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Handout in Prof. Ed.102 Group No.

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HANDOUT OF GROUP NO. 4

Report 4: Children with Special Needs


MODULE OVERVIEW

● Developmental Disorder
● Learning Disabilities
● Kinds of Learning Disabilities
● Communication Disorder
● Autism Spectrum Disorder
● Other Health Conditions
● Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
● Developmental Coordination Disorder
● Treatments for Development Disorder
● Physical Disability
● Causes of Physical Disability
● Different types of Physical Disabilities
● Regular Education Vs. Special Education

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Students should be able to:

a) Identify the kinds of Learning Disabilities;

b) Enumerate the types of disorders that can have an impact on a student's learning ability;

c) Develop an understanding of the types of disorders or disabilities that can affect the learning
capabilities of a student.

LEARNING CONTENTS 1. Various Development Disorder in Children and Adolescents

❖ Developmental Disorder

Developmental disorder is a group of Psychiatrist conditions originating in childhood that involve serious
impairment in different areas.
Causes:
-Environment
-Genetics
-Stress in early childhood

❖ Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are disorder that affect one’s ability to understand of use spoken or
written language, do mathematics, calculations, coordinate movements or direct attention.
Not all learning problems fall into the category of learning disabilities. Many children are simply slower in
developing certain skills.

❖ Kinds of Learning Disabilities

Dyslexia
is a reading and language-based learning disabilities, with this problem l, a child may not understand

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letters, groups of letters, sentences or paragraphs.

Dysgraphia

is a term for problems with writing when an older child may not form letters correctly and there is
difficulty writing a certain space.

Dyscalculia- is a term for problems concerning math.

Information-processing disorders are learning

disorders related to a person's ability to use the information that they take in through their senses- seeing,
hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching.

❖ Communication Disorder

Communication disorders include problems related to speech, language and auditory


processing. Some causes of communication disorders include hearing loss, neurological disorder, brain injury,
mental retardation, drug abuse, physical impairment such as cleft lip or palate, emotional disorders.
Frequently, however, the cause is unknown.

❖ Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong developmental disability characterized by difficulties, in


social interaction, communication, restricted and repetitive interest
and behaviors, and sensory sensitivities.

Core problems
-difficulty with socialization and communication
-odd interests and behavior; and finally
-problems with attention and self- regulation.

OTHER HEALTH CONDITIONS

❖ Muscular dystrophy
a group of inherited genetic conditions that gradually cause the muscles to weaken.

❖ Down’s syndrome
a genetic condition that typically causes a learning disability and a range of physical features.

❖ Cerebral Palsy

conditions that affect the brain and nervous system, causing problems with movement and
coordination.

❖ Infantile spasms

a type of epilepsy that develops while a child is still very young (usually before they’re one year old).

❖ Neurofibromatosis

a number of genetic conditions that cause tumors to grow along the nerves (the main types are
neurofibromatosis type 1 and neurofibromatosis type 2).

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❖ Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

is a behavioral condition that makes focusing on everyday requests and routines challenging. People
with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder typically have trouble getting organized, staying focused, making
realistic plans and thinking before acting. They may be fidgety, noisy and unable to adapt to changing
situations. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder can be defiant, socially inept or aggressive.

❖ Developmental Coordination Disorder

Also known as developmental dyspraxia is a chronic neurological Disorder beginning in childhood that
can affect planning of movements and coordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately
transmitted to the body.

❖ Treatment for Developmental Disorder

■ Treatment approaches
■ Clinical therapies
■ Complementary therapies
■ Biomedical Treatment
■ Family support
■ Service delivery models

LEARNING CONTENTS 2. Exceptional Development

❖ Impairment
-any loss abnormality of psychology, physiological or anatomical structure or function.

❖ Disability
-any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal
human being.

❖ Handicap
-a disadvantage for a given individual that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal.

❖ Physical Disability

Incapacity to function normally, caused by a bodily deficiency or injury. Any type of physical condition
that significantly impacts one's major life.

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CAUSES OF PHYSICAL DISABILITY

Prenatal
-before and after conception.
(Genes, Chromosome’s aberrations, infection, malnutrition, drug abuse, irradiation).

Perinatal
-during the period of birth
Birth injuries, difficult, hemorrhage

Postnatal
-after birth
(Infections, fractures and dislocation, tuberculosis of the bones, arthritis, rheumatism).

WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL DISABILITY?

❖ Cerebral Palsy
-cerebral (Brain) palsy (weakness in a person’s movement)
-a non-progressive neurological disorder.
-Affects communication between the brain and the muscle.

Spastic- inability of muscle to relax.

Dyskinetic- inability to control the movement of a muscle.

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Ataxic- problems with balance and coordination.

❖ Spina Bifida

birth defects called neural tube defects. The neutral tube is the embryonic structure that eventually
develops into the baby’s brain and spinal cord and the tissues that enclose them.

❖ Muscular dystrophy

inherited disorder in which there is a gradual deterioration and weakening of the muscles in the body.

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❖ Inclusive Education

is a learning environment where children with and without disabilities are taught together, as an equal.

■ Salient Features

- Warm and accepting classroom atmosphere.

- Teacher-Students understand and respect.

- Regular teachers- SPED teaches interactively.

- Multi-level, multi-modality curriculum.

- Collaboration and consultation.

In the classroom…

REGULAR EDUCATION VS. SPECIAL EDUCATION

Special Class or Self-contained class

- composed of pupils with the same exceptionality or disability.

Integration and Mainstreaming

- children and youth with disabilities study in regular classes.

Partial Mainstreaming

- children who have moderate or severe forms of disability are mainstreamed in regular classes in a specific
subject.

PHYSICAL SETTING:

■ Seating Arrangement

■ call him/her to recite

■ Take note about their individual strengths

LANGUAGE PROBLEM:

■ Make sure your student Is looking at you when you are giving instructions.

AUDITORY MEMORY:

■ Be patient when speaking or asking.

■ One instruction at a time.

■ Use visual representation mnemonics when explaining.

■ Break down information /concept Into smaller chunks.

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BEHAVIOR ISSUES:

■ Be aware of their personal social status.

■ Rewards and punishment.

■ Involved them in special activities in school.

LEARNING ACTIV

SUMMARY

Developmental Disabilities or disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental conditions. These conditions


begin during the developmental period and can be caused by the environment, genetics and stress in early
childhood, this may impact day-to-day functioning, and usually last throughout a person’s lifetime.
Neurodevelopmental disorders are neurologically based conditions that can interfere with the acquisition,
retention, or application of specific skills or sets of information. They may involve dysfunction in attention,
memory, perception, language, problem-solving, or social interaction that can affect the learning capabilities
of a child.

A learning disability is defined by the Department of Health as a “significant reduced ability to


understand new or complex information, to learn new skills (impaired intelligence), with a reduced ability to
cope independently (impaired social functioning), which started before adulthood”, with the conditions such
as: dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, and information-processing disorder. Communication Disorders include
problems related to speech, language and auditory processing. Example conditions are, Autism Spectrum
Disorder a disorder with difficulties in social interaction, communication, restricted and repetitive interest and
behaviors, and sensory sensitivities and ADHD, or attention-deficit hyperactive disorder, a behavioral
condition that makes focusing and staying organized on everyday request and routines challenging, and
children with this condition can defiant, socially inept or aggressive.

Developmental Coordination Disorder or Dyspraxia is a chronic neurological Disorder beginning in


childhood that can affect planning of movements and coordination as a result of brain messages not being
accurately transmitted to the body. There is no medication or “cure” for this disorder but there are therapies
that can improve motor skills. Physical Disability capacity to function normally, caused by a bodily deficiency
or injury that can significantly impact one's life. Examples are: cerebral palsy, spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic,
spina bifida, and muscular dystrophy. The difference between regular education and special education is
regular education is the term often used to describe the educational experience of typically developing
children. On the other hand, special education programs are designed for those students who are mentally,
physically, socially or emotionally delayed, which places them behind their peers.

REFERENCES

Anuradha. (2021, July 6). What is the Difference Between Special Education and General Education.
Retrieved from PEDIAA: https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-special-education-and-
general-education/
Davis, M. (2016, July 3). Developmental Disorder. Retrieved from Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/Davis_1304/Developmental-disorder
Developmental Disabilities. (n.d.). Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control:
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/developmentaldisabilities/facts.html#:~:text=Developmental
%20%20disabilities%20are%20a%20group,last%20%20throughout%20a%20%20person's
%20lifetime
Difference Between Regular Education And Special Education. (n.d.). Retrieved from IPL:

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https://www.ipl.org/essay/Difference-Between-Regular-Education-And-Special-Education-
FJZZDVK3XG#:~:text=Regular%20%20education%20is%20the%20%20term,places%20them
%20behind%20their%20%20peers.
Learning disabilities. (n.d.). Retrieved from Mental Health Foundation:
https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/cy/node/1955#:~:text=Having%20a%20learning%20%20disability
%20means,%2C%20writing%2C%20or%20personal%20care.
Sulkes, S. B. (2020, May). Definition of Developmental Disorders. Retrieved from MSD Manual:
https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/learning-and-developmental-disorders/
definition-of-developmental-disorders
Tamayo, A. U. (2015, September 12). Exceptional Development Report-Child and Adolescent Dev't.
Retrieved from Slideshare: https://www.slideshare.net/ricanice16/exceptional-development-
reportchild-and-adolescent-devt

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