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“while (noSuccess) { tryAgain(); if (dead) break; }”

- Unknown
Function: Modules of Program
Programmers use segments of earlier programs to construct new
CSE102 programs
• Documentation is very important

Computer Programming with C • Use of predefined functions

• Top-down stepwise refinement
• Major steps = modules of program

2021-2022 Spring Semester

Top-Down Design with Functions
© 2015-2022 Yakup Genç

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 2

Case Study: Circle Case Study: Circle

Problem: Compute and display the area and the circumference of a circle Implementation: The following slides contains the initial program
• Analysis:
• Input: radius (double)
• Outputs: area and circumference (double)
• Relationship: ???
• Design:
1. Get the radius
2. Calculate the area
3. Calculate the circumference
4. Display the area and the circumference
• Some steps requires refinement

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Outline of Program Circle Program Circle

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 5 March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 6

Outline of Program Circle Case Study: Weight of Washers

• Here, we will use the solution of the previous case study
• Problem: Manufacturer of flat washers needs to estimate shipping
cost. They need to compute the weight of a specifies quantity of flat
washers
• Analysis:
• Weight is volume times density of the material
• Volume is the rim area times thickness
• Rim area is calculated as in the next slide
• Inputs: diameters, thickness, density, quantity
• Outputs: weight
• Relationships: ??

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Computing Area of a Flat Washer Case Study: Weight of Washers

• Design:
• Initial Algorithm: ??
• Implementation:
• next

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Program Washer Program Washer (cont’d)

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Program Washer (cont’d) Library Functions

• Software engineering:
• Goal: writing error-free codes
• Use well tested existing codes: code reuse
• Use predefined functions
• EX: sqrt function in math library
• Use it as a black box
y = sqrt(x);
• EX: printf and scanf in stdio library

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 13 March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 14

Function sqrt as a “Black Box” Square Root Program

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 15 March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 16

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Square Root Program (cont’d) Math Library

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 17 March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 18

Math Library Library Functions

• Example: Compute the roots of a quadratic equation
−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥, =
2𝑎
• Example: Compute the length of the third side of a triangle

a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos α

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User-defined Functions Case Study: Simple Diagrams

• Example: area of a circle • Problem: Draw simple diagrams on your screen
area = find_area(radius); • Ex: house, person
• Analysis: Basic components
• Circle
• Example: circumference of a circle • Parallel lines
circum = find_circum(radius); • Base line
• Intersecting lines
• Design: Divide the problem into three subproblems
• Example: rim area calculation • Draw a circle
rim_area = find_area(edge_radius) - find_area(hole_radius); • Draw a triangle
• Draw intersecting lines
• Further refinement in triangle – see following structure chart

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 21 March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 22

Structure Chart for Drawing a Stick Figure Function Prototypes and Main Function

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User Defined Functions User Defined Functions

• Function prototype • Function call
• Functions should be defined before they are used • Calling a function
• Insert the whole function definition
• Insert the function prototype
• Defines function_name (arguments);
• Data types of the function
• Function name
• Arguments and their types
• Ex:
draw_circle();
function_type function_name (argument types); printf(“%d”, year);

• Ex:
void draw_circle(void);

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User Defined Functions Function draw_circle

• Function definition
• Defines the operation of a function
• Similar to main function

function_type function_name (argument list)

{
local declerations
executable statements
}

• Function heading: similar to function prototype

• Function body: enclosed in braces

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Function draw_triangle Program to Draw a Stick Figure

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 29 March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 30

Program to Draw a Stick Figure Flow of Control

• Compiling the program:

• Function prototypes: compiler knows the functions
• enables compiler to translate function calls
• Function definition: translates the code of the function
• Allocates memory needed
• Function call: Transfers of the control to the function
• End of the function: Transfer of the control back to the calling statement
• Releases the local memory

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Flow of Control Advantages of Functions

• For team of programmers:
• Dividing programming tasks to the programmers
• Procedural abstraction
• Move the details of the operation to the functions
• Focus on the main operations
• Code reuse
• In a program
• In other programs
• Well tested functions

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 33 March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 34

Function instruct Functions with Input Arguments

• Functions are building blocks to construct large programs
• Like Lego blocks

• Arguments:
• to carry information to functions : input arguments
• to return multiple results : output arguments
• Arguments makes functions more versatile
• Manipulate different data at each call

rim_area = find_area(edge_radius) - find_area(hole_radius);

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Function print_rboxed Executing print_rboxed (135.68);

• Actual parameter: 135.68

• Formal parameter: rnum

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 37 March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 38

Function with Input Arguments and Result Functions find_circum and find_area

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Executing circum = find_circum (radius); Function scale

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Testing functions Testing Functions

• Functions can be tested by a program that uses it
• Driver program
• Defines function arguments
• Call the functions
• Display the return value

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scale(num_1, num_2); Argument Correspondence

• Be careful to provide correct
• number of arguments
• order of arguments
• type of arguments
• Actual parameter int to formal parameter double
• Actual parameter double to formal parameter int
• Loss of fractional part

March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 45 March 2022 CSE102 Computer Programming 46

Thanks for listening!

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