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    CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guid - Wendell Odom - New - Parte100

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    CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guid - Wendell Odom - New - Parte100

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    CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guid - Wendell Odom - New - Parte100

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    of 10

    Chapter 16

    Operating Cisco Routers

    This chapter covers the following exam topics:

    1.0 Network Fundamentals

    1.1 Explain the role and function of network components

    1.1.a Routers

    1.2 Describe characteristics of network topology architectures

    1.2.e Small office/home office (SOHO)

    1.6 Configure and verify IPv4 addressing and subnetting

    This chapter begins a series of chapters that focus on specific Cisco router
    features. It begins by discussing Cisco routers: hardware, operating system,
    interfaces, and other components that comprise a router. This first section
    helps give you concrete examples of interfaces and devices before getting
    into the many concept and topology drawings to come.

    The second section of the chapter then discusses the command-line


    interface (CLI) on a Cisco router, which has the same look and feel as the
    Cisco switch CLI. However, unlike switches, routers require some minimal
    configuration before they will do their primary job: to forward IP packets.
    The second section of this chapter discusses the concepts and commands to
    configure a router so it begins forwarding IP packets on its interfaces.
    “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

    Take the quiz (either here or use the PTP software) if you want to use the
    score to help you decide how much time to spend on this chapter. The letter
    answers are listed at the bottom of the page following the quiz. Appendix C,
    found both at the end of the book as well as on the companion website,
    includes both the answers and explanations. You can also find both answers
    and explanations in the PTP testing software.

    Table 16-1 “Do I Know This Already?” Foundation Topics Section-to-Question Mapping

    Foundation Topics Section Questions

    Installing Cisco Routers 1

    Enabling IPv4 Support on Cisco Router Interfaces 2–6

    1. Which operating systems run on Cisco enterprise routers and use a CLI
    that works much like the CLI on Cisco LAN switches? (Choose two answers.)

    1. CatOS
    2. IOS
    3. Windows
    4. IOS XE

    2. Which action would you expect to be true of a router CLI interaction that
    is not true when configuring a LAN switch that performs only Layer 2
    switching functions?
    1. Moving from global to physical interface configuration mode
    2. Configuring an IP address in physical interface configuration mode
    3. Configuring a 10/100/1000 port’s settings related to speed and
    autonegotiation
    4. Configuring a console password

    3. Which answers list a task that could be helpful in making a router


    interface G0/0 ready to route packets? (Choose two answers.)

    1. Configuring the ip address address mask command in G0/0 configuration


    mode
    2. Configuring the ip address address and ip mask mask commands in
    G0/0 configuration mode
    3. Configuring the no shutdown command in G0/0 configuration mode
    4. Setting the interface description in G0/0 configuration mode

    4. The output of the show ip interface brief command on R1 lists


    interface status codes of “down” and “down” for interface GigabitEthernet
    0/0. The interface connects to a LAN switch with a UTP straight-through
    cable. Which of the following could be true?

    1. The shutdown command is currently configured for router interface


    G0/0.
    2. The shutdown command is currently configured for the switch interface
    on the other end of the cable.
    3. The router was never configured with an ip address command on the
    interface.
    4. The router was configured with the no ip address command.
    5. Which of the following commands list the IP address but not the subnet
    mask of an interface?

    1. show running-config
    2. show protocols type number
    3. show ip interface brief
    4. show interfaces

    6. Which of the following is different on the Cisco switch CLI for a Layer 2
    switch as compared with the Cisco router CLI?

    1. The commands used to configure simple password checking for the


    console
    2. The number of IP addresses configured
    3. The configuration of the device’s hostname
    4. The configuration of an interface description

    Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” quiz:

    1 B, D

    2B

    3 A, C

    4B

    5C

    6B
    Foundation Topics

    Installing Cisco Routers

    Routers collectively provide the main feature of the network layer—the


    capability to forward packets end to end through a network. As introduced in
    Chapter 3, “Fundamentals of WANs and IP Routing,” routers forward packets
    by connecting to various physical network links, like Ethernet LAN, Ethernet
    WAN, and serial WAN links, then using Layer 3 routing logic to choose where
    to forward each packet. As a reminder, Chapter 2, “Fundamentals of
    Ethernet LANs,” covered the details of making those physical connections to
    Ethernet networks, while Chapter 3 covered the basics of cabling with WAN
    links.

    This section examines some of the details of router installation and cabling,
    first from the enterprise perspective and then from the perspective of
    connecting a typical small office/home office (SOHO) to an ISP using high-
    speed Internet.

    Installing Enterprise Routers

    A typical enterprise network has a few centralized sites as well as lots of


    smaller remote sites. To support devices at each site (the computers, IP
    phones, printers, and other devices), the network includes at least one LAN
    switch at each site. In addition, each site has a router, which connects to the
    LAN switch and to some WAN link. The WAN link provides connectivity from
    each remote site, back to the central site, and to other sites through the
    connection to the central site.
    Figures 16-1 and 16-2 show a couple of different kinds of network diagrams
    that might be used to represent an enterprise network. The style of Figure
    16-1 supports discussions about Layer 3 topics, showing the subnet IDs,
    masks, and interface IP addresses in shorthand. The figure also keeps the
    physical and data-link details to a minimum with these conventions:

    Ethernet LAN: Simple straight lines with one or more LAN switches implied
    but not shown.

    Ethernet WAN: Shown as a straight line, often with a cloud over it, with
    some kind of Ethernet interface identifier shown by the router (in this case,
    G0/1/0 and G0/0/0, which refers to GigabitEthernet interfaces).

    Serial WAN: A line with a crooked part in the middle (a “lightning bolt”)
    represents a typical point-to-point serial link as introduced in Chapter 3.

    Figure 16-1 Generic Enterprise Network Diagram


    Figure 16-2 More Detailed Cabling Diagram for the Same Enterprise Network

    In comparison, Figure 16-2 shows the same network, with more detail about
    the physical cabling but with IP details removed. Focusing on the LANs, all
    the lines connected to the LAN switches could be the standard UTP cabling
    with RJ-45 connectors.

    Next, consider the hardware on the ends of the serial link between the two
    routers. In a real serial link that runs through a service provider, the link
    terminates at a channel service unit/data service unit (CSU/DSU). The
    CSU/DSU can either sit outside the router as a separate device (as shown on
    the left at Router R1) or integrated into the router’s serial interface hardware
    (as shown on the right).

    As for cabling, the service provider will run the cable into the enterprise’s
    wiring closet and often put an RJ-48 connector (same size as an RJ-45
    connector) on the end of the cable. That cable should connect to the
    CSU/DSU. With an internal CSU/DSU (as with Router R2 in Figure 16-2), the
    router serial port has an RJ-48 port to which the serial cable should connect.
    With an external CSU/DSU, the CSU/DSU must be connected to the router’s
    serial card via a short serial cable.

    The Cisco Router Operating Systems

    All routers have the usual components found in a computer: a CPU, RAM,
    permanent memory (usually flash memory), and other electronics. They also
    run an operating system (OS), which goes by the name IOS. The original
    Cisco routers used IOS; even today, some current router products use IOS.
    However, Cisco has created other enterprise-class router product families
    that use a different variation of IOS named IOS XE.

    Cisco created IOS XE in the 2000s to improve the IOS software architecture.
    Those improvements may not be evident to the casual observer, but to name
    a few, IOS XE reduces unplanned and planned downtime, better protects
    against cyberattacks, and aids network automation. For instance, IOS XE
    devices can support upgrading the OS while continuing to forward frames
    and packets, while IOS cannot.
    Thankfully, IOS XE uses the same familiar CLI as IOS. Both use the same
    commands, for the most part, the same command syntax, navigation and
    modes, and so on. If you learned the CLI using an IOS router, you might not
    even notice when using a router that runs IOS XE later.

    Because the differences between IOS and IOS XE do not matter in most
    cases in this book, the book uses the term IOS almost exclusively to refer to
    the router OS. When differences in IOS versus IOS XE matter, the text will
    note the differences.

    Cisco Integrated Services Routers

    Product vendors, including Cisco, typically provide several different types of


    router hardware. Today, routers often do much more work than simply
    routing packets; in fact, they serve as a device or platform from which to
    provide many network services.

    As an example, consider the networking functions needed at a typical branch


    office. A typical enterprise branch office needs a router for WAN/LAN
    connectivity, and a LAN switch to provide a high-performance local network
    and connectivity into the router and WAN. Many branches also need voice-
    over-IP (VoIP) services to support IP phones, and several security services
    as well. Plus, it is hard to imagine a site with users that does not have Wi-Fi
    access today. So, rather than require multiple separate devices at one site,
    as shown in Figure 16-2, Cisco offers single devices that act as both router
    and switch and provide other functions as well.
    For the sake of learning and understanding the different functions, this book
    focuses on using a separate switch and separate router, which provides a
    much cleaner path for learning the basics. However, most Cisco products
    and product families support a variety of functions in one device.

    The Cisco Integrated Services Router (ISR) product families include


    routers that perform much more than routing. Cisco introduced the first ISRs
    in the mid-2000s, with some ISR families still in existence in the early 2020s
    when this chapter was most recently updated. The name itself emphasizes
    the role of being a router, while also integrating other functions (services).

    Figure 16-3 shows a Cisco 4321 ISR, with some of the more important
    features highlighted. The top part of the figure shows a full view of the back
    of the router. This model comes with two built-in Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
    and two modular slots that allow you to add small cards called Network
    Interface Modules (NIMs). The bottom of the figure shows one sample NIM
    (a NIM that provides two serial interfaces). The router has other items as
    well, including both an RJ-45 and USB console port.

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