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C Programming Fundamentals Booklet

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11 views7 pages

C Programming Fundamentals Booklet

Uploaded by

sundarseenuvasan412
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Data Types

C has several data types that can be categorized into four main groups:

1. Basic Data Types: int, float, double, char

- int: Integer data type (e.g., int age = 25;)

- float: Single-precision floating-point (e.g., float height = 5.7;)

- double: Double-precision floating-point (e.g., double pi = 3.14159;)

- char: Character data type (e.g., char initial = 'A';)

2. Derived Data Types: arrays, pointers, structures, unions

- Arrays: Collection of elements of the same type (e.g., int nums[10];)

- Pointers: Variables that store memory addresses

- Structures: Custom data types grouping variables of different types

3. Enumeration Data Types

- User-defined types with named integer constants (e.g., enum Day {Mon, Tue, Wed};)

4. Void Type

- Represents absence of data, used in functions returning no value


2. Variables

Variables in C are used to store data, and each variable must be declared with a specific data type.

- Declaration: Specifies the data type and variable name (e.g., int num;)

- Initialization: Assigns a value at the time of declaration (e.g., int num = 10;)

Rules for naming variables:

- Must start with a letter or underscore (_)

- Can contain letters, digits, and underscores

- Case-sensitive (num and Num are different)

Types of variables:

- Local Variables: Declared inside a function, accessible only within that function

- Global Variables: Declared outside all functions, accessible throughout the program

- Static Variables: Retain their value between function calls

- Extern Variables: Declared with the 'extern' keyword, used to refer to a global variable
3. Operations, Expressions, and Statements

Operators in C perform various operations on variables and values.

1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %

2. Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

3. Logical Operators: &&, ||, !

4. Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>

5. Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=

6. Miscellaneous Operators: sizeof, &, *, ?:

Expressions are combinations of variables, constants, and operators.

Statements can be classified as:

- Expression Statements (e.g., a = b + c;)

- Compound Statements (block of statements enclosed in braces)

- Selection Statements (if, if-else, switch)

- Iteration Statements (while, for, do-while)


4. Conditional Statements

Conditional statements control the flow of execution based on conditions.

1. if Statement

- Syntax: if (condition) { // code }

2. if-else Statement

- Syntax: if (condition) { // code } else { // code }

3. else-if Ladder

- Used for multiple conditions

4. switch Case

- Used for selecting among multiple options

- Syntax: switch (expression) { case constant1: // code; break; default: // code; }


5. Functions

Functions are blocks of code that perform specific tasks.

- Function Declaration: Specifies the function's name, return type, and parameters

- Function Definition: Contains the code for the function

- Function Call: Executes the function

Types of Functions:

- Predefined Functions (e.g., printf, scanf)

- User-Defined Functions

Example:

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}
6. Recursive Functions

A recursive function is a function that calls itself.

- Useful for tasks like factorial calculation, Fibonacci series, etc.

Example:

int factorial(int n) {

if (n == 0)

return 1;

else

return n * factorial(n-1);

}
7. Arrays (Single-Dimensional and Multi-Dimensional)

Arrays are collections of data of the same type.

1. Single-Dimensional Arrays

- Declaration: data_type array_name[size];

- Example: int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

2. Multi-Dimensional Arrays

- Example: int matrix[3][3];

Accessing elements:

- Single-dimensional: array[index]

- Multi-dimensional: array[row][column]

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