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Module 2b Data Organization - Codes

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21 views

Module 2b Data Organization - Codes

Uploaded by

Kalai Tharan Studio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

FACULTY OF COMPUTING
bit
nibbles
bytes
words

2
(LSB)
(MSB)

1 byte 2 nibbles

MSB LSB

3
Nibbles

• 4 bits

• Major uses:
• BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
• Hexadecimal numbers

716, B16, F16

4
Bytes

• 8 bits
• Total values: 28 = 256

• Major uses:
• Numeric values (0 … 28-1 = 0 … 255)
• Signed numbers: (-128 to +127)

5
Word

• 16 bits = 2 bytes
• Bit 0 to 15
• Total values:
• 216 = 65,536

• Major uses of word:


• signed integer (-32,768 … +32,767)
• unsigned integer (0 … 216-1) = 0 … 65,535)
• UNICODE characters

6
We will learn:

• Code is unique
• Codes are easy to process
• Code is easy to represent
• Codes enable communication in place where ordinary spoken
or written language is difficult or impossible, eg Morse Code

7
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111


8
3 2 4 5

7 8 4 8

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Gray codes
Electromechanical switches

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Gray codes

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Gray Code Conversion

• Binary to Gray Code


1. Record the MSB as it is
2. Add the MSB to the next bit of binary, record
the sum and neglect carry.
3. Repeat the process

12
Example:
Convert 10011010 to its equivalent gray code value

+ + + + + + +

(Maintain MSB) (Discard carries)

13
Gray Code Conversion

• Gray Code to Binary


1. Record the MSB as it is
2. Add the MSB to the next bit of Gray code,
record the sum and neglect carry.
3. Repeat the process

14
Example:

Convert the Gray code 11010111 to binary.

(Discard carries)

(Discard carries)
(Discard carries)
(Maintain MSB)

+ + + + + + +

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

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Parity code

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Examples:

1 10100111 Number Even Odd


Even Parity bit 1s Parity Parity

Even
0 1
Odd
0 10100111 1 0
Odd Parity bit
(Remember these basic rule)

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0 1
1 0
0 1
1 0

Parity bit

Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_bit 18
6 Even 0 111111 1 111111
1 Odd 1 100000 0 100000

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20
ASCII

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Resource: http://www.s4a.us/support/cimco_faq.htm 23
ASCII codes – More compact table

b7 1
b6 1
b5 0
b4 b3 b2 b1

7-bits binary2
ASCII code

Examples:
B7b6b5 b4b3b2b1
110 1101
is represent as
‘m’ 1 1 0 1 m

Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASCII_Code_Chart-Quick_ref_card.png 24
Exercise 2b.2:

25
Exercise 2b.3:

Given a string (character) UTM1435.

a) Convert the string to its ASCII hexadecimal value.

b) Calculate the odd parity bit and insert as MSB.

a) Recalculate the ASCII value in hexadecimal.

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Character ASCII Binary Odd parity bit + New ASCII
(ASCII) (Hex) Binary (Hex)

U
T
M
1
4
3
5
h

27

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