Section 1 Pages 1-54

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SECU 1035 CLINICAL LABORATORY SAFETY
- notes are based on Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th Edition (O’Grady)
- references from the CSMLS Guidelines 8th Edition (Shematek, Wood, O’Grady) are included
- I will be highlighting key areas, but YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ENTIRE TEXT
- keep your CSMLS Guidelines close – each lab course refers to it, and it is on your national exam
- the course is designed to cover CSMLS safety competencies (MLA and MLT)
Competency profile general medical laboratory technologist - CSMLS. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://go.csmls.org/cert/MLT_CP_2016.pdf
INTRODUCTION
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed pages 1-8; 8th ed pages 7-8
- laboratory safety is crucial to protect yourself and everyone you work with
- there are no happy accidents!
- since 1713, when Bernardo Ramazzini published “Diseases of Workers”, we’ve known safety is an issue
- but knowing about a safety problem is only the first step we need to translate that knowledge into action!
- for years, working in a lab was about getting results, safety wasn’t just low priority – it was no priority
- today, worker safety and patient care are now BOTH top priorities - getting results AND staying safe
- learning about safety, and of course practicing it, never ends
- new hazards emerge with new technologies and diseases
- in the clinical lab, cuts are the number one issue, followed by splashes
- allergies, cancer and lab acquired infections are very real dangers in our environment
LEGISLATION
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed pages 9-10; 49-50 ; 8th ed pages 14-17
- an important part of our profession
CSMLS. (2015, January). CSMLS Competency Profile CSMLS. (2016, January). CSMLS Competency Profile
General Medical Laboratory Technologist. Medical Laboratory Assistant.
https://go.csmls.org/cert/MLA_CP_2016.pdf
https://go.csmls.org/cert/MLTG_CP.pdf
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DUE DILLIGECE
- the concept that everything reasonable should be done to protect workers
- a key employer responsibility is to demonstrate their due diligence by taking all reasonable precautions
- not a simple task for an employer as they need to oversee many things
- policies, training, communication, record keeping, proving rule enforcement are important areas
EMPLOYEE RIGHTS
- about any hazards and their effects
- safety training is a good way to learn about hazards
- that’s why we need proentations and refreshers
- any work you believe is dangerous to yourself or others without

adverse consequences
- specific steps must be followed and documented
- the right to report unsafe practices is usually included in this
Refusing unsafe work: A step by

step guide. Canadian Union of
Public Employees. (n.d.).
Retrieved March 22, 2023, from
https://cupe.ca/refusing-unsafe-
work-step-step-guide
- in identifying and controlling hazards

- often achieved with a health and safety committee
INTERNAL RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM (IRS)

- everyone plays a part
- the employer has to ensure safe work practices
- establish a health and safety committee, train employees, report critical injuries, etc
- supervisors inform workers about hazards and their controls, and ensure workers use their PPE
- employees are responsible for working safely
- comply with legislation, report hazards, work in a safe way and use PPE and safety equipment
- reports go to the supervisor, and if there is no result, next up the chain of command
GOVERNMENTAL LEVELS OF LEGISLATION

- all three levels of government have legislation, but most laws are provincial
- each province and territory have their own legislation and regulatory agency
- Northwest Territories and Nunavut share a regulatory agency
- ours is Worksafe NB
PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION
- occupational health & safety laws, workers compensation, WHMIS, environment, waste, and TDG (highways)
FEDERAL LEGISLATION
-labour code, WHMIS, TDG (rail & sea), nuclear safety, criminal code, and Human Pathogens and Toxins Act
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION
- fire and building codes. waste disposal and water and air emissions
- other regulations include specific workplace rules (here, the NBCC safety manual, for example), Routine
Practices and Additional Precautions and Blood and Body Substance Precautions
3
WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEMS (WHMIS)
- both federal and provincial
- updated in 2015 to become more consistent with the Globally Harmonized System
- consists of three major elements:
- Safety Data Sheets (SDS) that provide detailed hazard information and suggested controls
- Workplace Labels on the container of chemical, used provide immediate hazard information
- Training/Education is the most important and provides the ability to understand the hazards
CANADA CRIMINAL CODE BILL C-45
- federal
- makes it a crime (criminal negligence) to fail to provide safe working conditions
OTHER COMMONLY USED STANDARDS
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
- provides codes and standards related to fire and chemical safety
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
- concerned with indoor air quality, and so important for laboratory ventilation systems
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- standards for eyewashes and showers; important for laboratory ventilation systems; certifies biosafety cabinets
CSA Group
- respirators; fume hoods; ethylene oxide sterilizers; waste material handling; lasers; hearing protection
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
- setting TLVs (see below)
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
- handling infectious organisms
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

- a broad area that attempts to cover all areas of safety in the workplace.
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENISTS
- occupational hygienists anticipate, identify, evaluate and control hazards
- use a variety of measurable techniques such as surveys, inspections and reviews (not hearsay)
- many kinds of HAZARDS in a clinical lab:
- like flammability, toxicity, volatility, corrosiveness
- flammable/inflammable both mean something will burn at RT
- volatile describes a liquid that easily becomes a gas
- like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
- like thermal, mechanical, electrical and noise
- stress the body
- stress the mind and body
- different ways to measure and monitor hazards:

- measures a specific hazard in a specific area of a lab
- can monitor airborne chemicals, infectious organisms, noise,
temperature, radiation
- AKA dosimetry
- measures a smaller area directly around or on a person
- monitors the same things as area monitoring, but better reflect
the exposure of an individual
- dosimeters can be worn as badges or rings
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- measures the hazard in a person or its effect on their

metabolism
- blood and urine are the samples usually used for testing
- Occupational hygienists help to develop safety standards

- legal limits set by the Occupational Safety and Healthy
Administration (USA
- define time an employee can safely be exposed to hazards
- many (not all) chemicals have PELs
- subject to change to reflect new information
- provincial legal limits in Canada

- monitoring programs established
- measurements are compared to accepted standards based on
“healthy adult workers”
- workers not in that category may not be safe with those
limits
- standards are available for many chemicals, noise, radiation,
ergonomics, temperature, pressure, ventilation
- recommendations set by the American Conference of

Governmental Industrial Hygienists that limit of exposure to a
chemical substance that a worker can be exposed to day after
day, without adverse health effects
- interpreted and used by occupational hygienists
- usually more stringent than PELs
- many chemicals don’t have TLVs yet
References:
CreativityProject Follow. (n.d.). Lab 0-A lab safety training. Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from
https://www.slideshare.net/CreativityProject/lab-0a-lab-safety-training-39685045
CSMLS. (2015, January). CSMLS Competency Profile General Medical Laboratory Technologist. https://go.csmls.org/cert/MLTG_CP.pdf
CSMLS. (2016, January). CSMLS Competency Profile Medical Laboratory Assistant. https://go.csmls.org/cert/MLA_CP_2016.pdf
Government of Canada, C. C. for O. H. and S. (2023, March 22). Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from
https://www.ccohs.ca/
Government of Canada, C. C. for O. H. and S. (2010, July 12). The Young Workers Zone : Teaching Tools : Sociability issues: Canadian Occupational Health
and Safety (OH&S) laws. The Young Workers Zone : Teaching Tools : Sociability Issues: Canadian Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) Laws. Retrieved
March 22, 2023, from http://www.ccohs.ca/teach_tools/social/laws.html
Karim, N., & Choe, C. K. (2000, December). Laboratory accidents--a matter of attitude. The Malaysian journal of pathology. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16329540
O’Grady, E. (2022). Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines (9th ed.). CSMLS Canadian Society for Medical Laboratory Science.
Pityn, P. J. (2008, March). Hygiene at work: An engineering perspective on the development of hygiene science. The Canadian journal of infectious diseases &
medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605857
Refusing unsafe work: A step by step guide. Canadian Union of Public Employees. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://cupe.ca/refusing-unsafe-work-
step-step-guide
Safety+Health. (2017, January 19). Exposure limits: Pels and tlvs. Safety+Health. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from
https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/exposure-limits-pels-and-tlvs-2
Shematek, G., Wood, W., O'Grady, E., & Canadian Society for Medical Laboratory Sciences. (2017). Laboratory safety CSMLS guidelines
Tim Cowher Follow Managing Director. (n.d.). Importance of permissible exposure limits (pels). Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. Retrieved April
5, 2023, from https://www.slideshare.net/TimCowher/importance-of-permissible-exposure-limits-pels
Top 8 emerging diseases likely to cause major epidemics. World Economic Forum. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2023, from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/top-8-emerging-diseases-likely-to-cause-major-epidemics
Yog's Malani Follow. (n.d.). Latex allergy. Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from
https://www.slideshare.net/YogeshMalani6539/latex-allergy
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ASSIGNMENT 1
1. Bernardo Ramazzini is considered to be the father of:
a. infections disease medicine
b. pathology
c. occupational medicine
d. a lot of children
The next questions use the following as the answer key:

a. true b. false
2. Until the twentieth century, no one knew that our work affected our health.
3. Because of safety controls, lab professionals do not have to be concerned about developing
laboratory-acquired infections.
4. There continues to be new diseases that could affect the health of a laboratory scientist.
5. Burns are the most common lab accident.
6. Allergies and sensitivities are known laboratory hazards.
7. If you don’t look for ways to improve safety, safety won’t improve.
8. Worker safety and patient care are now both top priorities when working in a lab.
9. Due diligence means everything reasonable should be done to protect workers.
10. Due diligence is an ideal the workplace strives for, but it is not measurable.

a. right to know b. right to participate c. right to refuse
11. joint health and safety committee 12. training programs

13. following specific steps, and protects employment

a. employer/manager responsibilities b. employee responsibilities
14. fix or report hazards to supervisor 15. establish a health & safety committee
16. train employees 17. use PPE
18. ensuring PPE is worn 19. investigate accidents
20. report critical injuries to government agency
21. flow the safety rules for the procedures performed
22. What is/are the safety responsibilities of the instructor/manager?

a. ensure that all safety equipment is available for use and working properly
b. conduct periodic inspections of laboratories that use chemicals
c. conduct periodic safety training of research staff
d. all of the above
23. A laboratorian consistently avoided wearing his gloves despite safety training and supervisory
corrections. If the laboratorian got an infection on his hand, would the employer be at fault?
a. yes
b. no
24. Safety issues that cannot be solved by the employee should be reported to:
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a. federal government b. provincial government c. municipal government
25. most safety regulations 26. fire and building codes

27. Human Pathogens and Toxins Act 28. workers compensation
29. labour code 30. nuclear safety
31. NOT part of WHMIS legislation 32. Criminal Code Bill C-4
33. occupational health & safety laws
34. transport of dangerous goods via highway
35. Canadian labs are only governed by federal legislation.

a. true
b. false
36. What is the safety legislation and regulatory agency in New Brunswick?
a. NBCC Joint Health and Safety
b. Worksafe NB
c. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
d. OSHA
37. What does WHMIS stand for?

a. Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Systems
b. Workplace Hazards Maintenance Integration Systems
c. Workers Hazardous Materials Information Symposium

a. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) b. Workplace Labels c. Training/Education
38. most important part of WHMIS

39. provides detailed hazard information and suggested controls
40. on the container, used provide immediate hazard information
41. Which of the following organizations is NOT responsible for ventilation standards (includes air
quality, fume hoods and biosafety cabinets)
a. ANSI
b. ASHRAE
c. CSA Group
d. PHAC

a. NFPA b. ANSI c. CSA d. PHAC
42. associated with eye washes 43. associated with biosafety

44. associated with flammable liquids and fire protection
45. associated with hearing protection, respirators and lasers
46. What are the four things an occupational hygienist does involving hazards?
a. tolerate, transfer, treat or eliminate them
b. anticipate, identify, evaluate and control them
c. document, assign blame and prosecute incidents relating to them
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a. true b. false
47. An occupational hygienist can always find a way to eliminate workplace risk.
48. Hazards can be identified and evaluated by walk-through surveys, procedure review, safety
data sheets, incident reports, equipment manuals, maintenance records, inspections and
literature reviews.
49. Hazards can be identified and evaluated by Facebook and friend’s opinions
The next questions ask you to classify the hazard by using the following as the answer key:
a. chemical b. biological c. physical d. ergonomic e. psychological
50. the computer is shoved in the corner, and you have to stretch to reach the keyboard
51. electrical cords for some laboratory instruments run across the floor
52. a busy but understaffed laboratory
53. the handwashing sink has low water pressure and no soap
54. the strong smell of formaldehyde is in the hall before you enter the lab.
The next questions ask you define terms and use the following as the answer key:
a. will burn below 100oC b. will not burn c. becomes a gas easily
55. volatile 56. flammable

57. inflammable

Testing for kidney disease: VCA Animal Hospitals. Vca. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/kidney-disease-testing and Nuclear scientist / researcher. openclipart. (2017, May 3). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from
https://openclipart.org/detail/279068/nuclear-scientist-researcher
a. area monitoring b. personal monitoring c. biological monitoring
58. measures a specific hazard in a small area around or on a person
59. measures a specific hazard in a specific area
60. measures the hazard in a person or its effect on their metabolism
61. dosimetry

a. OEL b. PEL c. TLV
62. permissible exposure level 63. threshold limit value

64. occupational exposure level 65. provincial legal limits in Canada
66. legal limits in the USA
67. set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
68. set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

a. true b. false
69. Occupational hygienists interpret threshold limit values.

70 Threshold limit values are the same for all population groups.
71. Once a PEL or OEL is determined, they do not change.
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HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed pages 12-13; 16-21; 8th ed pages 10-11; 20-21; 28-34
- hazard identification and risk assessment are necessary for good laboratory safety
- hazards and risks are not the same thing
- anything that could cause harm
- the probability (chance) that someone will be harmed
LET’S PLAY HAZARD OR RISK:

Hazard vs. risk. European Food Safety Authority. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/discover/infographics/hazard-vs-risk
HAZARD RISK RISK

Digital, G. L. P. (2019, January 7). Infographic: Understanding 'hazard VS risk' illustrates lack of science behind IARC's glyphosate cancer designation. Genetic Literacy Project. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/07/07/infographic-
understanding-hazard-vs-risk-illustrates-lack-science-behind-iarcs-glyphosate-cancer-designation/
RISK HAZARD RISK

- while not all hazards are risks, all risks come from hazards
- it makes sense, then, that all hazards should be identified, and then the risks they pose be evaluated
- the level of risk is calculated by:
- the frequency of hazard exposure (number of workers and how often they are exposed)
- the severity of the consequences (how bad the injury could be)
- the probability of the hazard to cause injury
- can be converted to numerical values to get a more comparable ideas of the risk involved
JOB HAZARD ASSESSMENT (TASK HAZARD ANALYSIS/ JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS)

- a job hazard assessment (JHA) is used to properly assess the hazards in a workplace
- seeks to both identify AND control the hazards to prevent any accidents from occurring
- part of everyone’s job – especially those employees who are at most risk
- assessments are best done by a focus group or committee that includes those who perform the task and
occupational hygienist and/or safety officer
- there are five main steps of a JHA:
1. list the critical steps (5-10 steps so that everything important is listed and it is not overwhelming)
2. identify all the equipment used and steps of the procedures performed
3. identify potential hazards at each step (include all types of hazards and think about the worst case scenarios)
4. review available control measures
5. verify the effectiveness of controls
RISK ASSESSMENTS
- risk assessments are legal requirements for the workplace
- the level of risk is calculated by:
- the frequency of hazard exposure (number of workers and how often they are exposed)
- the severity of the consequences (how bad the injury could be)
- the probability of the hazard to cause injury
- can be converted to numerical values to get a more comparable ideas of the risk involved
- charts in the CSMLS 9th Ed Guidelines pages 117-119; 8th Ed pages 32-34 give some actual examples
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LOSS CONTROL
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed page 8; 15; 116; 8th ed pages 8-9
- labs operate on a budget, which we must be respectful of
- safety shouldn’t cost more in the long run, it should actually save money
- deciding what presents a safety risk is the first stage in knowing how to make the lab safer
TOLERATE / ACCEPT THE RISK - the chance of something happening is really low
TREAT / REDUCE THE RISK - change the procedure so it’s less dangerous (like
substituting a less hazardous chemical or using a
safer piece of automation
TERMINATE / AVOID THE RISK - test no longer performed in facility
TRANSFER THE RISK - send test to another facility with better safeguards
- loss control programs are anything done to prevent or lessen the risk
- loss prevention stops the risk from happening
- loss control lessens the risk
- accident cost analysis can help prove good safety practice is economical
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed pages 11-15 ; 8th ed pages 18-25; 149-150
- an OHSMS is an effective technique to achieve safety accountability
- it seeks to make safety a prime focus of the workplace, not just something that “has to be” done
- it should result in known, clear roles and responsibilities, and accountability for safety
- the OHSMS cycle had four parts:
Importance of a sound health and Safety System. Intesafety. (2018, September 13). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://intesafety.co.nz/importance-of-a-sound-health-and-safety-system/
- OHSMS is a group effort, but the ultimate responsibility falls on the employer
- good leadership is necessary for a good safety culture
- leadership commitment to safety should be genuine and visible, encouraging employees to buy in
- some safety commitments are easy to see as positive
- open communication, provision of resources and recognition of improvement
- some safety commitments can seem less positive, but they are just as important responsibilities
- enforcement of policies, implementing risk assessment and new controls and including safety on
performance appraisals
- part of the OHSMS is hazard assessment
- assessment should be performed by those who do the task, and have been trained in hazard assessment
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- a cornerstone of a good safety culture is that all injuries are preventable
- everyone has the- responsibility of maintaining safety
- employees need to be engaged in safety and participate ]
- employers and employees may need to intervene when they see unsafe acts
- all incidents must be reported to find out their cause, and prevent further accidents
- working unsafely cannot tolerated
HAZARD CONTROL
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed pages 16-19; 8th ed pages 12-13; 21-25
- we identify hazards and risks so we can find ways to control them
- remember, injuries are preventable
- as the hazards and risks are documented, the controls have to be identified, too
- the best way to control hazards is to remove or replace the hazard altogether
- if that isn’t possible, three classes of controls can be used
Controlling risks. WorkSafeBC. (2021, August 10). Retrieved March 22, 2022, from https://www.worksafebc.com/en/health-
safety/create-manage/managing-risk/controlling-risks Work site communication. Grainger KnowHow. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.grainger.com/content/qt-399-worksite-
com
- isolate workers from the hazard source

- isolation examples include glove boxes and enclosed tube systems
- physically guarding the workers from moving parts
- ventilation controls include fume hoods and biosafety cabinets
- safety containment equipment include centrifuge safety carriers and pipette plugs
- taken to change the way workers work
- safety orientation of new workers and refreshers for existing workers
- substitution of a hazard or process written in the standard operating procedures
- scheduling work time to prevent overexposure and respect TLVs
- purchasing appropriate safety controls
- conducting ongoing workplace inspections
- documenting and communicating biohazard, chemical hygiene, and emergency response plans
- lock-out procedures for failing equipment
- pre-work checklists
- immunization requirements
- personal protective equipment used in addition to
other controls
- gloves for chemical, biohazard and physical protection
- gowns, lab coats or aprons
- eye protection for chemical, biohazard, laser and physical protection
- respirators
- footwear
THE HAZARD PATH

- another way of describing where controls can be used
- the closer the control is to the source of the hazard, the better
the control
Communications Branding Follow Armtec Inc. (n.d.). Transportation & Environmental Noise
- engineering controls are closest to the source mitigation. Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from
https://www.slideshare.net/Armtecltd/transportation-environmental-noise-mitigation
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WORKPLACE INSPECTIONS
- a good way to identify hazards and ensure their controls before an incident
- must be a carefully developed policy, resulting in an effective checklist and follow-up
- staff must be trained in the use of the checklist and the hazards they are looking for
- findings must be documented, as well as the timely follow-ups
EMPLOYEE ORIENTATION AND TRAINING
- not only a law, it is a good way to introduce an employee to the safety culture
- a employee should be chosen for their skills AND commitment to safety
- safety orientation must occur before work duties begin, even if workers have similar experience
- refresher training for existing employees is also necessary (part of lifelong learning)
- all aspects of safety, from legal issues to emergency response must be covered
- all training and refreshers must be documented (not documented? wasn’t done)
INCIDENT REPORTING AND INVESTIGATION
- always about fact finding, not fault finding
- report all accident and “near misses” (e.g. something fell and it didn’t hurt you, but it could have)
- managers need to be trained in investigation
- it’s all about finding the “root cause” of the problem, so we can stop it from happening again
- a good incident reporting and investigation plan requires:
- the requirement to report (if you didn’t HAVE to do it, you often won’t do it)
- a usable report form (if it’s complicated and you’re busy, you might want to procrastinate)
- designated and trained management investigators
- identification of causes and corrective action
- follow through of corrective actions and communication of results
EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AND PARTICIPATION
- employees who feel their input matters contributes significantly to a good safety culture
- a Joint Occupational Health and Safety Committee (JOHSC) aids in this
- terms of reference should include information on membership, meetings, and roles & responsibilities
- JOHSC functions include risk assessment, policy / procedure review, incident report review and active
promotion of health and safety
- a good health and safety program helps to improve lab safety and encourage participation
RECORD KEEPING
- if it isn’t documented it isn’t done because without documentation, how can you prove it? Or learn from it?
- document:
- reviews of task hazards/controls to ensure they are completed
- inspection and training records to prove they were done and nothing was overlooked
- incident reports and investigations on them
- emergency response reports
- various minutes and results
- documentation is used to learn from – it is kept in appropriate files for reviews and research
- most documentation is kept for years, not months
MEASUREMENT AND REVIEW OF ACTIVITIES
- what gets measured gets done and indicators measure results
- lagging indicators measure the outcomes of events that have happened
- e.g. number if incidents, days of work lost, cost of damage
- leading indicators measure what is being done to prevent future incidents
- e.g. number of safety meetings, number of refresher courses, number of inspections
- measurements and reviews are used to track trends and alert to problems
- also for determining priorities and showing impacts of change
References:
Adam Killian Follow. (n.d.). Risk assessment. Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from
https://www.slideshare.net/AdamKillian/risk-assessment-57468222?next_slideshow=1
Government of Canada, C. C. for O. H. and S. (2023, March 22). Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from
https://www.ccohs.ca/
Que Tomeyz Follow. (n.d.). Risk management. Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from
https://www.slideshare.net/Qurratu92/risk-management-18244112
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vtsiri Follow. (n.d.). Job safety analysis. Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.slideshare.net/vtsiri/job-safety-
analysis-3791277
ASSIGNMENT 2
a. hazard b. risk
1. the probability of a substance person, activity or process to cause harm

2. the potential of a substance person, activity or process to cause harm
3. electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a bully at work, stress, etc.
4. cigarette smokers are 12 times more likely to die of lung cancer than non-smokers
5. anhydrous alcohol
6. transferring large quantities of anhydrous alcohol in a poorly ventilated area
(n.d.). Retrieved from: https://scimoms.com/hazard-risk/https://scimoms.com/hazard-risk/ and (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0b9gNy3whoI
7. 8. 9. 10.
11. Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

a. all risks come from hazards
b. all hazards come from risks
12. Accidents are best prevented by:

a. the Health and Safety Executive
b. employers inspecting workplaces
c. people being aware of hazards and working in a safe manner
d. the Managing Director
13. How are hazards in the workplace identified and documented?

a by a job safety analysis
b. by a job hazard assessment
c. by a task hazard analysis
d. all of the above
14. To best meet employee OHS information needs, a supervisor rely on:
a. the induction programme attended when hired
b. a thorough set of policies and procedures
c. regular monthly employee OHS newsletters
d. employee participation in risk assessment and similar exercises
15. Hazard identification assessments are best performed by:

a. a committee or group
b. people who frequently encounter the hazards
c. those with training in how to perform the analysis
d. all of the above
16. A risk control plan is made up of the following steps or stages:

a. hazard assessment, hazard control and hazard reduction
b. hazard identification, hazard assessment and hazard control
c. hazard elimination, substitution, engineering, and administration and hazard PPE
d. hazard risk assessment, hazard likelihood and hazard consequences
17. How many major steps in a task are recommended for a Job Hazard Analysis?
a. 1-4
b. 5-10
c. 11-15
13
18. Organize the following steps of a Task Hazard Analysis (as described in your CSMLS 9th Ed pg 18;
CSMLS 8th Ed Guidelines, chapter 5):
1. verify the effectiveness of controls
2. review available control measures
3. list the major steps of the task
4. identify all equipment used and procedures followed
5. identify potential hazards at each step
a. 2, 5, 1, 4, 3
b. 3, 4, 5, 2, 1
c. 4.1, 2, 3, 5
d. 1, 3, 5, 4, 2
e. 5, 3, 1, 4, 5
19. Which of the following statements is likely to result in an injury to the operator?
a. selecting the right tool for the job
b. wearing safety goggles or glasses
c. using a tool with loose handles
d. keeping cutting tools sharp
20. Which of the following is correct for risk assessment?

a. it is a good idea to do, but not essential
b. it only needs to be done for hazardous work
c. it is a legal requirement and must always be carried out prior to starting the job
21. What does a risk assessment tell you?

a. how to report accidents
b. how to do the job safely
c. where the first aid box is and who the first aiders are
For the next questions use the following as the answer key:
a. probability b. severity c. frequency d. risk
22. In risk assessment, it is the degree of injury or harm.

23. In risk assessment, it is the degree or danger presented by a hazard.
24. In risk assessment, it is how often workers are exposed to the hazard of an injury.
25. In risk assessment, it is the likelihood of an injury.

a. true b. false
26. Replacement of a sick worker is the only cost involved with occupational accidents.
27. Anything that modifies work to reduce or eliminate risk is considered as “loss control”
28. Because safety equipment can be expensive, loss control and reduction studies recommend
fewer safety precautions in the laboratory.

a. tolerate or accept the risk b. treat or reduce the risk
c. terminate or avoid the risk altogether d. transfer the risk
29. do this when the risk from the hazards outweighs the results
30. do this when there are safer options available
31. do this when another testing center has the ability to reduce the risk
32. do this when the risk is so low there will probably never be an accident
14
33. What is the very best way to handle hazards?
34. What does OHSMS stand for?

a. Occupational Health and Safety Materials System
b. Organized Health Standards and Maintenance System
c. Occupational Health and Safety Management System

a. true b. false
35. There are many standards available to help guide OHSMS goals.
36. Occupational health and safety should be embedded in all aspects of the workplace.
37. Because OHS is part of everyone’s job, we do not have to define and designate specific roles
and responsibilities.
38. All safety incidents and accidents are the fault of the employer/manager.
39. All injuries are preventable.
40. Incidents are reported to assign blame.
41. An employee cannot be fired for unsafe work practices.
42. A student cannot be removed from a laboratory because of unsafe work practices.
43. A good safety culture begins with good leadership but needs everyone’s participation.
44. What are the 4 parts to an OHSMS cycle?

a. list, check, document, communicate
b. organize, supervise, itemize, prioritize
c. plan, do, check, act
45. Which of the following are ways management can show commitment to OHSMS?
a. include safety in performance reviews
b. regularly communicate to staff about safety and safety policies in the workplace
c. take action if safety policies are not followed
d. all of the above
46. A lab manager encouraged their staff to try several brands of gloves, all with the same level of barrier
protection. A particular brand was unanimously chosen for their fit and comfort. The brand chosen was
double the price of the others. The second choice was cheaper. What should the manager do?
a. try to find a cheaper brand the staff likes just as well
b. tell the staff the price difference and ask if it is worth it
c. buy the first choice gloves if no others can be found that are as good
d. buy the second choice because of the price
e. a, b and c are correct

a. engineering controls b. administrative controls c. personal protective equipment
47. what the worker can wear to keep them safe

48. actions, items or equipment designed to reduce harmful exposures
49. policies and procedures instituted by an organization
50. the least effective control but better than nothing
51. closer to the source on the hazard path
52. farthest from the source on the hazard path
53. emergency response plans, signage, safety training, safety rules, health & safety committees
15
a. engineering controls b. administrative controls c. personal protective equipment
54. ventilation controls, sharps containers, hazard isolation
55. can remove the hazard 56. best control measure of these three
57. enclosed tube systems 58. gloves
59. orientation for new employees 60. safety carriers for tubes in centrifuge
61. coverings for moving parts 62. immunization requirements
63. lab coats 64. biosafety cabinets
65. workplace inspections 66. eye protection
66. fume hoods 68. safety hygiene plans
67. pre-work checklists 70. scheduling to prevent fatigue
71. closed heel & toe non-skid shoes 72. respirators
73. Requiring two staff instead of one to lift a heavy package of coins is an example of:
a. an elimination of risk
b. a substitution control
c. an administrative control
d. a form of PPE control, because it reduces the chance of dropping the object

a. true b. false
74. Anyone can do a workplace inspection.

75. Checklists should be prepared by supervisors.
76. Employees should be considered for a position based on his/her technical skills, work ethic
and commitment to safety.
77. All new employees need a safety orientation, even if they have worked in the same type of
lab before.
78. If a student has taken a Med Lab Safety course at one college, they do not need a safety
orientation at a different college.
79. Safety training is only for new hires.
80. Employee training orientation should include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. hazard reporting
b. OHS policies, rights and responsibilities
c. emergency response procedures
d. operating procedures for all equipment used
81. The following are classed as near misses EXCEPT:

a. a needle punctures only your glove
b. a graduated cylinder breaks in a fume hood, and acid falls on the fume hood counter
c. you notice a frayed cord before you plug in the waterbath
d. you drop a clean empty flask and cut yourself on the glass
82. Good incident reporting requires all of the following EXCEPT:

a. encouragement to report
b. an easy to find and use report form
c. trained management investigators
d. identification of incident causes
16
83. Why should regular inspections of the workplace take place?
a. to check whether the working environment is safe
b. to check everyone is doing their job
c. to prepare for a visit from an inspector
d. to check that all staff are present and correct
84. What does JOHSC stand for?

a. Joint Occupational Health and Safety Committee
b. Judicial Organization Hearing Safety Concerns
c. Joint Occupational Health and Safety Commission
85. Employee health and safety representatives:

a. are usually selected by management after an interview
b. should be the most senior supervisor in the workplace
c. are responsible for health and safety in their work unit
d. are mainly there to help improve communication about OHS issues

87. Non-compliance with the safety requirements may result in:

a. formal advice to supervisor of non-compliant person
b. a written warning
c. exclusion from the equipment/lab involved
d. all of the above
88. Who has responsibility for health and safety at your place of work?
a. the client and main contractor only
b. self- employed contractors only and employees
c. employers, employees and sub-contractors
d. everyone at your place of work no matter who employs them
89. General safety documentation required in a laboratory are:

a. risk assessments and safe work instructions
b. training records
c. laboratory safety inspections
d. all of the above
‘90. OHS documentation is kept for 6 months and then shredded.

a. true
b. false

b. training records
d. all of the above

a. lagging indicators b. leading indicators
92. prevent incidents and accidents 93. number of accidents

94. number of days lost 95. number of workers trained
96. measure the outcome of incidents and accidents
97. number of inspections completed
17
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - PPE
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed pages 89-91; 8th ed pages 121-123- clothing or equipment
worn for protection against biological, chemical and physical hazards
- it is an important part of routine practices
- it is the last line of defence in the hierarchy of controls and the last part of the hazard path
- PPE selection based on a hazard assessment
- different areas in healthcare have different hazards, so different PPE needs
GLOVES
- used when:
- there is a potential for exposure to body fluids (phlebotomy)
- for handling potentially infectious biological materials
- when using chemicals, including disinfectants
- when handling cold/hot materials (insulated gloves)
- when handling material which could cause lacerations (cut-resistant gloves)
- choose correct glove materials
- usually nitrile for biological and chemical hazards (may use vinyl for phlebotomy)
- avoid latex gloves or other material you may react to
- speciality gloves may be insulated or cut-resistant
- choose gloves that provide a good fit
- change gloves between patients (and whenever contaminated)
- perform hand hygiene EVERY TIME gloves are removed
- ensure that gloves are removed before touching clean surfaces
LAB COATS AND GOWNS
- protect clothing and skin during most lab work
- labcoats snap or button in the front, and gowns tie in the back
- cuffed sleeves are the safest, as they keep sleeves in the right place
- must be knee-length
- keep fastened and sleeves rolled down when you wear one, so it can protect you as designed
- must be removed when leaving the lab
MASKS
- used to avoid contaminating the environment with worker pathogens
- used as required by infection control when dealing with patients in isolation
- does not protect against aerosols
RESPIRATORS
- used to provide respiratory protection when working with biological agents that may be aerosolized
- aerosols are suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles, and they can carry microorganisms
- these suspensions are produced by coughing and sneezing, but they can also be caused by dried
biological material being disturbed and re-suspending
- respirators must be fit-tested; training and maintenance requirements should be followed
- a different type of respirator is used for chemical protection
GOGGLES/GLASSES
- used to protect against projectiles, impact or splashes from biological hazards or chemicals
- must have side shields
- prescription glasses are insufficient
- used when performing most laboratory procedures, excluding use of the microscope
FACE SHIELDS
- protect face from splash or projectile hazards, but not a substitute for goggles or masks
FOOTWEAR
- must be closed toe and closed heel
- must have treads that make them non-skid
- vamp should cover the top of the foot
- avoid porous materials (canvas, mesh etc.) which readily absorb liquids
- all skin of the foot and leg must be covered with a sock
ETC
- see CSMLS 9th Ed Guidelines page 91; 8th Ed page 122 for aprons, disposable sleeves, specific goggles
and ear protection
18
USE OF PPE
- PPE must be provided by the employer, and remain in the laboratory
- PPE choice determined by risk assessments, and its use must be communicated to all users and managers
- users must be trained on its use and ways to avoid contamination when removing PPE
- good idea to consult with workers and safety committee on selecting the PPE
- when selecting PPE, employers should consider protection and comfort level, maintenance and storage
requirements, availability of sizes, cost and reusable vs disposable
- PPE requirements must be posted, and policies must be applied consistently (visitors, too)
- employers responsibility to enforce PPE use (first education & encouragement, may need stronger measures)
- PPE must be donned (put on) and doffed (taken off) in a specific order to prevent self-contamination
- key factors in determining application (donning) and removal (doffing) are:
- choose the PPE appropriate for the most likely route of entry / transmission (chemical and biological)
- minimize contact with the contaminated outer surface of the PPE
- use hand hygiene to avoid contamination
- face protection is generally the last piece of PPE removed
DONNING
GLOVES
- compete hand hygiene, making sure hands are dry
- remove gloves from dispenser and examine for cuts or tears
- hold the glove at the wrist, line up the fingers and thumbs
- insert your hand and pull the cuff over your wrist
- with your gloved hand, place fingers under the wrist edge of the second glove and slip it on
Disposable gloves donning infographic free vector. Nohat. (2020, May 8). Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://nohat.cc/f/disposable-gloves-donning-infographic-free-vector/4b3087527cab488e9128-202005080100.html
FULL PPE
1. perform hand hygiene
2. put on gown or labcoat
3. put on mask or respirator
4. put on eye protection
5. put on gloves
19
DOFFING
CONTAMINATED GLOVES
- pinch and hold the OUTSIDE of the glove near the wrist
- peel downwards, away from the wrist, turning the glove inside out
- pull the glove away until it is removed, holding the inside-out glove with the gloved hand
- with your ungloved hand, slide your fingers under the wrist of the remaining glove
- do NOT touch the outside of the glove
- peel downwards, away from the wrist, turning the glove inside out
- continue to pull the glove down and over the inside-out glove being held in your gloved hand
- dispose of gloves
- perform hand hygiene
How to Don and Doff PPE correctly: (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://vshopg.tk/ProductDetail.aspx?iid=414332795&pr=26.88
FULL PPE
- be careful of self contamination
1. remove the dirtiest first – your gloves
2. remove lab coat or gown - still pretty dirty
3. hand hygiene
(been touching dirty gloves & lab coat)
4. remove eye protection with your nice clean hands
5. remove mask or respirator
6. hand hygiene
- some protocols call for hand hygiene between each step
GOOD LABORATORY SAFETY PRACTICES – THE BASICS

BEFORE YOU GO IN THE LAB
- know the hazards of the materials and equipment you will be using
- be prepared for any emergencies by knowing the response plan, exits and emergency equipment
IN THE LABORATORY
- wear appropriate PPE
- restrain hair, don’t wear loose clothing or jewelry
- no hair in front of the face, or long ponytails that can fly into face or get caught
LETS PLAY IS THIS HAIR OK AS IS?
Loading... (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://nusantarafood.me/ and Brovchenko, I. (n.d.). Cute blond long haired men portrait for avatar isolated on a white background. 123RF. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.123rf.com/photo_74445831_cute-blond-long-
haired-men-portrait-for-avatar-isolated-on-a-white-background.html and 23 types of women's hairstyles - do you know them all? Headcurve. (2020, June 1). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.headcurve.com/women/hairstyles and Julia_Tim. (2014, Se ptember 21). Hipster
guy wearing small ponytail vector image on VectorStock. VectorStock. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/hipster-guy-wearing-small-ponytail-vector-2897752 and 23 types of women's hairstyles - do you know them all? Headcurve. (2020,
June 1). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.headcurve.com/women/hairstyles
YES NO NO YES NO
20
- ensure a clear path to emergency equipment and exit routes
- always use mechanical pipette devices (never mouth pippette – eew!)
- use routine practices and additional precautions when using biological material (not just blood)
- don’t touch clean items (like a keyboard or doorknob) with contaminated gloves
- wear gloves when they are needed, not all the time
- assume any unknown substance to be hazardous
- use a chemical fume hood for volatile, toxic or flammable chemicals
- use a biosafety cabinet when there is a danger of biohazardous aerosols
- confirm proper use of fume hoods and biosafety cabinets before use
- keep unauthorized personnel out of the lab
- properly label ALL glassware and other vessels with a legible identification label
- NO FOOD (including cough drops or gum) or drink in the lab
- no CELL PHONES or headphones, as they can spread contamination when taken from the lab
- keep lab clean and ensure only necessary chemical or biologicals samples are in the lab
- do not store samples or reagents on the floor
- walk, don’t run, in the lab
- routinely inspect work areas and equipment for hazards
- act upon safety incidents promptly
- inform your supervisor of hazardous situations you can’t correct yourself
- never work alone, ensure contact with nearby personnel in case of emergency
- maintain visual and audible contact with co-workers, so no loud radios or personal headsets
BEFORE LEAVING THE LABORATORY
- before leaving the lab, return unused samples, reagents and equipment to storage, label and store wastes
- decontaminate work areas
- make necessary repair arrangements and lock out unsafe equipment
- turn off water, gas, compressed air and heating devices
- leave your labcoat and other PPE in the designated area
- wash hands
- close and lock lab
LAB HOUSEKEEPING ACTIVITIES

- janitorial staff do not deal with hazardous materials, so it’s important WE CLEAN up properly
- avoid aerosols when cleaning (no dry dusting, dry sweeping or vacuuming)
- laboratory professional responsibilities include
- proper storage of reagents, waste and unused chemicals
- decontamination of surfaces, equipment, sinks and spill clean-up
- keeping passageways unobstructed and protecting access to emergency equipment
- preventing wax accumulation on floors
- securing equipment
- properly disposal of sharps and broken glass
- proper labelling of hazards
- maintaining an orderly work area
References:
Bernardes, G. C. S., Godoi, A. P. N., de Almeida, N. A., Nogueira, L. S., & Pinheiro, M. B. (2021, April 30). Doffing personal protective equipment in times of
covid-19. Revista brasileira de medicina do trabalho : publicacao oficial da Associacao Nacional de Medicina do Trabalho-ANAMT. Retrieved April 28, 2023,
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8100761/
British Columbia Centre for Disease Control. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2023, from http://www.bccdc.ca/Health-Professionals-
Site/Documents/COVID19_MOH_BCCDC_Doffing.pdf
Department of Emergency Medicine | Saint john. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2023, from https://sjrhem.ca/covid-19-infection-protection-and-control/
Disposable gloves donning infographic free vector. Nohat. (2020, May 8). Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://nohat.cc/f/disposable-gloves-donning-
infographic-free-vector/4b3087527cab488e9128-202005080100.html
Eastern Health. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2023, from https://www.easternhealth.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Donning-and-Doffing-PPE-sidexside-poster-
11x17-Provincial.pdf
Frankadmin. (2020, May 13). Donning and doffing PPE. IAM Spectrum. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from http://iamaw1231.ca/2020/05/13/donning-and-doffing-
ppe/
How to Don and Doff PPE correctly: (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://vshopg.tk/ProductDetail.aspx?iid=414332795&pr=26.88
HR Safety Consulting, LLC. Facebook. (2020, May 19). Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://www.facebook.com/HR-Safety-Consulting-LLC-
232102020162960/photos/pcb.3204006826305783/3204006486305817/
PPE Resources. Shared Health. (2023, April 25). Retrieved April 28, 2023, from https://sharedhealthmb.ca/covid19/providers/ppe-resources/
21
Procare, O., & Procare, O. (2020, April 15). We are advising all of our carers with the best practices at this time of crisis. ProCare Nursing Ltd - Cardiff - Wales.
Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://www.procarenursing.co.uk/advising-carers-best-practices-time-crisis
Putting on (donning) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2023, from https://albertahealthservices.ca/assets/Infofor/hp/if-hp-ipc-
donning-ppe-poster.pdf
Putting on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2023, from https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/ipac/ppe-
recommended-steps
Taking off (doffing) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2023, from https://albertahealthservices.ca/assets/Infofor/hp/if-hp-ipc-
doffing-ppe-poster.pdf
Residents orientation handbook - west park healthcare centre. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.westpark.org/-
/media/Files/PDFs/ResidentsOrientationHandbook2017.ashx?la=en
University of Calgary Medical Students Year 2 2017 Jun 30
ASSIGNMENT 3
1. Personal Protective Equipment is required when:
a. employers suffer an injury
b. the employees suffer an injury
c. an employee asks for it
d. engineering, work practice, and administrative controls do not provide sufficient
protection against hazard
2. Who is responsible for maintaining PPE?

a. your employer
b. yourself
c. the manufacturer
d. a and b
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE) for each task is:

a. used at the discretion of the employee
b. designated by the supervisor and specified by the exposure control plan and standard
operating procedures (SOPs)
c. not necessary unless the task is labeled as “high risk”
d. not required for students

a. true b. false
4. PPE is the first line of defense in the hierarchy of controls.

5. You are responsible for providing your own PPE on the job.
6. Choose the PPE appropriate for the most likely route of entry or transmission
7. Donning means putting on, doffing means removal.
8. There is no specific order for donning and doffing.
9. Hand hygiene should be done after glove and gown removal.
10. Hand hygiene should be done after removal of facial protection.
11. Face protection is generally the last piece of PPE removed.
12. When doffing, minimize contact with the contaminated outer surface of the PPE
13. Place the steps of donning PPE in the correct order:

labcoat gloves hand hygiene goggles
22
14. Place the steps of glove removal in order:
Pull the glove away until it is removed from the hand, and hold the inside-out glove with the gloved
hand
Continue to pull the glove down and over the inside-out glove being held in in your gloved hand
With your uncontaminated hand, peel the glove downwards, away from the wrist, turning the glove
inside-out
Pinch and hold the outside of the glove near the wrist area
With your gloved hand, peel the glove downwards, away from the wrist, turning the glove inside-out
With your un-gloved hand, slide your fingers under the wrist of your remaining glove. Do not touch
the outer surface of the glove
15. Place the steps of doffing PPE in the correct order:

gloves
hand hygiene
goggles
hand hygiene
labcoat
hand hygiene

a. true b. false
16. Laboratory coats must be taken home to be bleached and cleaned on a regular basis.
17. Wearing the required PPE is one of the required duties of your job.
18. Lab coats and gowns button, snap or tie in the front.
19. It is standard practice to roll up your lab coat sleeves when it is warm in the lab.
20. If a lab procedure is expected to produce spatter, a disposable apron may be used in lieu of a
labcoat.
21. Disposable sleeves ae appropriate to wear over your labcoat while working in a BSC.
22. If a face shield covers your eyes, you aren’t required to wear eye protection.
23. If you wear prescription lenses, you do not need additional eye protection against
occupational eye hazards.
24. Working with class III B goggles requires specialized safety goggles.
25. There is no single work glove that is effective for all tasks.
26. Hives, itchy eyes and asthma-like breathing issues when in contact with latex can be
signs of a latex allergy.
27. Insulated gloves are recommended for phlebotomy.
28. You should wash your hands after removing gloves.
29. Any closed toes shoes are acceptable in the lab.
30. Surgical masks protect products or specimens from YOU contaminating THEM.
31. Wearing a respirator is a better control than using a fumehood.
32. Respirators are recommended for people with respiratory issues such as asthma.
33. If a respirator does not fit properly, the worker cannot handle hazardous materials that require
a respirator.
23
34. You are about to perform a procedure with vigorous mixing of a hazardous microorganism, and it is
difficult to prevent splashing and aerosols. What should you do?
a. wear a lab coat and gloves
b. wear a lab coat, gloves and safety goggles
c. wear a lab coat, gloves, safety goggles and work in a BSC
d. wear a lab coat, disposable sleeve protectors, gloves, safety goggles and work in a BSC
35. If there is a risk of materials flying into your eyes, you should wear:
a. tinted welding goggles
b. laser safety glasses
c. chemical-resistant goggles
d. impact-resistant goggles
36. Which of the following statements about Personal Protective Equipment are correct?
a. PPE must be worn and stored only inside the laboratory
b. PPE must be chosen based upon the work being completed
c. employees utilizing PPE must be properly trained
d. all of the above

a. true b. false
37. It is best to learn about hazards when you are actually working with them, not before.
38. Emergency procedures must be posted in the lab and reviewed, and you must know them.
39. Before working in the lab, do all of the following EXCEPT:

a. know the fire escape plan
b. photocopy and memorize the SDS
c. locate the eyewash and safety shower
d. ensure you know how to use the equipment needed

a. lab coats b. gowns c. both
40. close in the back 41. close in the front

42. should be mid-thigh or knee length 43. cuffed are best

a. safety glasses b. safety goggles c. both
44. protect eyes when splashes or projectiles are probable

45. should be worn at all times, unless you are using the microscope
46. Which of the following is FALSE regarding gloves?

a. different gloves are available for different types of protection
b. remove gloves before touching a “clean” item, such as a telephone
c. wear gloves at all time in the lab
d. wash hands after removing your gloves
47. Lab shoes should:

a. be black
b. fully cover the foot
c. stay in the lab
d. have leather soles
24
48. Which hair style is appropriate for the lab as it is?
Beautiful girl collection different hairstyle fashion stock vector (royalty free) 124173583. Shutterstock. (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/beautiful-girl-collecti on-different-hairstyle-fashion-
124173583?id=124173583&irgwc=1&utm_medium=Affiliate&utm_+campaign=Nguyen%2BDuy%2BPhi&utm_source=38874&utm_term= and 23 types of women's hairstyles - do you know them all? Headcurve. (2020, June 1). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from
https://www.headcurve.com/women/hairstyles and Short hair vector clipart and illustrations (10,330). Short hair Vector Clipart EPS Images. 10,330 Short hair clip art vector illustrations available to search from thousands of royalty free illustration producers. (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from
https://www.canstockphoto.com/vector-clipart/short-hair.html and Hassanali, B. (n.d.). Illustration of black women faces. great for avatars, makeup, skin tones or hair styles of African women. 123RF. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.123rf.com/photo_6472130_illustration-of-
black-women-faces-great-for-avatars-makeup-skin-tones-or-hair-styles-of-african.html
a. b. c. d.
49. Which of the following statements about Personal Protective Equipment are CORRECT?
a. PPE must be worn and stored only inside the laboratory
b. PPE must be chosen based upon the work being completed
c. employees utilizing PPE must be properly trained
d. all of the above
50. What PPE is mandatory for all the personnel entering / working in the laboratory?
a. dark goggles and dust masks
b. safety glasses, fully enclosed footwear and lab coat
c. dust masks and disposable shoe covers
d. safety glasses and shoe covers
e. lab coat and steel capped shoes

a. true b. false
51. Respirator masks when there is a danger of splashes.

52. Only women with long hair have to tie their hair back.
53. If you have short hair, but it falls across you face, it must be restrained.
54. Mount pipetting is never used in the clinical lab.
55. You can temporarily store boxes under the safety eyewash.
56. Only blood samples require Routine Practices.
57. Routine practices are a set of infection control strategies designed to protect workers from
exposure to potential sources of infectious diseases.
58. Routine practices are based on the premise that all blood, body fluids, secretions, mucous
membranes, non-intact skin or soiled items are potentially infectious.
59. You can use a chemical fume hood when you are opening the top of blood tubes.
60. Only reagents measuring 100 mL or more need to be labelled.
61. Mints and cough drops can be use in the lab if you have a doctor’s note.
62. Act on hazardous situations, like spills promptly and inform your supervisor of safety problem
you cannot correct.
63. If your cell phone rings while you are in a laboratory, you should:
a. answer only if there are no flammable materials stored nearby
b. answer only if it is safe to remove your dusk masks or chemical shield
c. answer only after taking off your gloves
d. terminate the call or answer it outside, after removing gloves
e. you wouldn’t know because cell phones are not permitted in the laboratories
64. Which of following is an UNSAFE work practice?

a. washing hands after work and before leaving laboratory
b. leaving the lab and going to the cafeteria in your labcoat
c. disposal of gloves immediately after the work is finished
d. returning reagents and samples to proper storage
e. checking to see if water and gas is off before leaving
25
65. Who is responsible for health and safety in the department?
a. safety officer
b. instructors
c. department head
d. students
e. all of the above
66. Which groups of personnel require safety induction and training?

a. students
b. instructors
c. janitorial staff
d. anyone (staff or visitor) working in the lab
e. all of the above

a. true b. false
67. The janitorial staff is responsible for all lab clean-up.

68. If you break a used flask in the lab, you must clean it up.
69. Keeping the lab clean is your responsibility.
26
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
- includes compressed gas, cryogenics, electricity, radiation, temperature, noise and pressure
COMPRESSED GASES
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed page 61; 8th ed page 84
Nexreg. (2019, April 11). Health canada- WHMIS
2015 ‣ nexreg. Nexreg. Retrieved April 25, 2023,
from https://www.nexreg.com/health-canada-whmis-
2015
- gas molecules move freely and expand to completely fill their container and exert pressure upon it
- gases are compressed so more can be stored in the same space
- compression increases the pressure the gas exerts, and that pressure itself is a hazard
- compressed gas is stored in specially designed canisters (cylinders) made of metal with safety coatings
- it must be very heavy to resist the pressure inside
- gas release is controlled through valves on the neck, making the neck to most fragile part
HAZARDS
Explosive Potential
- if a gas canister is heated, the gas inside exerts more and more pressure, and may overwhelm the canister
- do not store in hot locations
- a damaged cannister has a weak spot, through which gas can suddenly and violently release
- never use a damaged cylinder!
- breakage of the head valve or rupture of the cylinder can result in violent gas release
Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
- gas released into an enclosed room can create an oxygen deficient atmosphere (l19.5% or less)
- oxygen monitors may be required
Gas Embolism
- sudden high pressure gas release can puncture the skin and cause a serious, even fatal embolism
Chemial Itself
- the gas itself be a hazard and can result in a toxic, flammable or corrosive atmosphere
PRECAUTIONS
- never accept gas cylinders that are not properly identified
- secure cylinders firmly in the upright position during storage, handling and transport
- remove regulator and attach safety valve cap for storage or transport
- secure cylinder to an architectural support (do not use nylon or other combustible material)
- store in a well-ventilated room with a 1 hour fire restraining wall (check fire codes)
- store in a separate from the rest of the lab (only cylinders in use should be in the lab)
- store oxidizing gas separate from non-oxidizing gas
- store full cylinders separately from empty cylinders
- tag empty cylinders, replace safety valve cap and store waste canisters until disposal
- transport cylinder secured on a 4-wheel dolly (never lift by the neck or drag) with the valve safety cap on
- verify the regulator, pressure rating and connector are correct
- never use adaptors to make a regulator for one gas fit on a different type of gas cylinder
- do not use regulators that don’t’ thread snugly – don’t use lubrication or sealing tape
- tighten regulators with the correct wrench
- check for leaks with a soap solution
- use as directed, being careful to slowly open the diaphragm valve, then the control valve, standing to the side
- close main cylinder valve, bleed out gas until the pressure is “0” when not in use
27
CRYOGENIC HAZARDS
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed page 62; 8th ed pages 84-85
Cryogenic tanks. BCGA. (2022, August 17).
Retrieved April 25, 2023, from
http://www.bcga.co.uk/pages/index.cfm?page_id=8
9&title=cryogenic_tanks
- cryogenic fluids are liquefied gases, usually below -73.3oC

- liquid nitrogen is the most common cryogenic fluid used in the lab
HAZARDS
Extreme Cold
- extremely cold temperatures cause burns, tissue damage and embrittlement of tissue
High Pressure
- high pressure is created due to expansion under cold conditions
Flammability
- fire hazard from condensed oxygen on surfaces and materials
- oxygen is a gas at room temperature
- when oxygen gas is chilled, it becomes a liquid and saturates surfaces and clothing
- oxygen-saturated material is very flammable
Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
- cryogenic liquids rapidly become a gas
PRECAUTIONS
- wear appropriate PPE (impervious clothing, full face protection, insulated gloves)
- do not wear jewelry when handling cryogenic liquids
- liquid nitrogen can be easily trapped underneath metals and cause severe frostbite
- when removing vials from liquid nitrogen, be aware of liquid drops left on the vials
- remember specimen containers cooled in liquid nitrogen are under pressure as they warm
- control ignition sources when using cryogenic agents
- avoid mixing cryogenic materials
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed page 62-63; 8th ed pages 85-86
Danger electricity sign. Stocksigns. (2022, June 20).
https://www.stocksigns.co.uk/items/hazard-danger-
electricity-sign/
HAZARDS
Fire
- electricity is a potential ignition source and causes 25% of fires
Tissue Damage
- electricity can burn human tissue along path of current flow
- electricity can cause muscle contraction (the “can’t let go” phenomenon) and ventricular fibrillation
- low voltage and low current can be fatal - a current of 25 milliamperes from a 100 volt power source can kill
- the risk and severity of human injury depends on:
- length of exposure
- the voltage and the current
- the pathway through the body (not good to go thru the heart!)
- moisture content of skin (easier to go thru wet skin, because wet skin has less resistance)
- susceptibility of the individual, especially those with heart problems
PRECAUTIONS
- in the event of an accident, turn off the electricity at the circuit breakers and fuse boxes FIRST!!
- never use adaptors that make a three-prong plug a two prong plug, or remove the ground pin!!
- third prong grounds (provides a path back to the main electrical panel in case of a fault)
- avoid the use of extension cords
- unplug by grasping the plug, not the cord
- inspect cords and equipment every time you use them
- electrical equipment needing repair must be taken out of service until repairs are made
- if electrical equipment becomes wet, shut off power at the circuit breaker before clean-up
- use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) should be used, especially if moisture could be present
- smoke or burning smell (or XS heat) from electrical equipment? Cut off power ASAP
28
- do not place cords across (or near to) pedestrian traffic
- use only non-sparking electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres
- use class C fire extinguishers on electrical fires
- use only CSA approved electrical equipment (approved for what you are using it for!)
- use only licensed electricians
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed page 67; 8th ed pages 92-93
- heat sources include autoclaves, drying ovens, hotplates, wax embedding centres, wax trimmers etc
HEAT HAZARDS
- may cause burns from direct contact with hot surfaces, hot steam, hot liquid
- may cause hyperthermia from working too long in warm rooms
HEAT PRECAUTIONS
- wear heat resistant gloves when handling hot items
- allow sufficient time for autoclaves to exhaust steam before opening
- ensure autoclave items are cool before attempting removal
- take frequent breaks and stay hydrated in warm environments
- cold sources include cryogenic fluids, dry ice, freezers, refrigerators, etc.
COLD HAZARDS
- may cause burns from direct contact with cryogenic fluids
- may cause hypothermia from cold rooms and freezers
- may cause increased susceptibility to vibrations
COLD PRECAUTIONS
- wear insulating gloves when moving items into, in or out of the freezer or cryogenics
- wear warm clothing when working in cold rooms for prolonged periods
NOISE
- noise is unwanted sound
- sound is measured in decibels (dB), which is a logarithmic scale
- so a small increase in decibels means a large increase in sound energy
- the A-weighted decibel scale describes sound as it applies to human hearing
- noise is evaluated with a sound meter
- over 90 decibels, hearing protection must be provided, the employee needs an annual physical and
signage for high noise must be in place
HAZARDS
- interference with communication (impacts safety and job performance)
- physiological effects (hearing loss, ear pain, tinnitus)
- physiological effects (disruption of sleep or relaxation)
PRECAUTIONS
- evaluate noise levels of equipment before purchasing, and purchase the quietest equipment possible
- place noise-generating equipment far from work stations
- consider engineering controls (absorptive material of surfaces, noise barriers etc)
- maintain equipment properly
- use additional PPE (earplugs and headphones) as required
PRESSURE
- pressure differences account for many lab accidents, and glass in implicated in injuries
HAZARDS
- unplanned pressure changes can be caused by rapid temperature changes
- like removing samples from cryogenic liquids into room temperature
- unplanned pressure changes can also be caused by chemical reactions inside sealed containers
29
PRECAUTIONS
- use only pressure approved apparatus
- use apparatus with pressure relief mechanisms
- wrap cloth tape around glass vacuum apparatus
- let pressure return to normal after a vacuum desiccator or removal from a cryogenic fluid
- wear eye and face protection near pressure hazards
- open containers slowly
IONIZING RADIATION
File:radiation warning symbol 3.SVG. Wikimedia
Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2023, from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiation_
warning_symbol_3.svg
- ionizing radiation has the ability to displace an electron from an atom

EXTERNAL RADIATION EXPOSURES – FOUND OUTSIDE YOUR BODY
- high penetrating types (x-rays, gamma rays and high energy beta particles) are the most dangerous
- radiation is naturally occurring, and everyone is exposed to some
- devices like cell phones emit radiation
- radiation can be used for cancer treatment
- affects DNA, causing cell death, and rapidly dividing cancer cells are susceptible to radiation damage
- in the lab, we may receive radioactive tissue (e.g sentinel lymph nodes, radioactive seeds in tumours)
INTERNAL RADIATION EXPOSURES – FOUND INSIDE YOUR BODY
- through inhalation, ingestion or absorption (skin, eyes, cut or abrasions) not just from radioactive accidents
- inhaled radiation from cosmic rays, radon, planes etc.
- potassium 40 and carbon 14 are part of our tissues and our food, as it decays in our body, radiation is released
- diagnostic imaging (like CT and PET scans) or implanted radiation for cancer treatment
HAZARDS
- internal radiation hazards include alpha, beta and gamma radiation
- alpha particles are the most dangerous to tissue when absorbed
- radon gas is a major source of alpha particles, and a significant cause of lung cancer (#1 cancer killer)
- acute radiation (large doses, short period) effects skin, bone, digestive system, neuromuscular system
- chronic radiation (long term) effects include leukemia and other cancers
- organs most effected by radiation include bone marrow, breasts, thyroid, lungs, digestive system
- developing babies are also very sensitive to radiation
PRECAUTIONS
- the three main ways to protect yourself from radiation ae time, distance and shielding
Gunnells, D. (n.d.). Alara - as low as reasonably achievable. The University of Alabama at Birmingham. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.uab.edu/ehs/radiation-safety/alara
- know the types pf radioactive materials you will be handling

- know the shielding requirements and PPE
- shielding materials include lead, Plexiglas, concrete etc.
- PPE includes aprons, gloves, shields and goggles
- use the right shielding, as using the wrong type can lead to more hazards
- beta emitters (like 32P) need a Plexiglas shield, not lead, as lead ca cause x-ray production
- use shielded storage where appropriate
- use a fume hood for dry powder and volatiles
- know all the dangers of a compound, not just the radiation issues (like flammability, corrosiveness etc.)
30
- minimize exposure by proper handling techniques to minimize time and surface contamination
- use area monitoring to check for surface contamination (a “wipe test”)
- use personal monitoring to check for radiation on the individual (wear a dosimeter)
- use disposable absorbant liners on surfaces
- clean up contamination promptly
- monitor shipments for leakage
- maximize distance between radiation sources and people and clearly mark “hot zones” within the lab
- use radiation signage on doors
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKING WITH NUCLEAR SUBSTANCES

- regulation & monitoring of nuclear substances is by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC)
- CNSC license required for use of radioactive materials
- comply with CNSC radiation dose limits
- comply with possession limits of nuclear material
- monitor worker’s dose (personal monitoring with a dosimeter)
- wipe test surfaces after radiation use
- must have inventory tracking and record keeping
- must be security requirements to regulate access to nuclear substances
- must be training to ensure competence of workers handling nuclear substances
RADIOACTIVE SPILLS
- most cleanup needs to be performed by qualified staff, from selection of PPE to removing contaminated
materials
MINOR SPILLS
1. inform everyone in the area that a spill has occurred
2. cover spill with appropriate absorbant
3. limit access to the area to those cleaning the spill
4. survey radiation doses in evacuated personnel
5. remove contaminated clothing and footwear, wash and resurvey
6. place clean-up materials in appropriate labeled container
7. monitor area to judge effectiveness of clean-up
8. report spill to nuclear safety officer
MAJOR SPILLS
1. notify and evacuate immediate area and limit movement to contain contamination
2. turn off ignition sources if safe to do so
3. vacate room, close door, post warning, allow aerosols to settle
4. contact radiation safety officer for assistance
References:
Chapter III: University of Florida Radiation Short course Lesley Hines - PPT video online download. SlidePlayer. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2023, from
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6403705/
Decibels explained: Noise Monitoring Services Noise Monitoring Services. Noise Monitoring Services. (2021, February 6). Retrieved April 26, 2023, from
https://www.noisemonitoringservices.com/what-is-a-decibel/
Gas Cylinder/cryogenic liquid training. California State University, Long Beach. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2023, from
https://web.csulb.edu/colleges/cnsm/safety/training/gas.html
Gunnells, D. (n.d.). Alara - as low as reasonably achievable. The University of Alabama at Birmingham. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from
https://www.uab.edu/ehs/radiation-safety/alara
Hearforever best practices in hearing conservation. - ppt download. SlidePlayer. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/7594086/
How equipment works. How Equipment Works. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.howequipmentworks.com/electrical_safety
Is the ground wire necessary? Quora. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-earth-wire
Lung cancer causes. Visual.ly. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2022, from http://visual.ly/lung-cancer-causes and Canadian Cancer Statistics Advisory Committee in
collaboration with the Canadian Cancer Society
Mirzaei, M. (2007, December 3). Failure analysis of an exploded gas cylinder. Engineering Failure Analysis. Retrieved April 21, 2023, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350630707001744
Nirs.qst.go.jp. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2023, from http://www.nirs.qst.go.jp/db/anzendb/NORMDB/ENG/1_yougosyuu.php
Pacchioli, D. (2022, November 7). Radiation health risks. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from
https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/heath-risks
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YouTube. (2013, January 2). This is why gas cylinders should be stored in a gas cylinder cage. YouTube. Retrieved April 21, 2023, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsNenNTA_Dg
YouTube. (2016, January 24). LEAK test how to use Bubble solution. YouTube. Retrieved April 21, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4eoDqqek64
ASSIGNMENT 4
1. Which of the following diagrams represents a gas?
Chapter 8 solids, liquids, and gases. Solids, Liquids, and Gases. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry/s11-solids-liquids-and-gases.html
a. b. c.

a. true b. false
2. When a gas is compressed, more can be stored.

3. Compressed gas cylinders are very light as most gases are lighter than air.
4. The more a gas is compressed, the lower the pressure it exerts.
5. When gas is heated, it exerts more pressure.
6. The neck of the gas cylinder is most susceptible to damage.
7. Before using a compressed gas cylinder of any kind, you must refer to and read the Safety
Data Sheet to understand the safety precautions, uses, and properties of the gas cylinder.
8. Valves on the neck of the cylinder control gas release.
9. Gas cylinders are designed so that there is no danger of explosion.
10. Handling valves or their fittings on a compressed gas cylinder must be done with great care,
or catastrophic damage could result.
11. Flammable gas cylinders and cylinders containing oxidizing gases can be safely stored
together.
12. Empty and full cylinders should be stored separately in a well-ventilated area with prominent
indicating signage.
13. Gas cylinders should be secured to a solid support by chains or other non-combustible.
14. The proper way of transporting a compressed gas cylinder is upright, with a hand truck (dolly)
for gas cylinders; preferably one with four wheels.
15. Gas cylinders should be stored with the regulator attached for ease of use.
16. It is safe to conduct minor repairs on the valves of cylinders containing "harmless" gases.
17. The lab should not be used to store extra gas cylinders, only ones in use should be in the lab.
18. When equipment is not operating, cylinder valves should always be open.
19. When storing gas cylinders outdoors, one must be mindful not to store cylinders in direct
sunlight where cylinder can exceed 120⁰F.
20. Regulators are attached to the cylinder just before use.
21. Pressurized gas can puncture the skin.
22. If pressurized gas is released into an enclosed room, it cannot cause an oxygen deficient
atmosphere, because the oxygen is still present.
23. There is one standard regulator that is made to fit with the correct adaptor.
24. Check the regulators of a gas cylinder for leaks with a soap solution – bubbles indicate a
leak.
25. Open cylinder valves directly in front so you can clearly read the valves.
32
a. true b. false
26. Oxygen concentration below 19.5% and below is considered an oxygen deficient
environment.
27. If a compressed gas cylinder is damaged it must be:

a. repaired by a certified welder
b. returned to the manufacturer
c. placed back in storage
d. placed upside down
28. A gas cylinder’s tag has fallen off. You should:

a. open the valve to see what it is
b. label it “EMPTY” so no one will use it
c. ask around to see if someone knows what it is
d. not use that cylinder under any circumstances
29. Before you remove a fitting on a gas cylinder, the most important thing to do FIRST is:
a. check for leaks using a soapy solution
b. lubricate the fitting so it will slip off easily
c. make sure the valve safety cover is close by
d. make sure cylinder valve is off and the exit pressure is zero
30. A compressed gas cylinder can be lifted by grabbing its:

a. valve
b. valve cover
c. regulator
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
31. If the regulator to an oxygen cylinder is difficult to thread, you should:

a. oil the threads
b. return the cylinder or regulator back to the supplier
c. use a crescent wrench to tighten it
d. use a regulator from a nitrogen cylinder
32. What is the most commonly used cryogenic fluid used in the clinical laboratory?
a. liquid oxygen
b. liquid helium
c. liquid nitrogen
d. liquid hydrogen
e. liquid carbon dioxide

a. true b. false
33. Cryogenic fluids have a temperature below -20oC

34. Deep frozen containers are under pressure when their water-based contents contract.
35. You can get burned from extremely cold temperatures.
36. Liquid nitrogen, when returned to the gaseous state, can displace oxygen from the air and
can create an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
37. Always wear safety equipment, including heavy loose-fitting leather or cryogenic gloves, and
eye and face protection when using cryogenic fluids.
38. Condensed oxygen greatly increases the risk of flammability of many materials.
39. If liquid nitrogen is leaking into a room, it is not a hazard because the atmosphere is mostly
nitrogen.
40. Metal jewelry may corrode in the presence of liquid nitrogen.
33
a. true b. false
41. Cryogenic fluids are not flammable because they are so cold.
42. Which of the following affect how severe an electrical risk is?
a. duration of contact
b. voltage
c. current
d. pathway through the body
e. all of them have an effect
43. Why is a person more at risk for an electrical shock if they are wet?
a. the water increases the surface area of the electrical contact
b. the water decreases the resistance of the skin
c. the water increases the resistance of the skin
d. a and c
44. John has an implanted pacemaker to control his heartrate, George has never had a heart issue, except
a broken heart in college. If both are the victims of the same electrical shock, who would be expected
to suffer the most damage?
a. both will have the same damage from the same accident
b. John, who has heart issues
c. George, because he has nothing to live for
45. How many prongs are on a grounded plug?

a. 2
b. 3
46. Instruments are “grounded” to:

a. provide electricity a path back to the main electrical panel in the event of a fault
b. prevent them from moving while in use
c. calibrate them when no samples are present
d. balance them with respect to weight, size and components
47. Why shouldn’t the adaptors shown used in the lab (or really anywhere)?
a. they don’t fit into North American outlets
b. they remove the grounding (n.d.). Retrieved from:
https://i.frg.im/yvK2Tr5/121309623464-0.jpg
c. they can be used!
48. What is a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter?

a. a fast-acting device that is sensitive to very low levels of current flow to ground, designed to
sense leaks of current large enough to cause serious personal injury
b. a device used to check electrical continuity
c. a device for checking the magnetic field of a piece of equipment
d. a fast-acting device that is designed to protect pieces of electrical
equipment

a. true b. false
49. Victims of electric shock are likely to have heart and muscle issues as well as burns.
50. Victims of an electrical shock may not be able to let go of the electrical source.
51. The pathway for an electrical shock is always through the heart.
52. Electrical systems can be an ignition source for flammable or combustible materials.
53. A current of 25 milliamperes from a 100 volt power source can kill.
54. Extension cords and adaptors and adaptors are acceptable to use with lab equipment if they
say “CSA approved”.
34
a. true b. false
55. The function of a fuse or circuit breaker is to interrupt the flow of electricity if the circuit
becomes "overloaded"
56. You should know where the circuit breakers are because that is where you stop the source of
electricity in the event of an accident.
57. Outlets in moisture prone areas in the lab should be GFCIs.
58. Since electricity generates heat, it is normal for instruments, power cords and outlets to feel
very warm.
59. You should visually check the equipment you are using every time you use it.
60. Broken or damaged electrical cords and instruments should be labeled “DAMAGED DO NOT
USE” and repaired as appropriate.
61. Avoid damp and wet areas when working with electricity.
62. Use a class A fire extinguisher on an electrical fire.
63. Grasp the plug, not the wire, to unplug an instrument.

a. hot items/liquids/environments b. very cold items/liquids/environments c. both
62. can burn a user 63. insulated gloves should be used

64. associated with autoclaves 65. associated with cryogenics
66. hypothermia 67. hyperthermia
68. take frequent breaks; stay hydrated 69. wear additional clothing

a. true b. false
70. Excessive noise can cause physiological and physiological effects.

71. Human susceptibility to noise is measured in an A-weighted decibel scale.
72. The noise a laboratory instrument produces should be considered before purchasing.
73. Pressure can build up when materials are taken from a temperature extreme to room
temperature.
74. Chemical reactions can produce gas, which add pressure to a closed system.
75. Beta particles are the most penetrating form of ionizing radiation.
76. Alpha particles are shielded with lead.
77. Sources of radiation can be external or internal.
78. Alpha particles are not a risk through external sources.
79. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause cancer.
80. Cells that normally proliferate more rapidly are most sensitive to ionizing radiation.
81. Because alpha particles are slow moving, they are not an internal exposure hazard.
82. Radon is the second biggest cause of lung cancer.
83. Radiation can enter the body by diagnostic imaging or therapeutic treatment.
84. Lung cancer is the most common malignancy associated with external radiation exposure.
85. Regulation of nuclear material is under control of the Atomic Energy Control Board.
35
a. true b. false
86. Dosimeters (badges) are worn to measure personal exposure to radiation, and wipe tests
monitor environmental contamination.
87. Cleaning up a radioactive material spill should be put off until the end of the day since you may
spill more material, and it would be a waste of time to do it twice.
88. Personnel evacuated from a radioactive spill are decontaminated as close to the spill area that
is safe.
89. Tissues may come to the pathology lab containing radioactive material.
90. Inventory tracking of radioactive material is a legal requirement.
91. All people have radioactive isotopes inside their bodies.
92. As long as there is a radiation warning on the lab door, there is no need to indicate specific
radiation areas with the lab itself.
93. Radiation exposure limits are the same for laboratorians, security employees and the general
public.
94. Working efficiently is important when dealing with radioactive material
95. Shielding can be used in workstations, storage and aprons.
96. Radioactive material has no other hazards associated with them.
97. Use a chemical fumehood when handling radioactive volatiles.
98. Radioactive spills should be covered with the appropriate absorbant.
99. As long as the procedure is followed, anyone can clean up a radioactive spill.
100. Which of the following is/are a method to detect radiation exposure or contamination?
a. film badge
b. wipe test
c. TLD dosimeter
d. Geiger counter
e. all of the above
101. If the isotope is placed behind shielding, it can actually create additional
radiation hazards in the form of X-rays/
a. 3H / Plexiglas
b. 14C / Lucite
c. 32P / lead
d. 35S / polystyrene
102. What are the three ways to minimize radiation hazards?

a. absorption, distance, time
b time, distance, shielding
c. shielding, containment, cleaning
d. distance, containment, absorption
36
NON-IONIZING RADIATION
Scc.isolutions.iso.org. (n.d.).
https://scc.isolutions.iso.org/obp/ui#!is
o:grs:7010:W005
- does not have enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules

- includes lasers, microwaves and ultraviolet radiation
LASERS
Contraindications and points of attention to consider when using lasers. laser.com. (n.d.). Retrieved April
30, 2023, from https://energy-laser.com/the-history-of-laser-therapy/
- LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

- lasers focus a large amount of light energy into a narrow beam
Laser light amplification. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://www.zbz-
HAZARDS 7.top/products.aspx?cname=laser%2Blight%2Bamplification&cid=42
- the major danger of lasers is to the eye

- some lasers can cut tissue (good if you want that, bad if you don’t!)
- strong lasers can cause fires
PRECAUTIONS
- different classes of lasers have different precautions, and you’ll need to know these terms:
reflection from a flat, mirror-like surface
reflection from a rough surface

UC Santa Cruz Laser Safety training - ppt download. SlidePlayer. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2023, from http://slideplayer.com/slide/1676012/
- classes of lasers include
Shematek, G., Wood, W., O'Grady, E., & Canadian Society for Medical Laboratory Sciences. (2017). Laboratory safety CSMLS guidelines pg 91
- avoid direct viewing of the laser and avoid reflections from mirrors, walls etc
- wear the right eye protection for the laser used
- limit access to the laboratory when laser in use
- operate lasers of class III b and above only in posted laser-controlled areas
37
MICROWAVES
- place object to be heated in the centre of the oven
HAZARDS
- heating of tissue (scalds, burns) is the primary hazard
- fires are possible
PRECAUTIONS
- do not use household microwaves in the lab, as they ae not calibrated properly
- provide regular maintenance (clean it, check doors and seals, check oven for leaks)
- do not use metal in the oven as it reflects microwaves ad can cause fires
- do not use tightly covered containers in the microwave and the pressure inside build-up dangerously
- high-powered microwave and radio wave devices (not common in the lab) need extra precautions
- ensure shields and covers are in place
- post warning signs to protect people with pacemakers
ULTRAVIOLET LAMPS
- ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength of between 180-390 nanometres
HAZARDS
- UV is especially damaging to the eye (not great for skin, either)
PRECAUTIONS
- reduce direct and reflected radiation with goggles or face shield with lens filters
- remember UV radiation is reflected by surfaces, like stainless steel
- cover exposed body parts
- turn off UV lights when not in use
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed page 14; 92; 8th ed page 23
- the better prepared you are for an emergency, the better the outcome
- plans must identify possible situations, develop response procedures, communicate protocols and train staff
- many types of emergencies, not just the fire and bomb threats we hear about so much
- environmental incident, like hazardous chemical or biohazardous spills
- weather-related events (hurricanes, floods, tornados etc.)
- human-related events (workplace violence, terrorism, disease outbreaks, mass causalities)
- equipment or infrastructure failure (computer outages, building collapse, utility outages)
- important to have emergency response plans that are understood, practiced and posted
- test the response with drills (both actual and theoretical)
- the more drills the better
- should be well orchestrated, and mandatory
- feedback needs to be given
EMERGENCY WASH DEVICES

Division of Research Safety. Illinois.

(n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2023, from
https://www.drs.illinois.edu/Programs/E
mergencyEyewashesAndShowers
- used when a hazard is on a person

- hazards that may require drenching or flushing include:
- corrosives that can damage the eyes and skin
- toxic materials that can damage or be absorbed by eyes or skin
- open source nuclear substances
- infectious substances that can be absorbed by skin and eyes
- released dust or projectiles
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI) provides baseline standards (ANSI Z358.1-2014)
- emergency washes should provide tepid water (16-30 oC) for at least 15 minutes
- emergency washes should be activated weekly (documented on an inspection tag) and inspected yearly
38
SELECTION AND LOCATION OF EMERGENCY WASH DEVICES
- determined by a hazard assessment
- greater need for eyewashes, as there are more occasions for small splashes
- emergency wash must be on the same level as the hazard
- the path to emergency wash must be free of obstructions
- should be as close to the hazard as possible
- no more than 10 seconds away (55 feet)
- if using non-corrosives, may be separated by a door that opens in the same direction as travel
- emergency wash must be identified with a highly visible sign in a well-lit area, with a safety inspection tag
- training is important – you don’t have time to think when you need emergency washes
EYEWASHES
- the eye wash is the most critical of the wash devices
- a drop of corrosive can cause permanent damage, eyes also a route of entry for biohazards
- see chart in CSMLS 9th Ed Guidelines page 93; 8th Ed page 125
POTABLE EYEWASH
- not connected to running water
- the fluid (usually saline) must be provided
- not usually 15 min worth, so they are only good enough to get to a plumbed eyewash
- must be well maintained to prevent contamination
PLUMBED EYEWASH
- attached to plumbing and so has a permanent water supply
- characterized by 2 spray heads directed at the eyes and a push lever to activate
- flow rate should be 1.5 lpm
- as with all emergency washes, the water should be tepid (16-30 oC) for at least 15 minutes
EYE/FACE WASH
- attached to plumbing and so has a permanent water supply
- eye/face washes have spray heads that are directed at the eye and part of the face
- additional area washed makes eye/face washes preferred
- as with all emergency washes, the water provide should be tepid (16-30 oC) for at least 15 minutes
USING THE EYE or EYE/FACE WASH

1. proceed directly to eye/face wash
2. activate by pushing handle
3. hold eyelids open with thumb and forefingers, roll eyeballs
back and forth so fluid flows on all surfaces of eye and
under eyelid
4. flush eye or face for minimum 15 min
5. seek medical treatment
- if you are unsafe and are wearing contacts, don’t stop to take them out!
- start the wash, and when they come out start the 15-minute timing
DRENCH SHOWER
- used when the hazard is splashed on the body.
- see chart in CSMLS 9th Ed Guidelines page 93; 8th Ed page 125
- as with all emergency washes, the water provide should be tepid (16-30 oC) for at least 15 minutes
USING THE EMERGENCY DRENCH SHOWER

1. proceed directly to shower
2. activate by pulling chain/pull rod
3. begin to remove clothing while under shower
4. once naked, flush body/skin for minimum 15 min
5. seek medical treatment
39
DRENCH HOSE
- a device useful for small spills, and can be used to wash a given body part
- never use on the eyes as the water flow rate is too forceful
OPTIONAL FEATURES FOR EMERGENCY WASH DEVICES

- combination eye/face wash and drench shower
- drain
- privacy curtain
- alarm
- a near-by private shower a good idea after the emergency shower
SPILL RESPONSE MATERIALS

- spill response materials vary upon the spill and can include:
- PPE, rubber gloves, shoe covers/rubber boots, chemical resistant coveralls, respirators
- absorbent materials, neutralizers for corrosives, mercury spill kits, disinfectants
- paper towels, large forceps, broom, dustpan, shovel
- detergents for radioactive surface decontamination, containers and labels for waste, gas and
vapour devices, surface wipe test kits
FIRST AID
- being prepared for appropriate first aid requires:
- training for an appropriate number of personnel (a minimum number is needed per shift)
- ready access to first aid supplies, on all shifts
- established procedures for follow-up medical assistance – there will be no time when it’s needed
- emergency contact information for seeking assistance
- first aid kits must be available at all times
FIRST AID MEASURES FOR LABORATORY ACCIDENTS

- these are very basic instructions – seek professional medical assistance after you do what you can
SPLASHES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL TO THE SKIN
1. proceed to nearest shower for large areas, a drench hose may be used for small areas
2. while removing contaminated clothing, rinse with copious amounts of water for a full 15 min
- then seek medical assistance
SPLASHES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL TO THE EYES
1. proceed to nearest eyewash and activate it
2. rinse the eyes, holding them open, for 15 min
3. with contacts, wash for a minute, remove lenses, wash another 15 min
BURNS
1. remove clothing or jewelry from around the burn, but do not remove clothing stuck to the burn
2. immerse burned surface in cold water for 10 min (not ice)
3. cover burn with a moist bandage and keep it moist
4. never burst blisters
5. do not apply oily substances to the skin
CLOTHING FIRES adapted from: Gooding, K. (2017, September 28). Fire victim triggers 'stop, drop, and roll'
reminder: Loop barbados. Loop News. Retrieved April 3, 2022, from
1. STOP where you are https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/fire-victim-triggers-stop-drop-and-roll-reminder
2. DROP to the floor

3. ROLL to smother the flames
4. proceed to shower when flames are extinguished and cool burned areas with water
5. follow steps for burns
6. do not use a fire blanket
40
CHEMICAL POISONING
1. ensure victim’s location is safe for you to enter
2. move victim to a well-ventilated area (do not induce vomiting unless a doctor says to)
3. attempt to find out the identity of the poison
4. contact poison control
5. provide emergency medical personnel with SDS, (or label, sample or vomit)
ELECTRICAL SHOCK
1. make sure electrical current has been disconnected before touching the patient or equipment
2. seek medical assistance even if it doesn’t look bad
CUTS
1. apply pressure with a sterile dressing (if object protrudes, apply pressure around the wound)
2. keep cut area elevated above the heart
Laboratory Safety CSMLS Guidelines 9th ed pages 97-98; 8th ed page 130
NEEDLESTICK, OTHER BLOOD OR BODY FLUID EXPOSURES
1. cleanse site with soap and water
2. if mucus membrane is involved, flush with eyewash
3. avoid using disinfectants (alcohol, bleach etc)
4. do not “milk” the wound by squeezing
5. allow to bleed freely, then cover lightly
6. try to identify specimen source and report to supervisor
7. follow internal procedure for needlestick
- post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is very effective
Center, D. (2018, June 12). Did you know #prep and #PEP are two effective #HIV prevention methods? for more
info, visit https://t.co/n2snothotu . PIC.TWITTER.COM/4GDWEWL3YY. Twitter. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from
https://twitter.com/DamienCenter/status/1006546941717766145
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
- good first aid training helps determine what is needed
- automatic external defibrillators (AED) pus the heart in normal rhythm
References:
ANSI/ISEA Z358.1 Resource Center. Haws Co. (2022, December 16). Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://www.hawsco.com/support/ansi-z358-1-resource-
center
Ccohs. (2019, September 23). Share this #infographic outlining the main elements of an emergency preparedness plan and the key steps to
#emergencyplanning, because everyone in your workplace needs to be ready for the sudden or unexpected https://t.co/ygktlrv5yi
PIC.TWITTER.COM/FIPL9TJZ6G. Twitter. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://twitter.com/CCOHS/status/1176120306710302720
Laser light amplification. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://www.zbz-7.top/products.aspx?cname=laser%2Blight%2Bamplification&cid=42
Center, D. (2018, June 12). Did you know #prep and #PEP are two effective #HIV prevention methods? for more info, visit https://t.co/n2snothotu .
PIC.TWITTER.COM/4GDWEWL3YY. Twitter. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://twitter.com/DamienCenter/status/1006546941717766145
Price, T. (n.d.). Nonionizing radiation (NIR) overview - ppt download. SlidePlayer. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/4889506/
UC Santa Cruz Laser Safety training - ppt download. SlidePlayer. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2023, from http://slideplayer.com/slide/1676012/
41
ASSIGNMENT 5
a. ionizing radiation b. non-ionizing radiation
1. low energy 2. high energy

3. radio waves 4. microwaves
5. alpha particles 6. beta particles
7. X-rays 8. lasers
9. ultra violet light 10. gamma rays
11. What is “LASER” an acronym for?

a. light and sound emission radios
b. light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
c. localized and systemic earned radiation

http://slideplayer.com/slide/677804/1/images/14/TYPES+OF+LASER+EYE+EXPOSURE.jpg
a. specular reflection b. intrabeam viewing c. diffuse reflection
12. 13.
The next questions refer to classes of lasers on page 66 in the CSMLS 9th Ed; page 91 in the 8th Ed and
use the following as the answer key:
a. I b. II c. IIIA d. IIIB e. IV
14. dangerous by direct beam and specular reflected beam

15. dangerous by staring directly into the beam, even with lenses is hazardous to the eyes
16. dangerous by direct beam, specular and diffuse reflected beam; surgical lasers
17. not considered hazardous 18. direct beam could cause eye injury

a. true b. false
19. Eyes are most susceptible to damage by lasers, and the skin can also be damaged by burns.
20. Incidental exposure to a Class 4 laser will not cause serious skin burns or retinal damage.
21. Sources of reflection for laser light include mirrors, jewelry, and glossy surfaces.
22. The main hazard associated with microwave is radiation exposure.
23. Metal reflects microwaves and should not be used in a microwave.
24. All microwave ovens are dangerous to pacemakers.
25. When heating reagents in a microwave oven, ensure the containers are only lightly covered to
prevent pressure build-up.
26. Ultraviolet light in the lab is primarily a skin hazard.
27. Do not use UV lights while performing work in the laboratory.
28. UV light can be reflect from surfaces 29. Turn UV lights off when not in use.
42
Identify the following pictograms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_safety and https://www.uaf.edu/safety/industrial-hygiene/laboratory-safety/physical-hazards.php and https://www.labelsource.co.uk/labels/non-ionizing-radiation-symbol-safety-sign-/ws3530
and https://shop.blairsigns.com.au/High-Noise-Area/Hearing-Protection-Must-Be-Worn-370
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
31. ionizing radiation 32. thermal hazard

33. non-ionizing radiation 34. noise hazard
35. lasers 36. cold hazard
37. electricity 38. compressed gas
39. What is wrong with the signage below?

Microwave radiation hazard sign. Microwave Radiation Hazard Sign - H1558. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from http://www.safetysign.com/products/5021/warning-microwave-hazard-area-sign
40. Emergency response plans consist of all of the following EXCEPT:

a. identifying possible emergency situations
b. developing response procedures
c. encouraging participation in optional drills
d. documenting and communicating protocols and training staff
41. All of the following are emergency situations EXCEPT:

a. possible shooters
b. coffee shop closure
c. spills (chemical, biological, radiation)
d. power interruptions and weather-related events

a. true b. false
42. An emergency plan is a response to an event which has occurred in the past.
43. Incident reporting and investigation is about fault finding.
44. Hazards that may require drenching or flushing include all if the following EXCEPT:
a. corrosive or toxic chemicals
b. exposure to lasers or UV light
c. open source nuclear substances
d. infectious substances
e. dust or projectiles

Eye Wash & Shower Station and wall mounted eyewash station. Hebei Runwangda Making Clean Materials Co., Ltd. (n.d.). https://www.runwangda.net/eye-wash-shower-station-and-wall-mounted-eyewash-station/
a. eye or eye/face wash b. drench shower c. both
45. 16-30 OC water should be used 46. should be used for a min of 15 min
47. check weekly and document 48. inspected annually (document)
49. 50.
43
7460B Axion MSRTM - PNR. (n.d.-a). https://www.pnr.co.uk/media/2016/03/7460B_Axion_eye-face_wash_wall_mounted_stainless_bowl.pdf and Global IndustrialTM emergency Eyewash Station, wall mount. (n.d.). https://www.globalindustrial.ca/p/global-emergency-eyewash-wall-
mounted-plastic-bowl
a. plumbed eyewash b. eye/face wash c. drench shower
51. activated by pulling the chain 52. flow rate should be 1.5 lpm
53. flow rate should be 11.4 lpm 54. flow rate should be 75.7 lpm
55. 56.

a. true b. false
57. Emergency was devices must meet the ANSI Z358.1-2014 standard.
58. should provide a source of cold running water
59. water provided should be in contact skin or eyes for 15 minutes
60. Tepid water has a temperature between 16 and 38oC.
61. After checking the operation of a safety shower or eye wash, you should record the date and
results of the test.
62. The emergency wash should be tested monthly, at a minimum.
63. The emergency shower is the most commonly used emergency wash device.
64. Emergency wash stations must be within a 10-second walk of the potential hazard.
65. It is okay for the emergency wash station to be located up one stair from the hazard.
66. Storage of bulky items beneath a shower is acceptable as long as the items can be quickly
moved in the event the shower is needed.
67. If the emergency wash device is bright orange, there does not need to be signage.
68. When a portable eyewash is used, the contents should be verified weekly.
69. The organ most sensitive to corrosives is the skin. (the eyes)
70. The eyewash is the most critical emergency wash device.
71. What should you immediately do if you splatter a hazardous chemical on you?
a. go home and take a shower
b. continue to work on your research
c. use the emergency shower to promptly wash off the chemical
d. call ambulance
72. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding eyewash stations?

a. always keep access to the eyewash station open
b. routinely check the eyewash station for operability
c. close eyes if the water is too cold until it warms up
d. hold eyes open to ensure they are cleansed of the chemical

a. true b. false
73. If an individual's skin is splashed with a corrosive acid, neutralizing sodium bicarbonate
should be applied to the affected area.
74. A privacy curtain around an emergency drench shower is optional, but highly recommended.
75. Remove clothing before using the emergency shower.
44
a. true b. false
76. When using an emergency eye wash, eyelids should be held open with thumb and forefingers
so that water can totally flush the eye.
77. Contacts should be removed before using an emergency eye wash.
78. The main problem in using a handheld drench hose for eye washing is that both hands are not
free for manipulating the injured eye(s).
79. When a safety shower drains directly into a sewer, you need to determine whether residual
water can contaminate the outside environment.
80. What should you do if a chemical spill poses an immediate risk to you and your co-workers?
a. mark it with a sign or barricade
b. clean it up immediately
c. notify staff and evacuate the area

a. true b. false
81. The number of first responders legally required depends upon the number of personnel
employed.
82. First aid medical follow-up procedures should be documented and communicated.
83. First aid supplies should be kept locked in a secure location to prevent theft.
84. Seek professional medical assistance after you perform first aid.
85. If acid is spilled on a person, remove their clothing as you proceed to the shower.
86. If a corrosive chemical has been completely washed off a victim, and he or she is feeling well,
there is no need to see medical attention.
87. After a spill involving the eye, the victim was taken to the eyewash. After one minute, her
contacts were removed. She should continue to irrigate her eyes for a further 14 minutes.
88. Blisters from burns should be drained immediately, to facilitate the antibiotic cream.
89. In the event of a burn, do not force clothing off a burn if it does not come off easily.
90. Place ice directly on a burn to prevent damage to deeper layers of tissue.
91. Do not put butter or other oils on a burn.
92. In the event of a clothing fire, extinguish the flames with a fire blanket.
93. The identity of a chemical involved in a chemical poisoning should be provided to emergency
medical personnel.
94. Always induce vomiting when poisoning is expected.
95. When a person is the victim of an electrical shock, unplug the appliance immediately.
96. In the event of an electrical shock, seek medical assistance even if it doesn’t look bad.
97. In the event of a cut, apply a moist bandage.
98. Elevate a cut above head level to stop the bleeding.
99. Punctures caused by a needlestick should be squeezed to make them bleed.
100. As soon as a needle stick occurs, seek medical treatment immediately.
101. Post exposure prophylaxis after a needlestick greatly decreases the risk of contracting HIV.
102. All needlesticks must be reported.
103. First aid kits must be accessible at all times
45
104. When a person’s clothing is on fire, they should:
a. stop, drop, roll
b. pull, aim, squeeze, sweep,
c. contain, absorb, clean
d. eat, pray, love
e. wash, rinse, repeat
105. Typically, the best course of action to take during a medical emergency is to:
a. begin first aid immediately
b. activate the emergency plan for reporting injuries
c. notify the person's family about the situation
106. You think you may have had an exposure, but are unsure. You check your glove for punctures and find
that it is broken. You should assume:
a. an exposure has occurred
b. no exposure has occurred
c. you can continue working; you’re probably fine
d. no blood, no harm
107. Which of the following are recommended practices to reduce risk of needlestick injuries?
a. never retrieve anything from a sharps container
b. never recap a used needle
c. use safety engineered needles (retractable or with needle covers)
d. do not overfill the sharps container
e. all of the above
46
LABORATORY ERGONOMICS
- ergonomics is the adjustment of the workspace to fit the employee
- applies to workstation design, posture, breaks, equipment and furniture design, material handling etc.
- good ergonomics increases efficiency and comfort
- poor ergonomics can lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries (MSIs)
MSDs /MSIs
- symptoms include muscle fatigue, bands of pain, pain/stiffness when changing positions, difficulty in
hand movement, loss of sensitivity, numbness and tingling
- often occurs in the neck, back, shoulders, elbows, wrist, fingers and knees
- risk increased by awkward postures/ movements, repetitive movements and amount of force applied
- other signs of poor ergonomics include fatigue, repetitive motion injuries, monotony (leads to increased errors
and accident rates, eye strain and lowered morale)
ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AND SOLUTIONS

- the body is least stressed in a neutral (balanced) position
adapted from: Practical demonstrations of Ergonomic Principles - CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining//UserFiles/works/pdfs/2011-191.pdf
- use adjustable laboratory benches, because different types of work required different desk heights
- design lab space to avoid awkward movements like reaching
- chairs should be adjustable, with casters, 5 legs, and a backrest
- remember to adjust you chair and use good posture
- floors should be slip-resistant, especially in Pathology (uses wax)
- use anti-fatigue mats when standing for prolonged periods
- allow for frequent short (a few min) breaks from repetitive work
- vary tasks and scheduling so you can change positions and use different muscles
- control the use of vibration-producing equipment like vortex mixers which are hard on muscles
- use automatic pump-type pipettors which lessen stress on the thumb
- be aware of accessibility and size of knobs and buttons on equipment
- use of automated foot operated equipment when possible
- use hand tools and equipment designed for easy manipulation
- ask for assistance when moving heavy OR light but awkward items
- store heavy materials on lower shelves
- use anti-glare video displays/monitors at eye level or slightly lower
Jason. (2016, January 29). Ergonomics at the office. 404 Tech Support. Retrieved
May 2, 2023, from https://www.404techsupport.com/2009/06/24/ergonomics-at-
the-office/
- use keyboard positions with wrists in the neutral position
Kerkes, D. (n.d.). Repetitive strain

injury and 4 ways to prevent it.
Repetitive Strain Injury And 4 Ways
To Prevent It. Retrieved May 2, 2023,
from https://www.hallam-
ics.com/blog/repetitive-strain-injury-
and-4-ways-to-prevent-it
- monitor indoor air quality (temperature, humidity, fresh air) and keep noise low
- a task analysis is a good way to find ergonomic problems
- ergonomic considerations should be part of purchasing and include flexibility for different body types
47
The CSMLS Safety Guidelines has more information on ergonomics for specific tasks on pages 70-71 of
the 9th Ed; pages 95-98 in the 8th Ed. Consult the Guidelines as you actually do the tasks in the lab
Pages 72-74 in the 9th Ed; pages 99-101 in the 8th Ed have some good ergonomic exercises
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
- physical and mental illnesses can be negatively affected by excessive psychological stress
- it is important to recognize the sigs of excessive stress so you can try to reduce that stress
- physical symptoms of stress include muscle tension, insomnia, loss of appetite, dry throat and mouth,
trembling or twitches, headaches, high blood pressure, cold, clammy hands
- behavioural manifestations of stress include restlessness, irritability, excessive smoking, drinking or drug
use, withdrawal from others, indecisiveness, impulsive behavior
- mental and emotional symptoms of stress include lack of concentration, forgetfulness, preoccupation, mood
swings, hostility, brooding and worrying, daydreaming, anxiety, fear
CAUSES OF WORKPLACE STRESS
- work organizational factors include issue with others, like violence and abuse, harassment or conflict
- organizational factors may involve just you, like working alone, critical incident stress (like seeing someone
die), change and uncertainty, fatigue and hours of work (often happens with staff shortages)
- environmental factors include noise (from instrumentation, phones, people) and indoor air quality and lighting
- personal factors include substance abuse, depression / mental illness, age-related factors, work-life conflict
- the laboratory workplace has particular stresses:
- “production line” type work (load instrument, unload instrument, check computer, repeat)
- overtime work, or the need to work faster and faster
- urgency of STAT tests
- risk of harmful exposures (chemical, biological, physical)
- ethics of confidentiality (at home AND work, hard to know something not tell)
- emotional stress from very ill patients (empathy is often good, but can be very hard on you)
- making errors that could have serious impact (what if your error killed someone?)
- job insecurity (especially when casual or temporary)
- poor management-employee relations
CONTROLLING AND REDUCING STRESS
- many different ways, depending on what the stress is
- communication and honest feedback, a fair workload and employee assistance programs are important
- easing stress from environmental factors includes communication of construction activities, follow-up of
complaints and controls for noise levels etc
- ways to manage personal stress include self-renewal activities, reduction of body metabolism and good
general health practices, counselling, prescribed treatment
ABUSE/VIOLENCE
- now treated and a health and safety issue and many provinces have specific legislation for these issues
- includes bullying, verbal and sexual harassment, physical and sexual assault, intimidation and threats
- early intervention is important to prevent escalation of disruptive behavior
- like all safety issues, there should be training in recognizing workplace violence, policies and procedures to
eliminate workplace violence, an appropriate response and a reporting and investigating system
BULLYING
- a common and subtle form of abuse
- workplace bullying is repeated mistreatment of employees by employees that endangers health or career
- many kinds of bullying behaviors
WORKING ALONE
- legislation related to working alone was developed as a result of accidents or violence
- controls for working alone include:
- identify workers who work may be required to work alone
- have an emergency communication plan so others can be alerted for assistance
- control access to the lab
- schedule to prevent working alone
48
TECHNOSTRESS
- technology changes fast, and we must keep up
- stressful to have to learn a new technology when equipment fails or you have to learn new equipment
- equipment needs to be as user-friendly as possible, with great tech support
- administration needs to have realistic expectations
- iindividuals need to self educate and communicate about stresses
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
- reproductive risks are any agents that can impact the ability to have healthy children
- affects males and females
- effect people differently, depending on exposure (when, how and length)
- outcomes of pregnancy are mainly not work related
- information based on animal studies, which does not always translate to people
- many effect people not animals, animals not people
- chemicals can be found in breast milk, so nursing mothers have a higher risk
any problems in the reproductive process which

may be caused by a substance
a substance which can cause birth defects
is the ability of a substance to cause birth defects
the ability of a substance to cause harm to the

embryo (gestational age less than 8 weeks)
the ability of a substance to cause harm to the fetus
(gestational age 8-40 weeks)
a substance which can cause changes in the DNA
of cells
the ability of a substance to cause mutations
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS FOR MEN

- reduced number of sperm (leading to infertility)
- altered sperm shape (leading to infertility)
- cause interference with sperm transfer (problem between testicles and urethra)
- impaired sexual performance (erectile dysfunction)
- altered sperm chromosomes
- miscarriage or health problems in the baby if the sperm is damaged
- see table in CSMLS 9th Ed Guidelines page 79; 8th Ed page 110
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS FOR WOMEN
- menstrual cycle issues
- infertility / sub-fertility
- miscarriage and still-births
- birth defects
- hazards can cause different reproductive effects depending on the stage of pregnancy
- thalidomide was used for morning sickness (late 50s into the 60s)
- caused severe birth defects or fetal death when used in the first 50 days of development
- low birth weight and premature births
- contamination of mother’s milk
- developmental disorders
- childhood cancers
- see table in CSMLS 9th Ed Guidelines page 78; 8th Ed page 109
PRECAUTIONS FOR MEN
- respect the permissible exposure limits for the chemicals causing reproductive toxicity
49
PRECAUTIONS FOR WOMEN DURING PREGNANCY AND BREASTFEEDING
- permissible exposure limits (PEL) are based on studies of non-pregnant adults
- what is considered safe for you, may not be safe for your unborn baby
- most employees can do their job safely throughout pregnancy, but more precautions may be needed
- respirators can be difficult to use in pregnancy if they are fitted to your face to make a tight seal
- weight changes can affect how a respirator fits, so protection may be compromised
- negative pressure in a respirator makes it harder to breathe, as does pregnancy
- PPE in new sizes are usually required
- employer responsibilities include:
- identification of hazard and assessment of risk
- communication of information to employees
- control of hazard (engineering, administrative, PPE)
- pregnant worker should notify supervisor, who begins the risk assessment
- control exposures through modification of tasks or location
- reassign worker if no modifications possible
- if worker can’t be protected, remove from workplace
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS CAUSING REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS

AGENT EFFECTS PREVENTION
Birth defects (blindness and Vaccination
deafness, heart disease in 1st
trimester, low birth weight
Miscarriage, birth defects, Good hand hygiene

developmental disorders
Birth defects (scarring of baby’s Vaccination

skin, limb defects in 1st 20
weeks) low birth weight, death
Birth defects, low birth weight, Good hand hygiene

development disorders
Low birth weight Vaccination
Low birth weight, childhood Routine practices

cancers
Miscarriage Good hand hygiene
COMMISSIONING AND DECOMMISSIONING LABORATORIES

COMMISSIONING
- a systematic process that verifies every physical component of a building or instrument meets the regulations,
safety standards, codes and policies before a lab is opened
- many things are part of the commissioning process:
- fire protection features
- determination of permissible limits of hazardous materials
- gas and vacuum lines
- ventilation
- overall lab design
- verification of containment levels
- verification of radiation safety
- equipment requiring specialized installation
- emergency wash equipment
- training and orientation to changes
50
DECOMMISSIONING
- the processes involved in changing activities, moving out of a lab (or stopping use of equipment) or closing a
lab altogether and leaving no contamination behind
- decommissioning steps include:
- limit access until complete
- conduct hazard identification and risk evaluation
- remove biohazards
- remove nuclear hazards
- remove chemical hazards
- clean and decontaminate equipment
-remove warning signs
- conduct visual inspection
- obtain documentation from those responsible
-post signed notice when completed
References:
Alberta Government. (2017). A health care worker’s guide to health and safety on the job. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/a4509e0f-
3c7d-45a3-bd2a-f63efb2a81ad/resource/389451f8-5213-42a0-b28c-17a564684511/download/ohs-best-practices-bp023.pdf
Calm clinic - information about anxiety, Stress & Panic. Calm Clinic - Information about Anxiety, Stress and Panic. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from
https://www.calmclinic.com/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, May 1). Pregnancy and your job - reproductive health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/repro/pregnancyjob.html
Decommissioning labs.pptx. Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from
https://www.slideshare.net/ACSDCHAS/decommissioning-labspptx
Ergonomics: Best practices lifting tips and techniques - PPT video online download. SlidePlayer. (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2022, from
http://slideplayer.com/slide/1456373/
Jason. (2016, January 29). Ergonomics at the office. 404 Tech Support. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.404techsupport.com/2009/06/24/ergonomics-
at-the-office/
Kerkes, D. (n.d.). Repetitive strain injury and 4 ways to prevent it. Repetitive Strain Injury And 4 Ways To Prevent It. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from
https://www.hallam-ics.com/blog/repetitive-strain-injury-and-4-ways-to-prevent-it
Laboratory Ergonomics Occupational Health & Safety Department of Environmental Health & Safety Washington State University. - ppt download. SlidePlayer.
(n.d.). Retrieved April 9, 2022, from http://slideplayer.com/slide/1573353
(n.d.). Retrieved from: http://labs21.lbl.gov/DPM/Assets/ITcX.pdf
Practical demonstrations of Ergonomic Principles - CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining//UserFiles/works/pdfs/2011-
191.pdf
Sachs, & Spina. (n.d.). Birth defects 3.01 revised 10/19/10 K.Brown. - ppt download. SlidePlayer. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from
http://slideplayer.com/slide/4734107
SitFlow. (n.d.). Repetitive strain injuries in the workplace. SitFlow. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://sitflow.com/blogs/news/repetitive-strain-injuries-in-the-
workplace
Toxicology testing in animals narrated part 12013. Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from
https://www.slideshare.net/BethConover/toxicology-testing-in-animals-narrated-part-12013
Workplace violene threat/interaction/response leadership review - ppt download. SlidePlayer. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3552997/
ASSIGNMENT 6
a. true b. false
1. Ergonomics is the science of fitting the job to the worker.

2. Ergonomics involves workspaces arranges so people work efficiently and safely.
3. Musculoskeletal disorder symptoms include pain, numbness, and cramping.
4. Carpal tunnel syndrome" is the most common ergonomic injury to the wrist.
5. Most workstations are designed for the "average" person.
6. A position that places stress on a specific muscle or a joint is called a "neutral position".
7. Your back can be weakened by bad posture.
8. You should bend at the waist to properly lift an object.
51
a. true b. false
9. Frequent stretching overhead to reach materials is okay as long as you don’t twist your body.
10. Alternating repetitive tasks with non-repetitive tasks at regular intervals or increasing the
number of breaks from repetitive work can reduce or eliminate ergonomic risk factors.
11. You should take 5 second breaks at least every two hours to decrease muscle strain.
12. The top of your computer monitor should be at or slightly below eye level.
13. The elbow should be kept at 90º or greater when using the mouse or keyboard.
14. Lighting should be as bright as possible to help you see the screen.
15. You should use your wrist rests to support your wrists while typing.
16. It is important for your feet to always be flat on the floor.
17. Twisting is not harmful if performed when in a sitting position.
18. Increasing grip size of an object, i.e.: pipette will decrease strain on the hands, wrists &
forearm muscles.
19. Some conditions that can cause musculoskeletal disorders can be brought on by:
a. sudden increase in your workload
b. introduction of a new process to your work routine
c. use of vibrating tools
d. maintaining poor or unhealthy posture
e. all the above
20. Indicate (X) which of the following show GOOD ergonomic technique.
Bakker Elkhuizen Ergo-Q 260 notebook stand: Applied ergonomics chicago. Applied Ergonomics. (2023, April 23). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.appliedergonomics.com/product/bakker-elkhuizen-ergo-q-260-notebook-stand/ and Free Ergonomics Workshop at
grassroots juicery. DeKalb County Online. (2020, October 12). Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://dekalbcountyonline.com/2015/10/free-ergonomics-workshop-at-grassroots-juicery/ and (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://www.flexibility.co.uk/images/09/300s/ergonomics-bakker3diag-
300.jpg/

a. true b. false
21. Using alcohol, drugs or cigarettes to cope is a sign of excessive workplace stress.
22. Stress has an impact on the quality of your relationships and how you interact with others.
23. Eating alone on the job at lunchtime is healthier for you than getting away from your
workstation and having lunch.
52
a. true b. false
24. Developing friendships with some of your co-workers is a waste of time - you're there to work
and nothing else.
25. As you learn to manage your job stress, you'll have more control over your ability to think
clearly and act appropriately.
26. Stress prevention should be tackled by workers and employers together.
27. Exercise uses up your energy and leaves you feeling more tired at work.
28. Working long hours can lead to increased work stress.
29. Employers cannot make any changes to workers' duties if workers are stressed on the job.
30. "Deep breathing" is a relaxation technique that can help you to reduce stress.
31. Studies show that being in good physical shape has nothing to do with stress levels.
32. You have a legal right to a safe working environment.
33. A healthy diet, adequate sleep, and regular exercise can help you deal with on-the-job stress.
34. If you feel a lack of control over your job, your only choices are putting up with it or quitting.
35. Workplace disruptive behaviors are a health and safety issue.
36. There is usually no warning in cases of workplace violence.
37. There should be zero-tolerance for workplace abuse.
38. All bullies are same.
39. Incidents of bullying should be documented in detail.
40. Even if you like working alone, it is still a hazard.
41. If you use your phone a lot, you are unlikely to have workplace technostress.
42. Making the lab less automated is a good way to reduce technostress.
43. What is the name of the condition where problems grow to unmanageable levels?
a. stress fracture
b. adrenaline overload
c. stress overload
44. All of the following can cause stress EXCEPT:

a. seeing a co-worker suffering from bullying
b. knowing an error in your results can cause patient harm or death
c. keeping information confidential
d. poor indoor air quality
e. all of them stress me out
45. Which of these is the most effective long-term solution to on-the-job stress?
a. relaxation exercises
b. effective time management
c. worker-friendly organizational changes
d. vacations
46. Signs of stress include:

a. restlessness
b. irritability
c. indecisiveness
d. lack of concentration
e. all of the above
53
47. All of the following are typical workplace “bullying” EXCEPT:
a. reporting safety issues
b. withholding information
c. social isolation
d. over-monitoring of work
e. setting unrealistic goals or deadlines
a. reproductive effect in men b. reproductive effect in women c. reproductive effect in both
48. infertility 49. interference with sperm transfer

50. menstrual cycle issues 51. sexual performance (most often)
52. altered sperm shape or number 53. low birth weight (most often)
54. miscarriage or health problems in the baby

a. embryotoxicity b. fetotoxicity c. mutagenicity d. teratogenicity
55. the ability of a chemical to cause changes in the DNA of cells

56. the ability of a chemical to cause harm to a developing child until 8 weeks gestation.
57. the ability of a chemical to cause birth defects
58. the ability of a chemical to cause harm to a developing child 8-40 weeks gestation.
59. Thalidomide affects a developing child in utero, causing missing limbs, ears, or death. Surviving victims
of thalidomide are at no greater risk of having a baby with birth defects than the general population.
How should this drug be classified?
a. mutagen
b. teratogen
c. mutagen and teratogen

a. rubella b. varicella c. toxoplasmosis d. all of them
60. teratogen
61. can cause deafness, blindness, learning disabilities and miscarriages
62. can cause heart disease, blindness and deafness within the first three months
63. can cause physical difficulties, arm or leg defects and death

a. true b. false
64. Reproductive hazards can affect men as well as women.

65. Some chemicals can influence the ability to produce healthy sperm.
66. Hazards can cause different reproductive effects depending on the stage of pregnancy.
67. Keeping immunizations up to date can minimize some reproductive risks.
68. Mercury is only a reproductive hazard if it consumed, as in contaminated fish.
69. Reproductive health is not affected by exposure to toxic substances in the environment.
70. During pregnancy, exposure to toxic substances in the environment can affect the
development of a fetus.
71. Picric acid is a reproductive hazard.
72. Methotrexate is a reproductive hazard.
54
a. true b. false
73. Human immunodeficiency virus can be prevented with a vaccination.
74. Pregnant women should not change cat litter boxes.
75. Exposure to mercury, lead, ethylene oxide and pesticides are reproductive health hazards.
76. PPE may have to be adjusted for pregnant workers.
77. Pregnant or nursing women may require a temporary job reassignment to avoid reproductive
hazards

a. commissioning b. decommissioning
78. ensuring all building systems perform according to the design intent
79. ensuring a facility has no physical, chemical, biological or nuclear hazards
80. you bought a new biosafety cabinet and you must have it installed and certified
81. your chemistry analyzer module is malfunctioning and you have to get it ready to send back
to the manufacturer
82. Which of the following are involved in commissioning a lab?

a. verification of air exchange and air flow pressures
b. testing and certification of emergency wash equipment
c. determining the permissible amount of hazardous chemicals
d. installation and testing of portable fire extinguishers and fire hoses
e. all of the above
83. Which of the following are involved in decommissioning a lab?

a. decontamination of biohazards
b. cleaning and testing of radioactive areas
c. cleaning of drains if they have been exposed to mercury or sodium azide
d. removing all warning signs following completion of hazard removal
e. all of the above

b. training records
d. all of the above


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1

SECU 1035 CLINICAL LABORATORY SAFETY

- any work you believe is dangerous to yourself or others without

Refusing unsafe work: A step by

- in identifying and controlling hazards

INTERNAL RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM (IRS)

GOVERNMENTAL LEVELS OF LEGISLATION

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

- like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites

- like thermal, mechanical, electrical and noise

- stress the body

- stress the mind and body

- different ways to measure and monitor hazards:

- measures the hazard in a person or its effect on their

- Occupational hygienists help to develop safety standards

- provincial legal limits in Canada

- recommendations set by the American Conference of

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

11. joint health and safety committee 12. training programs

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

22. What is/are the safety responsibilities of the instructor/manager?

25. most safety regulations 26. fire and building codes

35. Canadian labs are only governed by federal legislation.

37. What does WHMIS stand for?

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

38. most important part of WHMIS

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

42. associated with eye washes 43. associated with biosafety

55. volatile 56. flammable

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

a. area monitoring b. personal monitoring c. biological monitoring

58. measures a specific hazard in a small area around or on a person

59. measures a specific hazard in a specific area

60. measures the hazard in a person or its effect on their metabolism

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

62. permissible exposure level 63. threshold limit value

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

69. Occupational hygienists interpret threshold limit values.

- the probability (chance) that someone will be harmed

LET’S PLAY HAZARD OR RISK:

HAZARD RISK RISK

RISK HAZARD RISK

JOB HAZARD ASSESSMENT (TASK HAZARD ANALYSIS/ JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS)

TERMINATE / AVOID THE RISK - test no longer performed in facility

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

- isolate workers from the hazard source

THE HAZARD PATH

1. the probability of a substance person, activity or process to cause harm

11. Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

12. Accidents are best prevented by:

13. How are hazards in the workplace identified and documented?

15. Hazard identification assessments are best performed by:

16. A risk control plan is made up of the following steps or stages:

20. Which of the following is correct for risk assessment?

21. What does a risk assessment tell you?

22. In risk assessment, it is the degree of injury or harm.

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

The next questions use the following as the answer key:

34. What does OHSMS stand for?