International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research

and Science (IJAERS)

Peer-Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
Vol-11, Issue-10; Oct, 2024
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijaers.com/
Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.1110.3

Optimization of an Energy Recovery Circuit for a Low-

Voltage Lighting System
Tigana Mandimby, Adrinavalona Rakotomalala, Jaolalaina Andrianiavarivelo, Zely
Randriamantany

Institute for Management of Energy (IME), University of Antananarivo, PB 566, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
Email: [email protected]

Received: 12 Aug 2024, Abstract— This work is devoted to the study of the physical properties
Receive in revised form: 12 Sep 2024, of a circuit that allows both the last remaining charges of a pile or a
accumulator yes cells unique to be used in other devices and to save
Accepted: 19 Sep 2024,
energy stored in a new battery and all this in the lighting domain . The
Available online: 24 Oct 2024 corresponding device is made from a transistor, a resistor and a coil.
©2024 The Author(s). Published by AI The coil is made up of a standard ferrite core with two windings of
Publication. This is an open-access article under which the primary contains 34 turns and the secondary, 58 turns. Most
the CC BY license components are local components. The study is based on the Proteus
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). simulation software. The experiment of the device consists of
comparisons of the energy consumed by an electroluminescent diode
Keywords— transistor, coil, ferrite, simulation,
without the designed circuit and with this circuit to see its performance.
primary, diode.
In particular, the circuit can use a very low voltage of about 0.37V and
can power the electroluminescent diode for a week without interruption
if it is powered by a R6S/1.5V battery.

I. INTRODUCTION still insufficient, even non-existent, in developing countries

From time immemorial, energy has always been of such as Madagascar.
great importance to man. Aside from their curiosity, this is Faced with this sad reality, it is the duty of each citizen
one of the reasons why certain scientists research energy. to sensitize the consumers and seek adequate solutions to
In each country, the energy needs of each individual these problems.
do not cease to grow over the course of these last decades This article titled OPTIMIZATION OF AN ENERGY
and their dependence, among others, on electrochemical RECOVERY CIRCUIT FOR A LOW VOLTAGE
storages is increasing. LIGHTING SYSTEM aims to propose a circuit capable of
Since its first appearance, the manufacture of batteries both extracting the remaining charges from used batteries
is becoming more and more frequent and its use is in order to revalorize them in the form of radiant energy
becoming more and more important. The presence of and to save the use of new batteries from for lighting
batteries is felt que ce soit en ville et que ce soit à la purposes.
campagne. However, batteries contain heavy metals The scientific interest of this research consists later to
(mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, nickel) but also other reuse this form of energy to reduce human waste and
chemical species (carbon, manganese, etc.) human health. pollution and to satisfy part of our lighting needs in an
In effect, one of the most toxic, most polluting and economic manner.
richest in chemical elements is the used battery. However,
the implementation of measures to control used batteries is

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Mandimby et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(10)-2024

II. METHODOLOGY it is traversed by an electric current. Unlike a classic

diode, it only reacts if the polarization is in the forward
2.1 Junction diode direction.
2.1.1. Description
A junction diode is a nonlinear electronic dipole that
contains a metal, a P-type semiconductor, and another N-
type semiconductor.

Fig. 3: Schematic representation of a junction Fig. 3. Schematic and structural representation of an LED.
diode.

2.3. Transistor
There are two types of polarization for the diode:
2.3.1. Description
• The polarization directly;
A transistor is an electronic device that is found in
• The polarization in reverse. several applications namely oscillators, converters,
2.1.2. Direct polarization microcontrollers, microprocessors, switches, current
amplifiers, voltage amplifiers, power amplifiers, etc. Or,
The direct polarization consists of introducing a current
there are several types of transistor according to their
"I" to the positive pole of the diode, starting from point
structure.
"A" and heading towards point "C".
Table 1: Types of transistors according to their
structure.

Compone Order Application Intensity Band

nt type maximu passin
m g
Fig.1. Direct polarization of a diode.

Bipolar Curren Amplificatio 10 A 0 →1

2.1.3. Reverse polarization t n, GHZ
The reverse polarization consists on the other hand commutation
of introducing a current "I" to the negative pole starting
from point "C" and directed towards point "A". MOS, Tensio Commutati 5A 0 →10
FET, n on MHZ
JFET,
MOSFET

IGBT Curren Power 200 A 0 →1

t electronic MHZ
commutation
Fig..2. Reverse polarization of a diode.

2.3.2. Bipolar transistors, [14]

2.2 Electroluminescent diode A bipolar transistor is made in a single crystal with
2.2.1. Definition, [12] three different doping zones namely the base "B", the
An electroluminescent diode (LED) is a emitter "E" and the collector "C":
device optoelectronics capable of emitting light when

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• The transmitter "E" is heavily doped. Its role 2.3.3. Operating regime
is to inject electrons into the base. It is The purpose of the polarization of the junctions is
identified by an arrow that indicates the to fix the values of the voltages UBE, UBC and the
direction of the current in the junction currents IC, IB to impose the localization of the points
between base and collector. and to know the operating regime of the transistor in
• The "B" base is weakly doped and very thin. the network.
It transmits most of the electrons coming Table 2: Mode of operation of the bipolar
from the emitter to the collector. transistor.
• The collector "C" collects the electrons that Voltage of junctions Polarization of Operatin
come from the base of its name. junctions g regime
According to the mounting sense, we can have two BE BC
types of bipolar transistor referring to the PN junctions
(diodes), one of which is polarized directly and the Positiv Positive (+) Direct Direct Saturé
other, inversely: e (+) Direct
(SD)
• An NPN transistor (two negative terminals
Positive (+) Direct Direct Saturated
and one positive terminal); A PNP
Inverse
transistor (one negative terminal and two
(SI)
positive terminals).
negative (-) Direct Inverse Normal
Direct
(ND)
negativ Positive (+) Invers Direct Inverse
e (-) e Normal
(NI)
negative (-) Invers Inverse Blocked
e

At the saturation point, the transistor is equivalent

Fig.4. Schematic representation of an NPN transistor.
to a closed switch while at the blocking point, the
transistor is equivalent to an open switch.
The fundamental relationships between the three
doping zones are given by:
I C = 𝛽*I B

UBC = UBE + UEC

with:
𝛽, the amplification gain;
I C , the current intensity at the terminal of the
collector;
I B , the current intensity at the terminal of the
base;
Fig.5. Schematic representation of a PNP transistor. I E , the current intensity at the terminal of the
transmitter;
U BC , the tension at the terminal of BC
junctions; U BE , the voltage at the terminal of

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BE junctions; EC , the voltage at the terminal

of the EC junctions. (19)

2.4. Resistance 2.5. Coil

2.4.1. Definition, [15] 2.5.1. Description, [18]

Resistance is un electronic component don't the A coil is an electronic component made up of a coil
main role is to oppose more or less to the circulation du of conductive wire around a core. It is diagrammed in
electric current . an electric circuit according to Fig. 11.

Fig. 8. Schematic representation of a coil, [19]

A core is the space in the middle of these windings
or turns. It can be empty or include a piece of material
Fig. 6. Detailed structure of a resistance. favoring electromagnetic induction, in order to increase
the value of the inductance.
2.5.2. Classification of magnetic materials, [20]
2.4.2. Ohm's Law , [16]
There are terrestrial substances that have magnetic
Resistance is linked to notions of resistivity and of
properties and can therefore become magnetized..
electrical conductivity . It is designated by the letter
However, these magnetic properties are not equal for
"R" et son unit of measure is the ohm of the "Ω"
all these materials. Some of these are due to the rotation
symbol. Ohm's law is defined from these magnitudes
of electrons on themselves in the atom. This
such that:
phenomenon is called "spin" and causes a magnetic
(18) moment.
With: The magnetization M is defined in function of the
U , the tension; excitation field H and the magnetic susceptibility m of
R , the resistance; the environment. It can be written in the following
form:
I , the current intensity.
M = m *H (22)
The magnetic induction B is defined by:
B = 𝜇0 * H (23)
The materials can be classified into three
categories according to their magnetic properties, as
shown in Fig.9:
• Diamagnetism: the magnetic susceptibility is
generally very small. Therefore, the
Fig.7. Schematic representation of a resistor.
diamagnetic materials are weakly magnetic
in the opposite direction to the magnetizing
2.4.3. Joule effect, [17] field. Their magnetization ceases as soon as
the magnetizing field is suppressed.
The Joule effect is responsible for the dissipation
Example: gold, silver, copper , zinc.
of energy in the form of warmth in an electrical
component. This production of heat is sometimes a • Paramagnetism: magnetic susceptibility is
desired effect (heating resistance) and sometimes a small. Therefore, the paramagnetic materials
harmful effect (loss of energy due to the Joule effect). are weakly magnetized in the direction of the
This property bears the name of the Joule effect and the magnetizing field. Their magnetization
energy dissipated between two instants t1 and t2 is ceases as soon as the magnetizing field is
written:

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suppressed. Example: aluminum, platinum, Posted by:

manganese, air, oxygen, etc. , the magnetic flux generated in the core
• Ferromagnetism: the magnetic susceptibility N 1 , the number of turns of the primary winding;
is very large. Therefore, ferromagnetic
I 1, the intensity of the current that crosses the primary
materials can be strongly magnetized. Their
conductor;
magnetization persists plus or minus when
the magnetizing field is suppressed. U 1 , the voltage at its terminals;
Examples: cobalt, nickel, iron , steel , ferrite, N 2 , the number of turns of the secondary winding;
martensitic , etc.
I 2 , the intensity of the current that crosses the
secondary conductor; U 2 , the voltage of its terminals.
The circulation of the current through the primary
winding generates a variable magnetic flux in the core
such that:
= B*S (24)
The magnetizing force is expressed as follows:

(25)
The transformer is at no load when the secondary
winding has not been connected to a receiver but open.
Thus, the flux variation induces a voltage in the
Fig. 9. Illustration of the magnetic behavior of secondary winding but does not flow any current. The
substances . primary winding behaves like a simple inductance that
opposes the passage of the current.
2.5.3. Power transformer, [21] The transformer works in charge when a receiver
The conversion of electrical energy makes use, in is connected to the output of the secondary winding. In
general, of two types of physical phenomena: this case, the variation in flux induced in the secondary
winding generates another current which creates a
• Electrical phenomena associated with magnetic field opposite to the field produced by the
current; primary. In the end, there is perfect equality between
• Magnetic phenomena associated with the power generated by the secondary and the power
magnetic flux. consumed by the primary winding.. From the equality
of apparent powers, we obtain:
A power transformer is a static device that transfers
electrical energy thanks to electromagnetic induction. P1 = P2 (26)
For a transformer, two windings are at least necessary With:
to be able to modify the level of the input signal without P 1, the power consumed by the primary
modifying the frequency. winding;
P 2, the power generated by the secondary
winding.
Thus :
U 1 *I 1 = U 2 *I 2 (27)
If the tension applied at the entrance is lower than
the cell recovered at the exit, the transformer works as
an elevator, in the opposite case, as a step-down
transformer.
And if we suppose that the number of turns of the
Fig. 10. Diagram of a power transformer with two
primary compartment is higher than that of the
windings, [22].

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secondary compartment, we obtain a voltage reducer

and the previous relation can then be written by: When we visualized certain curves in the
oscilloscope as the shape of the tension curve on the
(28) base of the transistor and the cell at the entrance of the
electroluminescent diode, they are identical. However,
On the other hand, if the number of turns of the primary
the shape of the voltage curves changes when we
compartment is lower than that of the secondary
change the resistance of each winding to be equal to 1
compartment, a voltage riser is obtained and the
(see Fig. 13) and then to 1m (see Fig. 20). The
relationship becomes:
shape of the curves obtained seems to be a function of
the resistances of the respective windings. The signal is
(29) alternative to the output of the coil.
For the diagrams of the voltage curve, the yellow
III. RESULTS curve shows the voltage received by the diode at its
input, while the blue curve shows the voltage at the
3.1. Simulation of the direct supply of an LED without base of the transistor (see Fig. 12 and Fig. 13) .
device.
The various components of the circuit in the
presence of the device require a resistor, an
electroluminescent diode, a bipolar transistor of the
NPN type reference 2N2222 and a coil with two
windings. Among other things, we need essentially
three (3) other additional components apart from the
others we saw previously. The simulation of the
complete circuit is visualized on Fig. 11.
When we simulated the circuit in the presence of
the prototype, we noticed that the electroluminescent
diode does not shine below an input voltage of 2.20 V.
The minimum threshold voltage remains the same so
that the electroluminescent diode can emit of the light.
For the output voltage at the level of the diode, we
found that the voltage collected still remains equal to Fig. 12. Adjustment of the resistance of the
that of the input voltage generated by the battery. Here, respective windings of the transformer for 1 .
the transformer reacts neither as a tension reducer, nor
as a tension rectifier.

Fig. 13: Voltage curve at the level of the

Fig. 11. Simulation of the circuit in the presence of the electroluminescent diode and the base of the transistor
prototype. for a resistivity of 1 .

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Fig. 15 : Photo of the components necessary for

the study of the circuit.
The coil is designed from a ferrite core of section
Fig. 14. Adjustment of the resistance of the 66mm2 (11mm height*6mm width). For its windings, we
respective windings of the transformer for 1m . used five (5) identical wires of the same length l= 83cm
and the same diameter d=0.6mm but of a different color to
distinguish their placement. For the primary winding, we
combined 3 wires of white, yellow and orange colors, the
length being equal to l1=166cm for the equivalent of the
number of turns N1=34. On the other hand, for the
secondary winding, we combined 2 wires of black and blue
colors, the length being equal to l2=249cm and the number
of turns, to N2=58.

Fig. 14: Voltage curve at the level of the

electroluminescent diode and the base of the transistor
for a resistance of 1m .

3.2. Achievements
3.2.1. Montage and interpretation
The realization of the combined circuit with its
prototype is made from a resistance of value 1k , of
power 1/4W, of a reference NPN type bipolar transistor
2N2222, an electroluminescent diode with a nominal
voltage of 3.5V and a coil with a ferrite core. Fig. 16. Photo of the device powered by a BEXEL
brand AAA battery.

When we directly fed the electroluminescent diode

with any battery of nominal voltage 1.5V, it did not
arrive to emit light because the output voltage was
lower than the input voltage. Here, the simulation is
verified.

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When we then introduced the device into the

circuit, the electroluminescent diode reacted to the
effect of a battery of size AAA, nominal voltage 1.5V
(see Fig. 19). This is explained by the presence of the
coil and cell of the transistor because the power
required was largely exceeded. The simulation
predicted a voltage of 2.20V, but during the
experiment, we got the value of 2.10V.
The circuit uses the self-oscillating properties of
the oscillator block to form a converter tension
(elevator). Like all power conversion technologies and
in accordance with the law of energy conservation,
none energy is created by the circuit. In fact, there
tension de sortie est relevée en contrepartie d'une
consumption de current increased at the entrance.
3.2.2. Efficiency test
To study its effectiveness, we tested the circuit
with batteries of different shapes, or with different Fig. 18. Evaluation test of a CR2032 button cell.
nominal voltages.
Tableau 8 shows the study of the efficiency of the
circuit in presence of the device through some varieties
of batteries used.

Fig. 26: Evaluation test of a pile of size N (see table 4) ,

brand ALKALINE.

Fig. 17. Test d'évaluation of a pile of dimension D

of brand ENERGY.
Table 8: Study of battery efficiency with the device.

Dimensions of the batteries AAA AA D CR2032 N

Mark BEXEL HUATAI ENERGY PARASONIC ALKALINE

Nominal voltage (V) 1.5 1.5 1.5 3 9

Electromotive force (V) 1.64 1.65 1.65 3.36 9.05

Threshold voltage (V) 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.40 0.32

in 04 h 0.092 0.020 0.042 0.126 0.018

Voltage drop
in 08 h 0.198 0.041 0.083 0.251 0.039
(V)
in 12 h 0.303 0.059 0.124 0.359 0.058

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Mandimby et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(10)-2024

at 4 p.m 0.395 0.089 0.166 0.485 0.086

in 20 h 0.499 0.105 0.208 0.605 0.102

in 24 hours 0.592 0.121 0.249 0.736 0.116

Debit average (v/h) 0.026 0.006 0.011 0.031 0.005

Calculation of error 0.01 0.002 0.007 0.5 0.8

Autonomy ( days ) 3 11 7 5 -

The Fig. 27 presents the battery voltage drop curve as

a function of time, at intervals of 4 hours during a day.

Fig. 27. Representative curve of the tension drops

Fig. 29. Installation of a single new battery of size
of each pile tested.
AA with the circuit.

3.2.3. Longevity study

Afterwards, we studied the circuit in presence of the
device but the batteries used are all identical (of the same
nominal voltage, of the same size AA and of the same
brand HUATAI). We measured the electromotive force of
a pile and found that the electroluminescent diode reacted
normally.

Fig. 30. Measurement of the electromotive force of three

new batteries combined of size AA.

Fig. 28: Measurement of the electromotive force of

To see the longevity of the circuit, we have developed
a new AA battery.
another branch so that three new batteries identical to the
previous one (of the same brand HUATAI, of the same size

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AA) are combined. Ainsi, their total electromotive force is

added to give 4.93V.
For the electroluminescent diode to directly emit white
light, the circuit logically needs an input voltage higher
than or equal to its output voltage. The voltage of the direct
branch requires a value of 2.10V while the circuit in the
presence of the device requires a cell of 0.37V at least.
By directly feeding the electroluminescent diode with
the three (3) combined batteries, we have seen that the
electroluminescent diode shines without interruption for 12
days. However, the presence of the device strongly
influences the energy consumption of the circuit.
L'utilisation sans interruption d'une seule pile avec le
prototype atteint presque l'equivalent d'un branchement
direct avec ces trois piles. In fact, it only shifted by a day.
Ainsi, the insertion of the prototype is very effective
because it reduces the efficiency of the batteries needed for Fig. 31. Direct power supply of an LED by three new
the lighting of the electroluminescent diode by almost a batteries of size AA.
third. Tableau 9 shows the results of comparing the
circuit without the device and then with its presence.

Table 9: Longevity comparison between the direct branching and the presence of the circuit.

Montage With device Without device

Time / Autonomy (h) Voltage (V)

1 era day Morning 12 o'clock 0.113 0.059

Evening 24h 0.225 0.121

2nd day Morning 36h 0.339 0.177

Evening 48 hours 0.441 0.244

3rd day Morning 60 hrs 0.554 0.296

Evening 72h 0.665 0.351

4th day Morning 84h 0.776 0.410

Evening 96 h 0.890 0.468

5th day Morning 108h 0.992 0.526

Evening 120 hrs 1.103 0.547

6th day Morning 132 h 1,215 0.658

Evening 144 h 1,327 0.703

7 th day Morning 156 h 1,438 0.761

Evening 168 h 1,540 0.817

8th day Morning 180 hours 1,651 0.884

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Mandimby et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(10)-2024

Evening 192 h 1,763 0.924

9th day Morning 204 h 1,875 0.995

Evening 216 h 1,988 1,065

10 th day Morning 228 h 2,092 1,126

Evening 240 hours 2.204 1,187

11 th day Morning 252 h 2,317 1,249

Evening 264h 2,428 1,311

12 th day Morning 276 h 2,539 -

Evening 288 h 2,640 -

IV. DISCUSSION V. CONCLUSION

The realized circuit presents several advantages. First To conclude this work, we can say that the prototype
of all, it's easy to do. Then, its use allows you to save a lot designed gives satisfactory results because its efficiency far
more electricity. It is very practical for special lighting, at surpasses our expectations.
home because it happens to feed an electroluminescent The simultaneous presence of the coil and the
diode for more than a week, without interruption for good transistor are essential for the realization of the circuit
quality batteries. In addition, the device can be integrated because one allows increasing the input voltage, while the
into various electronic devices. other increases the current intensity. The prototype can be
Its use also favors the protection of the environment adapted to all types of new or used batteries. It also has a
because once the used batteries are flat, they are no longer great longevity and its use allows well to extract the
immediately thrown away because they can now be remaining charges from a used battery provided that the
revalued by this device. As a consequence, the uncontrolled input voltage remains above 0.37V for the prototype made.
waste of batteries is now likely to decrease and the In a developing country like Madagascar, the
pollution of our environment is thus reduced and the risks conventional price of energy continues to increase while
threatening the health of living beings are less harmful. the purchasing power of the population decreases. Non-
The use of the prototype also allows you to save money renewable energies are more or less accessible depending
because the acquisition of the raw materials used is often on the income of each household. But, they are becoming
cheaper than the purchase of finished products, this is valid, more and more coveted and recommended throughout the
at the same time, for the purchase of batteries but also for world.
The purchase of electronic components and their assembly. In anticipation of the implementation of measures
This circuit is marketable and especially profitable conforming to the disposal of used batteries, it is preferable
considering the criteria of energy saving. to insert this type of prototype in various electronic devices
Disadvantages because it allows energy and money to be saved. Above all,
its utilization favors the protection of the environment
Despite its advantages, the device also has some
because the revaluation of these used batteries reduces their
disadvantages. The fabrication of the prototype requires
uncontrolled discharge and the diminution of toxic waste
more time because the components must be controlled un
harmful to human health.
par un and all must be soldered before assembly.
Sometimes, these components are imported by retail
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