + (4.5 - 2.5)2 7 7 7

rC (2 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (4 - 2.5)k 4 12 3

uC = = = i - j + k
rC 3(2 - 0) + (0 - 6) + (4 - 2.5)
2 2 2 13 13 13

rD (3 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + ( - 3.5 - 2.5)k 1 2 2

uD = = = i - j - k
rD 3(0 - 3)2 + (0 - 6)2 + (- 3.5 - 2.5)2 3 3 3

Thus, the force vectors FB, FC, and FD are given by

FB = FB uB = 630 a - i - j + k b = 5- 270i - 540j + 180k6 N

3 6 2
7 7 7

FC = FC uC = 520 a k b = 5160i - 480j + 120k6 N

4 12 3
i - j +
13 13 13

FD = FD uD = 750a i - j - k b = 5250i - 500j - 500k6 N

1 2 2
3 3 3
Resultant Force:

FR = FB + FC + FD = (- 270i - 540j + 180k) + (160i - 480j + 120k) + (250i - 500j - 500k)

= [140i - 1520j - 200k] N

The magnitude of FR is

FR = 3(FR)x 2 + (FR)y 2 + (FR)z 2

= 31402 + (-1520)2 + ( - 200)2 = 1539.48 N = 1.54 kN Ans.

The coordinate direction angles of FR are

a = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 84.8°

(FR)x 140
Ans.
FR 1539.48
(FR)y
b = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 171°
- 1520
Ans.
FR 1539.48

(FR)z
g = cos-1 c d = cos-1 a b = 97.5°
- 200
Ans.
FR 1539.48
2–109.

If the magnitude of the resultant force is 1300 N and acts z

along the axis of the strut, directed from point A towards O, 3m B
determine the magnitudes of the three forces acting on the
2m 4.5 m
strut. Set x = 0 and z = 5.5 m.

C
FB
FC
A
SOLUTION 4m O
2.5 m
Force Vectors: The unit vectors uB, uC, uD, and uFR of FB, FC, FD, and FR must be FD
z
determined first. From Fig. a, x 6m
y
x
rB (- 3 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (4.5 - 2.5)k 3 6 2 D
uB = = = - i - j + k
rB 3(- 3 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 + (4.5 - 2.5)2 7 7 7

rC (2 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (4 - 2.5)k 4 12 3

uC = = = i - j + k
rC 3(2 - 0) + (0 - 6) + (4 - 2.5)
2 2 2 13 13 13

rD (0 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + ( - 5.5 - 2.5)k 3 4

uD = = = - j + k
rD 3(0 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 + ( - 5.5 - 2.5)2 5 5

rAO (0 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (0 - 2.5)k 12 5

uFR = = = - j + k
rAO 3(0 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 + (0 - 2.5)2 13 13

Thus, the force vectors FB, FC, FD, and F R are given by

3 6 2
FB = FB uB = - FB i - FB j + FB k
7 7 7

4 12 3
FC = FC uC = F i - F j + F k
13 C 13 C 13 C

3 4
FD = FD uD = - FD j - FD k
5 5

FR = FR uR = 1300 a - k b = [ - 1200j - 500k] N

12 5
j -
13 13

Resultant Force:

FR = FB + FC + FD

-1200j - 500k = a - FBi - FBj + FBk b + a FCi - FCk b + a - FDj - FDk b

3 6 2 4 12 3 3 4
FCj +
7 7 7 13 13 13 5 5

-1200j - 500k = a - FB + F bi + a - FB - F - FDj b + a FB + F - FD b k

3 4 6 12 3 2 3 4
7 13 C 7 13 C 5 7 13 C 5

Equating the i, j, and k components,

3 4
0 = - FB + F (1)
7 13 C
6 12 3
-1200 = - FB - FC - FD j (2)
7 13 5
2 3 4
-500 = FB + F - F (3)
7 13 C 5 D

Solving Eqs. (1), (2), and (3), yields

FC = 442 N FB = 318 N FD = 866 N Ans.

2–110.

The cable attached to the shear-leg derrick exerts a force on z

the derrick of F = 350 lb. Express this force as a Cartesian
vector.
A
35 ft

SOLUTION
Unit Vector: The coordinates of point B are

B(50 sin 30°, 50 cos 30°, 0) ft = B(25.0, 43.301, 0) ft F 350 lb

Then 30
50 ft
rAB = {(25.0 - 0)i + (43.301 - 0)j + (0 - 35)k } ft x
y
= {25.0i + 43.301j - 35.0k} ft

rAB = 225.02 + 43.3012 + (- 35.0)2 = 61.033 ft B

rAB 25.0i + 43.301j - 35.0k

uAB = =
rAB 61.033

= 0.4096i + 0.7094j - 0.5735k

Force Vector:

F = FuAB = 350{0.4096i + 0.7094j - 0.5735k} lb

= {143i + 248j - 201k} lb Ans.

2–111.

The window is held open by chain AB. Determine the z

length of the chain, and express the 50-lb force acting at A
along the chain as a Cartesian vector and determine its
5 ft
coordinate direction angles. B

F = 50 lb
SOLUTION 12 ft
A
Unit Vector: The coordinates of point A are
5 ft
40˚
A15 cos 40°, 8, 5 sin 40°2 ft = A13.830, 8.00, 3.2142 ft y
5 ft
Then
8 ft
rAB = 510 - 3.8302i + 15 - 8.002j + 112 - 3.2142k6 ft x

= 5-3.830i - 3.00j + 8.786k6 ft

rAB = 21- 3.83022 + 1- 3.0022 + 8.7862 = 10.043 ft = 10.0 ft Ans.

rAB - 3.830i - 3.00j + 8.786k

uAB = =
rAB 10.043

= - 0.3814i - 0.2987j + 0.8748k

Force Vector:

F = FuAB = 505 - 0.3814i - 0.2987j + 0.8748k6 lb

= 5 - 19.1i - 14.9j + 43.7k6 lb Ans.

Coordinate Direction Angles: From the unit vector uAB obtained above, we have

cos a = - 0.3814 a = 112° Ans.

cos b = - 0.2987 b = 107° Ans.

cos g = 0.8748 g = 29.0° Ans.

*2–112.

Given the three vectors A, B, and D, show that

A # (B + D) = (A # B) + (A # D).

SOLUTION
Since the component of (B + D) is equal to the sum of the components of B and
D, then

A # (B + D) = A # B + A # D (QED)

Also,

A # (B + D) = (A x i + A y j + A zk) # [(Bx + Dx)i + (By + Dy)j + (Bz + Dz)k]

= A x (Bx + Dx) + A y (By + Dy) + A z (Bz + Dz)

= (A xBx + A yBy + A zBz) + (A xDx + A yDy + A zDz)

= (A # B) + (A # D) (QED)
2–113.

Determine the angle u between the edges of the sheet- z

metal bracket.
400 mm

250 mm
x

SOLUTION u

r1 = {400i + 250k} mm ; r1 = 471.70 mm 300 mm

r2 = {50i + 300j} mm ; r2 = 304.14 mm 50 mm

r1 # r2 = (400) (50) +
y
0(300) + 250(0) = 20 000

-1
r1 # r2
u = cos ¢ ≤
r1 r2

20 000
= cos-1 ¢ ≤ = 82.0° Ans.
(471.70) (304.14)
2–114.

Determine the angle u between the sides of the triangular z

plate.

3m
B

4m
SOLUTION A
θ
rAC = 53 i + 4 j - 1 k6 m
1m
y
1m
rAC = 2132 + 142 + 1 -12 = 5.0990 m
2 2 2 3m

rAB = 52 j + 3 k6 m 5m C

rAB = 21222 + 1322 = 3.6056 m x

rAC # rAB = 0 + 4122 + 1 - 12132 = 5

rAC # rAB 5
u = cos-1 = cos-1
rACrAB 15.0990213.60562

u = 74.219° = 74.2° Ans.

2–115.

Determine the length of side BC of the triangular plate. z

Solve the problem by finding the magnitude of rBC; then
check the result by first finding , rAB, and rAC and then
using the cosine law. 3m
B

SOLUTION
4m
rBC = {3 i + 2 j - 4 k} m
A
u
rBC = 2(3)2 + (2)2 + ( - 4)2 = 5.39 m Ans. 1m
y
1m 3m
Also,

rAC = {3 i + 4 j - 1 k} m 5m C

rAC = 2(3) + (4) + (- 1) = 5.0990 m

2 2 2
x

rAB = {2 j + 3 k} m

rAB = 2(2)2 + (3)2 = 3.6056 m

rAC # rAB = 0 + 4(2) + ( - 1)(3) = 5

rAC # rAB
u = cos-1 a b = cos-1
5
rAC rAB (5.0990)(3.6056)

u = 74.219°

rBC = 2(5.0990)2 + (3.6056)2 - 2(5.0990)(3.6056) cos 74.219°

rBC = 5.39 m Ans.

*2–116.

Determine the magnitude of the projected component of z

force FAB acting along the z axis.
A
FAC 600 lb
36 ft

FAB 700 lb
SOLUTION
Unit Vector: The unit vector uAB must be determined first. From Fig. a, D
18 ft
rAB (18 - 0)i + ( - 12 - 0)j + (0 - 36)k 3 2 6
uAB = = = i - j - k O 12 ft
rAB 2(18 - 0)2 + (- 12 - 0)2 + (0 - 36)2 7 7 7
B

Thus, the force vector FAB is given by 12 ft

12 ft C
30 y
= 700 a i - j - k b = {300i - 200j - 600k} lb
3 2 6 x
FAB = FAB uAB
7 7 7

Vector Dot Product: The projected component of FAB along the z axis is

(FAB)z = FAB # k = A 300i - 200j - 600k B # k

= -600 lb

The negative sign indicates that ( FAB)z is directed towards the negative z axis. Thus

(FAB)z = 600 lb Ans.

*2–117.

Determine the magnitude of the projected component of z

force FAC acting along the z axis.
A
FAC 600 lb
36 ft

FAB 700 lb

D
18 ft
O 12 ft
B

SOLUTION 12 ft
12 ft C
30 y
Unit Vector: The unit vector uAC must be determined first. From Fig. a,
x
rAC (12 sin 30° - 0)i + (12 cos 30° - 0)j + (0 - 36)k
uAC = = = 0.1581i + 0.2739j - 0.9487k
rAC 2(12 sin 30° - 0)2 + (12 cos 30° - 0)2 + (0 - 36)2

Thus, the force vector FAC is given by

FAC = FACuAC = 600 A 0.1581i + 0.2739j - 0.9487k B = {94.87i + 164.32j - 569.21k} N

Vector Dot Product: The projected component of FAC along the z axis is

(FAC)z = FAC # k = A 94.87i + 164.32j - 569.21k B # k

= -569 lb

The negative sign indicates that ( FAC)z is directed towards the negative z axis. Thus

(FAC)z = 569 lb Ans.

2–118.

Determine the projection of the force F along the pole. z

F = {2i + 4j + 10k} kN

O y

SOLUTION
2m

Proj F = F # ua = 12 i + 4 j + 10 k2 # a i + j - k b
2 2 1
3 3 3
Proj F = 0.667 kN Ans. 2m 1m
x
2–119.

Determine the angle u between the y axis of the pole and z

the wire AB.

3 ft
C
y
A
θ
2 ft
SOLUTION
Position Vector: 2 ft

rAC = 5 - 3j6 ft x
2 ft

rAB = 512 - 02i + 12 - 32j + 1- 2 - 02k6 ft B

= 52i - 1j - 2k6 ft

The magnitudes of the position vectors are

rAC = 3.00 ft rAB = 22 2 + 1 - 122 + 1 - 222 = 3.00 ft

The Angles Between Two Vectors U: The dot product of two vectors must be
determined first.

rAC # rAB = 1 - 3j2 # 12i - 1j - 2k2

= 0122 + 1- 321 - 12 + 01- 22

= 3

Then,

rAO # rAB 3
u = cos-1 = cos-1 = 70.5° Ans.
rAOrAB 3.00 3.00
*2–120.

Determine the magnitudes of the components of z

F = 600 N acting along and perpendicular to segment DE
of the pipe assembly.
A
2m
B

SOLUTION 2m

x y
Unit Vectors: The unit vectors uEB and uED must be determined first. From Fig. a, 2m
2m C
rEB (0 - 4)i + (2 - 5)j + [0 - (- 2)]k
uEB = = = - 0.7428i - 0.5571j + 0.3714k D
rEB 2(0 - 4)2 + (2 - 5)2 + [0 - ( - 2)]2
F 600 N

3m
uED = -j
E

Thus, the force vector F is given by

F = FuEB = 600 A - 0.7428i - 0.5571j + 0.3714k) = [- 445.66i - 334.25j + 222.83k] N

Vector Dot Product: The magnitude of the component of F parallel to segment DE

of the pipe assembly is

(FED)paral = F # uED = A -445.66i - 334.25j + 222.83k B # A - j B

= ( - 445.66)(0) + ( -334.25)( - 1) + (222.83)(0)

= 334.25 = 334 N Ans.

The component of F perpendicular to segment DE of the pipe assembly is

(FED)per = 2F 2 - (FED)paral2 = 26002 - 334.252 = 498 N Ans.

2–121.

Determine the magnitude of the projection of force z

F = 600 N along the u axis.
F ⫽ 600 N

4m
SOLUTION 4m
O
2m y
Unit Vectors: The unit vectors uOA and uu must be determined first. From Fig. a,
rOA ( - 2 - 0)i + (4 - 0)j + (4 - 0)k 1 2 2 30⬚
uOA = = = - i + j + k
rOA 3( - 2 - 0)2 + (4 - 0)2 + (4 - 0)2 3 3 3 x u

uu = sin30°i + cos30°j
Thus, the force vectors F is given by

i - j + k b = 5- 200i + 400j + 400k6 N

1 2 2
F = F uOA = 600a -
3 3 3
Vector Dot Product: The magnitude of the projected component of F along the u
axis is

Fu = F # uu = ( -200i + 400j + 400k) # (sin30°i + cos 30°j)

= ( -200)(sin30°) + 400(cos 30°) + 400(0)

= 246 N Ans.
2–122.

Determine the angle u between cables AB and AC. z

3 ft B

C 4 ft

5 ft
FAB ⫽ 70 lb
SOLUTION 60⬚ FAC ⫽ 60 lb
A
Position Vectors: The position vectors rAB and rAC must be determined first. O
From Fig. a, x
6 ft 2 ft
rAB = ( - 3 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (4 - 2)k = { - 3i - 6j + 2k} ft y
rAC = (5 cos 60° - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (5 sin 60° - 2)k = {2.5i - 6j + 2.330k} ft

The magnitudes of rAB and rAC are

rAB = 2(-3)2 + ( - 6)2 = 7 ft
rAC = 22.52 + ( - 6)2 + 2.3302 = 6.905 ft

Vector Dot Product:

rAB # rAC = (- 3i - 6j + 2k) # (2.5i - 6j + 2.330k)

= ( - 3)(2.5) + (- 6)( - 6) + (2)(2.330)

= 33.160 ft2

Thus,

rAB # rAC
u = cos-1 a b = cos-1 c d = 46.7°
33.160
Ans.
rAB rAC 7(6.905)
2–123.

Determine the angle f between cable AC and strut AO. z

3 ft B

C 4 ft

5 ft
FAB ⫽ 70 lb
SOLUTION 60⬚ FAC ⫽ 60 lb
A
Position Vectors: The position vectors rAC and rAO must be determined first. O
From Fig. a, 6 ft 2 ft
x
rAC = (5 cos 60° - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (5 sin 60° - 2)k = {2.5i - 6j + 2.330k} ft y
rAO = (0 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (0 - 2)k = { - 6j - 2k} ft

The magnitudes of rAC and rAO are

rAC = 22.52 + ( - 6)2 + 2.3302 = 6.905 ft
rAO = 2( -6)2 + ( -2)2 = 240 ft

Vector Dot Product:

rAC # rAO = (2.5i - 6j + 2.330k) # ( - 6j - 2k)

= (2.5)(0) + ( -6)( - 6) + (2)(2.330)(- 2)

= 31.34 ft2

Thus,

rAC # rAO
f = cos-1 a b = cos-1 c d = 44.1°
31.34
Ans.
rAC rAO 6.905 240
*2–124.

Determine the projected component of force FAB along the z

axis of strut AO. Express the result as a Cartesian vector. 3 ft B

C 4 ft

5 ft
FAB ⫽ 70 lb
SOLUTION 60⬚ FAC ⫽ 60 lb
A
Unit Vectors: The unit vectors uAB and uAO must be determined first. From Fig. a, O
(- 3 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (4 - 2)k 3 6 2 6 ft 2 ft
x
uAB = = - i - j + k
3(- 3 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 + (4 - 2)2 7 7 7
y

(0 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (0 - 2)k

uAO = = - 0.9487j - 0.3162 k
3(0 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 + (0 - 2)2

Thus, the force vectors FAB is

FAB = FAB uAB = 70 a - i - j + k b = 5- 30i - 60j + 20k6 lb

3 6 2
7 7 7

Vector Dot Product: The magnitude of the projected component of FAB along strut
AO is

(FAB)AO = FAB # uAO = ( - 30i - 60j + 20k) # ( - 0.9487j - 0.3162k)

= ( -30)(0) + (- 60)(- 0.9487) + (20)( - 0.3162)

= 50.596 lb

Thus, (FAB)AO expressed in Cartesian vector form can be written as

(FAB)AO = (FAB)AOuAO = 50.596( - 0.9487j - 0.3162k)

= { - 48j - 16k} lb Ans.

2–125.

Determine the projected component of force FAC along the z

axis of strut AO. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
3 ft B

C 4 ft

5 ft
FAB ⫽ 70 lb
60⬚ FAC ⫽ 60 lb
SOLUTION O
A

Unit Vectors: The unit vectors uAC and uAO must be determined first. From Fig. a, x 6 ft 2 ft
(5 cos 60° - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (5 sin 60° - 2)k
uAC = = 0.3621i - 0.8689j + 0.3375k y
3(5 cos 60° - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 + (0 - 2)2

(0 - 0)i + (0 - 6)j + (0 - 2)k

uAO = = - 0.9487j - 0.3162 k
3(0 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2 + (0 - 2)2

Thus, the force vectors FAC is given by

FAC = FAC uAC = 60(0.3621i - 0.8689j + 0.3375k) = {21.72i - 52.14j + 20.25k} lb

Vector Dot Product: The magnitude of the projected component of FAC along strut
AO is
(FAC)AO = FAC # uAO = (21.72i - 52.14j + 20.25k) # ( - 0.9487j - 0.3162k)

= (21.72)(0) + (- 52.14)(- 0.9487) + (20.25)( - 0.3162)

= 43.057 lb

Thus, (FAC)AO expressed in Cartesian vector form can be written as

(FAC)AO = (FAC)AOuAO = 43.057( - 0.9487j - 0.3162k)

= { -40.8j - 13.6k} lb Ans.

2–126.
Two cables exert forces on the pipe. Determine the z
magnitude of the projected component of F1 along the line
of action of F2.
F2 ⫽ 25 lb
60⬚

u 60⬚
SOLUTION x
Force Vector:
30⬚
uF1 = cos 30° sin 30°i + cos 30° cos 30°j - sin 30°k 30⬚ y

= 0.4330i + 0.75j - 0.5k

F1 ⫽ 30 lb
F1 = FRuF1 = 30(0.4330i + 0.75j - 0.5k) lb

= {12.990i + 22.5j - 15.0k} lb

Unit Vector: One can obtain the angle a = 135° for F2 using Eq. 2–8.
cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1, with b = 60° and g = 60°. The unit vector along the
line of action of F2 is

uF2 = cos 135°i + cos 60°j + cos 60°k = - 0.7071i + 0.5j + 0.5k

Projected Component of F1 Along the Line of Action of F2:

(F1)F2 = F1 # uF2 = (12.990i + 22.5j - 15.0k) # (- 0.7071i + 0.5j + 0.5k)

= (12.990)(- 0.7071) + (22.5)(0.5) + (- 15.0)(0.5)

= - 5.44 lb

Negative sign indicates that the projected component of (F1)F2 acts in the opposite
sense of direction to that of uF2.

The magnitude is (F1)F2 = 5.44 lb Ans.

2–127.

Determine the angle u between the two cables attached to z

the pipe.

F2 25 lb
60
SOLUTION
Unit Vectors: u 60

uF1 = cos 30° sin 30°i + cos 30° cos 30°j - sin 30°k x

= 0.4330i + 0.75j - 0.5k 30

30 y
uF2 = cos 135°i + cos 60°j + cos 60°k

= - 0.7071i + 0.5j + 0.5k F1 30 lb

The Angles Between Two Vectors u:

uF1 # uF2 = (0.4330i + 0.75j - 0.5k) # ( -0.7071i + 0.5j + 0.5k)

= 0.4330(- 0.7071) + 0.75(0.5) + ( -0.5)(0.5)

= -0.1812

Then,

u = cos - 1 A uF1 # uF2 B = cos - 1( -0.1812) = 100° Ans.

*2–128.
Determine the magnitudes of the components of F acting z
along and perpendicular to segment BC of the pipe
assembly.
3 ft A
4 ft
4 ft 2 ft
B
x y

SOLUTION
Unit Vector: The unit vector uCB must be determined first. From Fig. a F ⫽ {30i ⫺ 45j ⫹ 50k} lb
4 ft
rCB (3 - 7)i + (4 - 6)j + [0 - ( - 4)]k 2 1 2
uCB = = = - i- j + k
rCB 3(3 - 7)2 + (4 - 6)2 + [0 - ( - 4)]2 3 3 3 C

Vector Dot Product: The magnitude of the projected component of F parallel to

segment BC of the pipe assembly is

2 1 2
(FBC)pa = F # uCB = (30i - 45j + 50k) # ¢- i - j + k≤
3 3 3

2 1 2
= (30) ¢ - ≤ + ( - 45) ¢ - ≤ + 50 ¢ ≤
3 3 3

= 28.33 lb = 28.3 lb Ans.

The magnitude of F is F = 330 2 + ( - 45) 2 + 50 2 = 25425 lb. Thus, the magnitude

of the component of F perpendicular to segment BC of the pipe assembly can be
determined from

(FBC)pr = 3F2 - (FBC)pa2 = 25425 - 28.332 = 68.0 lb Ans.

2–129.
Determine the magnitude of the projected component of F z
along AC. Express this component as a Cartesian vector.

3 ft A
4 ft
4 ft 2 ft
B
x y

SOLUTION
Unit Vector: The unit vector uAC must be determined first. From Fig. a F ⫽ {30i ⫺ 45j ⫹ 50k} lb
4 ft
(7 - 0)i + (6 - 0)j + ( -4 - 0)k
uAC = = 0.6965 i + 0.5970 j - 0.3980 k
C
3(7 - 0)2 + (6 - 0)2 + (- 4 - 0)2

Vector Dot Product: The magnitude of the projected component of F along line AC is

FAC = F # uAC = (30i - 45j + 50k) # (0.6965i + 0.5970j - 0.3980k)

= (30)(0.6965) + ( - 45)(0.5970) + 50(- 0.3980)

= 25.87 lb Ans.

Thus, FAC expressed in Cartesian vector form is

FAC = FAC uAC = - 25.87(0.6965i + 0.5970j - 0.3980k)

= { - 18.0i - 15.4j + 10.3k} lb Ans.

2–130.
Determine the angle u between the pipe segments BA and BC. z

3 ft A
4 ft
4 ft 2 ft
B
x y

SOLUTION F ⫽ {30i ⫺ 45j ⫹ 50k} lb

Position Vectors: The position vectors rBA and rBC must be determined first. From 4 ft
Fig. a,
C
rBA = (0 - 3)i + (0 - 4)j + (0 - 0)k = { - 3i - 4j} ft
rBC = (7 - 3)i + (6 - 4)j + (- 4 - 0)k = {4i + 2j - 4k} ft

The magnitude of rBA and rBC are

rBA = 3(- 3)2 + (- 4)2 = 5 ft

rBC = 342 + 22 + (- 4)2 = 6 ft

Vector Dot Product:

rBA # rBC = (- 3i - 4j) # (4i + 2j - 4k)

= (- 3)(4) + ( -4)(2) + 0( -4)

= - 20 ft2
Thus,
rBA # rBC
u = cos-1 a b = cos-1 c d = 132°
- 20
Ans.
rBA rBC 5(6)
2–131.

Determine the angles u and f made between the axes OA z

of the flag pole and AB and AC, respectively, of each cable.
1.5 m

B 2m C

4m
SOLUTION FC 40 N
FB 55 N
rA C = { -2i - 4j + 1k} m ; rA C = 4.58 m 6m u A
f
rAB = {1.5i - 4j + 3k} m; rAB = 5.22 m

rA O = { -4j - 3k} m; rA O = 5.00 m O

rA B # rA O = (1.5)(0)
3m
+ ( -4)( -4) + (3)(- 3) = 7

-1
rAB # rAO 4m
u = cos ¢ ≤ x
rAB rAO
y
7
= cos - 1 ¢ ≤ = 74.4° Ans.
5.22(5.00)

rAC # rAO = (-2)(0) + ( - 4)( -4) + (1)(-3) = 13

rAC # rAO
f = cos - 1 a b
rAC rAO

= cos - 1 a b = 55.4°
13
Ans.
4.58(5.00)
*2–132.

The cables each exert a force of 400 N on the post. z

Determine the magnitude of the projected component of F1 F1 400 N
along the line of action of F2.

35

SOLUTION
120
Force Vector: y

uF1 = sin 35° cos 20°i - sin 35° sin 20°j + cos 35°k u 60
20 45
= 0.5390i - 0.1962j + 0.8192k

F1 = F1uF1 = 400(0.5390i - 0.1962j + 0.8192k) N

x F2 400 N
= {215.59i - 78.47j + 327.66k} N

Unit Vector: The unit vector along the line of action of F2 is

uF2 = cos 45°i + cos 60°j + cos 120°k

= 0.7071i + 0.5j - 0.5k

Projected Component of F1 Along Line of Action of F2:

(F1)F2 = F1 # uF2 = (215.59i - 78.47j + 327.66k) # (0.7071i + 0.5j - 0.5k)

= (215.59)(0.7071) + ( -78.47)(0.5) + (327.66)(- 0.5)

= - 50.6 N

Negative sign indicates that the force component (F1)F2 acts in the opposite sense
of direction to that of uF2.

thus the magnitude is (F 1)F2 = 50.6 N Ans.

2–133.

Determine the angle u between the two cables attached to z

the post. F1 400 N

35

SOLUTION
120
Unit Vector: y

uF1 = sin 35° cos 20°i - sin 35° sin 20°j + cos 35°k u 60
20 45
= 0.5390i - 0.1962j + 0.8192k

uF2 = cos 45°i + cos 60°j + cos 120°k

x F2 400 N
= 0.7071i + 0.5j - 0.5k

The Angle Between Two Vectors u: The dot product of two unit vectors must be
determined first.

uF1 # uF2 = (0.5390i - 0.1962j + 0.8192k) # (0.7071i + 0.5j - 0.5k)

= 0.5390(0.7071) + ( -0.1962)(0.5) + 0.8192(- 0.5)

= - 0.1265

Then,

u = cos-1 A uF1 # uF2 B = cos-1( - 0.1265) = 97.3° Ans.

2–134.
Determine the magnitudes of the components of force z
F = 90 lb acting parallel and perpendicular to diagonal AB
of the crate. F ⫽ 90 lb
60⬚

B
45⬚

1 ft
SOLUTION A
y
x 3 ft 1.5 ft
Force and Unit Vector: The force vector F and unit vector uAB must be determined C
first. From Fig. a

F = 90(- cos 60° sin 45°i + cos 60° cos 45°j + sin 60°k)

= {- 31.82i + 31.82j + 77.94k} lb

rAB (0 - 1.5)i + (3 - 0)j + (1 - 0)k 3 6 2
uAB = = = - i- j + k
rAB 3(0 - 1.5) + (3 - 0) + (1 - 0)
2 2 2 7 7 7

Vector Dot Product: The magnitude of the projected component of F parallel to the
diagonal AB is

3 6 2
[(F)AB]pa = F # uAB = (- 31.82i + 31.82j + 77.94k) # ¢- i + j + k≤
7 7 7

3 6 2
= (- 31.82) ¢ - ≤ + 31.82 ¢ ≤ + 77.94 ¢ ≤
7 7 7

= 63.18 lb = 63.2 lb Ans.

The magnitude of the component F perpendicular to the diagonal AB is

[(F)AB]pr = 3F2 - [(F)AB]pa2 = 2902 - 63.182 = 64.1 lb Ans.

2–135.

The force F = 525i - 50j + 10k6 lb acts at the end A of z

the pipe assembly. Determine the magnitude of the
components F1 and F2 which act along the axis of AB and
perpendicular to it. F2
F
A

F1

SOLUTION 6 ft

Unit Vector: The unit vector along AB axis is

10 - 02i + 15 - 92j + 10 - 62k B

y
uAB = = - 0.5547j - 0.8321k
210 - 02 + 15 - 92 + 10 - 62
2 2 2
5 ft 4 ft

Projected Component of F Along AB Axis:

x
F1 = F # uAB = 125i - 50j + 10k2 # 1 -0.5547j - 0.8321k2

= 1252102 + 1- 5021- 0.55472 + 11021- 0.83212

= 19.415 lb = 19.4 lb Ans.

Component of F Perpendicular to AB Axis: The magnitude of force F is

F = 2252 + 1 -5022 + 102 = 56.789 lb.

F2 = F 2 - F 21 = 56.7892 - 19.414 2 = 53.4 lb Ans.

*2–136.

Determine the components of F that act along rod AC and z

perpendicular to it. Point B is located at the midpoint of A
the rod.

4m B

4m
O F 600 N
SOLUTION x
C

3m
rAC = (- 3i + 4j - 4k), rAC = 2( - 3)2 + 42 + ( - 4)2 = 241 m 6m

rAC -3i + 4j + 4k 4m
rAB = = = - 1.5i + 2j - 2k D y
2 2

rAD = rAB + rBD

rBD = rAD - rAB

= (4i + 6j - 4k) - ( - 1.5i + 2j - 2k)

= {5.5i + 4j - 2k} m

rBD = 2(5.5)2 + (4)2 + ( - 2)2 = 7.0887 m

F = 600 a b = 465.528i + 338.5659j - 169.2829k

rBD
rBD

Component of F along rAC is F| |

F # rAC (465.528i + 338.5659j - 169.2829k) # ( -3i + 4j - 4k)

F| | = =
rAC 241
F| | = 99.1408 = 99.1 N Ans.

Component of F perpendicular to rAC is F

F2 + F2|| = F2 = 6002

F2 = 6002 - 99.14082

F = 591.75 = 592 N Ans.

2–137.

Determine the components of F that act along rod AC and z

perpendicular to it. Point B is located 3 m along the rod A
from end C.

4m B

4m
O F 600 N
SOLUTION x
C

3m
rCA = 3i - 4j + 4k 6m

rCA = 6.403124 4m y
D
3
rCB = (r ) = 1.40556i - 1.874085j + 1.874085k
6.403124 CA

rOB = rOC + rCB

= -3i + 4j + r CB

= -1.59444i + 2.1259j + 1.874085k

rOD = rOB + rBD

rBD = rOD - rOB = (4i + 6j) - rOB

= 5.5944i + 3.8741j - 1.874085k

rBD = 2(5.5944)2 + (3.8741)2 + ( -1.874085)2 = 7.0582

rBD
F = 600( ) = 475.568i + 329.326j - 159.311k
rBD

rAC = (- 3i + 4j - 4k), rAC = 241

Component of F along rAC is F| |

F # rAC (475.568i + 329.326j - 159.311k) # (- 3i + 4j - 4k)

F| | = =
rAC 241
F| | = 82.4351 = 82.4 N Ans.

Component of F perpendicular to rAC is F

F2 + F2|| = F2 = 6002

F2 = 6002 - 82.43512

F = 594 N Ans.
2–138.

Determine the magnitudes of the projected components of

the force F = 300 N acting along the x and y axes. 30 F 300 N
z
A 30

300 mm
SOLUTION
O
Force Vector: The force vector F must be determined first. From Fig. a, 300 mm

x 300 mm y
F = -300 sin 30°sin 30°i + 300 cos 30°j + 300 sin 30°cos 30°k

= [-75i + 259.81j + 129.90k] N

Vector Dot Product: The magnitudes of the projected component of F along the x
and y axes are

Fx = F # i = A -75i + 259.81j + 129.90k B # i

= - 75(1) + 259.81(0) + 129.90(0)

= - 75 N

Fy = F # j = A - 75i + 259.81j + 129.90k B # j

= - 75(0) + 259.81(1) + 129.90(0)

= 260 N

The negative sign indicates that Fx is directed towards the negative x axis. Thus

Fx = 75 N, Fy = 260 N Ans.
2–139.

Determine the magnitude of the projected component of

30
the force F = 300 N acting along line OA. F 300 N
z
A 30

300 mm

O
300 mm

SOLUTION x 300 mm y

Force and Unit Vector: The force vector F and unit vector uOA must be determined
first. From Fig. a

F = ( - 300 sin 30° sin 30°i + 300 cos 30°j + 300 sin 30° cos 30°k)

= {- 75i + 259.81j + 129.90k} N

rOA ( -0.45 - 0)i + (0.3 - 0)j + (0.2598 - 0)k

uOA = = = -0.75i + 0.5j + 0.4330k
rOA 2( - 0.45 - 0)2 + (0.3 - 0)2 + (0.2598 - 0)2

Vector Dot Product: The magnitude of the projected component of F along line OA is

FOA = F # uOA = A -75i + 259.81j + 129.90k B # A - 0.75i + 0.5j + 0.4330k B

= ( -75)( -0.75) + 259.81(0.5) + 129.90(0.4330)

= 242 N Ans.
2–146.

The cable attached to the tractor at B exerts a force of 350 lb z

on the framework. Express this force as a Cartesian vector.

35 ft F ⫽ 350 lb
SOLUTION
r = 50 sin 20°i + 50 cos 20°j - 35k y
20⬚
r = {17.10i + 46.98j - 35k} ft 50 f
t B
r = 2(17.10)2 + (46.98)2 + ( - 35)2 = 61.03 ft
x

r
u = = (0.280i + 0.770j - 0.573k)
r

F = Fu = {98.1i + 269j - 201k} lb Ans.

2–149.

The hinged plate is supported by the cord AB. If the force z

in the cord is F = 340 lb, express this force, directed from
B
A toward B, as a Cartesian vector. What is the length of
the cord?

12 ft

SOLUTION
Unit Vector: F y

rAB = 510 - 82i + 10 - 92j + 112 - 02k6 ft 8 ft

x A
= 5-8i - 9j + 12k6 ft
9 ft

rAB = 21- 822 + 1 - 922 + 122 = 17.0 ft Ans.

rAB - 8i - 9j + 12k 8 9 12
uAB = = = - i - j + k
rAB 17 17 17 17

Force Vector:

F = FuAB = 340 e - k f lb
8 9 12
i - j +
17 17 17

= - 160i - 180j + 240k lb Ans.