MEMORY AID ON CRIMINALISTICS

Prepared by: SIR ART BURCE, RCrim

Dactyloscopy Photography Ballistics Polygraphy Holograph Forensic

Latin : Greek: Greek: Greek: Latin: Latin:

Dactyl = Photos/ Ballo or Poly = Many Holo = Forum =
finger Phos = Ballein = to or several hand market Place
Scopien light; Throw Graph = writing Graph =
= to Grapho= Ballista = writing.
study or writing Gigantic
examine Graphia= to Catapult
Draw

➢ Dactyloscopy = Practical science of fingerprint identification and classification.

➢ Dactylography = fingerprint identification.
➢ Dactylomancy/Dactylo-analysis = personality interpretation.
➢ Hans Gross – Father of Criminalistics
➢ Alphone Bertillon – Father of personal Identification/ Father of Mug shot Photography.
➢ Sir Edward Richard Henry – Father of modern Fingerprint (Developed the Henry System
of Classification). ➢ Marcelo Malpighe – grandfather of Fingerprint.
➢ Johannes Purkenji – Father of Dactyloscopy.
➢ William Herschel – first to used fingerprint for identification in INDIA/
discovered Infrared ➢ John Dellinger – notorious criminal (US public enemy
number one) – used corrosive acid. ➢ Robert James Pitts - (Roscoe
Pitts/Robert J. Phillips) man without fingerprint – used surgery ➢ Col. Calvin
H. Goddard – Father of Modern Ballistics
➢ Albert S. Osborn – Father of Questioned Document
➢ Rafael Genard Y Mas = wrote the first legal medicine book.
➢ John Larson = developed the Bread board lie detector (Blood pressure, Pulse beat and
Respiration) ➢ Leonard Keeler – Keeler’s Polygraph (1926 --- incorporated cardiosphygmograph,
electro galvanic skin resistance and pneumograph in lie detection.
➢ Cesare Lombraso – pioneer in Polygraph/invented the hydrosphygmograph for 1 scientific lie
st

detection in 1895.
➢ Cleve Backster – Developed numerical scoring (Backster Zone Comparison Technique).
o Red Zone (Relevant Question)
o Green Zone (irrelevant Question)
o Yellow Zone (Control Question)
➢ John F. W. Herschel – first to use the word photography/ 1839 – Birthyear of Photography ➢
Henry Fox Talbot – developed the Mouse Trap Camera ( Talo and Calo System), Father of
Modern Photography ➢ Louis – Jacques-Mande- Daguerre (Daguerro Type) – one of the Fathers
Photography/ quality prints ➢ Alexander John Forsyth – invented priming mixture (father of
Percussion ignition)
 ➢ Berthold Schwartz (Constantin Anklitzen) known as one of the inventors of Black
powder in 1400. ➢ Roger Bacon – explained the formula of a black powder in 1242
A.D.
Poroscopy Podoscopy Chiroscopy Ridescopy Edgeoscopy

Sweat Prints of Soles on the Palm prints Ridges Sides of finger

pores foot W. Herschel

Macrodactyl Microdactyl Syndactyl Polydactyl Ectodactyl

Enlarged Reduced/small Side fusion of Many Missing

finger fingers finger finger

• Anthropometry = first scientific method of identification done by measurement of bone structure. - (Developed by
Alphonse Bertillon, Father of Personal Identification/Mugshot Photogrpahy & first to used
photography in police work)
• Forensic Odontology = Dental Identification
• Forensic Anthropology = skeletal identification
• Forensic Entomology = study of insects
• DNA Fingerprinting = indispensable science / Identical twins or Monozygotic Twins has the same
DNA

Layers of Friction Skin – aka – Papillary Skin/Epidermal Skin or Volar Skin (in biology)
1. Epidermis = outer layer (Temporary Damage)
1.1. Stratum Corneum = Outer of epidermis, where friction ridges appears
1.2. Stratum Mucosum = Inner of epidermis
2. Dermis = Inner Layer (Permanent Damage)
Cut = more than 1mm

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Burns = 2 Degree burn
nd

3 Degree burns = requires amputation and the most painful degree burns.
rd

Dermal Papillae = irregular pegs responsible for ridge formation

Friction/Epidermis/Papillary Skin
1. Ridges = black lines, hill-like, elevated portion
2. Furrows = space, canal-like, depressed portion
3. Sweat Pores = tiny opening, white dots.
4. Sweat Ducts = passage way
5. Sweat Glands = producer of sweat.
Fingerprint = the production of an impression on some smooth surfaces, designed by the ridge on the
inside of the joint of the finger or thumb.
Ridge Characteristics
Basic: Ridge Dot, Ending Ridge, Bifurcation, Short Ridge
• Ridge Dot = Island Ridge, period or Dot.
• Ending Ridge= end point/abrupt ending.
• Bifurcation = single ridge that splits, divides, branches into two.
• Enclosure/ Lake Ridge = meets to form the original ridge. (bifurcating ridge that
converge at certain point)
• Divergence = spreading or two separate ridges.
• Convergence = meeting of two separate ridges.
• Recurving Ridge = ridge which curves back from where it came from.
• Typelines = basic boundaries of fingerprint pattern.
• Pattern Area = area surrounded or bounded by the typelines.
• Appendage = short ridge found on TOP/SUMMIT of the recurve. → Tented Arch
• Bar = (short or long ridge) found INSIDE the recurve.
• Obstruction = (Short HORIZONTAL ridge) found INSIDE the innermost recurving ridge
that spoiled the inner flow towards the center of the pattern. → Central Pocket
Loop
• Uptrust = Horizontal ridge that makes a sufficient raise at the center. → Tented Arch
• Incipient ridge = so thin or very fine ridge which is not included as a ridge count .

Focal Points/Fingerprint terminus

Delta = outer terminus, found in front of TYPELINES. (it requires Wide Space
- Bifurcation is the priority as delta - Two or more which conforms = the one nearest
the core Core = Inner terminus, Found inside the recurve. - (approximate center of a
fingerprint patterns usually found in L & W)
Ridge counting (LOOP) = from DELTA to CORE.
Ridge count = ridge between delta core.
Ridge Tracing (WHORL) = from two (2) Focal Points, (Left Delta to Right Delta)
Intervening ridge = ridge between tracing ridge and right delta.
Loop (2) Elements/Characteristics of the Loop:

1. Radial Loop (LH \, RH /- Towards the thumb. a. Core and Delta

2. Ulnar Loop (LH /, RH \ - Towards the little finger. b. Sufficient Recurve – gap b/n
two shoulders
c. At least 1 Ridge Count

Arch (2) *Appearance similar to a loop with

no ridge count? – Tented Arch
3. Plain Arch (A) = enter from one side and flow to the
other side/ slight rise * Slanting of ridges but no
4. Tented Arch (T) = uptrust, angle & Incomplete loop) Sufficient Recurve? –
Tented Arch

Whorl (4) Groups/Families? General

Standard? Three (3)
5. Plain whorl (W) = touch/cross/cut the circuiting 1 - (Loop(60%)
 ridge. 6. Central P.L.W. (C) does not touch the
Circuiting ridge. 7. Double loop Whorl (D) It has two
Loop formations. 8. Accidental Whorl (X) combination
2 - Arch(5%) and
except with plain Arch.
3 - Whorl(35%)
***How many standard pattern? Eight (8)

Rolled Impression = taken Individually (THUMB – towards the body) (All Except Thumb = Away
from the body). (Ten Fingerprints of whom? –Suspect)
Plain Impression = taken simultaneously. (serves as guide or reference)
Smudge = made by sliding motion.
Fragmentary = Partial Prints.
Chance Prints = left unconsciously or accidentally.

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Latent Prints = left or usually found at the scene of the Crime.
VISIBLE = made from blood, dust, and dirt etc.
INVISIBLE = made from sweat/perspiration
Focal Points of fingerprint search – Point of entrance & exit, safes appliance, doors, windows,
panels, desk table near the entrance, (all of these)
**If fingerprint patterns are not identical, there is no basis for – Comparison.

INSTRUMENT
• Fingerprint roller – use to spread the ink
• Ink slab = metal, glass or plastic plate where ink is spread
• Fingerprint Card – used for recording fingerprint
• Latent Print Transfer Card – used to preserve latent print
• Card Holder – used to clip or hold the F.P. Card
• Strip Card Holder – used to clip strip card

CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
I – Checking – plain and rolled impression compared
II – Blocking – writing the letter symbols
III – Classification Formula
1. Primary Div = numerical value assigned to WHORL plus 1/1 = pre-established fraction used to
complete the primary division / to avoid 0/0 interpretation in the absence of whorl pattern.
- Arch/Loops – non-numerical patterns
2. Secondary Div.= Letter Symbols
Capital Letters = Index Fingers
Small Letters = T, M, R, L (rat)
3. Sub-Secondary Div. = INDEX, MIDDLE, RING
Whorl = Ridge Tracing (M, I, O)
Meeting = Tracing Ridge - either above or below / Intervening Ridge = 0, 1, 2
Inner = Tracing Ridge – Inside or above / Intervening Ridge = 3 or more
 Outer = Tracing Ridge - outside or below / Intervening Ridge = 3 or more
Loop = Ridge Counting)
INNER = Index = 9/Middle = 10/Ring = 13
OUTER = (Index = 10/Middle= 11/Ring=14)
4. Major Div. = Both Thumb (Right Thumb – Numerator, Left Thumb (taken first)– Denominator)
Whorl = Ridge Tracing (M, I, O)
Loop = Ridge Counting (S, M, L)
5. Final Div. = Both Little Finger (Ridge Count) – found at the extreme right
6. Key Div. = Ridge count of first loop, except little Finger. If there were no loops, get the First Whorl
- found at the extreme left
Key/Major/Primary/Secondary/Sub-secondary/Final = proper order in classification
formula (KMPSSF) - Amputated Finger? Get the corresponding digit on the other
hand
- Both amputated? Plain Whorl with Meeting Tracing
***When All fingers are amputated?
- No Final & Key
- FPC = M 32 M MMM
M 32 M MMM
- Major – extreme left; Sub-Secondary – extreme right

METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT:
1. Dusting – use of powder & brush, simplest & traditional
2. Rolling Method
3. Ninhydrin = best used in paper (swabbing, immersion and spraying) Purple,
Violet to Reddish Pink 4. Iodine Fuming = safe method (Violet to Dark Brown)
5. Silver Nitrate = Sensitive Method (Gray prints)
6. Laser Ion argon = Modern method (Hologram)
7. Victoria Blue = used in plastics by spraying

2. POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
Utmost Used (very used) = Record Purposes First Used = Personal Identification
Views: (Photograph the scene from general to specific)
1. General View (Long range view) = over-all area, location of the scene. (Wide angle
lens/short focus lens) 2. Medium = nature of the crime scene. (Dividing the area)
3. Close-up = details of the crime (Individual shot/Mug shot)
4. Extreme Close-up = details of Physical Evidence
Total Take = photograph all angles Eye Level = best level of shot
“Photograph must be faithful reproduction of the original to be
admissible.”

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Photomicrography = process of photographing w/ the use of microscope to show minute details
(ballistics marks/line quality)
Photomicrograph – the photograph of the result of microscopic examination
 Photomacrography = process of enlarging using macro or extended tube lens
Photomacrogrpah = enlarged photograph also called macrophotograph
Microphotograph = process of reducing
Microphotograph = reduced photograph
Telephotography = the process of surveillance photography

LIGHT = Electromagnetic energy (186, 000 miles per second)

Reflected = bouncing (glossy surface)
Refraction = bending’
Transmitted = passed-through (transparent)
Defraction = falls around the object
Absorbed = block (opaque object)
Direct Light/Front Lighting = used in photography
Side light = one side, used for erasure
Oblique Light = one side at a very low angle, erasure and indented writing
Transmitted light = from the back or bottom, use for watermarks
Backlighting = bad image

4 PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS:
1.X-Rays = Roentgen Rays, Shadow Method, Internal Photography. (.01 to 30)
2. Ultra-Violet = Black light, used for erasure, invisible writing, contact writing, semen, fibers and
latent prints (30-400) 3. Visible Light = 400-700 millimicron
4. Infrared = Heat rays, use for addition, obliteration, insertion, charred document
Millimicron or nanometer = one millionth part of mm.
Angstrom = ten millionth part of mm.
Invisible = too short or too long such as X-rays, Ultra-violet & Infrared Light.

Laser Light = Coherent light (aligned), 3-dimensional enlargement (3-D), Hologram – image
produced by LASER Concurrent Light = scattered
Natural = nature’s creation
Man-Made/Artificial = man’s creation
• Bright sunlight = uniformed shadow (f-11)
• Hazy sunlight = bluish or transparent shadow (F-8)
• Dull sunlight = no shadow (F-5.6)
Camera = light tight box, to exclude unwanted or unnecessary light
Shutter = used to control the light reaching the film or sensitized material (eyelid to human
eye) • Fast Shutter = to freeze moving object (used in football game/basketball
game coverage) • B-Shutter = for night photography, used with cable release and
tripod
Lens= image forming device
• Convex/Converging/Positive = thick at the center
• Concave/Diverging/ Negative = Thin at the center
Film Holder = holds the film
View Finder = to view the coverage, and for better perspective.

TYPES OF CAMERA:
 1. View Finder Type = old type of camera w/c suffers from parallax
2. SLR = interchangeable lens, ideal for police photography
3. TLR = two lens system (one for focusing and one for image forming)
4. View or Press = largest, expensive type of camera
• One time used Camera = disposable
• Miniature or spy camera = smallest camera
• DCS-100 = digital and SLR camera combined
Focal Length = from film plane to the optic center of the lens. Controls both area coverage and size of
object • Wide Angle/Short Focus = less than 35mm (diagonal haft of the negative. For short
distance but wide coverage, makes the image reduced in size.
• Normal Angle/Medium Focus = based on human eye
• Long focus/Telephoto = more than 70mm, for long distance but narrow area, makes the
image enlarge. • Zoom Lens = variable focal length. Combination of Positive & Negative
Lens
Lens Opening = F-number, Controls Depth of Field, (the smaller the opening the wider
the depth of field) Meniscus lens = used in simplest camera (view finder camera), no
correction
• Distortion = defect in shape (rapid rectilinear lens – corrected from distortion)
• Astigmatism = defect in vertical & horizontal lines (Anastigmat Lens – corrected
from astigmatism) • Chromatic Aberration – defect in color blurredness (Achromatic
Lens – corrected from C.A.) • Lateral Aberration = straight line is blurred, oblique
light becomes sharp.

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• Spherical Aberration = light passing the center is sharp, those at the side
becomes blurred Depth of Field = distance from the nearest to the farthest
object that becomes sharp
Depth of Focus = the range of distance at which the lens can be move at a sharp focus
Hyperfocal Distance = nearest distance between the lens and the nearest object that would give a
maximum depth of field.
Focusing – controls the degree of sharpness
• Split-image = with horizontal division
• Coincidence = superimposition

SENSITIZED MATERIAL:
Silver Halides = substance sensitive to light
Emulsion = (part of the film sensitive to light), Anti-Halation Backing & Base
Orthochromatic = sensitive up to Green
Panchromatic = sensitive to all colors of visible light’
Infrared = sensitive to all colors of visible light up to infrared light. (Film w/
longest sensitivity) ASA = Arithmetic (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400,
800, 1000)
DIN = Logarithmic (3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33)
ISO = (Combination of ASA & DIN)
Photopaper = (Silver Bromide, single weight, white, gloss, No.2) for ordinary photography. For
enlargement, use medium weight
FORENSIC BALLISTICS:
1. Internal = before leaving the muzzle, while inside the barrel, from breech to muzzle.
2. External = before reaching the target, upon leaving the muzzle, while in flight,
from muzzle to target. 3. Terminal = upon reaching the target.
4. Forensic Ballistics = science of Firearms Identification. Identification & Investigation of
ammunition & firearms. Col. Calvin H. Goddard = Father of Ballistics
Trajectory = the actual curve path or the parabola like flight of the bullet.
Trigger – hammer – firing pin – primer – gunpowder.
Percussion action = ignition of priming mixture.
Alexander John Forsyth = father of percussion ignition.
Yaw = unstable rotation motion Gyroscopic Action = stability, steady, straight
travel. Key hole shot = thumbling of the bullet in flight hitting the target
sideways.
Range = imaginary straight distance travel by the bullet.
Accurate = distance where there is control of shot
Effective = distance where the bullet can still make a lethal effect.
Maximum range = farthest distance of travel of the bullet.
Velocity = speed of the bullet per unit of time.

Firearms = (Sec.877, RAC)

P.D. 1866
R.A. 8294
R.A. 10591 = comprehensive Firearm law.
1. Artillery = more than 1 inch
2. Small Arms = less than 1 inch
2.1. Machine Gun = automatic/ continuous firing.
Sub-machine gun (grease gun)
2.2. Shoulder arm
Smooth bore = Musket (ancient, military, single shot, muzzle loading)
= Shotgun (breech loading/ a number of lead pellets)
Cylinder type = equal diameter
Choke = reducing diameter
Paradox = with rifling a few inch from the muzzle point.
Rifles Bore = Rifle (with rifling)
Carbine = short barrel rifle, less than 22 inches.
2.3. Hand gun = Pistol; Revolver (cylinder)
Single action = manual cocking
Double action = both cock and release the hammer.
Barrel of any firearm is _? Answer: complete firearm. It also includes: Frame & Receiver
(under R.A. 10591) Kolibre = smallest pistol Zip gun = homemade gun in U.S. Paltik = in
the Philippines. Freakish gun = a tool to which a firearm mechanism is attached.
Tool gun = looks like firearm.
Single shot = one firing for every loading; chamber feed.
Repeating arms = several shot for every press of the trigger.
 Automatic = continuous firing in a single press. (Cartridge is found is found at
the scene of firing) Ammunition = loaded shell.
Dummy= fake

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Blank = without bullet (used in film making)
Drill = without gun powder. (used for training)
Live = complete unfired unit (cartridge)
Shotgun Cartridge = consists of pellet, wads, shell, gunpowder and primer.
Cartridge = consists of bullet, shell, gunpowder and primer.
Cartridge (Latin = charta “paper”; French “Cartouche” = rolled paper.)
Four Classes of Cartridge according to type of firearms: (revolver,
pistol rifle & shotgun) Parts of the Cartridge
1. Bullet = French “Boulette” = a small ball. It is a metallic or non-metallic ball
propel from a firearm. 2. Cartridge case = tabular container.
3. Gun powder or propellant or powder charge. (Low Explosives)
Black powder = 75% KNO3, 15% Charcoal, 10% Sulfur.
Smokeless = Nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine
4. Primer = ignition system – Alexander John Forsyth
Priming mixture = KCLO3, Charcoal & Sulfur, (Primary High Explosives)
Classes:
1. Rim-fire = powder is located at the cavity rim – invented by L. N. Flobert
2. Center-fire = powder is located at the center cap – invented by MORSE
3. Pin-fire = with built-in pin. (obsolete already) --- invented by Le Faucheux
1. Rimmed type = the rim diameter is greater than the body diameter.
2. Semi-rimmed = rim diameter is “slightly greater”.
3. Rimless = Rim. D. is equal to the Body D.
4. Rebated = Rim. D. is smaller than the Body D.
5. Belted = with metal belt around the body of the shell used in high power gun such as shotgun.

Projectile (Bullet) = metallic or non-metallic ball propel from a firearm. (usually fired from
small arms). Shot = other name of bullet.
Slugs = police term for bullet.
Pellets = used in a shotgun.
Missile = usually used in artillery firearm.
1. Ball type = for personnel
Lead (revolver) jacketed (outer covering is jacket)
2. Armour Piercing = for metallic target.
3. Incendiary = used to set fire. (Blue-tip)
4. Tracer = emits a bright flame, used at night (red-tip)
5. Explosives = designed for explosion.
Expanding Bullet = hallow point and the soft-point. Also called mushroom bullet.
Dum-Dum = made in India for greater damage.
Baton Round = anti-riot bullet. Also called rubber bullet.
Discarding Sabot (Accelerator bullet) = designed for greater velocity.
Frangible = paint bullet.
 Explosives
1. Low Explosives = those which function but burning producing gases. (Gunpowders)
2. High Explosives =
a. Primary High = those which ignites upon friction or shock (priming mixture).
b. Secondary High = those which explodes (TNT Dynamite, DRX, C-4 and
Nitroglycerine liquid bomb). Caliber = measured with the use of a caliper or micrometer.
Firearms = Bore diameter (distance from two opposite lands)
Bullet = base diameter.
Shell = body diameter/
Torsion balance = use to measure calibre of bullet based on weight.
Pitch of Rifling = distance in one complete turn of the bullet. (Measured by Helixometer)
Velocity = speed by unit of time (ft/sec). It is measured by Chronograph.
Rifling = helical/spherical groove inside the barrel
Striation marks = minute scratches.
CLASS CHARACTERISTICS INDIVIDUAL CHARCTERISTICS

- determined even before the - determined only after the manufacture/peculiar or

manufacture/common or found in not found in other firearm/associated with unique
others/ associated with the group source

Steyer: 4R= Shaving marks = due to poor alignment.

Carbine: 4R2x Skid mark = due to forward movement before
Smith and Wesson: 5R= it rotates.
Colt: 6L2x Stripping = due to worn-out barrel
Browning: 6R2x (corrosion/erosion)
Webley: 7R3x Slippage = due to oily or oversized barrel.
Winchester: 6R3x

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Ballistics Engineer/ Firearms Examiner/ Ballistician = concerns with
weapons and projectile. Bullet recovery box = used to obtain test
bullet/test shell (at least 3 cartridges)
Bullet Comparison Microscope = used for simultaneous comparison of bullets/shells.
Juxtaposition = same image, magnification etc.
Pseudo Match = different image
Stylus = tool used for marking.
Bullet = marks at BASE, OGIVE or NOSE.
Shell = Body or Side, Near outside or near inside open mouth.

4. QUESTION DOCUMENT = focal point/ under scrunity.

Standard = Known/ basis for comparison. (Should be what kind of copies --- Original &
Contemporary) Collected or procured = regular/ ordinary/ day to day.
Requested or dictated or Post-litem motam = obtained upon request/ at one time.
Holograph = completely written, date and signed by only one person.
Contemporary = not more than 5 years before and after.
Ancient Doc = more than 30 years.
Handwriting = visible effect Writing = visible result Line Quality = visible record Writing
habits = repeated elements.
Significant writing habits = sufficiently unique and well fixed.
Hand lettering or hand printing = disconnected style (ductus broken)
Cursive = letters are joined together (there is connection)
Natural writing = usual or normal writing habits
Disguised = deliberately altered/ to hide one’s identity.
Guided or Assisted = written with the writer’s hand at steadied.
Forged guided = Good pen control
Genuine guided = abrupt change in direction
Signature = name of a person signed by himself as a sign of acknowledgement.
Model signature = genuine signature used for simulated and traced forgery.
Evidential Signature = written at a particular time, date, place and purpose.

FORGERY = acts of simulating, copying or tracing somebody’s signature.

a) SIMPLE = no attempt to copy. Also called spurious signature/spurious forgery
b) SIMULATED = resembles the genuine. Written in free-hand. Also called copied forgery. c)
TRACED = closely resembles the genuine, done by tracing process or following an outline. It’s
more of Drawing. METHODS of tracing
1. Carbon outline
2. Indention
3. Projection/transmitted light process
System of Writing = combination of basic designs and writing movement.
Copy book form = basic illustration of letter designs (fundamental to the system of writing).
WRITING MOVEMENT Muscles involved in Writing Movement:

a) Finger movement = for beginners/ push and pull b) a) Extensor =

Hand/wrist movement = wrist is the point of upward
pivotal/considerable speed
c) Forearm = most skillful/ elbow is the point of pivotal. d) Whole b) Flexor =
arm = for large writing/Ornamental writing downward

c) Lumbrical =
lateral strokes

Pen pressure = average force/usual force.

Pen Emphasis = sudden increased in pressure/intermittently.
Shading = increased in the width of strokes.
Pen-lift = sudden removal of the pen from the paper surface.
Retouching = goes back over defective portion.
Retracing = goes back over another writing strokes.
Hiatus = obvious gap.
Beard = Introductory down and up strokes.
Hitch = introductory backward strokes.
Stem/Shank or Staff = long backward strokes (backbone of the letters).
Whirl = long upward strokes.
Body or central part = rounded or oval/ what is left when some parts such as
diacritics is removed Tremor = irregularity/shaky/wavering
Genuine = due to old age/sickness or illiteracy (lack of skills).
Fraud = due to copying or imitation.
Magnifying lens = basic questioned document tool (can solve almost 75% of cases according to – Dr.
Wilson Harrison). Handwriting slope measuring test plates = used for examination of writing
slants.
Transmitted light gadget
Plastic transparent envelope = for preservation.

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Ultra-violet lamp = used for erasure, contact writing, invisible writing.
Infra – Red lamp = used for obliteration, addition, charred document, etc.
Watermarks = translucent design in paper.
Examination is by comparison of: Elements, qualities and characteristics.
Existence of several movement impulse – indicator of Forgery.
Erasure = removal/ efface
Mechanical = abrasive method
Chemical = used of INK eradicator
Invisible Ink or Sympathetic Ink = no readily visible ink strokes,
Contact writing = writing off-set/ due to contact with fresh ink. Partially
visible ink strokes. Obliteration = process of smearing or blotting over.
Used of Superimposing Ink.
Indented writing = partially visible depression.
Decipherment = then process of making clear what is otherwise eligible.
Restoration = the process of bringing what has been removed.

PICA = 10 (9, 10, 11)

Elite = 12 (12, 13, 14)
Horizontal Mal. = Left or Right
Vertical Mal. = Above or Below.
Off-its-feet = printing heavier in one side.
Twisted = leans to the left or right.
Rebound = double impression.
Actual Breakage = damage to the outline of the type face design.
Clogged/ dirty type face – transitory defects
How an author of a typewritten document be identified? --- his peculiar style of indention, grammar
composition, and paragraphing

5. POLYGRAPHY = instrumental interrogation/ aid in investigation.

- Primary mission = whether the subject is telling the truth or lying.
- It is not by itself accepted by the court but it is a tool or Investigative lead.
Polygraph reliability of machine & Competence of the examiner.
 Word Association test = time pressure.
Used of Alcohol Beverages.
Narco-Analysis test. (Violates one’s privacy & free-will) – use of truth serum = Sodium
Pentothal/Sodium Amytal Use of Hypnotism = the subject is under the control of the
hypnotizer.
Methods of Ordeal = ancient method of crime detection.

3 MAJOR COMPONENTS:
Pneumograph = used to detect changes of breathing (½ to ¾ inch amplitude or volume) rate of 13
to 18 / min. Rubber tube (about 10 inches) = attached to the body
Cardiosphygmograph = for blood pressure and pulse rate. (70 to 75 beats per minute)
Arm cuff = above the brachial artery
Sphygmomanometer = indicates in millimetre of mercury.
Systolic = upward (highest pressure).
Diastolic = downward.
Dicrotic = the short horizontal notch (middle).
Galvanograph = for skin resistance. (Finger electrode plate and retainer bond) attached to the index &
ring finger. Kymograph = drives the paper/ push the paper.
Pen and Inking System = permanent recording.
Four (4) Basic Chart tracing: (from Top to bottom)
1. Pneumograph (CHEST)
2. Pneumograph (Abdomen)
3. Galvanograph (Skin resistance)
4. Cardiosphygmograph (Blood Pressure & Pulse rate)
Change in height of respiratory pressure = change in amplitude.
Normal response = based on response from irrelevant question.
Specific response = deviation from normal tracing.
Emotional response of the subject = Reaction.
Initial Interview = done by investigator to gather information.
Pre-test Interview = to prepare or condition the subject. (20 to 30 minutes)
Constitutional rights, consent, PDS, condition.
Actual Test = Instrumentation.
Before the test: Machine should be I good CONDITION.
Relevant = related to the issue. (Did you stab Pedro with a knife?)
Irrelevant = not related. Ex. “your name is Jose Velarde”
Chart probing = done every after taking each chart.
Post-test = to obtain confession or admission.
General Question Test = series of relevant and irrelevant. Answerable by either YES or NO.

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Peak of Tension = only one relevant question (question that has bearing upon the case).
Silent Answer = no verbal answer.
Gait = manner of walking
Ataxic = foot raised high.
Cerebellar = staggering movement.
Cow’s = swaying movement due to knock-knee.
 Paretic = steps are short, leg held widely.
Spastic = legs are held together.
Waddling = resembles a duck.
Frog’s = hooping gait
Growth
1. 3 to 4 mos. = development of friction ridges.
rd th

2. 4 mos. = growth of hair in the head.

th

3. 5 mos. = nails are distinct.

th

4. 6 mos. = eyebrow and eyelashes begin to appear.

th

5. Most active from 5 to 7 years and 13 to 16 years old.

6. Growth ceases at 25 years old.
7. Pubic hair = 13 years for female; 14 y/o male.
8. Mustache & Beard = 16 to 18 y/o
9. Breast = 13 to 14 y/o
10. Voices = 16 to 18 y/o
11. Pubic hair my turn gray at 30 y/o
12. Menstruation = 12 years (in tropical)

Kinds of Death
1. Somatic Death or clinical death = real death usually declared by physician or family member.
Organ transfer is possible.
2. Apparent Death or State of Suspended Animation = temporary
cessation of vital reaction. 3. Cellular or molecular Death = death of
individual cells (3 to 6 hours, complete at 12 hours) Pathological Classes of
Death
1. Syncope = cessation of circulation
5 minutes = death is certain
= skin is pale and waxy looking means – no blood circulation.
2. Asphyxia = cessation of respiration.
3. Coma = Death of brain and nerves (common symptom = unconsciousness)
Natural Death = illness/ sickness.
Violent Death = outside force.
Abortion = unborn fetus.
Infanticide = less than 3 days.
Algor mortis = cooling of the body/ conclusive sign of death. Fast at 1 to 2 hours. Until no
rate of fall of body temperature at 15 to 20 degree Fahrenheit.
Livor Mortis = changes in the blood (discoloration) (positioned maintained by the body
after death). Starts at 20 to 30 minutes (completes at 12 hours).
Found on the dependent portion (if lying on his back – back)
Hypostatic lividity / Difussion lividity.
Carbon monoxide poisoning/ cyanide- cherry red to pinkish color.
Asphxia- dark lividity
Phosphororus poisoning- dark brown

POST-MORTEM CHANGES ON THE MUSCLE:

A) Primary Flaccidity – initial relaxation of muscles.
 B) Post-mortem rigidity or Rigor Mortis = stiffening of muscles which starts at 3 to 6 hours (2 to 6
hrs.) from lower jaw & neck, completes at 12 hours and last up to 24 to 36/ 36 to 48 hours.
(approximate the time of death) C) Secondary Flaccidity = relaxation of muscles which no longer
respond to mechanical and electrical stimulation.

Cadaveric Spasm = instant stiffening of certain groups of muscles. (Approximate

the cause of death) Stomach becomes empty = about 3 to 4 hours after meal.
Biological = blood, semen, saliva, skin and hair.
Blood = circulating tissue of the body.
Preliminary test = Benzidine 1;300,000; Phenolphthalein 1:80,00
Confirmatory test = surely blood (Microscopic, Microchemical == Takayama, teichman).
Biological Test (Precipitin test) = human or animal
Blood Grouping and blood typing
DNA (Adenine – Thymine/ – Guanine) (A-T & C-G) = four bases of DNA strands.
1. Semen = (3 cotton buds). (Best source of DNA)
2. Blood sample required: 5 cc or 5 ml. (white blood cells is the source of DNA)
3. Cotton buds = 4 for blood and saliva.
4. Hair. (at least 10 hair strands)

TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY --- CRIMINOLOGY --- UNGUD BAISAN

Root = good source of DNA
Shaft
Cuticle = animal (serrated) or human (rounded)
Cortex = race
Medulla = the central core
Tip
Fiber (Natural/ Man-Made or Artificial)
Animal Fiber = ignition (pungent odor)
Plant fiber = ignition (burning wood)
Plaster of Paris = common casting material. (7 Paris plus &
7 parts of water.) Wound = dissolution of tissue
Defense wound = due to self-protection
Patterned wound = sharp edge.
Punctured wound = resemble the shape of the tool
or instrument used. Stab wound = sharp edge and
sharp pointed.
Incised wound = sharp edge.
Punctured = sharp pointed such as ice pick.
Abrasion = due to rough surface.
Close wound:
Contusion = small swelling.
Hematoma = large extravasations of blood in a newly formed cavity.
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