Photosynthesis - highly selective; contains transporters such as integral • Involves two photosystems and an electron transport

- a metabolic process wherein light energy (sunlight) is membrane proteins chain (protein molecules that are embedded in the
transformed into chemical energy (food). 2. Stroma thylakoid membrane)
- a two-phase anabolic pathway in which the Sun’s light - colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the
energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell. chloroplast Light-Independent Reactions
- Photosynthesis combines CO2 and H2O, producing - protein-rich ground substance
glucose and O2. - contains enzymes, starch granules, chloroplast DNA and The Calvin Cycle
ribosomes • Biochemical pathway that allows for carbon fixation
Two Types of Photosynthesis 3. Thylakoid incorporates CO2 into organic molecules
1. Anoxygenic - membrane-bound flattened disks • Occurs in the stroma
- it does not produce oxygen (e.g. purple bacteria, green - grana -> stacks of thylakoids (a stack of thylakoid or • Uses ATP from light-dependent reactions
sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria, and singular term “granum” • NADPH from light-dependent reaction
heliobacteria). - Intergranal (stromal) lamellae -> connects granum
- uses energy from sunlight to couple the reduction of C in together To build carbohydrates, cells need:
CO2 to the anaerobic oxidation of S in S0 or H2S. 1. Carbon and oxygen atoms – from CO2
2. Oxygenic Stages of Photosynthesis 2. Hydrogen atoms – provided by NADPH from
– it produces oxygen (e.g. cyanobacteria, some groups of 1. Light photosystem II
algae, and essentially all land plants) 2. H2O 3. Energy – provided by ATP from ETC of light-dependent
3. CO2 reactions
• Photosynthesis is performed by photosynthetic organisms 4. Stroma
• Autotrophs produce their own food (e.g. 5. Granum Carbon Fixation and Sugar Formation
chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs) 6. Light Reactions Reactants
• Photosynthetic Autotrophs capture energy from the sun to 7. NADP+ 1. CO2 – from the atmosphere
produce their own food (e.g. plants, algae, and some 8. ADP+P 2. ATP and NADPH – from the light-dependent reactions
bacteria) 9. ATP 3. Ribulose (RuBP) – a 5-carbon sugar; recycled
10. NADPH throughout the cycle
Chloroplast 11. Calvin Cycle
• pigment-containing plastids; site of photosynthesis 12. Thylakoids • CO2 is captured from the atmosphere.
• double-membrane 13. 02 → RuBisCO is an enzyme in the stroma that captures
• contains their own DNA and is capable of reproducing 14. Sugar CO2; aids RuBP
• found in green tissues of plants • CO2 enters and O2 leaves the leaf through the stoma.
Light-Dependent Reactions
Structure of Chloroplast • Occurs in the thylakoid membrane
1. Chloroplast Envelope • Light energy is converted to chemical energy – (high What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
a. Outer Membrane energy molecule: ATP & NADPH) - 6 H2O+6 CO2 --> C6H12O6
- freely permeable to small molecules From where does the energy for photosynthesis come?
b. Inner Membrane - Sunlight
What plant pigments are involved in photosynthesis? What happens to carbon dioxide molecules in the Calvin Process by which carbon circulates around the earth as
- Chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B, and carotenoids cycle reactions? plants remove carbon from the atmosphere and animals
Explain why chlorophyll appears green to us in terms of - In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide molecules add carbon to the atmosphere — CARBON CYCLE
what happens to different wavelengths of light that strike a (CO2) are combined with each other and with the A compound needed for photosynthesis — CARBON
chlorophyll molecule. electrons and Hydrogen ions from NADPH to form DIOXIDE
- We see light that bounces off of objects (reflected glucose (C6H12O6). Molecule used to store energy — ATP
light). Chlorophyll is best at trapping and absorbing How can cells store sugar that is produced in A compound needed for photosynthesis — WATER
the red - orange wavelengths of light and the blue, photosynthesis? A by-product of photosynthesis — OXYGEN
indigo, and violet wavelengths of light. It is not good 1. Sugar can be broken down by the mitochondria to This reaction requires direct energy of sunlight to make
at absorbing the green wavelengths. The green supply energy to the cell. energy carrier molecules — LIGHT
light is reflected, so it is the part we see. Therefore, 2. Sugar also can be linked together in long chains to The links between the energy that carnivores get from
chlorophyll looks green to the US. form cellulose and build the plant cell wall. eating to the energy captured by photosynthesis — FOOD
How does the amount of energy in light change as the 3. It can be moved to another part of the plant for CHAIN
wavelength increases? energy, or moved to the root system for storage (in Reaction that occurs when the products of the Light
- As wavelength increases, amount of energy the form of starch). Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds of
decreases. Thus, violet light (which has a shorter carbohydrates — DARK
wavelength) has more energy that red light (which Chlorophyll absorbs every color of sunlight except this —
has a longer wavelength). The process by which plants and some bacteria use the GREEN
In which plant cell organelle does photosynthesis take energy from sunlight to produce sugar — Place where dark reactions occur — STROMA
place? PHOTOSYNTHESIS An animal that eats plants — HERBIVORE
- In the chloroplasts The product of photosynthesis — SUGAR
What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Number of molecules of oxygen produced along with one
a. light dependant molecule of sugar — SIX
b. light independent (Calvin Cycle) Place where light reactions occur — CHLOROPLAST
In which part of the chloroplast does each stage occur? Part of the plant where photosynthesis generally occurs —
a. The light reactions take place in the thylakoids. CHLOROPLAST
b. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma. Flattened sacs or vesicles containing photosynthetic
What happens to water molecules in the light reactions? chemicals — THYLAKOID
- Water molecules (H2O) are split to give electrons, A group of accessory pigments that includes beta-carotene
H+ ions, and oxygen gas (02) — CAROTENOID
What photosynthesis waste product is formed in the light A plant pigment that absorbs sunlight. — CHLOROPHYLL
reactions? Specialized structures that allow gas to enter and leave the
- oxygen gas (02) leaf — STOMATA
What two products of the light reactions are used up in the the process of converting energy from a light-excited
Calvin cycle? electron into the pyrophosphate bond of an ADP molecule
a. ATP — PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
b. NADPH