CONTENTS

Chapter 1 1

Chapter 2 11

Chapter 3 51

Chapter 4 89

Chapter 5 191

Chapter 6 211

Chapter 7 233

Chapter 8 293

Chapter 9 , 319

Chapter 10 333

Chapter 11 355

Chapter 12 375

iii
I
Chapter 1

1.1
(a) One dimensional, multichannel, discrete time, and digital.
(b) Multi dimensional, single channel, continuous-time, analog.
(c) One dimensional, single channel, continuous-time, analog.
(d) One dimensional, single channel, continuous-time, analog.
(e) One dimensional, multichannel, discrete-time, digital.

1.2
(a) / = 2 ^ i = 2J5 =► periodic with Np = 200.
(b) / = J f e ( i ) = 1 => Periodic with Np = 7.
(c) / = § | = | => periodic with Np = 2.
(d) / = ■£- => non-periodic.
(e) / = # (£) = 8 =* p eriodic ™th N? = 10 -

1.3
(a) Periodic with period Tp — T?-.
(b) / = £ => non-periodic.
(c) / = y|^ => non-periodic.
(d) cos(|) is non-periodic; cos(Ig-) is periodic; Their product is non-periodic.
(e) cos(Ij-) is periodic with period JVp=4
5 n
' ( i r ) *s P er i°dic w ^ h period Np=16
cos(Z2. + £) i s periodic with period 2Vp=8
Therefore, x(n) is periodic with period NP=16. (16 is the least common multiple of 4,8,16).

1.4
(a) w = ^ - implies that f = jf- Let

a= GCDof (A, AT), i.e.,

Jb = * ' a , A r = Ar' Q .
Then,
Jb'
/ = ——, which implies that

*' = *:
a
1
(b)

N = 7
k 0 1234567
GCD(k,N) 71111117
N0 = 17777771

(c)

N = 16
k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 . . . 16
GCD(k,N) 1 6 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 8 1 2 1 4 . . . 16
Nv = 1 6 8 16 4 16 8 16 2 16 8 164 . . . 1

1.5
(a) Refer to fig 1.1
(b)

Figure 1.1:

x(n) = xa(nT)
za(n/F,)
35z'n(7rn/3) =>

/ = -(-)

2
(c)Refer to fig 1.2

Q""Q

* ■
O »t(ms)
,'20

$...-€>

Figure 1.2:

(d) Yes.
100u\
z ( l ) = 3 = 3 s i n ( - — - ) => F, = 200 samples/sec.
F.

1.6
(a)
x(n) = ylcos(2TFon/F s + 0)
= Acos(27r(T/Tp)n + 6)
But 77TP = / => x(n) is periodic if f is rational.

(b) If x(n) is periodic, then f=k/N where N is the period. Then,

• Td = (jT) = k(%r)T = kTp.

Thus, it takes k periods {kTp) of the analog signal to make 1 period (Td) of the discrete signal.
(c) Td = kTp => NT = ibTp => / = ife/AT = T/T p =» f is rational => x(n) is periodic.

1.7
(a) Fmax = 10kHz => F, > 2Fmax = 20kHz.
(b) For F, = 8*#z, F f o l d = F 3 /2 = 4fc#2 => 5ifctfz will alias to 3kHz.
(c) F=9kHz will alias to 1kHz.

1.8
(a) F m ax = 100kHz, F, > 2 F m a x = 200Hz.
125
(b) /fold = h = ^"

3
1.9
(a) F m a x = 360Hz, FN = 2 i W = 720Hz.
(*>) F fold = ft = ™Hz.
(c)

x(n) x fl (nT)
^(n/F,)
sm(4807m/600) + 3«'n(7207rn/600)
x(n) sin(47rn/5) — 3sin(4Trn/5)
-2sin(4irn/5).

Therefore, w = 4TT/5.
(d) ya(t) = x(F,t) = -2sm(4807rt).

1.10
(a)

Number of bits/sample = /op 2 1024=10.

_ [10,000 bits/sec]
F,
[10 bits/sample]
= 1000 samples/sec.
F
io\d = bOOHz.

(b)
1800*
^max — —^
2ir
- 900Hz]
FN = 2Fmax = 1800#z.
(<0
600* 1
/i =
2* {F/
0.3;
1800* 1
h = 2* {
F/
0.9;
But / 2 = 0.9 > 0 . 5 = » / 2 = 0.1.
Hence, x(n) = 3co$[(2*)(0.3)n] + 2cos[(2*)(0.1)n]
g
^a A - m " ~ g m i n _ 5 - ( - 5 ) _— _io_
\) ^ ~ m-l ~~ 1023 1023-

1.11

x(n) = za(nT)
/l00xn\ n . f250nn\
V 200 / V 200 /
4
 = 3cos (=)-«. (2=)
T
' = ISO =>»•(') = «(«/!*)

ya(<) = 3cos(500?rt) - 2s:n(750irt)

1.12
(a) For F, = 300tfz,

x(n) = 3cos (-T-J + lOsin(Tn) — cos (-—-]

3CO5
= (T)-3COS(T)
(b) x r (/) = 3cos(100007rt/6) - cos(100007rt/3)

1.13
(a)
Range = xmax - ^min = 12.7.
_ , range
m = 1 + —T—
A
= 1 2 7 + 1 = 128 =>/oy 2 (128)
= 7 bits.
(b) m = 1 + ^ = 636 => /op2(636) => 10 bit A/D.

1.14

* = ( 2 0 f!ES!«) x ( 8 Ji!» )
sec sample
,««bits
= 160
sec
= l0Hz
^foid = f2 -
lvolt
Resolution =
28-l
= 0.004.

1.15
(a) Refer to fig 1.3. With a sampling frequency of 5kHz, the maximum frequency that can be
represented is 2.5kHz. Therefore, a frequency of 4.5kHz is aliased to 500Hz and the frequency of
3kHz is aliased to 2kHz.
(b) Refer to fig 1.4. y(n) is a sinusoidal signal. By taking the even numbered samples, the
sampling frequency is reduced to half i.e., 25kHz which is still greater than the nyquist rate. The
frequency of the downsampled signal is 2kHz.

5
 Ft - SKHz, F0-500HZ F» - 5KHz, F0-2000HZ

SO 100 50 100

F » - 5 K H z , F0-3000H2 F t > SKHz. F0-4500HZ

100

1.16
(a) for levels = 64, using truncation refer to fig 1.5.
for levels = 128, using truncation refer to fig 1.6.
for levels = 256, using truncation refer to fig 1.7.
(b) for levels = 64, using rounding refer to fig 1.8.
for levels = 128, using rounding refer to fig 1.9.
for levels = 256, using rounding refer to fig 1.10.
(c) The sqnr with rounding is greater than with truncation. But the sqnr improves as the
number of quantization levels are increased.
(d)
levels 64 128 256
theoretical sqnr 43.9000 49.9200 55.9400
sqnr with truncation 31.3341 37.359 43.7739
sqnr with rounding 32.754 39.2008 44.0353
The theoretical sqnr is given in the table above. It can be seen that theoretical sqnr is much
higher than those obtained by simulations. The decrease in the sqnr is because of the truncation
and rounding.

6
 FO - 2KH2, Fs-50kHz

tov*» - 64, using trunatfon, SQNR - 31.3341 dB

Figure 1.5:

7
 levels « 128. using truncation. SQNR « 37 3590B

100 150 200

—>n

100 150 200

—>n

Figure 1.6:

levels x 256. using truncation. SONR-43 7739dB

100 150 200

—>n

Figure 1.7:

8
lewte - 64, uting roundng, SQNR-32.754dB

Figure 1.8:

tmmi% ■ 128. tning roundng, SQNR«39.2006d3

Figure 1.9:

9
levels = 256, using rounding, SQNR=44.0353dB

100 150 200

—>n

Figure 1.10:

10
Chapter 2

2.1
(a)
x(n) = j . . . O , i , ? , l , l , l , l , 0 , . . . j
Refer to fig 2.1.
(b) After folding s(n) we have

Z0

1/3

3
-3 .2 -1 0 1 2 4

Figure 2.1:

x ( - n ) = | . .0,1,1,1,1, | , i , 0 , . . . | .

After delaying the folded signal by 4 samples, we have

x(-n + 4) = I.. .0,0,1,1,1,1,|, i,0,... j .

On the other hand, if we delay x(n) by 4 samples we have

x(n - 4) = j . . . 0,0, i , | , 1,1,1,1,0,.. X .

Now, if we fold x(n — 4) we have

ar(_n-4)=|...0,l,lllJl,|>i,0J0,...J

11
(c)
*(-n + 4)=|...0,l,l,l,l,|,i,0,...J

(d) To obtain x(—n -f k), first we fold x(n). This yields x(-n). Then, we shift x(—n) by k
samples to the right if k > 0, or k samples to the left if k < 0.
(e) Yes.
1 2
x(n) = -6{n - 2) + -£(n + 1) + u(n) - u(n - 4)

2.2
*(n) = {...0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,...}

(a)
x(n-2) = {...0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,...}

(b)

x(4-n)=j...0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,
}
(see 2.1(d))
(0
x(n + 2) = i . . . 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 5 , 0 , . . . !

(d)
x(n)ti(2-n)={...0,1,1,1,1,0,0,...}

(«)
x ( n - l ) 6 ( n - 3 ) = i...0,0,1,0,...1

(0
x(n2) = {...0,x(4),x(l),x(0),x(l),x(4),0,...}
= {...0,1,1,1,1,1,0,...}

(g)
, /„\ _ *(n) + *(~n)
*e( n ) = 2 '

x(-n) = {...0,5,5,1,1,1,1,0,...}

f « 1 1 1 , , , * 1 *A 1

12
(h)

,.(„) = *(»)-*(-»)
•v ' 2
„ 1 1 1 „ „ „ 1 1 1
-{ 0.-i.-i.-2.0.0.°.2'i'i

2.3
(a)
C 0, n < 0
ti(n) - u(n - 1) = 6(n) = I 1, n = 0
I 0, n > 0

0>)

* ( » - * > = ( 1, n>0

2.4
Let

*o(n)= - [ x ( n ) - x ( - n ) j .

Since
x«(-n) = x e (n)
and
x 0 (-n) = -x 0 (n),
it follows that
x(n) = x e (n) + x 0 (n).
The decomposition is unique. For

x(n)= 12,3,4,5,61,

we have
*.(n)=|4,4,4,4,4|

and
x0(n) = j - 2 , - l , 0 , l , 2 | .

13
2.5
First, we prove that
oo
E x e (n)x„(n) = 0

n=—oo

oo oo
E x e (n)x 0 (n) = E xe(-m)x0(-m)
n — — oo m=-oo
oo
= - E *e(m)x 0 (m)
m=—oo
oo

= - E x'(n)x°(n)
n=—oo
oo
= 2 *e(n)x e (n)
n=—oo
= 0
Then,

E *'(») = E [*.(») + *.(»)]*

n = —oo n = —oo

= E *J(»)+ E *5(»)+ E 2x c (n)x 0 (n)

ns-oo ns-oo fi=—oo

2.6
(a) No, the system is time variant. Proof: If

*( n ) — y(n) = x n
( *)
*(»-*)-Vi(n) = x[(n-*)2]
= x(n 2 + k2 - 2nk)
# y ( n - *)

(b) (1)
x(n)= jo.l.l, 1,1,0,... I

(2)
y(n)=x(n 2 ) = {...,0,1,1,1,0,...}

(3)
y ( n - 2 ) = {...,0,0,1,1,1,0,...}

14
 (4)
x ( n - 2 ) = | . ..,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,..A

(5)
y2(n) = T[x(n - 2)] = / . . . , 0,1,0,0,0,1,0,..A

(6)
J/2(n) ^ y(n — 2) =>• system is time variant.

(0 (1)
*(n)= jl, 1,1,1 j
(2)
y(n) = {l T ,0,0,0,0,-1}

(3)
y ( n - 2 ) = {o,0,1,0,0,0,0,-lj

(4)
x ( n - 2 ) = jo,0,1,1,1,1,1 J

(5)
y2(n) = | o , o , i , o , o , o , o , - i |

(6)
yi(n) = y{* ~ 2).
The svstem is time invariant, but this example alone does not constitute a proof.
(d) (1*)
y(n) = nx(n),

: ( n ) = | . . . ,0,1,1,1,1,0,. .A

(2)

y( n ) = | . . . ,0,1,2,3,..A

(3)

y(n - 2 ) = | . . . , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , . . A

(4)
:(n-2)=|...,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,..A

15
 (5)
y 2 (n) = T [ x ( n - 2 ) ] = { . . . , 0 , 0 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , . . . }

(6)
SfcC") 7^ y(n — 2) => the system is time variant.

2.7
(a) Static, nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable.
(b) Dynamic, linear, time invariant, noncausal and unstable. The latter is easily proved.
For the bounded input x(k) = u(Jb), the output becomes

*»)=I>«={°'+2, "t-l
since y(n) —► oo as n —► oo, the system is unstable.
(c) Static, linear, timevariant, causal, stable.
(d) Dynamic, linear, time invariant, noncausal, stable.
(e) Static, nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable.
(f) Static, nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable.
(g) Static, nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable.
(h) Static, linear, time invariant, causal, stable.
(i) Dynamic, linear, time variant, noncausal, unstable. Note that the bounded input
x(n) = u(n) produces an unbounded output.
(j) Dynamic, linear, time variant, noncausal, stable.
(k) Static, nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable.
(1) Dynamic, linear, time invariant, noncausal, stable.
(m) Static, nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable.
(n) Static, linear, time invariant, causal, stable.

2.8
(a) True. If
vi(n) = 7 i [ * i ( n ) ] and
v 2 (n) = T i M n ) 3 ,
then
cnxi(n) + a 2 x 2 ( n )
yields
c*ivi(n) + a2t>2(n)
by the linearity property of T\. Similarly, if
yi(n) = T 2 [vi(n)] and

!/2(n) = T 2 [v 2 (n)],
then
ftfiO-O + &v 2 (n) — y(n) = 0iyi(n) + / ^ ( n )
by the linearity property of T 2 . Since
vi(n) = Ti[xi(n)] and

16
 v 2 (n) = T 2 [x 2 (n)],
it follows that
Aix 1 (n) + A 2 x 2 (n)
yields the output
A1T[x1(n)) + A2T{x2(n)l
where T = TiT 2 . Hence T is linear.
(b) True. For 7i, if
x(n) —► v(n) and

x(n — ib) —► v(n — k),

For T 2 , if
f ( n ) — y(")

andr(n —fc)—♦ y(n — k).

Hence, For T1T2, if
x(n) —► y(n) and

x(n - k) -* y{n - k)
Therefore, T = T1T2 is time invariant.
(c) True. 7i is causal => v(n) depends only on x(k) for ib < n. 7^ is causal => y(n) depends only on v(ib) for k
n. Therefore, y(n) depends only on x(ib) for ib < n. Hence, T is causal.
(d) True. Combine (a) and (b). 1
(e) True. This follows from hi(n) * /»2(n) = /»2(n) * /»i(n) '*
(f) False. For example, consider
7i : y(n) = nx(n) and

T2 : y(n) = nx(n + 1).

Then,

72[Tx[6(n)]] = T2(0) = 0.
7i[T2[*(n)]] = Ti[«(n+1)]
= - $ ( n + l)
5* 0.

(g) False. For example, consider

T\ '• y( n ) = *( n ) + & and

T2 : y(n) = x(n) — 6, where 6 ^ 0 .

Then,
T[x(n)] = 7 2 pi[*(n)]] = 7 2 [x(n) + 6] = x(n).
Hence T is linear.
(h) True.
Ti is stable => v(n) is bounded if x(n) is bounded.

T2 is stable =» y(n) is bounded if u(n) is bounded .

17
Hence, y(n) is bounded if x(n) is bounded =$► T = T\T2 is stable.
(i) Inverse of (c). T\ and for T2 are noncausal => T is noncausal. Example:

Ti : y(n) = x(n + 1) and

T2 : y(n) = z(n - 2)
=>T:y(n) = x(n - 1),

which is causal. Hence, the inverse of (c) is false.

Inverse of (h): T\ and/or T2 is unstable, implies T is unstable. Example:

7i : y(n) = ex^n\ stable and T2 : y(n) = /n[x(n)], which is unstable.

But T : y(n) = x(n), which is stable. Hence, the inverse of (h) is false.

2.9
(a)

y(n) = 22 h(k)x(n-k),x{n) = 0,n<0

k——oo
n+N n+N
y(n + N) = ^ h(k)x(n + N-k)= 22 *(Jb)r(n - it)
k = —00 i=-oo
n n+N
= J2 h(k)x{n-k)+ 22 M*)*(n-*)
t=-oo *=n+l
n+N
= y(«)+ £ *(*)*(»-*)
*=n+l

For a BIBO system, limn-.oolM n )l = 0- Therefore,

n+N
lim„_oo 22 M * ) x ( n — k) = 0 and
*=n+l

limn^ooyCn + AT) = y(N).

(b) Let x(n) = x0(n) + au(n), where a is a constant and

x 0 (n) is a bounded signal with lim x0(n) = 0.

n-^oo

Then,

y{n) = of] M*)«(n-*) + E *(*)*•(»"*)

Jb=0 i=0

= a £>(*) + ».(*)
*=0

x n
clearly, £ n l( ) < °° =* E n 2fo(n) < ° ° ( f r o m ( c ) below) Hence,

limn^oolj/oCn)! = 0.

18
and, thus, lim n _ 0 0 y(n) = a^_Qh(k) = constant.
(0
y(") = J>(*)«(»-*)
k
oo

E^w = £ £>(*)*(»-*)- o o L fc

= £X>(*W')2>(»-*)*(»-*)
k i

But
£ x ( n - * ) * ( n - / ) < £ x 2 ( n ) = 2?,.
n n
Therefore,

For a BIBO stable system,

£|/>(*)|<M.
k
Hence,
Ey < M2EX, so that
Ey < 0 ii Ex < 0.

2.10
The system is nonlinear. This is evident from observation of the pairs
and
*3(n) «-» $te(n) *2(n) *-♦ !/2(n).
If the system were linear, yiin) would be of the form

y 2 (n) = {3,6,3}

because the system is time-in variant. However, this is not the case.

2.11
since
xi(n) + x2{n) = 6(n)
and the system is linear, the impulse response of the system is

Vi(n)+ !&(*)= JO, 3,-1,2, l j .

If the system were time invariant, the response to X3(n) would be

{3,2,1,3,1}.
But this is not the case.

19
2.12
(a) Any weighted linear combination of the signals x,(n), i = 1,2,..., iV.
(b) Any x,(n — Jb), where k is any integer and i = 1,2,..., N.

2.13
A system is BIBO stable if and only if a bounded input produces a bounded output.
y(n) = J>(*)*(n-*)
k

\y(n)\ < 2>(*)ll*(»-*)l

fc

< Jlf,J>(*)l
k

where \z(n — k)\ < Mx. Therefore, |y(n)| < oo for all n, if and only if

5>(*)l<oo.
k

2.14
(a) A system is causal <=► the output becomes nonzero after the input becomes non-zero. Hence,
x(n) = 0 for n < n0 =>• y(n) = 0 for n < n0.
i

(b)
n
y(n) = ^2 M * ) z ( n ~ *)• w*iere * ( n ) = 0 for n < 0.
—oo

If h(k) = 0 for ib < 0, then

n
y(n) = Y j /i(ib)x(n — ib), and hence, y(n) = 0 for n < 0.
o
On the other hand, if y(n) = 0 for n < 0, then
n
^2 h(k)x(n - k) =>fc(ib)= 0, ib < 0.
— oo

2.15
(a)

For a = 1, ] T an AT-M + 1

N
flM + flM+l + _ + a ^

fora^l, ] T a n
flJ* + flAf+1 _ a M+l + + a N _ aN _ flJV+l

(l-a)£>»
20
= 0,|a| < 1, and N -► oo,
00
l
a | < 1.
n=0

y(n) = £>(*)*(n-*)
k

x(n
I>w = E !>(*)*(*-*) = £*(*) £
n n fc fc n=-oo

y(n) = fc(n)* x(n) = {1,3,7,7,7,6,4}

£y(n) = 35, J>(*) = 5. £*(*) = ?

n i t

y(n) = {1,4,2,-4,1}
£y(n) = 4, £>(*) = 2, £*(*) = 2
n i k

y(«) = {o,|,-i |,-2,o,-|,- 2 j

£„(n) = -5, £*(») = 2.5, £>(n) = -2
n n n

y(n) = {1,2,3,4,5}
£ y(n) = 15, £ h(n) = 1, £ x(n) = 15
n « n

y(n) = {0,0,1,-1,2,2,1,3}
£>(») = 8. 5>0») = 4, £>(n) = 2
n n «

y(n) = {0,0,1,-1,2,2,1,3}
E v ( n ) = 8, 5 > ( n ) = 2, J>(n) = 4

y(n) = { 0 , 1 , 4 , - 4 , - 5 , - 1 , 3 }

21
 £ > ( n ) = -2, £fc(n) = - l , ^x(n) = 2
n n n

y(n) = u{n) + u(n - 1) + 2u(n - 2)

£ y(n) = oo, E h(n) = oo, E x(n) = 4

n n n

y(n) = {1,-1,-5,2,3,-5,1,4}

£ y ( n ) = 0, *£h(n) = 0, ^x(n) = 4
n n n

y(n) = {1,4,4,4,10,4,4,4,1}

£ y ( n ) = 36, ^li(n) = 6, Ex(n) =6

y(") = [2(i) n -(i)>(n)

E^) = !> E*(n) = r, E^) = 2

x(n) =
t1'1'1}
A(n) = J6,5,4,3,2,lj
n
y(n) =
i=0
y(o) = x(o)h(o) = e, ,
y(i) = x(0)/i(l) + x(l)/i(0) = l l
y(2) = x(0)/j(2) + x(l)/»(l) + x(2)h(0) = 15
y(3) = x(0)/i(3) + x(l)h(2) + x(2)/»(l) + x(Z)h(0) = 18
y(4) = x(0)/*(4) + x(l)h(Z) + x(2)/»(2) + x(3)/i(l) + x(4)/i(0) = 14
y(5) = x(0)/i(5) + x(l)h(4) + x(2)A(3) + x{Z)h(2) + x(4)h(l) + x(5)/i(0) =
y(6) = x(l)/»(5) + x(2)/i(4) + x(Z)h{2) = 6
y(7) = x(2)/i(5) + x(Z)h(4) = 3
y(8) = x(3)/»(5) = 1
y(n) = 0,n>9

y(n) = |6,11,15,18,14,10,6,3, l |

22
(b) By following the same procedure as in (a), we obtain

y(n) = |6,11,15,18,14,10,6,3, l |

(c) By following the same procedure as in (a), we obtain

y(n) = j l , 2 , 2 , 2 , l |

(d) By following the same procedure as in (a), we obtain

y(n) = jl,2,2,2,lj

2.18
(a)
f 1 2 4 5 n\

h(n) = jl,l,l,l,ll
y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
(I „ 10 20 a 11 n\

(b)

*( n ) = 3»»[«(»»)-w(»»-7)],
/i(n) = u(n + 2) - u(n - 3)
y(n) = x(n).*/i(n)
= -ri[ti(n) - u(n - 7)] * [ti(n + 2) - ti(n - 3)]

= -n[u(n) * u(n + 2) - u(n) * u(n - 3) - u(n - 7) * u(n + 2) + u(n - 7) * u(n - 3)]

o
y(n) = \6{n + 1) + <5(n) + 2S(n - 1) + ~ ^ ( n - 2) 4- b6(n - 3) + ^ 6 ( n - 4) + 66(n - 5)
3 o o
+56{n - 6) + 56(n - 6) + ^6{n - 7) + $(n - 8)

2.19

y(n) = £>(*)*(n-*),

*(n) = j Or"3, Of- 2 , Or" 1 , 1, Or, . . ., Or 5 1

h(n) = j l , 1,1,1, l |

23
 y(«) = X>(n~*),-3<n<9
= 0, otherwise.

Therefore,

lK-3"
lK-2' = Xr(-3) + x ( - 2 ) = a"3 + a-2,
- 33 ■ _ - 22 , _ _- 1l
y(-i = a~ + a~ + a ,
y(o = a"3 + a"2 + a ~ 1 + 1
y(i - 3 + a-
-3
y(2 ~ 2 + a~ 1 + I + 0 + Q3
y(3 a"1 + l + a + a 2 + a^33
y(4 a 4 + a 3 + a 2: +, a_ +, _1
y(5 a + a2 + a 3 + a4 + a5,
y(6 a2 + a3 + a4 + a5
y(7 <3 + a 4 + a 5 ,
y(8 r4 + a5s
y(9 = Q5

2.20
(a) 131 x 122 = 15982
( b ) { l T , 3 , l } * { l T , 2 , 2 } = {1,5,9,8,2}
(c) (1 + 3z + z 2 )(l + 22 + 2z 2 ) = 1 + 52 + 92 2 + 8z 3 + 22 4
(d) 1.31 x 12.2 = 15.982.
(e) These are different ways to perform convolution.

2.21
(a)

y(n) = ^2aku(k)bn-ku(n - k) = bn ^ ( a t " 1 ) *

k=0 k-0

6"(n+l)u(n), a =

(b)

*(n) {l,2,l,l}
A(n) {l,-l,0,0,l,ll

y(") {1,1,-1,0,0,3,3,2,1}

24
(0
x(n) = |l,l,l, l,l,0,~l|,

h(n) = {l,2,3,2,l}

y{n) = |l,3,6,8,9,8,5,1,-2,-2,-lj

(d)

x(n) = /l.l.l.l.l},

h'{n) = {o,0,l,l,l,l,l,l}
h(n) = h'(n) + h'(n - 9),
y(n) - y/(n) + y / ( n - 9 ) , where

y'(n) = {M,l,2,3,4,5,5,4,3,2,l}

2.22
(a)
y.(") x(n)*hi(n)
yi(n) x(n) + x ( n - 1)
{1,5,6,5,8,8,6,7,9,12,12,15,9}, similarly
Sft(n) {1,6,11,11,13,16,14,13,15,21,25,28,24,9}
ya(n) {0.5,2.5,3,2.5,4,4,3,3.5,4.5,6,6,7.5,4.5}
y4(n) {0.25,1.5,2.75,2.75,3.25,4,3.5,3.25,3.75,5.25,6.25,7,6,2.25}
ys(n) {0.25,0.5,-1.25,0.75,0.25, -1,0.5,0.25,0,0.25, -0.75,1,-3, -2.25}

(b)
y3(w) = ^yi(n), because

M") = -^i(n)

y4(n) = -.^(n), because

/i4(n) = -/»2(n)

(c) y2(") and y4(n) are smoother than yi(n), but y4(n) will appear even smoother because of the
smaller scale factor.
(d) System 4 results in a smoother output. The negative value of As(0) is responsible for the
non-smooth characteristics of ys(n)
(e)
, , fl 3 1 , . 1 1 13 9\
( n ) = 1, , , ,1, ,
* \2'2' '2' ' 2 2 ~2 2'~2J
y2(n) is smoother than y6(n).

25
2.23
if
yi(n) = nyi(n - 1) + Xi(n) and
yi(n) = n y 2 ( n - l ) + x 2 (n) then
x(n) = axi(n)+6x 2 (n)
produces the output
y(n) = ny(n - 1) + x(n), where
y(w) = ayi(n) + 6y2(n).
Hence, the system is linear. If the input is x(n — 1), we have
y ( n - l ) = ( n - l ) y ( n - 2 ) + x ( n - l ) . But
y(n - 1) = ny(n - 2) + x(n - 1).
Hence, the system is time variant. If x(n) = u(n), then |x(n)| < 1. But for this bounded input,
the output is
y(0) = 1, y(l) = 1 + 1 = 2, y(2) = 2x2 + 1 = 5 , . . .
which is unbounded. Hence, the system is unstable.

2.24

6(n) = 7(n) — af{n — 1) and,

6(n - k) = 7 (n - *) - 07(71 - ib - 1). Then,

x(n) = £) z(*)*(n-*)

= £ *(*)[7(n-*)-a7(n-fc-l)]
Jk=-oo

x(n) f; *(*)7(n-*)-af; x(*)7(n-*-l)

i = —00 i = — 00
00 00

x(n) £ x(*)7(n-*)-a £ *(«-l)T(n-«)

Jfc=-oo k=-oo
00
E [*(*)-a*(*-l)]7(n-*)

Thus, Ci = x(Jfc) - ax(ib - 1)

(b)
y(n) = T[x(n))

= T[f; c 4 7 (n-*)]
t=-oo

= f; ckT[f(n-k))
k=-oc
oo

= 51 c*0(n"*)
26
(c)

h(n) = T[6(n)]
= T[y(n) - ay(n - 1)]
= 9(n) - ag{n - 1)

2.25
With x(n) = 0, we have

y{*~i) + \y{n-i) = o

y(-i) = -|y(-2)

y(0) = (-|)2y(-2)

y(i) = (-|)3K-2)

y(it) = (—-) i+2 y(—2) <— zero-input response.

o

2.26
Consider the homogeneous equation:

y(n) - gV(n - 1) + -y(n - 2) = 0.

The characteristic equation is

* ~ ^ A + 7 = 0.A = - , - .
6 6 2 3
Hence,
»(n) = c1(i)» + c2(i)»
The particular solution to
x(n) = 2 n u(n) is
lfr(n) = * ( 2 > ( n ) .
Substitute this solution into the difference equation. Then, we obtain

A(2")ti(n) - k^){Vl)u(n - 1) + *(i)(2"- 2 )ti(n - 2) = 2"u(n)

For n = 2,
, 5k k , 8
4 +
*-T 6=4^*=5-
Therefore, the total solution is

y(n) = yp(n) + yjk (n) = f ( 2 > ( n ) + C!(i)"u(n) + Ci(±)nu(n).

To determine ci and C2, assume that y(—2) = y(—1) = 0. Then,

y(0) = 1 and

27
 y(i) = gy(o) + 2 = ~
Thus,

- + ci + c2 1 => C l + C 2 = - "
16 1 1
T+2C l +
3C2

and, therefore,
Cx = - l , C 2 = -.

The total solution is

y(*) = |(2)" - (|r + | ( | r u(n)

2.27
y(n) - 3y(n - 1) - 4y(n - 2) = x(n) + 2x(n - 1)
The characteristic equation is
A2 - 3A - 4 = 0.
Hence, A = 4, — 1 and
yh(n) = c 1 ( n ) 4 n + c 2 ( - l ) n .
Since 4 is a characteristic root and the excitation is

x(n) = 4 n «(n),

we assume a particular solution of the form

yp(n) = Mnu(n).

Then
Jfcn4nu(n) - 3k(n - l)4 n _ 1 ti(n - 1) - 4ib(n - 2 ) 4 n _ 2 u ( " ~ 2)
= 4 n u(n) + 2(4) n " 1 t*(n - 1)
For n = 2,
*(32 - 12) = 4 2 + 8 = 24 — k = -.

The total solution is

y(n) = yp(n) + yh(n)

-n4n + c14f,+C2(-l)' u(n)

o

To solve for c\ and c2, we assume that y(—1) = y(-2) = 0. Then,

y(0) = 1 and

y(l) = 3y(0) + 4 + 2 = 9
Hence,
d -+- c2 = 1 and

28
 24 A
-r- + 4ci - c2 = 9
2 1
A
4ci - c 2 = -—
Therefore,
26 . 1
Cl = -andc2 = ~
The total solution is
y(») = u(n)

2.28
From 2.27, the characteristic values are A = 4, —1. Hence
yh(n) = c 1 4 n + c 2 ( - l ) n
When x(n) = 6(7V), we find that
y(0) = 1 and
y(l) - 3y(0) = 2 or
y(i) = 5.
Hence,
c\ + c 2 = 1 and 4ci — c 2 = 5
This yields, ci = | and c2 = — \. Therefore,

fc(n) =
I4" " it"1)" «(«)
2.29
(a) I i = N\ + Mi and L2 = N7 + M 2
(b) Partial overlap from left:
low # ! + Mi high JVx + M 2 - 1
Full overlap: low N\ + M 2 high 7V2 + Mi
Partial overlap from right:
low iV2 + Mi + 1 high N2 + M 2
(c)

x(n) = |l,l,l,l,l,l,l|

h(n) = {2,2,2,2}

JVi = "2,
^2 = 4,
Mi = -1,
M2 = 2,

Partial overlap from left: n = —3 n = —1 Li

Full overlap: n = 0 n= 3
:
Partial overlap from right:n = 4 n= 6 I2

29
2.30
(a)
y(n) - 0.6y(n - 1) + 0.08y(n - 2) = x(n).
The characteristic equation is
y - 0.6A + 0.08 = 0.
A = 0.2,0.4 Hence,
ln 2n

With x(n) = <5(n), the initial conditions are

y(o) = i,
y(l)-0.6y(0) = 0 =}► y(l) = 0.6.
Hence, ci + c 2 = 1 and
-ci + - = 0.6 =>C! = - l , c 2 = 3.
0 O

Therefore /i(n) = -(l)"+2(|r «(«)

The step response is

n
5(n) = ^/»(n-*),n> 0
i=0

■ {"i[r-fo[<r'-]}«>
(b)
y(n) - 0.7y(n - 1) + 0.1y(n - 2) = 2x(n) - x(n - 2).
The characteristic equation is
A ' - 0 . 7 A + 0.1 = 0.
A = ~, | Hence,
ln ln
yh(n) = c1- + c2- .
With x(n) = 6(n), we have

V(0) = 2,
y(l)-0.7y(0) = 0 =» y(l) = 1.4.
Hence,ci + c 2 = 2 and
1 7
! , .
Cl + M =
2 5 = 5
2 14

These equations yield

10 4
Cl =
T' C 2 = "3-
h(n) = «(n)
3V 3V
30
 The step response is

s(n) = £h(n-k),
fc=o

i=0 t=o
= Tib-^-Ub"^
*=o i=0
n
10 1 " 1 1
= (2 +1 1)u(n) { (5n+1 1)u(n)
y<5 " " " zi "

2.31

f 1 ! 1 l \
H{n) =
\}'2'i'8'l6/
y(n) = {l,2,2.5,3,3,3,2,l,o}
x(0)/i(0) = y(0) => x(0) = 1
ix(0) + x(l) = y(l)=>x(l)=^

By continuing this process, we obtain

«(»)={l.|,|.J.|.- j

2.32
(a) h{n) = /n(n) * [h2(n) - h3{n) * h4(n))
(b)

/i3(n) * h4{n) ( n - l)u(n-2)

h2(n) - h3{n) * /i4(n) 2u(n) - 6(n)
I6(n) + I6(„-l)+l6(n-.2)

Hence /i(n) = ]-6(n) + i$(n - 1) + ^6(n - 2)1 * [2u(n

= i6(n) + ^ ( n - l ) + 26(n-2) + 5 u ( n -

(0

x(n) {1,0,0,3,0,-4}
f1 5 25 13 c n rt n \
y(n)

31
2.33
First, we determine

s(n) = u(n) * h(n)

00

i=0
oo

= £.~*
= r-,n>0
a— 1

For x(n) = u(n + 5) — u(n — 10), we have the response

an+6 - 1 an_9 - 1
s(n + 5) - s(n - 10) = -—u(n + 5) -—u(n - 10)
a—1 a— 1
From figure P2.33,

y(n) = x(n) * h(n) - x{n) * h(n - 2)

an+6 ~ 1 / ^ an~9 - 1u n 1 0
Hence, y(n) = 7—u(" + 5) r~ ( - )
a n— 1 a — 1
a +4 - 1 a"-11 - 1
T—u(n + 3) + — u ( n - 12)y
a—1 a- 1

2.34

fc(n) = [u(n)-u(n-M))/M
00

*(n) = £ #(""*)
*=-oo

A/

2.35

£ W")l = £ |oP
n = — 00 n=0,neven

n=0
1
" 1-lap
Stable if Id < 1

32
2.36
h(n) — anu(n). The response to u(n) is
00

yi(n) = £«(*)*(*-*)
fc=o

i=0

Then, y(n) = y^n) - yi(n - 10)

= -i-[(l-a"+1)u(n)-(l-a^9)
1—a

2.37
We may use the result in problem 2.36 with a = \. Thus,

y(") = 2 »-(3)"+l u(n) - 2 i-(5)- 9 u(n

2.38
(a)

y(n) = £ *(*)*(*-*)
k= -oo

= E(5) l 2-'
1=0 ^

= 2"[i-(^r +1 ](|)
= f[2n+1-(i)n+1]«(n
(b)

y(«) = £ *(*)*(«-*)
*=-oo

= £>« fc=0

= f)(5)* = 2.»<0
fc=0

33
 y(n) = JTh{k)
00
1

00 n-1 .

= £(?>*-£<3>*

= 2(i)-,n>0.

2.39
(a)
h e (n) = ni(n)*n2(n)*n3(n)
= [6(n) - 6(n - 1)] * ti(n) * n(n)
= (u(n)-u(n-l)]*n(n)
= $(n)*/»(n)
= *(n)
(b) No.

2.40
(a) x(n)6(n — no) = x(no). Thus, only the value of x(n) at n = no is of interest.
x(n) * 6(n — no) = x(n — no). Thus, we obtain the shifted version of the sequence x(n).
(b)

y(n) = f; n(*)x(n-*)

= h(n) * x(n)
Linearity :xi(n) —♦ yi(n) = n(n)*xi(n)
*2(n)-»lfe(n) = M n ) * x 2 (n)
Then x(n) = a x i ( n ) + /?x 2 (n) -* y(n) = n(n) * x(n)
y(n) = n ( n ) * [ a x 1 ( n ) + /?x 2 (n)]
= ah(n) * xx(n) + ^n(n) * x 2 (n)
= <*yi(n) + /?y2(n)
Time Invariance:
x(n) —► y(n) = n(n) * x(n)
x(n-n0)-*yi(n) = n(n)*x(n-n0)
= £/»(*)x(n-n0-*)

= y(n - n 0 )

(c) h(n) = 6(n - n 0 ).

34
2.41
(a) s(n) = -ais(n - 1) - a?s(n - 2) - ... - aNs(n - N) + b0v(n). Refer to fig 2.2.
(b) v(n) = fb3 [s(n) + ais{n - 1) + a2s(n - 2) + ... + aNs(n - N)]. Refer to fig 2.3

v(n) s(n)
*
Q

Q>
■*1

-a 2 «

Figure 2.2:

2.42

y(«) = - j v ( n - l ) + x(n) + 2 x ( n - 2 )

!K-2) = - ± y ( - 3 ) + x(-2) + 2 x ( - 4 ) = l

y(-l) = -iy(-2)+x(-l) + 2x(-3)=|

y(0) = - j y ( - i ) + 2*(-2) + x(0) = H

y(i) = -iy(o) + *(i) + 2x(-i) = j . e t c

2.43
(a) Refer to fig 2.4
(b) Refer to fig 2.5

35
 s(n)
1/bb
< • >

z-1

< • >

Y
,-i

Figure 2.3:

2.44
(a)

x(n) = i 1,0,0,...!

y(«) = 2^n_1) + z n
( )+ x
(n-1)
y(0) = x(0)=l,
y(i) = ^y(o) + x(i) + x(o) = ?
1 3
y(2) = -y(l) + x(2) + x(l) = T . Thus, we obtain
I 4
n (. 3 3 n | \
y{n)
"" 1 ' 2 ' 4 ' 8 , 1 6 , 3 2 , " J
(b) y(n) = \y{n - 1) + x(n) + x(n - 1)
(c) As in part(a), we obtain
, f 5 13 29 61 \
,(B, = 1 , , ,
i '2 7»7 18 -j
(d)
y(n) = u(n) * A(n)
= £«(*)*(n-*)
k

36
 =Q 1/2 y(»l

-1/2 *.

Q>

3/2

Figure 2.4:

= X>("-*)
y(0) = M0)=1
y(l) = M0) + M 1 ) = |
13
y(2) = h(0) + Ml) + M 2 ) = j , etc

(e) from part(a), h(n) = 0 for n < 0 => the system is causal.
00
3 1 1
]§T |/i(n)| = l + r ( l + r + - + --.) = 4 = J ' system is stable
n=0

2.45
(a)

V(n) = ay(n - 1) + 6z(n)

n
=>&(n) = 6o u(n)

f>(n) =
n=0
=►6 = 1-a.

37
 x(n) y(n)

,-1
-1

"0
,-1

Figure 2.5:

»(n) = J>(n-*)
k-0
1 - a"*1
= b «( n )
1-a
*(oo) = 1
1-a
=>6 1-a.

a in both cases.

V(n) = 0.8y(n - 1) + 2x(n) + 3x(n -- 1 )

y(n)-0.8y(n-l) = 2x(n) + 3x(n - 1)
The characteristic equation is
A-0.8 = 0
A = 0.8.
Vh(n) = c(0.8) n

38
Let us first consider the response of the sytem

y{n) - 0.8y(n - 1) = x(n)

to x(n) = S(n). Since y(0) = 1, it folows that c = 1. Then, the impulse response of the original
system is

h(n) = 2(0.8) n u(n) + 3 ( 0 . 8 ) n - 1 t i ( n - l )

= 26(n) + 4.6(0.8) n " 1 u(n - 1)

(b) The inverse system is characterized by the difference equation

x(n) = -1.5x(n - 1) + -y(n) - 0Ay(n - 1)

Refer to fig 2.6

0.5

-1.5 -0.4

Figure 2.6:

2.47
y(n) - 0.9y(n - 1) + x(n) + 2x(n - 1) + 3x(n - 2)
(a)For x(n) = <5(n), we have

y(o) = i,
y(i) = 2.9,
y(2) = 5.61,
y(3) = 5.049,
y(4) = 4.544,
y(5) = 4.090,

39
(b)

«(0) = y(0)=l,
*0) = y(0) + y(l) = 3.91
5(2) = y(0) + y(l) + y(2) = 9.51
*(3) = y(0) + y ( l ) + y ( 2 ) + y(3)= 14.56

*(4) = £ y ( n ) = 19.10
o
5
*(5) = £ v ( n ) = 23.19

(c)

A(n) = (0.9) n ti(n) 4- 2(0.9) n ~ 1 ti(n - 1) + 3(0.9) n " 2 ii(n - 2)

= 6(n) + 2.96(n - 1) + 5.61(0.9) n - 2 u(n - 2)

2.48
(a)

y(n) = -*(n)+-x(n-3) + y(n-l)

for x(n) = 6(n), we have
., * _ / 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 \
l ;
" " \3'3,3,3,3,3,3,"7

(b)

y(") = 2y(n~1)+8y(n"2 ) +
2 X ( n
~ 2 )

with x(n) = 6(n), and

y(-l) = y ( - 2 ) = 0, we obtain

(n)
~ \ ' ' 2 ' 4 ' 1 6 " 8'128'256'1024' • j

(c)

y(n) - 1.4y(n-l)-0.48y(n-2) + x(n)

with x(n) = 6(n), and
y ( - l ) = y ( - 2 ) = 0, we obtain
h(n) = {1,1.4,1.48,1.4,1.2496,1.0774,0.9086,...}

(d) All three systems are IIR.

(e)
y(n) = 1 . 4 y ( n - l ) - 0 . 4 8 y ( n - 2 ) + x(n)
The characteristic equation is
A 2 - 1 . 4 A + 0.48 = 0 Hence
A = 0.8,0.6. and
n n
yh(n) = C l (0.8) + c 2 (0.6) For x(n) = <5(n). We have,

40
 c\ + c2 = 1 and
0.8ci + 0.6c2 = 1.4
=> ci = 4,
c2 = —3. Therefore
h(n) = [4(0.8) n -3(0.6) n ]u(n)

2.49
(a)

/»i(n) = c06{n) + c^in - 1) + c 2 6(n - 2)

h2(n) = 6 2 ^(n) + 6 i 6 ( n - l ) + 6 0 6 ( n - 2 )
/i 3 (n) = a 0 6 ( n ) + ( a i + a 0 a 2 ) 6 ( n - 1 ) + aia 2 6(n - 2)

(b) The only question is whether

h3(n) = h2(n) = hi(n)

=
Let ao Co,
ai + 02^0 = ci,
a 2 ai = c 2 . Hence
— + a 2 c 0 — c\ = 0
a2
=> c 0 a 2 - c i°2 + c2 = 0

For Co ^ 0, the quadratic has a real solution if and only if

c\ — 4CQC2 > 0

2.50
(a)

y(«) = - y ( n - l ) + x(n) + x ( n - l )

For y(n) — -y(n — 1) = 6(n), the solution is

2 s.
M») = (jNnJ + ijrMn-l)
(b) M " ) * [6(n) + 6(n - 1)] = (i) n ti(n) + ( ^ " " ^ ( n - 1).

2.51
(a)

convolution: yi(n) . = < 1,3,7,7,7,6,4 >

correlation: 7i(n) = < 1, 3,7, 7,7, 6,4 >

41
(b) 9

convolution: y2(n) = j - , 0, - , - 2 , - , - 6 , - - , - 2 I

correlation: 71 (") = | £> 0, - , - 2 , - , - 6 , - - , - 2 j

Note that j/2(n) = 72(n), because /»2(-n) = h2(n) (c)

convolution: ^3(n) = < 4,11,20,30,20,11,4 >

correlation: 7J(n) = < 1,4,10, 20,25,24,16 >

(c)

convolution: y 4 (n) = < 1,4,10,20,25,24,16 \

correlation: 7 4 (n) = I 4,11,20,30,20,11,4 >

Note that h3(-n) - h4(n + 3),

hence, 7 3 (n) = y 4 (n + 3)
and/i4(-n) = ^3(n + 3),
=>74(n) = ys(n + 3)

2.52
Obviously, the length of h(n) is 2, i.e.

h(n) = {/i 0) /»,}

h0 = 1
3h0 + /»i = 4
=> /»o = l,/»i = 1

2.53
N M
(2.5.6) y{n) = - £ a * y ( n - *) + £ 6*x(n - *)
*=1 4=0
N
(2.5.9) w(n) = - £ ^ a t u ; ( n - * ) + x(n)
±=i
M
(2.5.10) y(n) = ^6fcu;(n-*)

From (2.5.9) we obtain

JV
x(n) = u;(n) + y^afct^(n - it) (A)
fc=i
By substituting (2.5.10) for y{n) and (A) into (2.5.6), we obtain L.H.S = R.H.S.

42
2.54
-*.

y(n)-4y(n-l) + 4y(n-2) = x(n) - x(n - 1)

The characteristic equation is
A2-4A + 4 = 0
A = 2,2. Hence,
Vh(n) = ci2n+c2n2n
The particular solution is
Ifr(n) = fc(-l)"u(n).
Substituting this solution into the difference equation, we obtain

* ( - l ) n t i ( n ) - 4ib(-l) n " 1 u(n - 1) + 4k(-l)n-7u(n - 2) = ( - l ) n u ( n ) - ( - ^ " " ^ ( n

For n = 2, Jfc(l + 4 + 4) = 2 =» ib = | . The total solution is

n
y(") = Cl2 + c 2 n 2 n + - ( - l ) n u(n)

From the initial condtions, we obtain y(0) = l , y ( l ) = 2. Then,

c1 + 5 = 1

CI
= 5'
2cj + 2c2 - - = 2

C2
= 3'

2.55
From problem 2.54,
h(n)= [ Cl 2 n + c 2 n2 n ]ti(n)
With y(0) = l,y(l) = 3, we have

Cl = 1
2c! + 2c 2 = 3
1
C J
^ = 2
Thus h{n) = 2" + - n 2 n u(n)
2

2.56

x(n) = z(n)*6(n)
= x(n) * [ u ( n ) - u ( n - 1)]
= [x(n)-x(n-l)]*ti(n)
oo

= £ (z(*)-*(*-l)]u(n-*)

43
2.57
Let h(n) be the impulse response of the system
k
s(k) = £ h(m)
m= —oo
=>h(k) = S{k)-S(k-1)
oo

* = -oo
oo

= £ [,(*)-,(*-l)]*(n-*)
* = -oo

2.58

w n \ _ / *> n0-N<n<n0 +N
^ \ 0, otherwise

n _ f 1, -N <n< N
y\n) - | o, otherwise
oo

7xx(/)= 53 *(n)x(n-l)
n = —oo
i

The range of non-zero values of 7XX(/) is determined by

n0-N<n<n0 + N

n0-N<n-l<n0 + N
which implies
-2N <1<2N
For a given shift /, the number of terms in the summation for which both x(n) and x{n - I) are
non-zero is 27V + 1 — |/|, and the value of each term is 1. Hence,

-|/|, -2N<l<2N
7«(/)=| 0 ) otherwise

For 7ry(0 we have

m = |/ 2 N + 1 -|/-n0|, n0-2N < l< n0 + 2N

7*y(0 Q> otherwise

2.59
(a)

7„(/) = 53 x(n)x(n-/)
n = -oo
7rx("3) = x(0)x(3)=l
7r*(-2) = x(0)x(2) + x(l)x(3) = 3

44
 7«(-l) = x(0)x(l) + x(l)x(2) + x(2)x(3) = 5
3
7xx(0) = £x2(n) = 7
n=0
AlS0Trx(-/) = 7xx(0

Therefore 7xx(0 = { 1,3,5,7,5,3, l |

(b)

Tw(0 = £ V(»)lKn-0
n = — oo
We obtain
7yy(0 = {1,3,5,7,5,3,1}

we observe that y(n) = x(—n + 3), which is equivalent to reversing the sequence x(n). This has
not changed the autocorrelation sequence.

2.60

7xx(0 = £ x(n)x(n-/)
n = —oo

2JV + 1 - | / | , -2N<l<2N (

7xx(0)
-- { 0,
2N+1
otherwise

Therefore, the normalized autocorrelation is

Pxx(0 = ^~[(2N + l-\l\),-2N<l<2N
= 0, otherwise

2.61
(a)
00
I B
7„(/) = Y, ( )'( B -')
n= -oo
oo
= 5Z [5(n) + T i s ( n ~ *i) + 72s(n-*2)]*
n = —oo
[s(n - /) + 7l5(n - / - *i) + 72*(n - / - * 2 )]
= (1 + 7? + 7 2 2 )7„(0 + 71 [7*.C + *l) + 7»(/ - *i)l
+ 7 2 [ 7 » ( ' + *2) + 7 . . ( ' - * 2 ) ]
+7172 [7»C + *i - *2) + 7..C + *2 - *i)]

(b) 7xx(0 has peaks at / = 0,±Jki,±ifc2 and ±(ki + Jfc2). Suppose that ki < Jt2. Then, we can
determine 71 and k\. The problem is to determine 7 2 and fc2 from the other peaks.
(c) If ->2 = 0, the peaks occur at / = 0 and / = ±kx. Then, it is easy to obtain 71 and k\.

45
2.62
(a)
(b) variance = 0.01. Refer to fig 2.7.
(b) Delay D = 20. Refer to fig 2.7.

0.5

-0.5

50 100 150 200 200

Figure 2.7: variance = 0.01

(c) variance = 0.1. Delay D = 20. Refer to fig 2.8.

(d) Variance = 1. delay D = 20. Refer to fig 2.9.

-20 0 20

Figure 2.8: variance = 0.1

(e) x(n) = { —1,—1,—l,-hl,H-l,-hl,-hl, —1,-H1, —l T H-l,-hl,—1,—1,-hl}. Refer to fig 2.10.

(f) Refer to fig 2.11.

46
 1

0.5

\ 0

-0.5

-1
SO 100 150 200 200
—> n

Figure 2.9: variance = 1

2.63
(a) Refer to fig 2.12.
(b) Refer to fig 2.13.
(c) Refer to fig 2.14.
(d) The step responses in fig 2.13 and fig 2.14 are similar except for the steady state value after
n=20.

2.64
Refer to fig 2.15'.

47
 200 200

20
15

f
10
I
E
5

-5
X
/VV V
-10
-20 0 20
—> n

Figure 2.10

1.5

0.5

11 IB
~ 0.5
c

!
»nft
-0.5
-0 5

-1 -1.5
50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200
—> n —>n

Figure 2.11:

48
 impulse response h(n) of the system

- 0 5.

Figure 2.12:

zero-cute eiep reapers* «(n)

1.5

1.4 "
1.3 ■

^1-2
A
1 1.1 A
1 / \ r\ w _
1
1 / \J
09

0.8
'II
10 19 20 25 30 39 49 50

Figure 2.13:

49
Figure 2.14:

Figure 2.15:

50
Chapter 3

3.1
(a)

x(z) = Y,x(n)z~n
n
= 3z 5 + 6 + z _ 1 - 4 z - 2 ROC: 0 < \z\ < oo

(b)

x(z) = Y.x^2~n
n
°° 1
= Bj)"*""
n=5

n=5
m=0

= E(^-'r + 5
= (-=-) 2 ' 1-iz-i
1 z""5 1
= (V —) ; i 1 rROC:|z|>-
3 2 l - kz- ' ' 2

3.2

x(z) = Y,xWz~n
n

= f)(l + n)*-"
n=0
OO OO

= E*- + En*~"
n
n=0 n=0
OO

But Vz- f l = r ROC: \z\ > 1

n^—:
=0 1 - z_1

51
 and £ ) nz-« = '"' ROC: |z| > 1
n=0
,-\
Therefore, X(z) — 1 2 +
(1 - z " ) (1-r-1)2
1
(l-*"1)2
(b)

0
X(z) = ^ K - K O Z "

oo oo

= ^anz- n
+ ^a-nz" n

n=0 n= 0

1
But £ a n * — n ROC: Izl > \a\
1 -az-1
oo
1
a n n B0C
ad 5I ~ *~ (i-J,..p =W>W
1 1
Hence, X{z) 1-az"1 + 1-^z"1
2-(a+-Mz"1
R
(1-«-«)(!-1,-.) ° C : ''I > m
~ ««l
(c)

*M = f>5)"*-" n=0

= rnr^ > w > 2

(d)

*(*) = Y J na n smu;onz"
n= 0
gju'o" _ e-;uion

= I>"n= 0
2j
jtuor-l
ae'-"»z at->w°z-x
2j (l-aeJvoz-1)2 (1-ac-J^oz-1)2
[ a z - 1 - ( a z - 1 ) 3 ] si'nwo
(1 - 2QCOSWQZ-1 + a2z~2)2 ,\z\>a

(e)

X(z) = y j na n co«u;on^ n

n=0

= 2>" n=0
2

52
 JVOf-l -jw -l
ae ae 0r
1 2 +
(l-ac^02~ ) (l-ae~>u'02-1)2-
[az-1 + (az'1)3] sinwp - 2a 2 2~ 2
* > a
(l-2acosu;o2-1 + a22-2)2 '

(f)

X(2) = A^rncos(woTi + <t>)z-n

n=0
oo
= ^Er" n=0
A e>* ,-j*

2 l_rc;u;o2-l l_rc-Jwor-l
cos^ — rcos(wo — <^)2_1 "•
= 4 2 > r
1 — 2rcoswoz~i + r 2 2 - 2

(g)

n=l

, - 1 _i_ 1,-2
2 -1
E n r-r 2- n = - 3
i5
,-1 2" 1
+i2- 2

Therefore, X(z) = -
L(1_I2-1)2 + (l_i2-l)3j
.-1
W>5
(i-iz->)3'

(h)

1 1
n=0 n = 10
1 (i)102-10
l_l*-i i _ i z - i
i , - l1\ l O
i-a*- ) 1*1 > 2
1-12-

The pole-zero patterns are as follows:

(a) Double pole at z = 1 and a zero at z = 0.
(b) Poles at 2 = a and z = £. Zeros at 2 = 0 and 2 = j ( a + £).
(c) Pole at 2 = - | and zero at 2 = 0.
(d) Double poles at 2 = ae^w° and 2 = ae~jw° and zeros at z = 0, 2 = ±a.
(e) Double poles at 2 = aeJU,° and 2 = ae~JU,° and zeros are obtained by solving the quadratic

acoswoz2 — 2a 2 2 + a3coswo = 0.

(f) Poles at 2 = re3W° and 2 = ae~iw° and zeros at 2 = 0, and 2 = rcos(u;o — 4>)/cos<j>.
(g) Triple pole at 2 = 5 and zeros at 2 = 0 and 2 = 3- Hence there is a pole-zero cancellation so

53
that in reality there is only a double pole at z — i and a zero at z = 0.
(h) X(z) has a pole of order 9 at z = 0. For nine zeros which we find from the roots of

i-(^-')10 = o
or, equivalent^, ( - ) 1 0 - z 10 = 0
1 i2z»
Hence, zn = -e >» ,n = 1,2,.. .,*.

Note the pole-zero cancellation at z = | .

3.3
(a)

n=0 n = —oo

Ds)"'- 1
= Trbr +n=0 3
1 1
3'
5
6_
(i-iz-i)d-i*)

The ROC is i < \z\ < 2.

(b)

n n n n
**(*) = 3
f^(b z- -Y,2 *-
n=0 n=0
1 1
l_Iz-i l-2z~1'
_52-l

(l-ir-i)(l-2z-i)

The ROC is \z\ > 2.

(0
Xz{z) = £ x 1 (n + 4)z" n
n= —oo
= zAXi{z)

(l-lz-i)(l-lz)

The ROC is J < |z| < 2.

(d)

X 4 (z) = ^ xjC-n)*-"

54
 ]T *i(m)-
m = —oo

(1 _IZ)(1 _!,-!)
The ROC is I < \z\ < 3.

3.4
(a)

X(z) = ^n(-l)"z-»
n= 0

= -*£»-i>"*- n=0
1
dz 1+z"1
-l
> 1
(1 + z - 1 ) 2 '
(b)

x(z) = 5>2*-»
n=0
d2
= 2
—T
dz* r»=0
1
= Z
dz2 1-z-1
-1
2r - l
1 2
(1-z- ) (1-z-1)3
z - 1 ( l + ^" 1 )
( 1 - Z - 1 ) 3 ■,W>i

(c)
-1

X(z) = £ -na"
-l

= -*£ E «<»).- n = —oo

dz 1-az"1
-l
az
( 1 - a z -rnj.W<
i) W
(d)
oo

X(z) = £(-l)nco5%r-B
n=0

55
 From formula (9) in table 3.3 with a = - 1 ,

*<,) = - A+J^i
l + 2z- 1 cos§ + z - 2
1 + iz"1
2
l + 2 - i + z " 2 -, ROC: Izl > 1
(e)

n=0
1
UI>1
1 + 2"1'
(0
x(n) = ji,0,-1,0,1,-lj

X(z) = l-r-2 + r-4-2-5, z^O

3.5

Right-sided sequence :x r (n) = 0,n<no

-l
Xr(z) = £*,(«)*-"+X>r(n)z*
r»=0

The term J2n=n xr{n)z~n converges for all z except z = oo.

The term £In=o xr{n)z~n converges for all \z\ > ro where some ro. Hence Xr(z) converges for
r 0 < \z\ < oo when no < 0 and \z\ > ro for no > 0
Left-sided sequence :xj(n) = 0, n > no

Xi{z) = JT x,(n)z-" + J T x , ( n ) r - "

n= -oo n=l

The first term converges for some \z\ < r/. The second term converges for all z, except z = 0.
Hence, Xi(z) converges for 0 < \z\ < r/ when no > 0, and for \z\ < r/ when no < 0.
Finite-Duration Two-sided sequence :x(n) = 0,n > n0andn < n t , where no > ri\
r»o

X(z) = £ x(n)z-n
nsnj

= £ x(n)r~" + j r \ ( n ) * - "
n=0

The first term converges everywhere except z = oo.

The second term converges everywhere except z = 0. Therefore, X(z) converges for 0 < \z\ < oo.

3.6
n
y(n) = £ *(*)

56
 => y(n) - y{n - I) = x{n)
1
Hence,y(z)-y(z)2- = X(z)
X(z)
Y(z) =
1-z-1

n
/ ^ / (1)". ^

n n nz \—n_ —n
*(*) = E(^)
■3' "^ +' £
< ^ (h~
2 v

n=0 n = -oo
1 1
1 - iz"1 +
1- i*
5
6
(i_iz-i)(i_iz)

„=o2
a
= rrrpr.5<W<
2'
~^ 3 , 3

/ ^ / -2(3-)"+ ¥(§)"' " > °

Hence,y(n) = | ^ n < 0

y(n) = £ *(*)
CXI

= £ x(fc)u(n-fc)

= x(n)* w(n)
y(z) = *(r)l/(z)
_ *(*)

u(n) * u(n) = \J u(fc)u(n — k)

k = -oo
n
= £ «(*) = (n+l)u(n)
Hence,r(n) = u(n) * ti(n)

andX(z) = (1 _*_1)2,H>1

57
3.8
y{n) = x(n)eiw°n. From the scaling theorem, we have Y(z) = X(e-jw°z). Thus, the poles and
zeros are phase rotated by an angle WQ.

3.9

*(n) = 5Mn) + (-l) n «(«)]

From the final value theorem

x(oo) = lim(2-l)X+(r)

= hm(* + - i -L)
x
*-i 2+1 '

3.10
(a)

1+224
X(z) =
1-22"1 +2-2
= 1 + 42-1 + 7 2 ' 2 + 102_3+...
Therefore,x(n) = j 1,4,7,10,..., 3n + 1 , . . . I

(b)

X{z) = 22 + 5z 2 + 82 3 + . . .

Therefore,x(n) = < . . . , - ( 3 n + 1 ) , . . . , 11, 8, 5, 2,o[

3.11

l
X(z) =
(l-22-1)(l-^-1)2
A B Cz~l
( 1 - 2 2 - 1 ) + -r.
( l _ r - l rr
) + (1-2-M2
A = 4,£=-3,C=-l
Hence,x(n) = [4(2)n - 3 - n] u(n)

3.12
(a)
v ;
even
^ 0, n o dd

58
 *i(*) — 51 *i(n)*""
n = —oo
oo
=

n = —oo
oo
=r
fc = - o o
X(2 2 )
=

(b)

x2(n) = x(2n)
oo
X2(z) = E «2(n) 2 - "

= £ x(2n)z-»
n = —oo

= f: x(*)*-»
k= -oo

2 - ^ , K even
k= -oo

= I f; »(*)x-* + i f; «w(-z*)-»
fc = - o o * = -oo

= i[X(v^ + X(-v^)]

3.13

1-32 -1
X(2) =
1 + 32-1+22-2
A B
(l + 2-i) (i+2z-i)
A 2,B = - 1
Hence,x(n) [2(-1)"-(-2)"]U(B)

(b)

X(z) =
1 - 2 - 1 + ^2-2
A ( l - i 2 - 1 ) + B(J2- 1 )
1 - 2 - 1 + ^2-2
A = 1,5=1
*\.-i
1 - ; & ( « » *)*
Hence, X(z)
l-S^teot})*-'+ ( £L^2,-2
)'!
59
 ;k(""T)*
+ l - 2 ^ ( c o * } ) z - i + (L^l 2*, - 2
Hence, x(n) = ( _ r c o s _ n + ( _ r s m _ n
«(»)

(c)
,-6 -7

x(n) = u(n - 6) + u(n - 7)

(d)
,-2
+2
1 + *- 2 1 + 2- 2
A'(z) = 2-
1 + 2- 2
x(n) cos — nu(n) + 2cos —(n - 2)u(n - 2)

»(n) 26(n) — cos-nu(n)

(e)
1 + 6Z-1 + z'2
X{z) = 7
4 ( l - 2 r - 1 + 2 2 - 2 ) ( l - i2'z " 1 )
A(l-z-i)
l-2r-1+22"2 + l-2*~1+2z-2 1- \z~l
3 23 17
A
~5'B-To,c 20
3 . 1 ._ Tt 2 3 / 1 n. n . v 17,lxn
Hence, x(n) — V( - = );n c o s - n + —(—=) sm-n + —(-)
5 v/2 4 10 V V2 4 20 V

(f)
2 - 1.5. , - i
X(z) =
1 - l.bz'1 + 0 . 5 z - 2
1 1
1-iz-i l-z-1

x(n) = «(n)

(g)
l + 2z-1+z-2
*(*) =
l + 42~1+4z-2

V(l + 2z-M(l + 2 r - 1 ) ;
,-2
2z - l
1
1 + 2*" (1 + 2Z- 1 ) 2
x(n) = <5(n)-2(-2)n-1u(n-l) + ( n - l ) ( - 2 ) n - 1 u ( n - i ;
= 6(n) + ( n - 3 ) ( - 2 ) n - 1 u ( n - l )

60
(h)

1 ( , + ! ) ( , + !)
X(:
4 (z - \)(z - -=V^)(z - ' ,,)
1 (l + f z - 1 + I1, ,--22w) ,- i
8'
4 ( i - l 2**- i )A( *i _ 2• - i + ' I2z' - 2 )

^(1-K 1 )' Cz - 1
1-Z-l + iz- + l - Z - i + iz"
2 2
1-Iz-i
1 7 3
A 5 = C =
" 2 ' 8 ' i
r»-l
Hence, x(n) 5 ( - ) ^ c o S - ( „ - 1) + J ( 5 ) T « » j ( » - 1) + ; ( 5 ) u(n-l)

X(z) =
1 + iz"1
,-i
1
1+iz" 4 1 + iz"1

x(n) = (-i)B«(n)+i(-5)B-l«(n-l)

(j)

1 — az- l
X(z) = .-l _

" all-iz-ij
-l
az
1
1-^z" l-hz-i

x(n) = _I(I)»
a a u
(„) + (I)»-»
a tt(n-l)

(-i)"+lu(n) + ( i ) " - l u ( n - l )
a a

3.14

5z - l
X(z) =
(l-2z-i)(3-*-M
1 1
1 +
1-2Z" 1-iz"1

Iflz|>2,x(n) = 2n - (\r u(n)

If-<|z|<2,x(n) -(^)n"(-n-l)-2nu(-n-l)

Ifl*l<5,*(n) (i)"ti(-n-l)-2"u(-n-l)

61
xi(n) y-)^u(n-l)
_ M 1

x2(n) l + (5)B]«(n)

y(r) = X1(z)X2(z)

y(n) =

xi(n = «(n)
1
=>^l(2
1-2"1'
x2(n W + Cj)""^)
= 1+
1 - ±2"!
= X1(2)X2(2)
3 1
1-2"1 1 - iz-1

y(n) = 3-<5)" u(n)

xi(n)
1
=>X!(2)
1 - i2"1'
x 2 (n) cosTrnu(n)
1 + 2-1
=> X 2 ( 2 )
l+22~1 + 2-2
V(2) Xi{z)X3(z)
1 + 2"1
( l - i 2 " 1 ) ( l + 2 2 - 1 + 2-2)
A(l + z->) B
l + 2 2 - 1 + 2-2 1-Jz- 1
y4
3'fl"3

V(n) 3 ^ n + -(-r «(n)

62
 X!(n) = nu(n)
,-i

(I-'"1)2'
x 2 (n) 2nu(n-l)
2Z- 1
1-2*"1
*i(*)X a (*)
2z~ 2
( 1 - 2-1)2(1 _ 2 z ~ » )
-2 -2z~l 2
1-2-1 ~ (1-2-1)2 +
1-2Z-1
y(«) = [ _ 2 ( n + l ) + 2 n + 1 ]ti(n)

z+[x(n+l)] z[X+(z)-z(0)}
2X+(Z)-2X(0)

Therefore, zX+(z) £ x ( n + l ) z - n + 2x(0)

n=0
oo oo
(z-\)X + (z)
n=0 n=0

\imz^X+{z){z-\) = x(o)+Ez(n+1)-Ex(n)
n=0 n=0
= /im m _ o o [x(0) + x(l) + x(2) + . . . + x(m)
-x(0)-x(l)x(2)-...-x(m)]
= /im m ^oox(m + 1 )
= x(oo)

£ x'(n)z-n = £ [x(n)(z*)-"]*
» = —oo nss —oo

= *"(0

-[X(z) + X-(z*)] i [ 2 { x ( n ) } + 2{x'(n)}]

rx(n) + x-(n)l

= z[Re{x(n)}]

63
 x(n)-x'(n)
-[X(z)-X'(z')] = z
2j
= z[Im{x(n)}]

Xk(z) = £ «S>.-
n = — oo,n/kinteger

= J2 x^z — mk
m = —oo

£ e j,B0 "x(n)*- n = 5Z ^(")(c" J U ; o ^)' n

i = -oo n = -oo
= XCze"-'"'0)

X(z) = log(l-2z),\z\<-
dX(z)
Y(z) =
dz
= -1 lzl<i
| Z | <
l-iz-i' 2

=>y(") = (^)n.n<0

Then,x(n) = ±y(n)
=
n I

X(z) — 'oj(i-5*-').W>5
dX(z)
Y(z) = Z
dz
,
= -**" .|*l>i
l-iz-''| Z | >
2

Hence,y(n) = -\(\)"-^n-l)

x(n) = fa
= --(i)nu(n-l)
n 2.

64
3.19
(a)

xi(n) = rnsinwQnu(n), 0< r < 1

rsmiuoz"
Xi{z) = - 11 +
j _ r- 22 zr - 2
1 — 2rcos\VQZ~

Zero at z = 0 and poles at z = re^Wo = r(coswo ± jsinwo).

(b)

X2(z) =
(1 _ reJw*z-l)(l - re-Jvoz-1)
z
- 11 +_ L ^r22zr - 2
1 — 2TCOSWQZ~

(c) X\(z) and ^2(2) differ by a constant, which can be determined by giving the value of X\{z)
at 2 = 1.

3.20
Assume that the polynomial has real coefficients and a complex root and prove that the complex
conjugate of the root will also be a root. Hence, let p(z) be a polynomial and z\ is a complex
root. Then,
anz? +an-1zf-1 + - . . + a 1 2 1 + a0 = 0 (1)
The complex conjugate of (1) is

an(zl)n + a „ . 1 ( z j ) n " 1 + ■ • ■ + «i(*I) + ao = 0

Therefore, 2* is also a root.

3.21

Convolution property:

z{xi(n)*x2(n)} = £ n = — 00
£
.*=-»
*!(fc)x 2 (n-t)

00

= r «'<*> E «>(»-*)*-"
Jt = - o o n=:-oo
00

£ X l (fc)z-*X 2 (z)
fc = -oo
X!(2)X2(2)
Correlation property:
r»(/) xi(n)»x2(-n)
z{x!(n)*x2(-n)}
X1(2)z{x2(-n)}
X 1 (2)X 2 (2" 1 )

65
3.22

22 z*
X(z) = 1 + 2 + +
2! 3!+"
,-2 ,-3
+ 1 + 2- l +
2! + 3!
x(n) = 6(n)+-

3.23
(a)
1
X(z) =
1 + 1.52"1 - 0 . 5 2 - 2
0.136 0.864
1-0.28Z" 1 + 1 + 1.782"1
Hence, x(n) = [0.136(0.28)n + 0.864(-1.78) n ] u{n)

(b)
1
X(z) =
l-O.bz-i+OAz-2
1-0.25*"1 0.73262 - l
l 2 + 0.3412:
l-Q.5z- +0.6z~ ' 1-0.52~1+O.62-2
n
Then, x(n) = (0.7746) [cosl.24n + 0.3412si'nl.24n] u{n)

partial check: x(0) = l , x ( l ) = 0.5016,x(2) = -0.3476,x(oo) = 0. From difference equation,

x(n) - 0.5x(n - 1) + 0.6x(n - 2) = 6(n) we obtain, x(0) = 1, x(l) = 0.5, x(2) = -0.35, x(oc) = 0.

3.24
(a)
1
X{z) = 1
1 - 1.52" +0.52-2
2 1
1-2"1 1-0.52"1
For \z\ < 0 . 5 , x ( n ) [(0.5)"-2]u(-n-l)
For \z\ > l,x(n) [ 2 - ( 0 . 5 ) " ] u(n)
For 0.5 < \z\ < l,x(n) - ( 0 . 5 ) n u ( n ) - 2 u ( - n - 1)

(b)
1
X(z) =
(1-0.52-1)2
0.52" 1
22
(1-0.52-1)2
For \z\ > 0.5,x(n) = 2(n + l ) ( 0 . 5 ) n + 1 u ( n + i ;

66
 = (n+l)(0.5)nu(n)
For |*| < 0.5, x(n) = - 2 ( n + l ) ( 0 . 5 ) n + 1 u ( - n - 2)
= -(n+l)(0.5)nu(-n-l)

3.25

X(z) =
l_^2-i+2-2
27
8
1-i*-1 1-32-1

ROC: - < \z\ < 3,x(n)

o

3.26

X(z) = £ x(n)z""
n = — oo
oo

= £ *i(n)*5(n)*-n
n = —oo

= E ^]fXi{v)vn-ldvx'3(n)z'n
n= -oo ^ *^c

= ttfxMdv f; x;(n)(i)-»

27r r
^ Un'oc

3.27

Conjugation property:

n=-oo = —oo
X'(Z')
Parseval's relation:
oo OO *

5^ ^IC^SC**) = £ ^-.fXMvn-'dvx'2{n)
e
n= -oo

67
3.28
!
/ N I2"62

where the radius of the contour c is r c > \a\. For n < 0, let w = j . Then,

If \w~n-1 J
2ffj yc* u; - i

where the radius of d is ^-. Since ^- < \a\, there are no poles within c7 and, hence x(n) = 0 for
n < 0.

3.29
x(n) = x(N — 1 — n), since x(n) is even. Then
N-l
X(z) = 5^x(n)z""
n=0
= x(0) + x(l)z~l + ...+ x(N- 2 ) z - " + 2 + x(N - 1 ) 2 " N + 1

= W"1)/2 £ ,(„) 2 (N-l-2n)/2 + z -(N-l-2»)/2J A>ven

n=0

If we substitute z~l for z and multiply both sides by z ~ ( ^ - 1 ) we obtain

z -("-DX(z-i) = x ( z )

Hence, X(z) and X ( 2 _ 1 ) have identical roots. This means that if z\ is root (or a zero) of X{z)
then j - is also a root. Since x(n) is real, then z\ must also be a root and so must j r
section (a)

Xx(z) = 2 2 + ^ + l + 2 - 1 + z" 2
X2(z) = l + r - i + z-2
7(2) = Xx{z)X7{z)
= z 2 + 22 + 3 + 3 2 - 1 + 3 z - 2 - » - 2 r - 3 + 2" 4
Hence, xi(n) *x 2 (n) = y(n)

= |l,2,3,3,3,2,l|

By one-sided transform:
Xf{z) = l + z ^ + z" 2
X}(z) = l + z-^z"2
y+(z) = 1+ 2 * - 1 + 3 * - 2 + 2z-3 + z-4
Hence, y(n) = {1,2,3,2,1}

(b) Since both xi(n) and *2( n ) a ^ causal, the one-sided and two-sided transform yield identical
results. Thus,

Y(z) = Xx{z)X2{z)
1
(l-Jz-i)(l-Jz-i)

68
 l - i , - i i - i 2 - i

Therefore, y(n) — 3(i) n -2(iHu(n)

(c)

By convolution,
y{n) = xi(n)*x2(n)

= J4,11,20,30,20,11,4!

By one-sided z-transform,
X?(z) = 2 + 3z-1+42-2
X}(z) = 2 + 2"1
Y+(z) = X+(z)X+(z)
= 4 + 8 z _ 1 + l l z - 2 + 42" 3
Therefore, y(n) = < 4, 8,11,4 \

(d) Both xi(n) and X2(n) are causal. Hence, both types of transform yield the same result, i.e,

Xi(z) = \ + z-1 + z-2 + z-3 + z-4

X7(z) = l + z-i+z"2
Then, Y(z) = X1(z)X2(z)
= 1 + 22" 1 + 3 r - 2 + 3 z " 3 + 3 2 - 4 + 2 2 _ 5 + 2" 6
Therefore, y{n) = j 1, 2, 3,3, 3,2,1 i

3.30

X+(z) =
n=0
00

= 2>-
n=0

3.31
From the definition of the Fibonacci sequence, y(n) — y(n — 1) + y(n - 2),y(0) = 1. This is
equivalent to a system described by the difference equation y(n) = y(n — 1) + y(n — 2) + *(n),
where x(n) = 6(n) and y(n) = 0,n < 0. The z-transform of this difference equation is Y(z) =
z~lY{z) + r _ 2 y ( z ) = * ( * ) Hence, for X(z) = 1, we have

,4 B
YW l_a^tiz-i !-l^| -i
z

69
 where A
V5+1 _ Vh-\ 1 - y/5
2y/b 2Vb 2\/5
y/S+l,y/$+\sn I-N/5,1 ->/5
Hence, y(n)
-2vr(-2—)uin)-^7E )"«(")
( ■

1 l + v/5, n .n ( 1-N/5 + 1
; l
ti(n)
v/5 2 2 '

3.32
(a)
^ + U ) + \ [z-'Y+iz) + i/(-l)] - i \z-2Y+{z) + ^ ( - 1 ) + y(-2)] = 0

(a)

Hence Y+(z) =
U
*
- 1 - ^*

0.154 0.404
1
1-0.3U' 1 + 0.81Z"1
Therefore, y(n) = [0.154(0.31)" - 0.404(0.81)"] u(n)

(b)
Y+(z) - 1.5 [z _ 1 y + (2) + l] + 0.5 [z~2Y+(z) + z" 1 + 0] = 0

1.5-0.52" 1
Y+(z) =
1-1.5Z" 1 +0.52- 2
2 0.5
1-z-1 1-0.52" 1
Therefore, y(n) = [2 - 0.5(0.5)"] u(n)
= [ 2 - (0.5)"*1] u(n)

(c)

y + (2)-o.5[z- 1 y + (z) + i] =
1 - iz-1
1.5- I z " 1
v+(*) = (l_I2-i)(1_0.5r-i)
I 2
1 1
1-0.52" l - ^ -

Hence, y(n) = 1(0.5)"-2(±)"]u(n)

(d)

y + ( z ) - i [ z - 2 y + ( z ) + i]
1-z-i
i „-i
y + (*) = l
^ i
*
(l-z-')(l-lz- 2
)
_7_

l-*" 1 i
1-^z- 1
24
1 + iz"1

Hence, y(n) = i _!(!)»

V ;
+ i-(-I)"]
V ;
u(n)
V
3 8 2 24 2 '

70
3.33
(a)

Y(z) [1 - 0.2Z"1] = X{z) [l - 0.3*- 1 - 0.022" 2 ]

Y{z) _ (l-0.1z-1)(l-0.2z-1)
X{z) " 1-0.22"1
= 1-O.U- l

(b)

Y(z) = X{z)[l-O.U-1}
y(*) = ,1-0.12"
.,,-i
X(z)
Therefore, (a) and (b) are equivalent systems.

3.34
l
X(z) =
1-02"1
=> xi(n) = anu(n)
or X2(n) = —a n u(-n—1)

Both xi(n) and X2(n) have the same autocorrelation sequence. Another sequence is obtained
from X ( z - 1 ) = r i r

X{z'1) = *
l-az
1
= 1- 1
l-^"
Hence x 3 (n) (-)nu{n)
= 6(n) -
a
We observe that X3(n) has the same autocorrelation as x\(n) and X2(n)

3.35

n=-l n=0

= TT3FT + rr-prr. ™C: | < 1*1 < 3

V(2) = ff(*)X(«)

= (i-,-)(r-t-')(i-fz-)-Roc:i<M<
13 3 2
_ 6 2 3
" 1-2"1 1-32"1 1 - fz-1
 Therefore,
13 2 2
-3nu(-n-l) + u{n)
6 3V
3.36
(a)

h(n i^in)
H(z
1 - iz-1

x(n

X(z

Y(z H(z)X(z)

7 , 7^x 4* . 3\/3 4 Z

+ +
l-iz-i l - i z - i + Iz-2 l-iz-' + i -2
Therefore,

y(") -(-)n + - ( - ) n c o s H - ^ — ( - ) n s m — u(n)

7V3; 7V2; 3 7 v2; 3

0>)
h(n) (jVx*)
H(z)
l-Iz-i

x(n) (\)nv(n) + (\)-nu(-n-l)

1 1
X(z)
1 — i*-1 1-2Z"1
Y{z) H(z)X(z)
3*
(l-iz-i)(l-iz-i)(l-2z-i)
-4
¥ "2 3
1 - -i z " 1 + "1 - J\ z - ir + 1 - 2 Z - 1
Therefore,

!Kn) ?(ir-«i)r u(n)+-2"ti(-n-l)

(c)

y(") = -0.1y(n - 1) + 0.2y(n - 2) + x(n) + x(n - 1)

H(Z) :
l + O.lz-i-O^z-2

72
 x(n) = (5)-«(»)
1
X(z) =
]-^"1
Y(z) = H(z)X(z)
1 + z'1
( l-iz-^o + o.iz^-o^z-2)
fi 28 -1
3 3
~ "L _~i 2 - i 1
1-0.4Z" 1 1
1 + 0.5Z- 1
Therefore,

y(n) = v
3; 3 5; 3v2y J

y(n) = Ix(n)-ix(n-l)

=>Y{z) = I(l-*-i)X(z)
10
X(z)
" 1 + 2" 2
Hence, Y(z)
- " ^
Trn i r ( n - 1)
y(n) = 5co«—~u(n) — 5cos u(n — 1)
irn „ . irn
= ocos bstn-— u ( n - l) + 56(n)
I 2 2J
re, x 10 . .7rn 7T.
= 56(n)+-^5zn(— -f-)ti(n-l)
10 . .irn 7r.
= n + ) t t ( n )
^" <T 4

y(n) = -y(n - 2) + 10x(n)

10
Y(z) = XM
l + z-2A(-}
10
X(z) =
1 + Z- 2
100
Y(z) =
(1 + 2 - 2 ) 2
50 50 -25jz"1J
25>r" 1
1 1 1 . . ■ ' . .
""" l + j z " 1 ' 1 - J Z " 1 (1+J2-1)2 (1-jZ-l)2
Therefore,
y(n) = {50 [ T + ( - ; ) " ] - 2 5 n L T + ( - i ) n ] ) « ( n )
= (50-25n)(in + (-j)n)ti(n)
= ( 5 0 - 2 5 n ) 2 c o «*ny u ( n )

fc(n) = (T) n «(n)

o

73
 1
H(z)

x(n) u(n) — u(n — 7)

l-z~n
X{z)
tf(z)*(z)
l-z-n
(l-fz-i)(l-z-i)

l-z-i T
l-|z-i
i l-z->
i
1-fz-V
-7

Therefore,

y(") 6-2(5r ti(n)-- 5 - 2 ( - ) n-7 u ( n - 7 )

V
' 3

*(n) = (^(n)

x(n) = (-l)n, - oo < n < oo

= cosm, — oo < n < oo

periodic sequence and its z-transform does not exist.

y(n) = \H(wo)\cos[irn + &(wo)],w0 = it

l
H{z) =
1 - Je-i
1
H(ir) =
1+1
e =
= 3' °
Hence, y(n) = -cosjrn, — oo < n < oo
o

*(n) (5)"«(n)
#(z)
1 - iz-1
1 2Z

x(n) (n+l)(-ru(n)
1 iz"1
X(z)
1-iz-l (l-iz"l)2
Y(z)
1
(l-$z-l)(l-lz-l)2
4 -3
1 _ 1 2 -1 + (l-iz"l)2 1-Jz-l

74
 Therefore,

4 ( j ) " - n ( i r - 3 ( i ) ' u(n)

3.37

Tii \ l-2z-1 + 2z"2-r-3 1 . . ,

*<*> = (1-»-.)(!-fa-.)(i-!,-.)■ 5<W<1

(1 _iz-i)(l _!,-!)' i<W<i

l±j'v/3 l l
(a) ^1,2 P>2 2 =
, Pi = 2' =
55
-2.8 -i
(b) //(*) = i +
!_I2-i + 1-1,-t

h(n) = «(n) + 5 ( | r - i 4 ( | y u(n)

3.38

y(«) = 0.7y(n - 1) - 0.12y(n - 2) + x(n - 1) -f x(n - 2)

z-' + z-2
^X(z)
l-OJr-i+O.^z-2
x(n) nu(n)
zr - i
X(z)
( l - z - -»M) 2
:- 2 + 2 - 3
Y(z)
(l-z-i)'(l-^-»)(l-^-2)
System is stable
4.76z - 1 -12.36 -26.5 38.9
Y(z) (1_z-i)2 + ( 1 _,-i) +
( 1 _A2-i)+ ( 1 _22-1 )

y(") = 4.76n - 12.36 - 26.5(^-) n + 38.9(-) n u(n)

lu o

3.39
(a)

? y ( n - l ) - i y ( n - 2 ) + x(n)
1
Y(z) X{z)
i-S*-' + i - 2
Impulse Response: X(z) = 1
Y(z)
1-iz-i 1-iz"1

=»/»(*) =

75
Since the poles of H(z) are inside the unit circle, the system is stable (poles at z = i , \).

1
Step Response: X(z) =
1-z"1
8
Y(z) = 3
1-z"1 1-Jz-1 +1- iz" 1

V(n) =
HM^" ti(n)

(b)

y(") = y ( n - l ) - - y ( n - 2 ) + x(n) + x ( n - l )

//(z) has zeros at z = 0,1, and poles at z = ~^-. Hence, the system is stable.

Impulse Response: X(z) = 1

l-^-^Qgfz-1
Y(z) =
1 - 2(v/2)- 1 co5jz" 1 + ( ^ ) 2 z - 2 + 1 - z" 1 + \z-2
7T . IT
y(n) = h(n) = ( - ^ ) » cos — n + sm —n u(n)
4 4
Step Response: X(z) =
1-z"1
1 + z- 1
(l-z~i)(l-z-i + iz-2

+ +
. If T
y(n) = (^r stn — n — cos — nu(n) + 2u(n)
4 4

(c)

z-'jl + z-1)
ff(z) =
(1-Z"»)3
=> /»(n) = n 2 u(n)

Triple pole on the unit circle ^ the system is unstable.

1
Step Response: X(z) = 1-2-1
z-^l-t-z"1)
Y(z) =
(1-z'1)*
lz-1(l+4z"1+z-2) l z - ^ l + z" 1 ) 1 r-i

" 3 1 4
(1-z* ) + T
2 (1-z-1)3 + -•
6 (1-z"1)2
y(n) = ( - n 3 + - n 2 + -n)u(n)

= in(n + l)(2n+l)ii(n)

76
(d)
y(n) = 0 . 6 y ( n - 1) - 0.08y(n - 2) + x ( n )

l - o . e z ^ + o.osz- 2
Impulse Response: X(z) = 1
H(z) = l
(i-i'-MU-i*- 1 )
=> zeros at z = 0, poles at pi = \,pi = | system is stable.
-1
tf(z) = +l - | z - i
T
l-iz-i

2( fr-<sr]«<»:
Step Response: X(z) —
l-z-1
Y(z) =
( 1 _i2-l)(l_lz-l)(1_2-l)
25 i _4
Y(z) = 12 , 4 3
l - z - ^+l - i z - ^ l+- f z - i

y(n) = 12 4V5; 3V v y

(e)
y(n) = 0.7y(n-l)-0.1y(n-2) + 2x(n)-x(n-2)
2-z-2
Y(z) =
l - O J z ^ + O . l z "^ 2* ( * )
2-z"2
" (l-iz-i)(l-lz-«)X(x)
zeros at : = 0,2, and poles at z = ^ , 5 . Hence, the system is stable.
Impulse Response: X(z) = 1
-5
H(z) = 2+ 3 Jl .-1
11 - i2 zi " 1 11 - i-z"
5 z
1

t; 1 4fi 1
h(n) = 2^(n)-|(i)"-1u(n-l)+~(ir-1u(n
1
Step Response: X(z) —
1-z-1
2-z -2
Y(z) =
( l - , - i ) ( l - l *2 - i ) ( l - l z - i )
-23
3 6
1-2"1 1-iz-l + l-Jz-»
5 10 1 23 1 1
V(n) =
2 T(2}
+
"6'(5) U(n)

3.40
x(z) = ^±i^ P=4+I
' *] (l-iz-iKi-P^-MCi-p^-1)'
77
(a)

X l (n) = x ( - n + 2)
Xx{z) = z-2X{z-1)
z " 2 ( l + z)
ROC:|z| < 2
(l-iz)(l-pz)(l-p-z)'

Zero at z = - 1 , Poles at z = 2, ±, ^ and z = 0.

(b)
3
x 2 (n) = e x(n)
X2(z) = *(e=*S)
1 + e^z"1
(l-ieJrz-1)(l-pcJfz-1)(l-p-eifz-1

All poles and zeros are rotated by | in a counterclockwise direction. The ROC for X%{z) is
the same as the ROC of X(z).

3.41

*(n) (^""H-^jr-M"-!)
1 1 ,-1
X(z)
l_I2-i 41-iz-1
1-iz"1
1l - i z " 1
2
Z

y(") (^)nti(n)

11 - i3zZ - 1

(a)
#(z) = y(*)*(*)
1 - iz"1
1 Z
( l - i z - i ) 2( l - I z - i )
3 2
1-iz-i 1-Iz-i

M«) = 3(i) n -2(i)"]u(n)

(b)

H(z) = 1-K1
1
12 Z ^ 12Z

V(n) = ~ y ( n - l ) - l y ( n - 2 ) + x(n)-ix(n-l)

(c) Refer tofig3.1.

(d) The poles of the system are inside the unit circle. Hence, the system is stable.

78
 x(n) y(n)
\J
r
\f
K
1
z"

l i n -1/2
\

If

z1

-1/12

Figure 3.1:

3.42

1
H(z) =
1 + <l\Z~l + Q2Z~2
If a\ — 4d2 < 0, there are two complex poles
_ -oi ±JV4Q2-QI
Pi,2 =

\jAai - a\
|Pl,2|2 2 < 1
= <T> +(
a2 < 1
If a^ — a4a2 > 0, there are two real poles
—a\ ± y/a] - 4Q2
Pi,2 =
ai +
^ - 4 a 2 < land
2
-ai - yja\ - 4a 2
> -1
ai — 02 < 1 and
a\ + 02 > 1

Refer to fig 3.2.

79
 Figure 3.2:

3.43
r ' + l*-2
#(z) =
i - | z - » + 4*-»
W
7 9
r
r//_\ _ _-l 2 , 2.

' 7
A(n) = u(n-l)
~2 V 2V5;

(b)

y(z) = H(z)X{z)
1
X(z) =
1-z-1

Y(z) = ¥-l -3
1-z l_i2-i !.j2-i
2
y(n) = i I(Ir_3(2)„
+ «(»)
+
8 sV V
(c) Determine the response caused by the initial conditions and add it to the response in (b).

y(n)--y(n-l)+—y(n-2) = 0

80
Y + (z) - I [Y + (z)z-> + 1] + 2 [Y + (z)z- 2 + z" 1 + 2] = 0
25
2-T-I
25'
_ 25
ii
Y+(z) = i t *

o-i^xi-i--5' 1 )
25
+
1 1 12 2
y+(«) _L(i.)» _ *£(£)« u(„)
Therefore, the total step response is 25V 25v5; v ;

25 + i l r l x n . ? I / 2 . n
y(") u(n)
8 200 V 25V

3.44

[ay(z) + x(z)]z- 2 = y(2)

-2

1-OZ-
r?*(*)
2

Assume that a > 0. Then

//(z) l
—a + (l-jaz-l){l + Jaz~l)
1 1 1
a 2al-N/a^"1 +' 2al + y/az-1
h{n) ( n ) + l ( V r + (
-^ 2^ ^ "VH)nlu(n)
Step Response: X(z) -l
1-z

y(0
(l-z-1)(l-^-1)(l + ^ - 1
)
1 1 1
(^T) 2(a->A) 2(c+,/o)
1-z"1 +
1-v/^z"1 +
1+ v^z-1

V(n) = (v^)n + i-VZ)' «(n)

a - 1 + 2(a->/a) 2(a + Va)

3.45

y(n) = - a i y ( n - l ) + 6 0 x(n) + 6 ! x ( n - 1 )

Y{z)
= TT^X(Z)
(a)
bn0 +16iz
//(z) = . => A(n) = 6o(-ai) n u(n) + M - a i ) " ~ M n - 1)
1 -f a\z~l
(ti-fcoai)^"1
= &o + h{n) = M ( n ) + (6i - M i ) ( - a i ) n _ 1 u ( n - 1)

(b)

Step Response: X(z) =

1-z"1

81
 60 + &i* - 1
Y(z) =
( l - z - i K l + ajz-1)
6 0 + 6] 1 d\bo — b\ 1
1
1 + 0 1 1 - z- 1 + a! 1 4-a^"1
—
60 + &i fli^o ^1
V(») = (-ai)n ti(n)
1+ai 1 + ai

(c) Let us compute the zero-input response and add it to the response in (b). Hence,

Y+(z)^al[z-1Y+(z) + A] = 0
—a\A

=>yZ\(n) = -ai>l(-ai)nw(n)
The total response to a unit step is
60 + &i aibo — b\ — aiA(l + a\)
y(n) = -ai)»
1 + a, 1 + a,
(d)

x(n) — co$wonu(n)
1 — Z~1COSWQ
1 — 2Z~1COSWQ -+- 2 ~ 2
-1
(6 0 + 6 I Z )(1 - Z~1COSWQ)
7(z) =
(1 + a 1 r " 1 ) ( l - 2z- 1 cosu;o + z - 2 )
A B(l — z~lcoswo) C(z ^OSUJO)
l + ai2_1 1 — 2Z~1COSWQ + z~2 1 — 2Z~1COSWQ + z~ 2
n
Then, t/(n) = [A(—ai) + Bcoswo + Csiniuo] w(n)

where A, f? and C are determined from the equations

A + B = 60
(2cosu>o).4 -f (a\ — COSWQ)B + (sintfo)C' = 61 — 6 0 cosu;o
J4 — (a\ — COSWQ)B + (sinu>o)C = — b\coswo

3.46

- y ( n - l ) + 4*(n) + 3 x ( n - l )

4 + 32"1 „ , x
Y(z) ■i^v;
1- ■ * * ■

x(n) e>w ° n u( n)
1
X(z)
1 - - e*w o * - l
4 + 3z"-1
1
(1 r ei^z- l
)
A 1
B
1- -1 ' 1 -- ti^oz'- 1
5
where A
c
2

82
 4ejWo + 3
B = eju>0 _ i

Then y(n) = [A{frac\2)n + Be***"] u(n)

The steady state response is
/»'m n _ 00 y(n) = y„{n) _ Be3*on

3.47

(a)

(z - r e ' e ) ( z - r e - > e )
H(z) = C
z{z + 0.8)
l - 2 r c o s e z _ 1 + r2*-2
= C
(l + 0.8z»)
1.8
= 2.77
1 - 2rcosO + r 2

(b) The poles are inside the unit circle, so the system is stable.
(c) y(n) = -0.8y(n - 1) + Cx{n) - l.b\fiCx(n - 1) + 2.25Cx(n - 2). Refer to fig 3.3.

x(n)
7(n)

-0.8 -1.5/3

2.25

Figure 3.3:

83
3.48
If h(n) is real, even and has a finite duration 2N + 1, then (with M - 2N + 1)
H(z) = h(0) + h^z-1 + h{2)z~2 + . . . + h(M - \)z~^-i)/2
since /»(n) = /i(M - n — 1), then
tf(z) = z-(^-i)/2(/,(0)[2(^-i)/2 + r-(^-i)/2'

+/»(1) [z< M - 3 >' 2 + z - ( w " 3 ) / 2 ] + . . . + h(M - 1/2))

with M = 27V + 1, the expression becomes

H(z) = z _JV (M0) [z N + z~N]

+M1)

+M2) + ... + h{N))

N-l
= z~N | /*(#) + £ /»(n)2^" n + ] T / i ( n ) z - ( N " n )
V. n=0 n=0
7V 1
= z- {/»(AT) + P(z) + P ( r - ) }
Now, suppose z\ is a root of H(z), i.e.,

H(zO = zf/v{M7V) + P(^i) + P K 1 ) } = o

Then, /.(/VJ + PCrO + P^f 1 ) = 0.
This implies that H(j-) = 0 since we again have
W + P ^ ^ + P ^ ) = 0.

3.49

z- 1
*<*)=7 ROC: - < Izl < 2
(z7+ni)(z + 3 ) ( z - 2 ) '
(b) The system can be causal if the ROC is \z\ > 3, but it cannot be stable.
(0
„, , A B C

(1) The system can be causal; (2) The system can be anti-causal; (3) There are two other
noncausal responses.The corresponding ROC for each of these possibilities are :
ROCi : \z\ > 3; ROC 2 : |*| < 3; ROC 3 : \ < \z\ < 2; ROC 4 : 2 < \z\ < 3;

3.50
x(n) is causal.
(a)

X(z) = Y.x(n)z~n
n=0
limz^tX)X{z) = x(0)

84
(b)(i)X(z) = ^ I = > / : m i _ 0 0 X ( z ) = oo => x(n) is not causal.
(1 — A / - 3 ) 3
(ii) A'(z) = t_ JU-I => / i m , _ 0 O X ( i ) = 1 Hence X(z) can be associated wih a causal
sequence.
(in) X(z) = ^^3 => /im^eoXCz) = 0. Hence X(z) can be associated wih a causal
sequence.

3.51
The answer is no. For the given system hi(n) — anu(n) => Hi(z) = 1 _ a 1 < . 1 , \a\ < 1. This system
is causal and stable. However when /»2(") = anu(n + 3) => / ^ ( z ) = i_ a /-i tne
system is stable
but is not causal.

3.52
Initial value theorem for anticausal signals: If x(n) is anticausal, then x(0) = lirriz—oX(z)
Proof: X{z) = E L - o o x(n)z-n = x(0) + x ( - l ) z + x ( - 2 ) z 2 + . . . Then / i m , _ 0 * ( z ) = x(0)

3.53
5(n) = ( i r " 2 u ( n + 2)

h(n) = s(n)-s(n-l)

= (I)"-2tl(n + 2 ) - ( i r - 3 u ( n + l )

= 3 4 6(n + 2 ) - 5 4 6 ( n + l ) - 18(^) n u(n)

, -18
ff(r) = 8 U 2 - 5 4 z + 1 - *-z~l
1
3Z

1
3*

//(z) has zeros at z = 0,1 and a pole at z = 5.

(b) /i(n) = 8l6(n + 2) - 546(n + 1) - 18(±) n u(n)
(c) The system is not causal, but it is stable since the pole is inside the unit circle.

3.54
(a)

1 / 2, nn-_l i

2TJ /e 2 - 4

forn>0,x(n) = (i)n

85
 l
for n<0,x(-l) = J-I dz
2*J Jc z{*-\)

z z
2

**J Je 22{Z - i )

By continuing this process, we find that x(n) = 0 for n < 0.

(b)

*<*> = irrj=r.W<5
,(B) = 1 / ^LdZl where c is contour of radius less t h a „ I

For n > 0, there are no poles enclosed in c and, hence, x(n) = 0. For n < 0, we have

2*j Jc z(z- i)
1
r l«o = -2
Z— s

Alternatively, we may change variables by letting w — z . Then

1
/ * I """ , 1 )<*u/,
2
1
/ ^ dw
2*7 / e , u;«+i(l - 1«;)
1 I 2w~n~1 J
— t> dw
2*j Jc. w-2)
= -(2)'n, n<0
(c)

*«> = fF£.w>Ei
:(n) = © z"" 1 dz, c has a radius greater than —
2*J Jc 1 — «« |a|
= l lzi£^LZ^dz
2*jJe a z - \

Forn>0,x(n) = - I ( I ) » - » ( i - a)
a a a

a a

86
 Forn = 0,x(n) -1 (*-<0 <fz
27r?/e a
-ir-a J-a
a —+
—(a2+l-a2)
a

a
For n < 0, we let w = z *. Then

*(n)
2xj
2irj Je, I-aw~l (
tu2 )rfw.
0, for n < 0

(d)
l-^-1 1
X(z) =
1_ i z - i _ U - 2 ' l z l > 2
6'
J_
4
1 - J2-l
10
1+iz-1

x(n) = J L / j f i £ l d Z + -L/jifld.

where the radius of the contour c is greater than |z| = 4. Then, for n > 0

x(n) = "(n)
10V 10v 3 '
Forn<0,x(n) = 0

3.55

X(z) = 71 7TT TTT> a < |z|< - , 0 < a < 1

(1 - az)(l — a z * ) a
1 -1
1-az"1 1-Iz-i

x(n) = -—: 6 dz — -—r ® rdz

* ' 2TTJ jTc z - a 2*j / e z - 1
1 / zn
For n > 0, — r 4 dz - an and
- 2*; Je z - a

2*J /C * - i
1 / zn
For n < 0, — : i> dz = 0 and
2TTJ 7e z - a

-/A ■dz = —a"

3.56
r20 J
X{Z)
~ ( , - I ) ( z - 2 ) S ( z + §)2(z + 3 ) ' 2< < M
, " M <2

87
x(n) '-1,20

2*>JcU^TJTTZ

88
Chapter 4

4.1
(a) Since xa(t) is periodic, it can be represented by the fourier series

*.(0 = f ; cte>2**«/T

where ck = -T / Asin(irt/r)ej7*kt,Tdt
J o
dt
x r e j*(i-2fc)t/T e->»(i+2t)t/T

j2r U f ( l - 2 * ) -jf(l+2A)J
4 1 1
7T 1 - 2 * + 1 + 2*
1A
TT(1-4*2)
oo
x f l (<)c" i 2 * ( / '"' ) t c/<
/ — oo
oo /-oo
dt
kt _= -oo J —OO

oo

= E cMF--)
* = -oo

Hence, the spectrum of xa(t) consists of spectral lines of frequencies *,* = 0 , ± l , ± 2 , with
amplitude |c*| and phases Lc^-
(b) px = $f0zi(t)dt = I / ; ^ « „ ' ( V ) A = £
(c) The power spectral density spectrum is |ct|2,Jb = 0 , ± l , ± 2 , — Refer to fig 4.1.
(d) ParsevaFs relation

P,
= lf TJ 0
*l(t)dt

= c*

M2 = id! v 2
JT- ^ ( 4 * - l)2
t = — oo ir2 2^

89
 tf
ICjl-
*-l»

ico r lc2l

-2 0 1 2

Figure 4.1:

4,4' , 2 2
1 +
3*+15? +

2 2
1.2337(Infinite series sum to —)

AA2
Hence, ^ |c*| 2 = (1.2337)

4.2
(a)

/le-atu(0, a>0
■ / ^-atg-,2^1^
Xa(F)

c -(a+>2»F)t
- a - J2TTF
A
a + j'27rF
l*a(F)| =
v/a 2 + (2TTF) 2

90
 lXa{F) = -tan-l( — )
a
Refer to fig 4.2
(b)

A = 2, a = 4

Figure 4.2:

Xa(F) = I™ Aeatc-**Fidt+ I™ Ae-aXt->2* Ft dt

Jo Jo

a-j2nF +' a + j2*F

2aA
a2+2*F2
2aA
\Xa(F)\ =
a 2 -I- (2vF)2
LXa(F) = 0
Refer to fig 4.3

4.3
(a) Refer to fig 4.4.

X[ }
\ 0, othen
otherwise

Xa(F) = [° (l+t-)e-*7*Ftdt+ fT(l--)e-'2* dt

T T
J -T J 0

Alternatively, we may find the fourier transform of

*«) = *'«) = { r -;•;<-,0

91
 A-2.A.6

Figure 4.3:

^A 0
AA
1/T2/x
„
Figure 4.4:

92
 T
Y(F) = j y(t)e-^Ftdt

dt

2s»n 2 7rFr
jvFr
and X{F) =

C sinirFr\

\X(F)\ ( -TFT) sinirFr\

LXa{F) 0

Ck = J L / " " x(t)e-^kt>T>dt

hJ -T,/2
= i - f / ° (1 + -) C -> 2 '^ T ^+ / T (l--)e-> 2 ' i t IT,
T T
Jp [ i -T •/ 0
_ r IsinirkTf IT,
j.p
Tp [ xkr/Tp

) and (b), we have c* = f-Xaif-)

x(n) = j . . . , 1,0,1,2,3,2,1,0,1, ...J

N = 6

Ck = 5E*(»)«"i2"*"/ 6
n=0
r -»3»* -Jirt -J4tr> -jtOwll

3+ 26"^"+ c"^~+e s + 2e •
irk n 2irk
3 + 4cos-—- + 2cos——-
o <5
9 4 4
Hence, CQ = n * n
-,c1 = -,c2= 0 , c 3 = i , c 4 = 0 , c 5 = -

P, = i t ^ l 2 n= 0

= i ( 3 2 + 22 + l 2 + 0 2 + l 2 + 22)
6

93
 19
16

Pj = E k W f
n=0

2 2
(T7r
16 + (fr + o + (rr + o + (fr)
19
16
Thus, Pt = Pj
19
16

x(n) = 2 4- 2cos7rn/4 + COSTTTI/2 + -cos3irn/A, =» TV = 8

Cfc =
i^z(n)e-'""/4
n=0

x(n) {H,2+>v5,1,2_2v5.i.a-f^.u+|^}
1
Hence, CQ 1
2 , C i = C-j = 1 , C 2 = Ce — - , C 3 = C5 = - , C 4 = 0
2 4

^ = 2>(or
i=0
1 1 1 1
= 4+1 + 1 + - + - + — +—
4 4 16 16
53
8

. 7r(n-2)
x(n) = 4s*n —-
2ir{n-2)
— 4$in

Ck = lE'W^'6
n=0

M 2)
= lrrt.
= E " e""'""''
n=0

73 l
94
 . 2irk . irk ,-j2ir*/3
(-J2) sin—— + sin——
V3 6 3
Hence, c0 = 0, ci = - j 2 e ~ j 2 , r / 3 , c 2 = c 3 = c4 = 0, c5 = cj
and | C l | = |c 5 | = 2 ; |c 0 | = |c 2 | = k 3 | = | c 4 | = 0
JT 2* 5TT
ZCI = 7r -h = —
2 3 6
-5*
Uh =
ZCQ = ZC2 = lCz = ^C4 = 0

(b)
/ ^ 2irn . 2irn
x(n) = cos-—- + sin——- => JV = 15
3 5
Ck = C u + C2i

where c u is the DTFS coefficients of cosQ1 and C2* is the DTFS coefficients of sin—-. But
2irn 1 ia>» - j j "s» -
cos—— = - ( e ^ ^ + e )

Hence,
* = 5,10

Similarly,
Clk
■ i fc otherwise

. 2irn 1 , }i'» -i2»« .

Sm =
"5" 27(e s
"c 5
)•
Hence,

C2k =
0, otherwise
Therefore,
2j , * - •>
1 * = 5
Ck = Cifc + C2*
r
2',
* = 10
— k = 12
0, otherwise
(c) x(n) = cos^-sin 2™ 5 -_ 2I 5| - n lfiin
15
_ l8iniin Hence, N — 15. Following the same method
2*"" 15
as in (b) above, we find that
-1
ck=< jj, 4 = 8,13
I 0, otherwise
(d)
AT = 5
-j3»»l»
Ck = 7 £*(")<
n=0
1 r -ja»> -j4»> -i«w> -!«»>
= - c » + 2c » — 2e » -e »
2j -sm( — ) - 2 s m ( —
5

95
 Therefore, CO
CQ =
= o,
2
2j - s m■ (/ —* \) + 2sm(
. ,4*
—)
' 0

C\ = 5 o o
47r
2j • / \ « • /2TI\
C2 =
5
«n(y)-2«n(y)
C3 = -c7
C4 = -ci

(e)

A7 = 6

= :£*(»>«
— »3iri»fc
Ck
n=0
1 r -l*k -iTIrk ->4">
- l + 2e ' -e » -e * + 2e
6 .
1
l (_)_2C05( — )
6 +4co5
1
Therefore, CQ
CO = ^
2
2
Cl —
3
=
C2 0
=
-5
C3

C4
=
0
T
2
C5 — 3

(0
TV = 5
-llwnk
c* = ^5I*(n)<
n=0
1 f. , -!»»>
r 1+ c s
O L
2 ,** - ^
5cos(T)c s

Therefore, Co 2
5
2 JT =1-
ci -C05(-) C .

2 2» ^2-
C2 =
scos(T)c 5

2 3* -&
c3 = r c o s (-r) c *
2 ,4T ^
c4 = -cos{—)e »

(g) .V = 1 ck= x(0) = lorco = 1

(h)

N = 2

96
 Ck
= 5E*<»>«"'""
n= 0

2V
=> Co = 0,ci = 1

4.7
(a)

;n
( ) = YlCk e*^
k=0

Note that if c* = e • , then

e ^ c a — e •
*=0 n=0
= 8, p= - n
= 0, p ^ - n
1 I- Jiwfc -)3irfc 1 c I ^_c=J|ziLl
Since cjt = - e • + e •
2 ■ + 27
We have i ( n ) = 4<5(n + 1) + 46{n - 1) - 4j6{n + 3) + 4j6(n - 3), - 3 < n < 5

(b)

73 V3 n V^ v^ .
CQ = 0,Ci = — ,C2 = — ,C3 = 0 , C 4 = - — ,C5 = - — , C 6 = C7 = 0

:(n) = 5I CjtcJ ~^"

Trn . irn ] j»(3«-a)

= 73 sin—— •+■ s i n — I e «
2 4

(c)

•(") = J I Cke ^
t = -3

: 1 is- 1 =is_ 1 j3s* 1 -j

= 2+e ^ + e
?rn ffn 1 3?™
= 2 + 2cos—- + cos—+-cos——
4 2 J 4

4.8
(a)

If* = 0,±N,±2N,...
N-l

n=0

97
 If* ? 0,±N,±2N,
N-l
V* e ;'2irin IN _ 1 -t* Ink
1 _ eJ2*k/N
n=0
= 0

(b) Refer to fig 4.5.

(0
k=l k*2

s (2) sj(l) s2(l)

s (1)
■*• >2(0) 3 -,
s (3)
3
■2(2) 2 s (5)
3
i (5)
2

k=4 k=5

s (5)
4

S
s (0) - 5 (0)
4
s (3)
s (1) 4
4
s (4)
4

Figure 4.5:

N-l N-l
2 n/N-j2rin/N
5>(")«.»
n=0
= E^'
n=0
**
JV-1
V " eJ'2T(i-,)n/N
n=0
W, * = I
0,**i
Therefore, the {sjt(n)} are orthogonal.

4.9
(a)

x(n) = u(n) — u(n — 6)

98
 x(w) = Yl x^y~iwn
n = —oo

1 - e~Jw

x(n) = 2nu(-n)
0
X(w) = E 2"<
n = —oo

=
m=0
2
2-e''

*(n) = (^) n ti(n + 4)

n= -4

= (X^re'^HV 4 *
m=0
44cj4u,

1 - ^c--"

x(n] = ansinwonu(n), |o| < 1

X(u;) = S>"
n= 0
2j
1 -j(u/+u/ 0 )
-;'(u/-u/o)
2j ^ "' r»=0
n=0
_1_ 1 1
2j

1 - 2ocosu; 0 e-> u ' + a2e~32w

x(n) = \a\n$inw0n, \a\ < 1

oo oo
Note that J^ lx(n)l = ^2 \a\n\sinw0n\
ns-oo n = -oo

= —, so that Isintynnl = 1.

£ Mn = Y, 1^)1-°°-

99
 Therefore, the fourier transform does not exist.
(n
(B)
v = ( 2 - ( i ) - , l»l<
' \ 0, othe
otherwise

X(w) = £ x(n)e"^"
n= - 4
4

= E n= - 4
a-( 5 )" ,-jwn

2e;4u-

1 -e~3w
_ i [-4e>4u' + 4e~i4w - $e>3w + c _ j 3 u ' - 2e j2tt ' + 2c" j 2 , i ; - ejw +
2eJ'4u' . .
= r -ul + j r[AsinAw + 3stn3u> + 2sin2w -f sinw]
1 — e~J

(g)

X(w) = £ x(n)e-^n
n = — oo

- -2e>2w - eJU' + e ^ + 2e - - ,2u '

= — 2j [2sni2u> + smu>]
(h)
/ A(2M+l-\n\)t \n\<M
{
*~ \ 0, |n|>M

= A J2 (2A/ + 1 - |n|)e-^n
n= -M

= (2M + 1)4 + > l £ ( 2 M + 1 - AJCe-^* + e]wk)

k=\
M
- (2M + 1)4 + 2A YJ&M + 1 - k)coswk
fc=i

4.10
(a)

r(n) = ± J^X(w)<J«ndw

1 /,'Wo 1 /* ■
(fu;
2TT y_„ 2 * y„ 0

100
 v - wo

n
For
*°<£ ejwndw =
jn
fe-jw0n _ e -i»n

dw = U
■Jvin in

jn
Hence, x(n) = — sinnwo , n ^ 0

(b)
X(u>) = cos7(w)

I(e>2" + 2 + e->2u')
4
x(n) = — / XCuOe^du;
2TT y_w

= — [27r^(n + 2) + 47r6(n) + 27r6(n - 2)]

OTT

= \ [«(« + 2) + 26(n) + 6(n - 2)]

(c)

x(n) = -!- / A'(tx;)eJU;,l<itx;

1 /^0+^f .
2^7^.^
= l ^ / s t n ^ W ^ ^ ^
7T \ n6u;/2 /

(d)
i f /•*/« />3ir/d ,7ir/8 ,» ^
x(n) = —Re I I 2ejwndw + eiwndw+ e>wndw+l e>wndw)
2* yjQ A/8 J6w/6 Jit 16 J
/•*/8 f3w/8 r7»/8 *tr
/ 2cosum£fu; + / coswndw + / cosumdu; + / 2coswndw
J0 A/8 Jew/A Jlw/i
1 [ lirrx . 6TTTI . 37rn . irn
— \sirx + sin — sin— sin-—
nir 8 8 8 8

4.11
x(n) + x ( - n )
x e (n) =

= {5.0.1,2,1,0,1}

101
 = {^0,-2,0,2,0,1}
3
Then, XR(w) = 51 xt{n)e~iwn
n= - 3
3
jXj(w) = j ; z0(n)e->«n
n= - 3

Now, y(u;) = Xi{w) + XR(w)e>7w. Therefore,

y(n) = F-l{Xi{w)} + F-l{XR(w)ti3w}

(g)

X(w) = ^ x{n)e-i"n
nzz — oo

= _2e j 2 u ' - e*" + cJU/ + 2e - j 2 w ;

= — 2j [2sin2w + sinit;]

(h)
4 A(2M+l-|n|), |n| < M
*<»> = { o , ( \n\> M

Af
*(«,) = 53 *(n)e-^"
n= -Af
A#
= A 5 3 (2M + l - | n | ) e - J u m
n= - M

= (2Af + l)i4 + A 5 ^ ( 2 M + 1 - k)(e->wk + e ^ *

M
= (2M + 1)A + 2A 5 3 ( 2 A / + !
~ *)coswk
*=i

4.12
(a)

x(n) = ±J^X(w)^ndw

1 P"0 1 /" •

ir — wo

For n ?fc 0, / °e^du; = — e>wn\Z

102
 jn

Jwo

sannu>o
Hence, x(n) = _~""'~" ,n ^ 0
n?r
(b)
X(u>) = cos2(tu)
( ^ + l e -i»)2

i(cJ2"+2+e--'2")

x(n) AXtiOe^dti;
2*7-
= -!-[27r6(n + 2) + 47r6(n) + 27r6(n - 2)]

= i [ 6 ( n + 2) + 2<5(n) + 6 ( n - 2 ) ]
4
(c)

X(n) =
^J\x(w)^ndw

2 * y w o _^r

= —6u;
szn(n6u;/2)
n6w/2
'W*1
(d)

x(n) = — Rel I 2eJwndw + / e>wndw+ l e>wndw + e>wndw)

2* [Jo Jw/8 J6*/S Air/8 J
/■w/8 r3»/8 r 7 " - /* r»
/ 2cosu/ncJu; + / costimdtu + / coswndw + / 2cosu/nd
Jo Jw/8 Je*/8 JT*I&
1 f 7irn . 6irn . 3irn . irn~\

4.13
x(n) -t-x(-n)
*«(n) =
2
{5.0.1.2,1,0.1}
x(n)-x(-n)
x 0 (n) =

= {i,0,-2,0,2.0,i}
103
 Then, XR(w) = £ xe(nK}wn
n= - 3
3

n= - 3
Now, y(«;) = X 7 (u;) + XR{w)ei2w. Therefore,
y(") = rM^/N + r^HW^)
= -jx0{n) + xe{n + 2)

= {i^-^'+kH2'0'!}
4.14
(a)

1_ / e>xundw+ I eiwndw + 2 ejwndw + 2 e>wndw

*(") = 2n
^
J6*/10 J-9W/10 JBrflO J-w

2TT

+ -£(_eJ W i o + e-> 9 *"/ 10 + e>*n - e-J'

jn
= — [sinirn — sinSTrn/10 — sm97rn/10]
nn
[sin4irn/b + sin97rn/10]
H7T

(b)

x(n) = -!- / X(w)e^wndw+^- f X(w)ejwndw

2* y_» 2TT y0

2* y_» * 2x JQ *

1
- «« irn .-in»/2
= — s i n — c "* '
irn 2

(c)

x(n) = - W 2e>wndw+— 2e3wndw

2
* Jwc-f 2ir J_Wc_*

irn 2;
_2_ sin{wc -\ )n — 5171(11;,; - —)n
7rn

104
4.15

/ » f 1, 0 < n < M
x n
i\ ) ~ | o, otherwise

M
X,(w) = J ] c - ^
n=0
l_c-;w(A#+i)
1 - e-'%

,, f 1, -Af < n < - 1

2
' ~ \ 0, otherwise

-l
X2(w) = £ e"^
n= - M
Af

= £•"•"
n=l
1 - ejwM
1 - e'w
X{w) = X1(w) + X2(w)
w
I 4. eiw _ eJ — 1 — e-JwiM + l) — e)w(M + l) _^_ el™M _|_ e-jwM
w w
- 2 - e~i - ei
2coswM — 2cosw(M -f 1)
2 — 2cosw
2sin{wM + y)cos7r
2sin 2 f
sin(M + ^)w
= 5m(|)

4.16
(a) A'(0) = £ n x ( n ) = - 1
(b) lX{w) - TT for all w
(c) i ( 0 ) = f- / J , X(w)rfu; Hence, / % X(u;)rfu; = 27rX(0) = - 6 *
(d)
oo
*(») = ^ *(n)e-'""' = £ ( - l ) " * ( n ) = - 3 - 4 - 2 = - 9
n = —oo n

(e) J_\ \X(w)\2dw = 2*Zn k(«)l2 = (2*)(19) = 38*

4.17
(a)

X(w) = £x(n)e-'"""»

105
 X(0) = £>(n)
n
dX{w) . ^ ,
n

= -;'5^nx(n)
n

Therefote,c , L ^ - l

(b) See fig 4.6 X(0) = 1 Therefore, c = S = 0.

dxr.w)
dw

►w

Figure 4.6:

4.18

X!(n) = a n u(n)
F 1
1 - ae~]<
Now, suppose that

X4(n)
= „!(«-!)! flM(w)
F 1
[l-ae-^)*
holds. Then

106
 k

=
*'-^r + x * ( u ; )
ae~iw 1
(l~ac-J«')fc+1 ' ( l - a e " ' " ' ) *

£ * » € - > " " » = (5^x(n)e-><-"'> B r = * ' ( ~ " )

£V ( _ n ) e -i*» = £ x » e ^ n = X'(u;)

^y(n)e^" = £*(n)e"'™-£>(n-l)e-'«"
n n "
7(u;) = X{w) + X(w)e->w
= (\-e-JW)X(w)

y(n) = £ x(*)
ts=-oo
= y(") - y(« - i)
= *(n)
Hence, X(u>) = (1 - e ^ ^ u ; )
X(u/)
VW = 1 - e->"

y( w ) = £x(2n)e"^
n

= *(f)
y(«) = £*(?)«"'""
2

n
= X(2u;)
107
 *,(u/) = 2lx^e'iwn
= e>2w + e>w + 1 + e~jw + e ^ 2 "
= 1 + 2cosw 4- 2cos2u;

X2(u>) = Y,x*(n)e~JWn
= e>4«» + ^2* + j + e->2» + e-j4w

— 14- 2cos2u; 4- 2cosAw

X3(w) = ^x3(n)e-^n

= 1 + 2cos3u> + 2cos6u/

and X3(w) = Xx(3w). Refer tofig4.7

j an integer
otherwise

X*(u;) = £ x*(n)e-^n
n,£ an integer

n
= A"(fcu;)

Xl(n) = i ( e " n / 4 + c-JTn/4)x(n)

x 2 (n) - L ^ W * + c-^ n / 2 )x(n)

-Y2(w)
2;
* ( " - £ ) + *("+fl
108
 w

-Ti/3 0 n/3

Figure 4.7:

(c)

x 3 (n) = i(e>»"/ a + e - ^ B ' 2 ) x ( n )

X3M = I [*(„,-I)+ *(«, +I)

(<*)

X4(n) = 5(^*"+«-^")x(n)

= X(u> - *)

4.22
N-l

E ^ ) c _ i 2 , r t n/ N
^ = ^ n=0
7V-1 oo "
N E
E«(»-~/N) e-j2wkn/N

n=0 L/=-oo .
oo tf-i-tN
= £ E E *(-)e-'J"l(m+W/-V
/=-oo m=-lN

109
N-l-IN

£
m=-lH

Therefore, c\ = J^X(-J^)

_ . , sinwen
Let xN(n) = —, -N<n<N
TTl
= x(n)w(n)
, / \ sinwen
where x(n) = . — oo < n < oo
?rn ~~ ~
w(n) = 1, - N <n< N
= 0, otherwise
sinwen F
Then *— X(w)
Trn
= 1, \w\ < wc
= 0, otherwise
XN(w) = X(w)*W(w)
fPi
= / x(e)w(w - e)de
'w< sin(2N + \)(w-e)/2
- sin(w - e ) / 2 de

Xi(w) = £x(2n+ l)e~]wn

n

= £x(*)e-^*/V"/2

1_ a e ;W2

X 2 (u;) = £ x ( n + 2)e , r n / 2 e-J u m

n

= - ^ x ( * ) e " - ' ^ t t ' + ^ / 2 V 2w

t
= -X(u, + ^ ) e ^

X3(w) = ^x(-2n)c-^n

110
 -jkw/2)
= -£z(*)e->*

(d)

X,(u/) = J^i(e' 0 - 3 * B + c-J 0 - s * ,1 )*(n)e-' ,, ' B

= ij:*(»)ki(- -0.3ir)n , -j(u/+0.3*)n

= - [X(u> - 0.3JT) + X{w + 0.3*)]

(e) Xb{w) = X{w) [X{w)e->w] = X7(w)e-ix

(0
X6(tu) = X(u;)X(-u;)
1
(1 -ae-3w)(l-aeJw)
1
(1 — 2acosw + a2)

4.25
(a) yi(u-) = T,nyi(n)e-'wn = £ n n even *( n ) e ~ J U , n The
Courier transform Yi(w) can easily be
obtained by combining the results of (b) and (c).
(b)
y2(n) = x(2n)
VbM = J]y2(n)e-'""

n
= 5^i(m)e-- ; ' ,, ' ,T,/2
m

Refer to fig 4.8.

;o
•w-ff™ " even
otherwise

Y3(w) = X>(n)e-jwn
n
= £ *(n/2)e->-
n even
,—j2wm
m
= X(2w)

111
-71 -TC/2 n 3n/2

Figure 4.8:

We now return to part(a). Note that yi(n) may be expressed as

i/2), n even
yi(n)-| 0> n odd

Hence, Yx(w) = Y2{2w). Refer to fig 4.9.

4.26
(a) Because the range of n is (—00,00), the fourier transforms of x(n) and y(n) do not exist.
However, the relationship implied by the forms of x(n) and y(n) is y(n) = x 3 (n). In this case,
the system Hi is non-linear.
(b) In this case,

1
X(w)
1- \e-iw'
Y{w)
1 - \e~iw
Y(w)
Hence, H(w)
X(w)
1 - \e~Jw
1 " l«-'' w
=> System is LTI

Note however that the system may also be nonlinear, e.g., y(n) = x 3 (n). (c) and (d). Clearly,
there is an LTI system that produces y(n) when excited by x(n), e.g. H(w) = 3, for all u;, or

(e) If this system is LTI, the period of the output signal would be the same as the period of the
input signal, i.e., N\ = AV Since this is not the case, the system is nonlinear.

112
 ^(*)

7r
-7i -7n/8 ""/S 0 *# *# ^8 n

^(w)

- n -3n/4 -7i/2 ^ 4 o ^ ^2 3^4 n

Figure 4.9:

4.27
(a)
M

wR(w) = Y,w*(n)e~3wn
n=0
M
=E n=0
,-P"

1 _ e-HM + l}w
1 -e-i«»

(b) Let u>T(n) = hR(n) * hR(n - 1),

h / „ N . / 1. 0 < n < f - 1
( n )
^ ~ \ 0, otherwise

Hence,

Wr(u;) = /fj(u;)e-^
sin ¥-11) ,-jwM/2
sin*

113
(c)

1., 2irns
Let c(n)
3(1+-—)
2
Then, C(w) L > !«, "\ 1,, 2ir,
— 7T < It; < 7T

Wc(w) = T- r c ( e )^(^ - e ) j e
5 WHM + 5 W«(u/ - ~ ) + \\VR{w + ^ )

Refer to fig 4.10

-27I/M 2n/M+l 2n/M

-2n/M+l 0

Figure 4.10:

4.28
(a)

A(n) (5)B«(n)

ff(u,) = jt,(hn*'iwn
n=0

= E(|e-^r
n=0

114
 1 - ie->'

\H(w)\ =
[ ( 1 - \cosw)1 + (Jstniy) 2 ]*
1
§
T — cosu;
Z//(u>) = -tan - 1 istnw
2
1 — ^cosu;
= e{w)

For the input x(n); = cos—n

10
1 ]3wn — ;3iri»
= - ( C >° + C ><>

r/ 3TT. 3TT
X(u>)
*(u;"To)+ (u;+
To)
= 7T M<
y(u-) = ff(u>)X(w)
3TT. 3TT

*<£>• *(«,--) + *(«,+ _ )

'3icn ^ , 3 * \
y(n) = \H(%)\cos
io- + e(To>

xn ■{■ ,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,
T
x(n) + z ( - n )
First, determine x e (n)
2
x(n)-x(-n)
and x 0 (n)
2
Then, X«(u;) 2>e(n)e-"""

Xj(w) n

\H(w)\ n

e(w) {XR(w) + X](w)},

= tan
-iXj(w)
and y(u;) XR(w)
H(w)X{w)

x(n) + x ( n - 1)
y(n) =

Y(w) = -(l+e-^Wu;)

115
 H(w) = -(l+e-'w)

Refer to fig 4.11.

(b)

-2 -1 0 1
—> m

Figure 4.11:

x(n) - x(n — 1)
lK») 2
Y(w) = i(l-e"^)X(ti

H(w) = 5(1-e"^)
= ( s mv,^ e-,- ^ / V ^ 2

Refer to fig 4.12.

(c)
x(n + l ) - x ( n - 1)
v(»)
= ^-e-nXiw)

= {sinw)e>*12

Refer to fig 4.13.

(d)
x(n + 1) + x ( n - i;
irfn) =

116
Figure 4.12:

Figure 4.13:

117
 Y(w)

H(w)
= cosw
Refer to fig 4.14 (e)

1 1.5 2 i 35
—>m

Figure 4.14:

x(n)+x(n-2)
y(n) = 2
Y{w) = 1(1+ *->*")*( u>

H(w) = i ( l + e-j2")
= (cosw)e~iw

Refer to fig 4.15.

(f)
x(n)- - x ( n - 2 )
V(n) = 2
Y(w) = iu- e-> 2tt;
)X(

e-j2u/)
H(w) = io-
= (sinu;)c-- ; ' u ' +;T/2

Refer to fig 4.16 (g)

x(n) + x ( n - l) + x ( n - 2 )
y(n) =

V(u;) = i ( l + e--'w + e--'' 2w )X(u;)

118
 Figure 4.15:

0.8

?06 ■ / N.
?0.4
i
/ N.
0.2

o.s 1.5 2 2.5 3.5

—>w

Figure 4.16:

119
 H(w) = i(i + e - i « + e ->a*)

= \{l + 2cosw)e-jw

\H(w)\ = \±(l + 2cosw)\

/tj( \ — f ~w> l + 2cosw>{

^W' ~ \ -K - w, 1 + 2cosw < I
Refer to fig 4.17.
(h)

Figure 4.17:

y(n) = x(n) - x(n - 8)

Y(w) = (\-e-j6w)X(w)
H{w) = (l-c->8u')
= 2(sin4w)ej{'/2-4uj)

Refer to fig 4.18.

2z(n-l)-x(n-2)
Y(w) (2c~«' u '-e-"' 2u ')A:(u;)
H(w)
2co«u; — cos2w — j(2sinw — sin2w)
\H(w)\ [(2cosw — cos2w)2 + (2sinw — sin2w)7]
, /2smu; — sm2u>\
e{w) -tan'1 - —
\2cosw — cos2w )
120
Figure 4.18:

Figure 4.19:

121
 Refer to fig 4.19.
(J)
x(n) + x(n - 1) + x(n - 2) + x(n - 3)

Y(w) = - ( 1 + e->w + e'j2w + e-j3w)X(w)

4
H(w) = \ [e-jw(e>w + e " ^ ) + e ^ ' V " + e">«')]

i(e->"'+e-> 2 , , ')co*«;
E \ -)c- i 3 « / 2
(cosiy)(cos —

Refer to fig 4.20.

(k)

Figure 4.20:

.. x(n) + 3 x ( n - 1) + 3x(n - 2) + x(n - 3)

V(n) = -

Y{w) = l{l + 3e-Jw + 3e-i2w+e-i3w)X(w)

o

H(w) = i ( l + C "^) 3
= (cosu;/2) 3 e--' 3u '/ 2
Refer to fig 4.21.
(1)
y(n) = x(n - 4)
Y(w) = e-> 4u, X(u;)
//(u;) = e~>Aw
\H{w)\ = 1
©(u;) = — Aw

122
 Figure 4.21:

Refer to fig 4.22.

m
y(n) = x(n + 4)
Y(w) = ei^Xiw)
4w
H{w) = e>
H(w)\ = 1
e(w) = Aw

Refer to fig 4.23.

(n)
x ( n ) - 2 x ( n - l) + x ( n - 2 )
y(")

Y(w) = i ( l - 2 e - > u ' + c--'2tt')A'(u;)

4
H(w)
= (s»n2u;/2)e-J^-*)

Refer to fig 4.24.

4.30
(a)
x(n) + x ( n - 10)
Y(w) (l + e-jl0w)X{w)
H(w) (2cosbw)e-}bw

123
 c

1.5

0.5

n
0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3.5
—>*

Figure 4.22:

Figure 4.23:

124
 Figure 4.24:

Refer to fig 4.25.

(b)

= 0

"(f) 57T
(2cos — )e~ J 3*

j,(n) = (6c oST)S,n(- + - - _

5TT . T 47TT
(6cos )s,n(
= T 3-lo")
(c)

H(0) = 2

2
27rn T
y(n) = 20+ l O c o s — + -

4.31

/>(n) = 6(n) + 2 £ ( n - 2 ) + 6(n-- 4 )

H(w) = 1 + 2e~j2w + e - j 4 w
= (l+e-J2tt')2
= 4(co5tx,)2e-J'2"
tate Response: //(—) = 0
n
Therefore, ySs{ ) = 0,(n>4)
Transient Response:

125
 2

\ :
\
'-1
■N i

9
05 1.5 2 2.5 3.5
—> w

Figure 4.25:

ytr{n) = lOe^u(n) + 20czisf21 u(n - 2) + 1 0 e r i ^ l i u ( n - 4)

= 106(n) + jl06(n - 1) + 10<5(n - 2) + j'10<5(n - 3)

4.32

(a)

V(n) x(n) + x(n — 4)

Y(w) (l + e-j4u')X(w)
H(w) {2cos2w)e-j2w

Refer to fig 4.26.

(b)
It 7T K 7T , .
y(n) = cos—n + cos—n + cos—(n — 4) + cos-(n — 4)
2 4 2 4
„ It , . 7T . 7T .
But cos — (n — 4) = cos—ncos2ir + sin — nsin2ir
2 2 2
7T
cos—n =
2
and cos — [n — 4) = cos—ncosir — sin—nsinir
4 4 4
= —cos—n
4
Therefore, y(n) = 2cos—n

\c) Note that H{\) = 2 and / / ( J ) = 0. Therefore, the filter does not pass the signal cos(jn).

126
 _ 1
•

■ ■

0.5 1.5 25 3.5

Figure 4.26:

4.33

y(n) = - [x(n) - x(n - 2)]

l
Y(w) = ~(l-e~^)X(w)

H(w) = l(l-e'»»)
= (sinw)ej^-^
H(0) = o,*(f) = i
Hence, y„{n) = 3cos(^n +60°)
ytr(n) = 0

4.34
x(n) = Acos^n
(a) y(n) - x(2n) = Acos\n => w = J-
(b) y(n) = x 2 (n) = 4 2 cos 2 J n = \A"* + ±A 2 cosfn. Hence, u> = 0 and u; = §
(c)

y(n) = x(n)co57rn
= Acos—ncosirn
4
A 5* A 3*
= — cos—n + —cos—n
2 4 2 4
3* 57T
Hence, it; = — and it; = —
4 4

127
4.35
(a)

y(n) = -[x(n) + x ( n - l ) ]

Y(w) = j(l + e ^ ) X H

= COs(-)e->*

Refer to fig 4.27.

(b)
1

0.8 . .

£o.6 " ^ ~ ^ \
■

?0.4
i
■
-
0.2 ■
-
^
0
() 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.
—>w

■ ■

^
A

'-1.5
'
9
0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3.5

Figure 4.27:

y(n) = "2 [*(")-*("-!)]

Y(w) = -l(l-e~nX(w)
\H(w)\ = «n|
0(u>) = e*<*-*>
Refer to fig 4.28.
(c)
y(n) = -[x(n) + 3 x ( n - l ) + 3x(n-2) + x ( n - 3 ) ]
o
Y(w) = i ( l + e-^) 3 X(u;)

= cos*(^)e->*

128
 Figure 4.28:

Refer to fig 4.29.

4.36

y(n) x(n) + x(n - M)

Y{w) {l + e-JwM)X(w)
H(w)
H(w) 0, at — = (*+-)*, k = 0,1,
or w (2*+l)7r/M, Jt = 0 , l ,

\H(w)\ \2cos—-\

4.37
y(n) = 0.9y(n - 1) + bx(n)
(a)
Y(w) = 0.9e-iwY(w)+bX{w)
Y(w)
H(w)
X(w)

1 - O.Qe-J"'
\H(0)\ = 1,=»6 = ±0.1
wM cos^f- > 0
1 >
S(iv) = wM
7T — cos^f- < 0

129
 i
I 1 . 1 1 I I , ,
0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3.5
—> w

Figure 4.29:

(b) |tf(u, 0 )| 2 = i => 1 6 1 _ 1 6 . 8 c o ^ 0 = | =► wo = 0.105

(c) The filter is lowpass.
(d) For |#(u;o)| 2 = 5 => wQ - 3.036. This filter is a highpass filter.

4.38
(a)
JV-l
Px =
n=0
V-l

k=0
-1

cl + 2j2\ck\
k= l

Spurious power P* - 2|c t 0 | 2

P* - 2|c k0 | 2
THD

2kt0|2
P*
(b) for / 0 = i , refer to fig 4.30
for / 0 = X , refer to fig 4.31

(c) for / 0 = J , refer to fig 4.33

for / 0 = i , refer to fig 4.34
for / 0 = 25^, refer to fig 4.35
The total harmonic distortion(THD) reduces as the number of terms in the Taylor approxi­
mation is increased.

130
 t«rm»-4

Figure 4.30:

Figure 4.31:

131
 tmrmtm 2

Z o

-20

£ 20
K
A
: o
-20 1
88fM- 2 S° 300 0 100 200 100 200 300
1

£ o
M
A
! -1

100 200 300

Figure 4.32:

ong costhd-2 22e-16 t«rTTtt-2th4-0 06186 terms-3 thd-0 4379

100

100

200
terms«5mO-0 6054
50

0
I -50

-100 -100.
°t«rms-7 ftflU) 069241 ^trms-8 tft£o 0026571
100

0
I -100
-200

Figure 4.33:

132
 ortg cos 1hd>0 terms-2 thd-0 07905 terms*3 ihd-0 4439

Figure 4.34:

ong cos thd—6 6616-16

100 100 100

0 0 0
I -100 L I
-200 -100
-100
0 1 1
I terms.* %&.0 5271 ° t«rms-5^U) 6077 ° t«rms«€^S-0 6238
-200
-200
100

1 0

100

-200
I

100
I 0

100

200

Figure 4.35:

133
4.39
(a) Refer to fig 4.36
(b) /o = *

100 200 300

—> n —> n
Figure 4.36:

bits 4 6 8 16
THD 9.4616e-04 5.3431c - 05 3.5650c - 06 4.2848c-11

(0 /o = TJoo
bits 4 6 8 16
THD 9.1993e-04 5.5965e - 05 3.0308c - 06 4.5383e-ll

(d) As the number of bits are increased, THD is reduced considerably.

4.40
(a) Refer to fig 4.37
(b) Refer to fig 4.38
The response of the system to Xj(n) can be seen from fig 4.39

4.41
(a)

H(w) = £ A(n)e"'"-"
n = —oo

n=0

134
 f-0.25 f-0.2

-0.5

100

i OS

-1

0 006 0.1 0.15 02 0.25 0.3 0.39 0.4 0.49 0.9

toq(Hl)

Figure 4.38:

135
 f-0.25 ♦-0 2

Figure 4.39:

2C
l-±e> 1 " i*'
5 — 3cosw
\H(w)\ 4
5 — Scosw
IH(w) 0

3*71
x(n) = cos-
T"
X(w) ' 3irn. 37rn — *■ < u; <
= T
Hu~ — ) + £ ( " + —
Y(w) J/(u;)X(ti;)
4?r 3irn. .. 3irn
* ( " - — ) + <5(u;+—)
5-3cos^-
3*71
, the output is simply y(n) = Acos
3*\
where A = "(">)!«,=¥ = # ( T )

*(n) = {...,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1... A
cosnn, —oo < n < oo
4 4 _ 1
5 - SCOSTT ~ 8 ~ 2
1
y(n) zosirn
V
136
 Y(w) = 1[6(W-T) + 6(W+W))

4.42
(a)
xa(t) = c--'2^0'

ATa(F) = / za{t)e-'7'Ftdt
Jo
= f°° e-j2wFote-j2Ttdt
Jo
= l^ e-J2r(F+Fo)tdt
Jo
c -j2>r(F+Fo)t

-J2*(F + F0)^
Xa(F)
= J2*(F + F 0 )
(b)
z(n) = e ~~n

X{f) = £ x(n)<)e-i**J*
n=-oo
oo
L
e- -r*-e-j2*fn
n= 0

= £V J ' 2 ' r ( F + £ ) n
n=0
1
l-c-.W+ft)
(c) Refer to fig 4,40
(d) Refer to fig 4.41
(e) Aliasing occurs at Fs — 10Hz.

4.43
(a)
y(n) = x(n) - 2coswox(n — 1) + x(n - 2)
/i(n) = <5(n)-2cosu> 0 6(n-l) + 6 ( n - 2 )
(b)
ff(u;) = 1 - 2coswQe->w + e ^ 2 "
= (i_e--'u'0e-^)(l-^u'Vu')
, . j • w + t^o . w - u>o
= —4c J B s i n — - — s i n — - —
2 2
= — 2e~JW(cosw — COSWQ)
\H(w)\ = 2\cosw - COSWQ\
=^ |//(tt;)j = 0 a t t i ) = ±wo

137
 KVU

1000

800 ■ ■

* 600
A
I
400 ■

200

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Figure 4.40:

F*-10 Fa-20
12
10

i:
: 4

5 10 15

Ft-40

30
IT
^20
A
1
10 I
ft JL
20 40 60 ISO

Figure 4.41:

138
 Refer to fig 4.42.
:o
w0» pi/3

Figure 4.42:

when w0 = ir/2,H{w) - 1 - e>2w

at u> = ir/3, # ( * / 3 ) = l - e > a , r / 3 = le> , r / 3
y(n) = |//(7r/3)|3cos(^n + 3 0 o - 6 0 ° )

= 3cos(^n-30°)

4.44

y(n) = z(n)-x(n-4)

= 2e-j2wejr/7sin2w

Refer to fig 4.43.

(b)

x(n) = cos—n + cos —n, //(—n) = 0

y(n) = 2cos^n, / f ( | ) = 2, *#(£) = 0

(c) The filter blocks the frequency at it; = y.

4.45

y(n) = -[x(n)-x(n-2)}

139
 ^ 1

r
0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3.5
—>w

Figure 4.43:

H(w) = _(l_e-j2»)

= e-^ei'^sin w
x(n) 5 + 3sin(-n + 60°) + 4sin(irn + 45°)

H(0) 0, ff(|)=l, //(*) = 0

y{n) 3 s m ( ^ n + 60°)

4.46
(a)

y(n) = x(2n) => This is a

r » = £ y(n)*-,wn
oo

= ]T *(2n)e->«"*
n = —oo

= i, M<2
= o, !<M<*

(b)

y(n) = x 2 (n) => This is a non-linear, time-invariant system

Y(w) = ±X(w)*X(w)
J7T

140
 Refer to fig 4.44.
(c)

0 71/2 w
-nil

Figure 4.44:

y(n) = (cosTrn)x(n) ^ This is a time-vary in

1
Y(w) = [7r6(u; — TT) -f 7r6(u; + 7r)] * X(w)
2TT

= i [X(w - ») + X(w + TT)]

, , 3*
= 0,
1 37T . ,
= 2' — <M<*

4.47
/»(n) = (^)ncos-nu{n)

(a)

l-icosfz"1
//(z)
l-2(i)cosJz-1+(i)22-2
1
l-^z"
l Z
_ 6
1 - 4 * ^16-

141
(b) Yes. Refer to fig 4.45
(c) Poles at z — \e±3^, zeros at z = ^ .

x(n) y(n)
'' V
.( *

a
V
a
"

z' 1 «-»

>^2/Z \J~2I4
y
a
1
'
-1
z

-1/16

Figure 4.45:

. - a af l . - > «
# ("0 = V?1 '" 1 r - . Refer to fig 4.46.
1 e
4 ~ 16c

(d:

x(n) = (-)nti(n)

X(z) =
1-Iz-
Y(z) = X(z)//(z)

2
1 - ^42Z- 1 ^+ 16
1 -J-2-
Z

y(n =
) 2 ( 4 ^ ll + C ° S I n + ^ + ^ s i n ^ n ] u(n
)

4.48

y(n) = i ( n ) - z ( n - 10)

142
 1 «

13

12 ■ ^ / \

In \
I \

\
09

n fi
05 15 2 25 35
—> w

Figure 4.46:

H(w) = l-e->10w
_ 2e- j5tt 'e J ? sinbw
\H(w)\ = 2\sinbw\,
Q(w) = — — bw, for sinbw > 0

= bw + 7T, for sinou; < 0

2
Refer to fig 4.47.
(b)

(1) Hence, y(n) = 2cos—n + 3\/3sin(-n - —)

1U «J 10

tf(0) = 0, #(y) =0
(2) Hence, y(n) = 0

4.49

M») = ±J\{w)^dw
_1_ I J^dw- j e-}wnd
27T J
J-*r -i
143
 .. 1
» \
\
A
1
' -1

9
o.s 1.5 2 2.5 3.5
—> w

Figure 4.47:

. 3TT . 7r
sin — n — sin — n
irn 8 8
2 . it *
— s t n — ncos — n
nn 8 4
(b) Let

Tin
Then,
u ;
\ 0, f <|U;|<TT
and
/i(n) = hi(n)cos — n
4

4.50

V(n) -y(n-l) + x(n)+-*(n-l)

V(') i ^ y W + ^CO + i*-1^*)

tf(z) Y(*)
X{z)

1 - ^Z"1
x 2z

(a)

tf(z) - 1
1 - iz"1

/i(n) 2(^)nu(n)-6(n)

144
(b)

H(w) = £/i(n)* —jwn

n=0

- 1
1 - ie"->'
1 + KJ"
1- \e~^
= #(*)!««*-
(c)

*<f) 1- \t->?

i + ii
le-;2tan-4

Hence, y(n) = c o s (
2n+4" V

4.51
Refer to fig 4.48.

|X(w)|lor(«) W*)l«or(b)

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4

|X(w)|ter(c) Ww)|tor(d)

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4

Figure 4.48:

4.52

//(;) = (l-cJ'Tz-1)(l-c--'Tr-i;

145
 = l-v/22"1**-2
H(w) = l-x/2e-;u;+e-2jt

= 2e-iw(cosw-—)
2
= x(n)-V2x(n-l) + x(n-2)
for x(n = sin — u{n)
4
y(o = x(0)= 0

= x(l)-V2x(0) + x(-l) = ^
v(i
V2
y(2 x(2) - \/2x(l) + x(0) = 1 - v / 2 - y + 0 = 0

y(3 x(3) - v^x(2) + x(l) = Y " ^ + ^ = 0

y(4 = 0

4.53
(a) H(z] = ^ 0 ^ - 1 - Refer to fig 4.49.
(b)

Figure 4.49:

H(w) = ib
l + 0.9e-""

146
 Ww)l = k 21"" II
v/1.81+ 1.8cosw
», . _i sfnu; , 0.9sinw
e(w) = ion ' 1 — cosu;+
-1 '/an"
— - 1 1 -+- 0.9cosu>

(d) y(n) = -0.9y(n - 1) + ^ [x(n) - x(n - 1)]

(e)

ff(|) = 0.014e>e<*>

y(n) = 0.028cos(Jn+134.2°)
6

4.54
(a) H(z) = 6 o i j ^ I i - Refer to fig 4.50.
(b) For a = 0.5,6= —0.6, H(z) = 6O|IQ5*-* • Since the pole is inside the unit circle and the

Direct form I:
y(n)

■G-O
x(n) b

bbQ

Direct form II
x(n>,

V
,
!
-1
1
Or
V i
y(n)

-a b

Figure 4.50:

filter is causal, it is also stable. Refer to fig 4.51.

(c)
l + 0.5z - l
H(z) = b0
1-0.52"1
2
- A2§ 4- cosu;
=>\H(w)\' = 6 j4i
T — cosu;

147
 z-plane

Figure 4.51:

The maximum occurs at w — 0. Hence,

H{w)\w=0 - °o i
4

96g = 1

=*6o =

(d) Refer to fig 4.52.

(e) Refer to fig 4.53.
obviously, this is a highpass filter. By selecting b = — 1, the frequency response of the
highpass filter is improved.

4.55

\H(w)\'
[1 + r 2 - 2rcos(u; - 0)] [1 + r 2 - 2rcos(u; + 0)]
d 1
— [2r«n(u; - 0)(1 + r 2 - 2rcos(u> + ©))
dw \H(w)\2
+2rsin{w + 0)(1 + r 2 - 2rcos(u; - 0))]
0
(1 -fr 2 )(sin(u- - 0 ) + sin(w + e)) = 2r [sin(u; - Q)cos(w + 0 ) + sin(w + 0)cos(u' - ©)]

148
 |H(w)|
1 1 1

08

f° 6
^0.4

"
0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3.5
w
phaM

Figure 4.52:

z-plane

Figure 4.53:

149
 (1 + r2)2sinwcosQ 2rsin2w
4rsinwcosw
14-r2
Therefore, cosw cosG
2r
-l 1 + r2
Wr = COS cosQ
2r

4.56

y(n) ix(n) + - x ( n - l ) + - x ( n - 2 )

H(w)

= ( 2 '
e-i»,nS?!L
'"cos
<>w
\H(w)\ cos —
2
e(w) = LH{w) = -w

Refer to fig 4.54

4i i i i i t i i

-2 -1 0
—> w

Figure 4.54:

4.57
(a)

x(n) = (-)»„(„) + u(-n-l)

4

150
 X[z) = _ i _ + _i_ r i ROC:i<|,|<l
4'

Hence, H(z) = Y{z)

X(z)
R0C:
= YTI^- 1*1 < l
(b)

- 4Z
Y{z) =
(1 ')
3
-f 1. 5
' 1 + r- 1
1-
-i*- i
V(") = -^)nti(n)-^(-l)nti(-n-l)

4.58

y(n) = 6 0 x(n) + 6 i a r ( n - l ) + 6 2 * ( n - 2 )
ff(u>) = 6o + 6 i e - ^ + 6 2 e-- ,2u '

(a)

H& = bo + bie-i2? +b2e-jir =0

tf(0) = 6o + 6 i + 6 2 = l
For linear phase, 60 = ±62.
select 60 = 62 (otherwise 61 = 0).
These conditions yield
60 = 61 = 62 = -

Hence, H(w) = \e-jw{\ + 2cosw)

:b)
H(w) = - ( l + 2cosu;)

. _ f -u>, for 1 + 2costf > 0

«(u;) - I _ ^ + ^ for 1 + 2costi; < 0
Refer to fig 4.55.

4.59
(a)

1 ^
y(n) =
2A/T7 2 - * ( n ~* }

151
 Figure 4.55:

M
1
H(w)
K ] = - V * e~jwk
2M + 1 . *-"„
M
1
1+ 2y^coswk
2M+1 *=i

(b)
A/-1
M:

M-l
*(«>) = jLcofJIfu+JL 1 + 2 ^ cosu;*
t=i
The filter in (b) provides somewhat better smoothing because of its sharper attenuation at
the high frequencies.

4.60
(a)
,-}2*Ft
X(f)
J—oo

= f 3 \ f* *l(* - T)z2{T)dT e->2TFtdt

J — oo [.J — oo

e-i**F7dT
= f* *7{T)\r zl{t-T)e'*W-')dt
J — oo W—oo

= Xi(F) l" x2(r)e-^FTdr

J — oo
= Xl[F)X2(F)

152
(b)

*(«) \d\ = T + t,-T < t <0

= /.;
IdA = r - * , - r X > 0

«■ {i. otherwise
Refer to fig 4.56.
(c)

x(t)

—T 0
Figure 4.56:

Xl(F) = X7{F) = I* e-j2*Ftdt

sirnrFr 2
= (- *F

4.61

H(z) - l + z + z2 + . . . + 2l
1-z9
~ 1-2"1

153
 1 - e-J9w
H(w) =
1 - e~iw
e-j9w/2 5 z n 9 l t ; / 2

e ~ > / 2 siniv/2
sin9w/2
j4w
= e- sinw/2
sin9w/2
1 v
" ' stnw/2 '
6(t/;) = — 4w, when sin9w/2 > 0
= — 4u; + 7T, when sin9w/2 < 0
9_.L
#(u>) = 0, at w= — - , J b = 1,2,...,8
y

The corresponding analog frequencies are *F. * = 1,2,3,4,or ±kHz, §kHz, |kHz, fkHz.

4.62
Refer to fig 4.57.

Figure 4.57:

(l_ei3'/4z-i)(1_e-;3r/42-i)
H(z) = G
O-^- 1 ) 2
H(w) = *(*)!«.'•

154
 H{0) G
~ ( T ^
\H(w)\ = U G ? = 1
4
I2 = 2 + v/2
G = ?—■=- = 0.073
4(2 + 72)

4.63

— 1 — rcos(w - 9) -f jrsin(u> - 0)

(a)

|#,(u;)| = { [ l - r c o s ( u ; - 0 ) ] 2 + [rsm(u;-0)] 2 }5
= [l + r 2 - 2 r c o s ( u > - 0 ) ] *
201og 10 |/f,(«;)| = 101og10[l - 2rcos(w -9) + r2)

Hence proved.
(b)
n i \ 4 - l i m a g . part
Q2[w) = tan :
real part
,._-i rsin{w-9)
= tan - —
1 — rcos{w — 9)
Hence proved.
(c)

y
aw
1 [1 - rcos(w — 9)]rcos(w — 9) — rsin(w — 9)(rsin(w — 9))
1 + , r'$tni(w-0) [i _ rcos(w - 9)]2
T2 — rcos(w — 9)
1 + r 2 - 2rcos{w - 9)
Hence proved.
(d) Refer to fig 4.58.

4.64

*'(w) = 1 - J'e-i» ' r<1

(a)
1
\HP(w)\ =
{[1 - rcos{w - 9)] + [rsin{w - 0)] 2 }*
2

1
\HAw)\

155
 magnitude theta-0 phase theta=0 group delay theta=0

-10
" magnitude iheta=1.57r " phase theta=1.571 group delaylheta=1.57T
10| 1| 20

-20 -10
_l magnitude lneta=3.1 A§
~ " phase theta=3.142 "group delaylheta=3.145
10

-10
5 -5

156
 1
\Hp(w)\dB = 201og10(

-201og 1 0 |//,(u)|
-\Mt(w)\dB
Hence proved.
(b)
1 — rcos(w — 9) — jrsin(w — 9)
Hp(w) =
[1 - rcos{w - 9)]2 + [rsin{w - 9))2
, rsin(w — 9)
ep(w) = -tan x —, '--
1 — rcos{w — 9)
= -ez{w)
Hence proved.
(0
<tep(w)
rUw) = -
dw
d{-e,{w))
dw
det(w)
dw

Hence proved.

4.65

Hz(w) = {l-reJ°e->w)(l-re-j'e-ju')

= A{w)B{w)

(a)

\H,W\ = |-A(«;)6(u;)|
= \A(w)\\B(w)\
\n,M\dB = 201og 10 |tf,(u,)|
= 101og10[l - 2rcos(w -9) + r 2 ] + 101og10[l - 2rcos{w + 9) + r 2 ]

(b)
LHt{w) - LA{w)+LB{w)
, rsiniw — 6) rsin(w + 9)
tan-1- y
— ^ r + *an - i
1 — rcos(w — 9) 1 — rcos(w + 9)

(c)

det{w)
r'Aw) = -
dw
r>A(w) + rf(w)
2
r — rcos(w — 9) r 2 — rcos{w + 9)
1 + r 2 - 2rcos(u; - 5 ) 1 + r 2 - 2rcos(if + 9)

157
(d)

HJw) = 1
Ht{w)
1
Therefore, \Hp(w)\ —
\n,{w)\
\HP(w)\dB - -|^(u»)|dB
on the same lines of prob4.62
ep(w) - —8z(u>) and
*!M = -r/W
(e) Refer to fig 4.59.

magnitude theta-0 phase theta-0 group delay theta=0

magnitude theta=1.571 phase theta=1.571 group delay theta=1.571

1.5

Figure 4.59:

4.66
(a)
(I-a)<
\Hi(w)\2 =
(1 — acosw)2 + a2sin2tv

158
 (i-g)2
1 + a 2 — 2acosw
4a - 1 - a 2
|//l(ti')| = - => COSW], =
2 2a
(b)

i u A M2 ,1-0,2 (l + cosw)2 + sin2w

m*)\ = ("2") (l_ae08w)2 + a28in*w
2
(1-a) 2 ( 1 + cosu;)
2 1 + a 2 — 2acosw
i rr / \i2 1 2a
2 ' 1+a2
By comparing the results of (a) and (b), we find that cosw? > cosw\ and, hence u>2 < w\
Therefore, the second filter has a smaller 3dB bandwidth.

4.67

h(n) — cos(won + 0 )
= COSWQTICOSQ — sinwQnsinQ

use the coupled-form oscillator shown in figure 5.38 and multiply the two outputs by cos®
and sin&, respectively, and add the products, i.e.,
yc(n)cos& + yt(n)sinQ — COS(WQTI + 6)

4.68

y(n) = e ^ ° y ( n - l ) + x(n)
= (coswo + jsinwo) [yn(n - 1) + jyi(n - 1)] + x{n)
yR(n - 1) + jyi(n- 1) = yR(n - l)cosw0 - yi(n - l)sinw0 + x(n)
+j [j/fl(n -
l)sinw0 + yi(n - 1)COSWQ)

(b)Refer to fig 4.60.

(c)
Y{z) = e^z^Y^ + l
1

y(n) = ejnwou(n)
= [COSWQTI + jsinwQn] u(n)
Hence, J/K(TI) = coswonu(n)
yi(n) = sinwonu(n)

(d)
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

y/(n) 0 i f 1 # J 0 -I -f 1

159
 COS W/

Figure 4.60:

4.69
(a) poles: pi, 2 = re±jUJ<
zeros: z\ 2 = e±JU,°
w
(b) For w = WQ,H{WQ) = 0 For # ^0, the poles and zeros factors in H(w) cancel, so that
H(w) = 1. Refer to fig 4.61.
(c)

|1 - e J ^ e - ^ l 2 ! ! - e -^°e-^l2
\H(w)\2 = C2
II - re> u '°e--' u; | 2 |l -
re-iw°e-Jw\2
2 ( 1 - COS(w — WQ)) 2(1 - rcos(w+ U'Q))
= G2
1 -f r — 2rcos(w — u>o)J [ l + r 2 — 2rcos{w + u>o).
2

where u^o = — • Then

o
d\H(w)f = 0 => W = 7T
dw

i*(*)i2 = 4 G 2 2
< n ^) = 1

G = I(l + r+r 2 )

(d) Refer to fig 4.62.

(e)

160
 Figure 4.61:

I±r±r?
y(n)

-2r cos w, -2cos

-1

Figure 4.62:

161
 |ff(«Of = G
h _ re> u '°e-> u '| 2 |l - re->°e-.> u '| 2
In the vicinity of w = WQ, we have

\H(w)\2 % G2
1 _ reJw°e-Ju'\2
2(1 — co5(u; — WQ))
= G2
. 1 + r 2 — 2rcos(w — tuo).
1 + r 2 - 4G 2
cos(w — wo)
2r - 4G 2
_1/l + r 2 - 4 G 2 ,
Wl,2 ± C 0 5
"° < 2r-4G2 >

BzdB — W\ — W2 2C S (
° 2r-4G 2 }

= 2cos-'(l-(
v^

2 2(1 )2
V ^
2vT^7

4.70
For the sampling frequency Ft = 500samples/sec, the rejected frequency should be'uii
2 " ( ^ ) = ^7r. The filter should have unity gain at w? =
2 T T ( | ^ ) = |TT. Hence,

H(-*) = 0

and H{\-K) - 1

H(w) = G(l-eJ^c">u')(l-e--'^e--'u;)
= G e ' ^ ^ c o s u ; - 2cos —]

H(U) = 2G\[cos(±*)-coS(^*)}\=l

Hence, G =
COSXTT — cosiv
25

4.71
From (5.4.22) we have,

1 - e->2w
H(w) = 60
(1 _ rei( °- ))(l - rc->^o _ u ; ))
w w>

2 |l-e-«'2u'|2
\H(wQ)\ = 602 = 1
(1 - r) [(l - rcos2w0)2 + (rsm2u;o) 2 ]
2

^ ( 1 - r) 2 (l - 2rcos2u>0 +T 2 )
Hence, 6Q
2|sinu;o|

162
4.72

From Q (n + l)u' 0
(n - l)u>0
and COSQ + cos0 2cos cos—-—, we obtain
2 2
cos(n + l)u>o + cos(n - \)WQ
2cosnu>ocosu>o
with y(n)
cosu;on, it follows that
y(" + i) + y ( n - i ) 2co$woy(n) or equivalently,
V(n) 2coswoy(n — 1) — y(n — 2)

4.73

0 . <* + /? o
sina + sinfl 2s:n—-—cos— •, we obtain
2 "" 2
when a nwo and /? = (n — 2)u>o, we obtain
sinnifo + sin(n — 2)wo 2sin(n — l)u>ocosu>o
If y(n) .Asinwon, then
y(n) 2coswoy(n - 1) - y{n - 2)
Initial conditions: y(—1) —Asinwo, y(—2) — —Asin2wo

4.74

For h(n = Acoswonu(n)

1 — Z~1COSWQ
H(z
1 — 2COSWQZ~1 + 2-2
Hence, y(n = 2coswoy(n — 1) — y(n — 2) 4- Az(n) — Acosxvox(n — 1)
For h(n = y45»nnu;ou(n)
2 ^mtuo
H(z
1 — 2cosu>o2-1 + 2 - 2
Hence, y(n = 2cosi^oy(« — 1) + y{n — 2) + Ax(n) — >isinti;ox(n — 1)

4.75
Refer to fig 4.63. yi(n) = Acosnwou(n),y^(n) = Asinnwou{n)

4.76
(a) Replace 2 by 2 . We need 8 zeros at the frequencies w = 0,±j,±^,±^-,ir Hence,

H(z) = 1-02"8
Y(z)
X(z)
Hence, y(n) = ay(n - 8)-1-x(n) - z(n - 8)

163
 z" 1 -ACOSWQ

r \ 2rcos %L

Lv i
''
Asin^
z" 1

-1
»2w

Figure 4.63:

(b) Zeros at 1, e ^ T . e ^ ' i . e ^ ^ , - 1

Poles at a i . a i e ^ . a i e * ' * , < ! * « * > ¥ , - 1 . Refer to fig 4.64.
(c)
w= 2|cos4u;|
\ / l — 2acos8tu + a 2
1
°"n8w
f - f a n "-i_aim8uL_ cos4u;>0
cos4u; < 0
Refer to fig 4.65.

4.77
We use FJL = lcycle/day. We also choose nulls of multiples of -fa - 0.071, which results in a
narrow passband of ib±0.067. Thus, M + 1 = 14 or, equivalently M — 13

4.78
(a)
1 ~ ie- ;^,
H(w) =
1 -ae->w
(1 - ±cosw)7 + (±sinw)2
\H(w)\2 =
(1 — acosw)2 + (asinw)2

164
 Unit circle

Figure 4.64:

magnitude of notch filter

Figure 4.65:

165
 1
+ jy ~ lcosw
1 -+■ a 2 — 2acosw
—z for all w
a2
1
Hence, |#(ti;)|
For the two-pole, two-zero system,
(1 _ ieJWoe-iw)(\ - Ic-^°c--'")
\w> ~ w w
(1 - re-3 *e-i ){l - rei»°e-iw)
1 - }co8w0e->w + jre-J 2 "'
1 - 2rcosu>0e-->u' + r 2 e-> 2 w
1
Hence, \H(w)\ = -=•

(b) H{z) = 1 . 2 r e o f l i ; o 2 -i t r r a I -a
Hence, we need two delays and four multiplies per output point.

4.79
(a)
60 _ 6*
WQ
200 * ~ 50
H(z) = (l-e'ttz-1)(l-e-J'ttz-1)6o
= 60(l-2cos-^r"1 +2~2)

H(w) = 26oe"•',1'(costi; — co« — )

\H(0)\ = 260(1 - cos^) =1

1
bo
2(l-COs|f)

(b)

= 60
(1 - re> M 2 - i ) ( l - re-J»z-1)
26Q(1-CO5||)
1^(0)1 = 1
1 - 2rcos§§ + r 2
1 - 2 r c o s f f + r2
60 =
2(l-cos|§)

4.80

h(n) = {/i(0),//(l),M2),M3)} where fc(0) = -fc(3), Ml) = - M 2 )

Hence, Hr{w) = 2(/»(0)st'n-y + / i ( l ) s t n | )

Hr{l) = 2fc(0)atny + 2 M D « n | ) = 5

166
 = 2h(0)sin^- + 2h(l)sin^) = 1
8 8
1_
1.85h(0)+ 0.765/i(l)
2
-0.765/i(0) + 1.85/»(1) = 1
Mi) = 0.56,/i(0) = 0.04

4.81
(a)
(1 - z'l){\ + z~l)(l - 2cos*±z-1 + z~ 2 )
H(z) = b0
(1 - \.6cos^-z~l + 0.64z" 2 )(l - \.6cos%z-1 + 0.64z" 2 )
(2je-^5inti;)(2e-^)(co5u; - cos^-)
H{w) = fc0
(1 - 1.6cos^e-)w + 0.64e"-' 2u ')(l - 1.6cos^e-> u ' + 0.64c~J2u')
4|sinu>||cosu; — c o s ^ . |
\H(w)\ = 60
|1 - 1 . 6 c o s ^ e - > + 0.64e-> 2u, ||l - 1.6cos*§-e-Jw + 0.64e-> 2w |
5T,
l#(^)l = l=»6o = 0.089

(b) # ( z ) as given above.

(c) Refer to fig 4.66. The filter designed is not a good approximation of the desired response.

_* ' ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

0 0.06 0.1 0.15 02 0.25 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.45 0.5

Figure 4.66:

4.82
dX{w)
Y(w) = e-jwX{w) +
dw
(a)
Forx(n) = 6(n),X{w) = \.

167
 dX W
Hence, } ^ = 0, and Y(w) = e"-"
aw
h(n) = i- / y(u;)e^ n du;
27T 7 _ T

it;
2W-,r
1 ^(n-l)!*
2?rj(n - 1)
_ sirnr(n — 1)
*(n-l)
(b) y(n) = x(n - 1) — jnx(n). the system is unstable and time-variant.

4.83

H(w) = £ *(n)e-;um
n = -oo
= 1, \w\ < We
= 0, wc < \w\x

n = —oo

n = —oo

m= —oo
= /f(2u;)
Hence,
l
CM-I ' H<¥^H>x-^

4.84
y(n) = x(n) — x(n) * /»(n) = [S(n) — /»(n)] * x(n) The overall system function is 1 - H(z) and the
frequency response is 1 — H(w). Refer to fig 4.67.

4.85
(a) Since X(w) and Y(w) are periodic, it is observed that Y(w) = X{w — x). Therefore,
y(n)=e>'"z(n) = (-l)"z(n)
(b)x(n) = ( - i r y ( n ) .

4.86
y(n) = 0 . 9 y ( n - l) + 0.1x(n)

168
 H(w) l-H(w)

=¥
w w
0 w w

H(w) l-H(w)

=¥
w w
w w„

Figure 4.67:

(a)
0.1
H(z) =
1-0.92-1
0.1
Hbp(w) = H(w - - ) =
l-0.9e-^w-?)
0.1
1 - j0.9e-J M '

(b) /i(n) = 0.1(0.9e>*)»u(n)

(c) Since the impulse response is complex, a real input signal produces a complex-valued output
signal. For the output to be real, the bandpass filter should have a complex conjugate pole.

4.87
(a)

Let g(n) nh(n)

dH(w)
Then, G(w) = ; dw

D = £ \g(n)f

\G(w)fdw
2TT y_,

169
 = -!- / G(w)G'(w)dw

1 r \.dH(w), „(dH(w)\m
dw
dH(w)
But
dw
Therefore,
■1^ * > i » ™ * 2 ?
i2
dH(w) de(w)
'' H{\ dw
+ \H(w)\'
dw
dw

(b) D consists of two terms, both of which are positive. For \H(w)\ ^ 0, D is minimized by
selecting Q(w) — 0, in which case the second term becomes zero.

4.88
y(n) = ay(n - 1) + bx(n), 0 < a < 1
6
H(z) =
1-az"1
(a)

tf(u,) =
1 - ae-J
|//(0)| = 1*1
6 = ±(l-a)

(b)
62 1
2
1^)1 = r + a - 2acosu, " 2
=> 262 = 1 + a 2 - 2acosw
cosw = — [l + a 2 - 2 ( 1 - a ) 2 ]
2a
= £<4.-!-.»)
4a - 1 - a1
ttf3 = COS (
2a
(c)

w3 = co5"l(l-^-^-)
2a
:
Let / ( a ) = 1 - ( q - i )
2a
a2-l
Then/'(a) = -
2a 2
1-a2
>0
2a 2
Therefore / ( a ) is maximum at a = 1 and decreases monotonically as a —► 0. Consequently,
u>3 increases as a —► 0.

170
(d)
6 =
±(l-a)
2
- i 4a - 1 - a
U>3 = COS ;
2a
The 3-dB bandwidth increases as a —•> 0

4.89

x(n) + ax(n — M),a > 0

H(w) 1+ ae'iwM
\H(w)\ V 1 + 2acoswM + a 2
_j —asinwM
e(w) = tan
1 -I- acoswM
Refer to fig 4.68.

NMO, dpha-0.1
2

1.5
?
r
A
|
0.5

n
0 0 06 0.1 0.15 02 025 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
—>l

Figure 4.68:

4.90
(a)

Y(z) = \{X{z)^z- 'lX{z)]

Y(z)
H(z) = X(z)

= ^(1 + ^ 1 )
*+ l
2z
171
 Zero at z = — 1 and a pole at z — 0. The system is stable.
(b)

Y(z) = U-X(z) + z"lX{2)]

2
H(z) = Y(*)
X(z)
= ±(-1 + , - )
2- 1
1z
Zero at 2 = 1 and a pole at z = 0. The system is stable.
(c)

Y(z) = ^(1 + ^ " 1 ) 3

1 (1 + 2) 3
8 23

Three zeros at z = — 1 and three poles at z = 0. The system is stable.

4.91

Y(z) = X(z) + bz-2X(z) + z-4X(z)

For 6 = l,H{w) = l + ej2u'+e--'4u'

= (1+2005^)6-^

\H(w)\ = |l + 2cosu;|
Refer to fig 4.69.
^ ~ \ TT - u;, 1 + 2co*u; < 0
b=-l,H(w) = l-e->w+e-'iw
= (2costi; - l)e-jw
\H{w)\ = \2cosw-l\

* ' \ ir — u;, - l + 2cosu;<

Refer to fig 4.70.

4.92
y(n) = z ( n ) - 0 . 9 5 x ( n - 6 )

172
 Figure 4.69:

o
-1

-2
05 1.5 2.5 3.5

Figure 4.70:

173
(a)

Y{z) = X{z)(l-0.9bz-6)
H{z) = (l-0.95z~6)
ze - 0.95
z6
z6 = 0.95
2 = (0.95)*c^ 2 '*/ 6 ,Jb = 0 , 1 , . . . , 5

6th order pole at z = 0. Refer tofig4.71.

(b)Refer tofig4.72.

=(P.95J,(

Figure 4.71:

(c) Hin(z) = j r ^ . r = (0.95)*. Refer tofig4.73.

(d)Refer tofig4.74.

4.93
(a)
r -i
H(z) = l _ - l _ - 2
z 2

r -l

(l_ii^lz-i)(l-L=jZI2-i)

174
Figure 4.72:

e -

Figure 4.73:
r=(0.95^/6

175
 Figure 4.74:

l i
7s "7S

l
If \z\ > 1- \ is ROC, then

h(n) = 1 UV5 1 ,l->/5vn

v'T 2 J
v^ 2 j «(*)

If ROC is ^ _ J . < M < ^ t l , then

Mn)
= -7!("T-)u(n)-75(^_)"("n" '
\/5 — 1
If \z\ < 1 - --—-— is ROC, then

_ 1 1^5 1_ 1 ^ V 5
h(n) = u(-n-l)

From H(z), the difference equation is

y(n) = y(n-l) + y(n-2) + x(n-l)

(b)
1
tf(z) = a
1_ e-* z-*
The difference equation is
y(n) = e - 4 a y ( n - l ) + *(n)

tf(z) =
(1 - e - ^ " 1 j(l - e}ie-az-l){l + e-az"1)(l +>e-flz-1)

l-c-az~1 ' l-jc"^-1 +' l + e - ° z - 1 l+ je-'z-1

If ROC is \z\ > 1, then
h(n) = i [ l + (;) n + ( - l ) n + ( - j ) n ] e — i i ( n )
4
If ROC is |z| < 1, then

AW = - j [i + o r + (-i)B + (-i)n] «"•"«(-»»-1:

4

176
4.94

Y{Z) = l - 2 " 1 + 3 2 - 2 - 2 - 3 + 62- 4

= (1 + 2" 1 + 22~2)(1 - 22" 1 + 32"2)
X{Z) = l + 2"1+22"2
Y(z)
Therefore, H{z) =
X(z)
= l - 2 2 _ 1 + 32- 2
h(n) = {}.-2,3J

4.95

y( n ) = 2^n_1^ + r n
( ^
x(n) = (\)nu(n)

X(z)
1
i-j*->
1
X(Z) :

1
' v^ - ( 1 >i2-l ) ( 1 _l2-l)
X
*x,(*) = X(2)X(2- )
1
(1-1,-1)(1-1Z)
-42-1
(l-i2-l)(l-42-l)
_ 16 1 16 1
15 1 _ I z - i 15 1 - 4 2 - 1
Hence, r r r (n) = ^(1)"^) + ^(4)nu(-n - 1)
fl^z) = H(z)H(z-1)
1
( 1 _ i z - i ) ( 1 _ i 2 )
1
-22-
(l-j2-i)(l-2z-»)
4 1 4 1
1
3 1 - iz" 3 1-22"1
Hence, rhh(n) = !(I)» U („) + l ( 2 ) n « ( - n - 1)
*„(*) = X(z)y(2- 1 )
1
( 1 _I 2 -i ) ( l_i 2 ) (l_i 2 )

177
 16 1 16 1 128
17 1 - 2 * - 1 + TT^
15 1 - 4 ^
* "- 17 + 105 1 - \z~l
4

Hence, rxy(u) = 15(2)»u(-n - 1) - ~ ( 4 ) " t i ( - n - 1 ) + i H | ( i ) % ( n )

Ryy(z) = Y(z)Y(z~1)
1
(l-l2-i)(l-lz->)(l-\z)(l-$z)
64 1 128 1 64 1 128
2 1 1 - 2 Z " 1 + rrz-.
105 1 - 4:—r
*"1 + 2 1 1 - i z - i 105 1 - i z - i

Hence, r y y (n) = 51(2)»„(-„-i)-i^(4)"«(-n - 1)+^(i)"u(n) - ^(i)»«(n)

4.96
(a) M") = { 1 0 1 , 9 , - 7 , - 8 , 0 , 5 , 3 }
The roots(zeros) are 0.8084 ± jO.3370, -0.3750 ±>0.6074,-1.0, -0.7667
All the roots of H(z) are inside the unit circle. Hence, the system is minimum phase.
(b) h{n) = {5,4, - 3 , - 4 , 0 , 2 , l}H(z) = 5 + Az~l - 3z~ 2 - 4z'3 + 2z~ 5 + z ' 6
The roots(zeros) are 0.7753 ±j0.2963, -0.4219 ± j'0.5503, -0.7534 ± jO. 1900
All the roots of H(z) are inside the unit circle. Hence, the system is minimum phase.

4.97
The impulse response satisfies the difference equation

I
Y,akh(n-k) = «(n),a0=l
k=0
N
n = 0,=>]Ta*/i(-*) = aoh(0) = 1
k=0
1
a0 =
A(0)
n = l,=>a 0 /i(l) + a 0 /i(0) = 0
-a 0 /»(l) = -/»(!)
0! =
/i(0) /i 2 (0)

n = #,=> a0h(N) + aih(N - l)+ ... +aNh{0) => yields a*

It is apparent that the coefficients {a n } can be determined if we know the order N and the values
/»(0),/»(l),.. .,h(N). If we do not know the filter order N, we cannot determine the {a„}.

4.98
h(n) = b06(n) + bi6(n - D) + brfin - 2D) (a) If the input to the system is x(n), the output is
y(n) — 6ox(n) + bix(n - D) + bzx(n — 2D). Hence, the output consists of x(n), which is the input
signal, and the delayed signals x(n — D) and x(n — 2D). The latter may be thought of as echoes
of xln).

178
(b)

H(w) = bo + b1e-iwD+b2e->2u,D
= bo + b\C0swD + b2Cos2wD — j(bisinwD + &2s"*2u>D)
|i/(tx;)| = yj bo2 + bf + b22 + 261(60 + 62)cosu;D + 26062cos2u;D

t7^Un = —tan ■ ■ —

60 + b\coswD + &2COs2u>D
(c) If |60 + 6 2 | < < |6i|, then the dominant term is b\e~iwD and
2 2
\H(w)\ = yjb0 + &! + &22 + 2&1(60 + 62)cosu;D

and |//(u')| has maxima and minima at tx; = ±j}irt k — 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .

(d) The phase Q{u>) is approximately linear with a slope of — D. Refer to fig 4.75.

4i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

\°\ \ \ \ \

0 0 05 01 0 15 0.2 0 25 0.3 0 35 0.4 0 45 05

Figure 4.75:

4.99
v
' A(z) l + az» ~

(a)
1 + (6 - a)*" 1 + (a 2 - a6)z" 2 + (a 2 6 - a 3 ) 2 " 3 + (o 4 - a 3 6)r" 5 +
Hence, /i(0) 1,
A(l) b-a,
h(2) a2 — ab,
A(3) a26-a3,
A(4) a 4 - a3b

179
(b)

y{n) + ay(n- 1) x(n) + 6x(n - 1)

For x(n)
h(n) + ah{n- 1) 6(n) + b6{n-l)
Multiply both sides by h(n) and sum. Then
rhh(0) + arhh(l) h(0)+bh(\)
r/»h(l) + arhh(0) bh(Q)
rhh(2) + arhh{l) 0
rh/>(3) + ar h h (2) 0
By solving these equations recursively, we obtain
62-2a6+l
rhh{0)
1-a2
(a6-l)(a-6)
rfcfc(l) 1-a2
(a6-l)(a-6)
rhh(2) "a IT?
2 ( a 6 - l)(a-6)
r**(3)

4.100
x(n) is a real-valued, minimum-phase sequence. The sequence y(n) must satisfy the conditions,
y(0) = x(0), |y(n)| = |x(n)|, and must be minimum phase. The solution that satisfies the
condition is y(n) = ( —l) n x(n). The proof that y(n) is minimum phase proceeds as follows:

Y(z) = J^y(n)z-n
n

= £(-l)"*(n)z-»

= X{-z)
This preserves the minimum phase property since a factor (1 — a* -1 )—►(l + az~ 1 )
4.101
Consider the system with real and even impulse response h(n) = {ij, 1. j } and frequency response
H{w) = 1 + %cosw. Then H(z) = z~l(\z2 + z + \). The system has zeros at z - - 2 ± y/Z.
We observe that the system is stable, and its frequency response is real and even. However, the
inverse system is unstable. Therefore, the stability of the inverse system is not guaranteed.

4.102
(a)

g{n) = h(n)*x{n)=>G{w) = H(w)X(w)

/(n) = h(n)*g{-n)=> F(w) = H(w)G(-w)

180
 Y(w) = F(-w)
Then, Y(w) = H(-w)G{w)
= H(-w)H(w)X{w)
= H"(w)H{w)X(w)
= \H(w)\2X(w)

But Ha(w) = |/f(t^)| is a zero-phase system.

(b)
G(w) - H(w)X(w)
F(w) = H(w)X(-w)
Y(w) = G(w) + F(-w)
= H(w)X(w) + H{-w)X(w)
= X(w){H(w) + H'(-w))
= 2X(w)Re(H{u>))
But Hb(w) — 2Re {H(w)} is a zero-phase system.

4.103
(a) Correct. The zeros of the resulting system are the combination of the zeros of the two systems.
Hence, the resulting system is minimum phase if the inividual system are minimum phase.
(b) Incorrect. For example, consider the two minimum-phase systems.
1 - ±z _ 1
Hi(z) =
1
3*
-2(1-r^-1)
and H?(z) —
1 - iz~l
1
3Z
1
6* w
Their sum is H\{z) + #2(2) = lTf"*' bich *s n o t minimum phase.
1 -
52

4.104
(a)
7 — COSli;
\H{w)\'.2 —
10 2

= H(z)H(z-l)\,

Hence, //(z)ff(z- 1 ) _=
—
!-*<* + *-
10
9 ')
1- 2Z
1-
(b)
2(1 - « s )
l"(to)| 2 = 1 + a 2 -- 2acost^
2
H(z)H(z-1) =
2( 1 - a )
1 + a 2 - a(z+ z~l)

181
 _u 2(l + a ) ( l - a )
H{z)H{z-') =
(1 - az~l)(l - az)

Hence, *(,) = ^ Z p
V
' 1-az"1
or H(z) = ——- -
1 — az

4.105
#(z) = (1 - O ^ ' V ^ l - O.Se-Mh-1)^ - 1.5e'* /4 < r- 1 )(l - 1.5 C -''' 4 *
= (1 + 0.64z" 2 )(l - 4 = z _ 1 + 2.25z" 2 )
v2
(a) There are four different FIR systems with real coefficients:

Hi(z) = (l+0.64r-2)(l-4=^'1+2252-2)
v2
H2{z) = (H-0.64r~2)(l--?=^'1+2.25z-2)
v2
H3(z) (l+0.64z-2)(l-4=^"1+2.25z-2)
=
v2
# 4 (*) = ( l + 0 . 6 4 z ~ ) ( l - 4 = * ' 1 + 2 . 2 5 z _ 2 )
2

v2
# ( z ) is the minimum-phase system.
(b)

#!(*) = l-4=2' 1
+ 2.89z-2-i^z-3+1.44z-4
\/2 v^

{ 3 —1 92 1

H2{z) - 0 . 6 4 z 2 - ^ z + 2.44--^=z-1+2.25z-2

{ —1 92 3 1

0.64,-^,2.44,-^,2.25}
3 1 Q2
H3{z) = 2.25z2-4=^ + 2 . 4 4 - ^ z " 1 + 0 . 6 4 z - 2
V2 y/2

{ —3

2 25
1 92 1

- 'V5' 2 . 44 '-^"' 0 - 64 }
1 92 3
HA{z) = 1 . 4 4 z 4 - - W + 2.89z2--?=z + l
v2 v2

(0
{ —1 92 3 1

Ei(n) = {1,5.5,13.85,15.70,17.77}
E2{n) = {0.64,2.48,8.44,12.94,18.0}
£3(n) = {2.25,6.75,12.70,14.55,14.96}
E4{n) = {1.44,3.28,11.64,16.14,17.14}
Clearly, /ia(n) is minimum phase and /»2(n) is maximum phase.

182
4.106
H z
() = w1
i + ElU***-*
(a) The new system function is H'{z) — H(\~lz)

H'(z) = jJ-
1 + Ef.i «***-*
If pk is a pole of H(z), then \pt is a pole of H'(z).
Hence, A < i ' a | is selected then |p*A| < 1 for all k and, hence the system is stable.
(b) y(n) = - E ? = 1 akXky(n - k) = x(n)

4.107
(a) The impulse response is given in prlOfig 4.76.
(b) Reverberator 1: refer to fig 4.77.

12

06

"S
i>06
A
I

04

0.2

°0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

—>n

Figure 4.76:

Reverberator 2: refer to fig 4.77.

(c) Unit 2 is a better reverberator.
(d) For prime number of D\, D?, D3, the reverberations of the signal in the different sections do
not overlap which results in the impulse response of the unit being more dense.
(e) Refer to fig 4.78.
(f) Refer to fig 4.79 for the delays being prime numbers.

4.108
(a) Refer to fig 4.80.
(b) Refer to fig 4.81.

183
 fnpuls* rwporwatorurwt1

05

IlliiL Hi J M ,,iil.
iH^Umy
100 200 300 400 500 600
—>n
imputed rMportMtorunit2

Figure 4.77:

phtM ratponM tor unll

3 4
—> w
ph*M r«ponMtorun«2

Figure 4.78:

184
1.2

08

500 1000 1500 2000 2500

—>n

Figure 4.79:

Figure 4.80:

185
 Figure 4.81:

4.109

B 10kHz
F. 20kHz
10k
*i = 0.5
20k
7.778fc
= 0.3889
20A:
8.889Jb
23 = 0.4445
20k
6.667Jb
24 = 0.3334
201;
H(z) = (z - 0.5)(* - 0.3889)(z - 0.4445)(z - 0.3334)

(b) Refer to fig 4.82.

(c) It satisfies the objectives but this filter is not recommended in a practical application because
in a speech application linear phase for the filter is desired and this filter does not provide linear
phase for all frequencies.

4.110
Refer to fig 4.83.
Practical;

r = 0.99 wr = J Bandwidth = p g = 0.0245

r = 0.9 wr = I Bandwidth = | | = 0.49
r = 0.6 wr = 0 Bandwidth = 1.1536

Theoretical:

186
 2- ^ —

i
a- J

0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3.5

Figure 4.82:

r = 0.99, wr = | Bandwidth = 2(1 - r) = 0.02

r=0.9, wr = | Bandwidth = 2(1 - r) = 0.2

For r very close to 1, the theoretical and practical values match.

4.111

H(z) (1 - 0.9^° 4 * z - 1 ) ( l - 0.9e-'° ^ " ^ ( l - l.Sei°-69z~l){l - 1.5e" j0 6 "z

B(z)
H(z)
A(z)
(z - 0.9eJ°Aw)(z - 0.9e^° A *)(z - 1.5eJ° **){z - 1.5e-'° 6,r )

Let Si (2) (z-0.9ej04*)(2-0.9c->04,r)

B 2 (r) (2-1.5c>06,r)(z-1.5e--'06,r)
A(z) = 24
Bi(z)B2(z)
#min( 2 ) ~ A(z)
(z - 0.9e>°Av)(z - 0.9c"-'0 ^ K z " 1 - 1.5e>°-6w)(z-1 - l.be'i0-6')

Bi(x)
#ap(z)
B2(z-1)
(z- 1.5eJ°6')(r-1.5e->06T)
( z - - \.beJ°**){z-1 - 1.5e->06»)
1

187
 40
30

! *°
' 10
0-
-10-
-20
-3 -2 ■1 0 1
—>w(md)

Figure 4.83:

H&p(z) has a flat magnitude response. To get a flat magnitude response for the system, connect
a system which is the inverse of #niin( z )> ' e '

1
Hc(z) =
H
nnn(z)

(z - 0.9e>° 4 *)(z - 0.9e-->° ^ ( z - 1 - 1.5e'0 6 *)(z~ 1 - 1.5e-->° 6 T )

(b) Refer to fig 4.84 and fig 4.85.

188
 p o a w a r o plots lor Hc(z)
9015

270

pote-zaro p t o * for compensated eyatem

901-5

mag tor Hc(z) mag ol compensated system

0 2 -2 0 2
— > w(rad) — > w(rad)
phase tor Hc<z) phase of compansatad system

/\ l/l i
0
->w(rad)
2

Figure 4.85:

189
Chapter 5

5.1
Since x(n) is real, the real part of the DFT is even, imaginary part odd. Thus, the remaining
points are {0.125 + jO.0518,0, 0.125+ jO.3018}

5.2
(a)
x 2 (/) = x2(/), 0</<AT-l
= x2{l + N), - (JV - 1) < I < - 1

x 2 (/) = «n(y/), 0</<7

= 5 t n ( y ( / + 8)), -7</<-l

= «n(^|/|), |/|<7

Therefore, x i ( n ) ( j ^ ) x 2 ( n ) = Y^ x 2 (n - m)
m=0

= «'n( Y |n|) + s»n( y | n - l|) + .. . + « i n ( ~ | n - 3|)

= {1.25,2.55,2.55,1.25,0.25,-1.06,-1.06,0.25}

(b)
3ir
x 2 (n) = co${--n), 0< /< 7
o
3*
= -cos(-n), -7</<-l
8

= [2u(n)-l]cM(yn), |n|<7

Therefore, X!(n)(V)x 2 (n) = £ f -J x 2 (n - m)

ni*0
= {0.96,0.62,-0.55,-1.06,-0.26,-0.86,0.92,-0.15}
(c)

for(a)Xi(fc) = ]Txi(n)e--'«in
n=0

191
 = { 4 , 1 - ;2.4142,0,1 - >0.4142,0,1 + J0.4142,0,1 + ;2.4142}
similarly,
X2{k) = {1.4966,2.8478,-2.4142,-0.8478,-0.6682,-0.8478,
-2.4142,2.8478}
DFTofx1(n)(7)x2(n) = Xi(k)X3{k)
= {5.9864,2.8478 - J6.8751,0, -0.8478+ jO.3512,0,
-0.8478 - jO.3512,0,2.8478 + J6.8751}
For sequences of part (b)
Xi{k) = {1.3333,1.1612 - jO.2493,0.9412 - jO.2353,0.8310 - jO.1248,
0.8,0.8310 + jO.1248,0.9412 + j'0.2353,1.1612 + jO.2493}
*2(*) = { 1 . 0 , 1 . 0 + j 2 . 1 7 9 6 , 1 . 0 - j 2 . 6 l 3 1 , 1 . 0 - jO.6488,1.0,
1.0 + jO.6488,1.0 + j'2.6131,1.0 - j'2.1796}
Consequently,
DFTofx!(n)(T)x2(n) = X1{k)X2(k)
= {1.3333,1.7046 + j'2.2815,0.3263 - J2.6947,0.75 - j'0.664,0.8,
0.75 + jO.664,0.3263 + j'2.6947,1.7046 - J2.2815}

5.3
x(Jb) may be viewed as the product of X(k) with
1
E V M - I ' 0<k<ke, N-kc<k<N-l
n
*>- \ 0, Ke<k<N-kc
F{k) represents an ideal lowpass filter removing frequency components from (Kc + 1 ) ^ - to r.
Hence x(n) is a lowpass version of x(n).

5.4
(a)

*i(*) = y [*(*-!)+ *(* + !)]

alsoX2(Jb) = ?L[6(k-l)-6{k+l)}
SoX3(k) = Xl(k)X7{k)

= ^ j [*(*-!)-«(* + !)]

and x 3 (n) = y«n(-n)

(b)
Rtv(k) = Xi(k)X;{k)

4j

=> rxy{n) = - — sin(-n)

192
(c)

R**(k) = Xx(k)Xl{k)

= — [ * ( * - ! ) + «(*+!)]
=> r r i (n) = -2-cos( — n)

(d)

AT2
[ 6 ( * - l ) + 6(Jb+l)]
N
- / > <2* \
r
yy( n ) = Y co
*(^n)

5.5
(a)
AT-1

n=0

= - 2N
4
N

(b)

2>(n)*5(n) = - l g ( ^ ^ + e - J ^)( c ->^-^^)

n= 0
JV-1

n=0
= 0
»N-1
(c)II«o*i(n)*5(n)= 1 + 1 = 2

5.6

u;(n) 0.42- 0.25 (e>T&Tn + e-jT&n) + 0.04 ^ ^ T " + c ->T^r n )

N-l TN-1 N-l
0.42 ] T e - j ^ n k - 0.25 £ e^'^"*-'^* + £ n
e -ii*?T e -.Jfc»*
n=0 n=0 n=0
HV-1 JV-l
n n J nk
+ 0.04 V* e J ' ^ r r ^ * + V c ->7fe-" c - ^
Ln = 0 n=0
= 0.42Ar<5(Jt)

193
 -0.25 +

+0.04

0.42JV$(Jb)
1 - cos(j^) - cosWjfc + £)) + e o . ( ^ )
-0.25
l-co5(27r(^ + ^))

+0.04
l-co«(2*(]?iT + J7))

5.7

Xe(fc) = X]ix(n)(e'-2=^+e-'2=^)e-a*1
n=0
AT-1

n=0 n=0

- * ( * - *o) m od* + 2X(k +

*°)mod*

similarly, X,(Jr) =

5.8

y(n) = zi(n)4« 2 (n)

3
= ^ *i ( m )mod4 z 2( n ~ m
)mod4
m=0
= {17,19,22,19}

5.9

Xi(*) = { 7 , - 2 - j , l , - 2 + j}
X2{k) = { l l , 2 - j , l , 2 + ;}
=>X3(k) = Xx(k)X2(k)
= {17,19,22,19}

5.10

x(n)

x(n)x'(n)

194
 N-l

E = £*(n)x»
n=0

n=0

= ^2JV
4
TV
2

xi(n) = x(n-5)modg

= X(t)c-ji^

x 2 (n) = x(n-2)mod8
X2(jfc) = X(*)c"-' 1 V iL

s(Jb) = W>X(k)

s(n) = T(-l)lX(i)^ t n
AT = 6
6
*=o
k{n 3)
= =ii,*(*w;
o 6
k
-
x
= (n-3)mod6
s(n) = {3,4,0,0,1,2}

ipn{X{k)Ym{k)]
i [IDFT {X(Ar)} + IDFT {**(*)}]

-[x(n) + x-(-n)mod„]
f ... x(l) + x(5) x(2) + x(4) *(4) + x(2) x(5) + x ( l ) \
|*(0), 2 ' 2 'X(3)' 2 ' 2 /

K 3,3,3,i

195
(c)

v(n) = I D F T [ - ( * ) _ *'MX
2;
By similar means to (b)
v(n) = |o,-ij,j,0,-i, | j |

5.13
(a)

Xx(k) = £x(n)W#»
n= 0
3N-1

N-l 2N-1 3/V-l

= £ "W^ft + £ *(U)W3N + £ *(")*&

r»=0 n=N n=2N

n=0 n=0 n= 0

= E*( n )[ 1 + W
3+ W
3*]w;;*
n=0
2k>
= (l + Wj + W s " ) ^ ^ )
(b)
Xi(i) = 2 + W2*
X3(*) = 2 + W6* + 2tV|* + W63* + 2W*k + W|*
= (2 + W$) + W?*(2 + W2*) + W64*(2 + w}

5.14
(a)
y(n) = xl(n)\5jx2{n)
= {4,0,1,2,3}
(b) Let x3(n) = {x 0 ,xi,.. • ,x 4 }. Then,

0 4 3 2 1 " *0 " "1 "

1 0 4 3 2 *1 0
2 1 0 4 3 *2 = 0
3 2 1 0 4 *3 0
4 3 2 1 0 X4 0

Solving yields sequence x 3 (n) = {-0.18T,0.22,0.02,0.02,0.02}.

196
5.15
Define H\{z) = H~1(z) and cpnesponding time signal /ii(n). The use of 64-pt DFTs of y(n)
and hi(n) yields x(n) = y{n)\^)hi(n) whereas x(n) requires linear convolution. However we
can simply recognize that
X{z) = Y{z)H,{z)
= Y(z)-0.bY(z)z~1
sox(n) = y ( n ) - 0 . 5 y ( n - 1), 0 < n < 63
with y ( - l ) = 0

5.16
N-l
H(k) = Y,h(n)e~j*kn
n=0

4
G(k) =
H(k)

= >+(;'-i,0 + (r- , , *)' + -

f 4 1 6 - 4 j 4 16 + 4J \
repeatiot,mes
= l3'-n-'y-n-' /

= ils:}+{(^)^-5:}+{i^2:}
+ {(^)^E}]
*o-l
where Y^ = 2_. *
i=0

But J^ = 1, yielding
4
9(0 = J 3 + (U^)+|+(1^)]
256
255

197
 4
0(*o) = j
64
3+J (^H->(*£*)]
255
1
s(2*o) = 7
4 3 V 17 J + 5 ^ 17 ) \
16
255
,,. x 1 T4 ./16-4A 4 ./l6 + 4j\l

4
255
and ^(n) = 0 for other n in [0,4fc0)

256 1
Therefore, g(n) * /i(n) = < - - , 0n, 0n , . . . , 0 , . . . , 0 , . . . , 0 , • • • . - ^ 7 7 , 0
255 T T T 255
T
*o 2*0 3*o
4*o

y(.) represents a close approximation to an inverse system, but not an exact one.

5.17

X(k) = £z(n)e->^
n=0
{6, -0.7071 - jl.7071,1 - j , 0.7071 + jO.2929,0, 0.7071 - jO.2929, 1 + j ,
-0.7071 + jl.7071}
{6,1.8478,1.4142,0.7654, 0,0.7654,1.4142,1.8478}

IX(k) j o , -1.9635, —,0.3927,0, -0.3927, j , 1.9635 j

5.18

x(n) = J2 Hn-iN)
i'=-oo

y( ) = 53M"»Mn-m)
n

= J>(m) ^26(n-m-iN)

= j2h(*-iN)
Therefore, y(.) is a periodic sequence with period N. So
N-l
Y(k) = 'EyinWtT
n=0
= H(w)\ws#k

198
5.19
Call the two real even sequences xe\(.) and x e 2 (.), and the odd ones x0\(.) and x o 2 ( ) (a)
Let x c (n) = [x e l (n) + x 0 i(n)] + ; [x e2 (n) + x o2 (n)]
Then, Xe(k) = DFT{xel(n)}+DFT{xol(n)}+jDFT{xe2(n)}+;DFT{xo2(n)}
= [Xel{k) + X0l(Jb)] + j [X e2 (*) + * „ ( * ) ]
whereXel(*) = R e [ ^ * ) ] + Re[X,(-*)]

Re[X c (*)] - Re[X,(-fc)]

^oi(*J = 2
v ,.> Im[Xt(fc)] + Im[X c (-*)]
Ae2(«) = -

Xo2(Jb) = lm[Xc(k)} - lm[Xc(-k))

(b)
s,(0) = x<(l)-*i(tf-l) = 0
-s,(7V-n) = - x , ( A r - n + l) + x , ( A r - n - 1 )
= Xi(n+1)-Xi(n-1)
= Si(n)

(c)

x(n) = [i!(n) + 83(n)] + j (x 2 (n) -I- sA{n)]

The DFT of the four sequences can be computed using the results of part (a)
AT-l

Fori = 3,4,Si(*) = J28iWWNn

n=0
JV-1

= JWn+l)-^-!)]^"
n= 0
= W-kXi(k)-W^Xt(k)

= 2J8in{jfk)Xi(k)
■ < 2 i r

•3(*)
Therefore, ^ ( i b ) =
2jsin(ftk)

X(k) - '«<*)

(d) JV3(0) and X 4 (0), because 5in(fr *) = 0.

5.20
S-l
X(k) = 5>(n)W#
n=0

199
 = £'x( n )<"+£x(n + £)< ( " + * )
n=0 n=0
-1
= £[*(n)-x(n)W*]W#»
n=0

If * is even, W2fc = 1, and X(k) = 0

(b) If k is odd, W2* = - 1 , Therefore,

X(Jb) = £2x(n)W#
n=0

= 2^x(n)^
n=0

For* = 2/ + 1, l= 0,...,--l

X(2/+l) = 2Y,z{n)W%W%
= !L _ p t DFT of sequence 2x(n)W£

5.21
(a) F, = FN = 25 = 6000 samples/sec
(b)

F.
1
6000
M
s= *
6000
50
= 120 samples
(c) LT = 6MoXl20 = 0.02 seconds.

5.22
x(n) = Lifr» + i e -J-*» f 0<n<N, AT = 10

X(k) = £>(n)e-'**»
r»=0
JV-1 - JV-1 ,

2" ' ^ 2
n=0 "=0
= 56(Jfc-l) + 56(Jb-9), 0<Jb<9

200
5.23
(a) A'(*) = E l ' o 1 S ( n ) e - ^ f c " = 1 , 0 < it < JV - 1
(b)
N-l
X(k) = £ *(» " n0)e-''**B
n=0

= e"^*"0., 0<*<W-1

(c)

X(Jt) = ^anc-J^* n

n=0

n=0
l-ae-**k
1-a"
(d)

k n
X(Jb) = ^ c - ^
n=0

1-c-J^*

(e)

N-l
X{k) = £V'#"*° e - J '#* n
r»=0

n=0
= N6(k-k0)

(0
x{n) = Ie>^ n f c » + I e - > ^ n * 0

From (e) we obtain X(k) = — [6(k - k0) + 6{k - N + k0)]

(g)

i(n) = —eJ^n*0-— e'j^nko

Hence X(k) = ^ [6(k - k0) - 6{k - N + kQ)}

201
 N-l
X(k) - 5 ^ x(n)e"-'^' nfc ( assume N odd
n=0

= i + e " ^ 2 * + e " > # 4 k + . . . + e-'"*<"- ! >*

1-«"'**
1

N-l

«<») = ] ? £ *(*>«* *"*

fc = 0
N-l
E *(*)«* ^"* = Nx(n)
fc=0
X(0) + X ( l ) + X(2) + X(3) = 4
X(0) + X ( l ) e ' * + X ( 2 ) e ' * + * ( 3 ) « > * = 8
X(0) + X ( l ) e J T + X ( 2 ) e j 2 T + X ( 3 ) e j 3 , r = 12
X(0) + X ( l ) e J ' ^ + X ( 2 ) c J 3 * + X ( 3 ) e ' s r = 4

1 1 1 1 ' X(0) ' "4 ■ X(0) ' ' 7

1 i -1 -j X(l) 8 —s X(l) -2-;
—f
1-1 1-1 X(2) 12 X(2) 1
1 -;' - 1 j . *(3) . 4 X(3) . -2 + j

X(0) =
n=0
7

X(l) =
n=0

-2->
JV(2) =
x>(n)e-'-'»
1
X(3) =

= -2 + j

202
5.25
(a)

X(w) = £ ,-jrt>n
X (n]

= e>2w + 2e>w + 3 + 2e" i u ' + e ^ 2 "

= 3 + 2cos{2w) + 4cos(4u;)

(b)

V(*) = J>(n)e-''*"*
n=0

it IK
= 3 + 4cos(-Jb) + 2cos( — * )

(c)V(t) = X(ti;)L=a5*ss^
This is apparent from the fact that v(n) is one period (0 < n < 7) of a periodic sequence
obtained by repeating x(n).

5.26

Let x{n) = ^ Hn + IN)

J=-00

Hence, x(n) is periodic with period N, i.e.

x(n) = 1, n= 0,±N,±2N,...
= 0, otherwise
N-l
ThenX(ib) = J I z ( n ) e " ; ^ n f c = 1, 0 < it < N - 1
n=0
N-l
and-x(n) = ^AT £ X ^ * " *

N-l
Hence, J T 6(n + IN)
J=-oo
= -^ ] T
"
E
fc=0
c
'^nfc

5.27
(a)
Af-l

n=0

n=0 /
Now X(u-) = 5Zx(n)e- J U ' f l ,

203
 n
Af-1

=:
n=0 I
Af-1

y(t)
Therefore, Y{k) =

(b)

Y(k) = XWI..U*

y(t) = XHL = ^ t
= *(*), * = 2,4,...,AT-2

(c)

Xi(k) = X(* + l)
=>X!(r») = x(n)e-^n
= *(n)W£
Let y(n) = xx(n) + Xi(n + y ) , 0 < n < N - 1',
= 0, elsewhere
T h e n X ( * + l) = ^(ib)
= Y(i), Jb = 0 , 2 , . . . , J V - 2
AT
where V(it) is the —-pt DFT of y{n)

5.28
(a) Refer to fit 5.1.
(b)

£ *<„)«-'" = £ «We-*
n = —oo
1

-L 1
I L
u m
= a+ £ a V + £a"e-Jum
l

= a+ l\\anco${wn)
n=l
I
s= x(0) + 2 ^ x ( n ) c o s ( u m )
n=l

204
 Figure 5.1:

(c) Refer to fit 5.1.

(d) Refer to fit 5.1.
(e) Refer to fit 5.2.
(f) N = 15. Refer to fit 5.3.

5.29
Refer to fig 5.4. The time domain aliasing is clearly evident when N=20.

5.30
Refer to fig 5.5.
(e)
Xam(n) = x(n)cos(2nfcn)
S-i
Xam(w) = ^x(n)coS(27r/cn)e--'2^'
n=0
N-l
x
= ~E ^ \e-j2irU-fc)n + e-W+l'*
n=0

Xam(w) = -[X(w-We) + X(w+We)]

5.31

(b) Refer to fig 5.6. The DFT of x(n) with N = 128 has a better resolution compared to one
with N = 64.

205
 Figure 5.2:

5.32
(a)

v(in) = ~-PUV)*xun)
= £ (r 0 «n(~^)e- i2?l ) * [2»*(n - «o)]
where smcz =

VOn) = Tosmc I - J '

(b) u>o-P = 2irk for an integer Jb, or u>o- —I*.y-ir

(0
N-l
y(u») = £e"»o i , - ; u i n
n=0

Larger N => narrower main lobe of |V(tx;)|. To in Y(jQ) has the same effect.
(d)
Y(k) = Y{w)\ws#k

|«n*(t-/)|
|y(t)i =
Ism
= JV6(* - /)

206
 Figure 5.3:

(e) The frequency samples fyk fall on the zeros of Y{w). By increasing the sampling by a factor
of two, for example, we will obtain a frequency sample between the nulls.
Y(w)L=2ftk=jrk> *=0,1,...,2N-1

207
 x(n)
1.5
1
f A
i

i 0.5

2
X(w)wi#iN=100 6 :(n) with N="n5b

Figure 5.4:

208
 xc(n)

to
X

-1
100 . ,200 300 Xa^wjwithtfifes 300
xam(n)

E 0
X

-2
30 150
M M % 0 with fSPfto ° Xa$|w)withrJifto

nnn
60

100 200 300

209
 DFTofx(n)withN=64

800 20 40 60 80

DFTofx(n)withN=128

210
Chapter 6

6.1
Since (ej&k)N — e>2*k = 1, e J # * satisfies the equation XN — 1. Hence e'$r fc is an N™ root
of unity. Consider £3n=T0 eJ ^ i n c J w / n . If k ^ /, the terms in the sum represent the N equally
spaced roots in the unit circle which clearly add to zero. However, if it = /, the sum becomes
E n J o l s = ^ - see fig 6.1

z-plane

unit circle

Roots for N=12

Figure 6.1:

6.2

(b) Let VV% = W£+6 where VV£ is the truncated value of W9S. Now W*j - ( W j + 6 ) ' « W# + /6.

211
Generally, single precision means a 32-bit length or 6 = 5x10" 10 ; while 4 significant digits means
6 = 5xl0~ 5 . Thus the error in the final results would be 105 times larger.
(c) Since the error grows as 16, after N iterations we have an error of N6. If W$ is reset to -j
after every ql — %■ iterations, the error at the last step of the iteration is 16 = & 6. Thus, the
error reduced by approximately a factor Aq.

6.3
N-\
x n W
X(k) = E ( ) Nn 0<k<N-l
n=0
* - l AT-l
= E *(n)W# + £ z{n)Wtr

n=0 r:s0

UtX'(k') - X(2k + 1), 0 < k' < y - 1

Then, X'(k') = E [ x ( n ) < k ' + 1 ) " + x(n + ^ ) < + * > < 2 * ' + 1 >
2
n=0 L
n n
Using the fact that W}f' = W£' , W# = 1

*'(*') = E n=0 L
rn xxrk'n
z(n)W% W*jf + x(n + j)W^nWJ^W^

=E x(n)-x(n + y ) w#w£ n
n=0

6.4
Create three subsequences of 8-pts each

Y(k) = E yC»)M*n+ E vH^ n + E ^ n ) ^ n

n=0,3,6,... n=l,4,7,... n=2,5,...
7 7 7
= £ y(3t)tt^ + E y(3»' + l ) ^ n + £ y(3» + 2)W$ W #
i=0 t=0 i=0

= Yi(*) + w £ y 2 ( * ) + w # y 3 ( * )
where Y i ^ ^ represent the 8-pt DFTs of the subsequences.

6.5

X(z) = l + z - ^ . - . + z"
X(k) = X(2)| ^

212
 x'(n) = {2,2,1,1,1}
x n
'( ) = ]C*(" + 7m), n = 0,l,...,4
m

Temporal aliasing occurs in first two points of x'(n) because X(z) is not sampled at sufficiently
small spacing on the unit circle.

6.6
(a) Zk = 0 . 8 ^ ' W + T ) see fig 6.2
(b)

z-plane

circle of radius 0.8

Figure 6.2:

X(k) = X(z)\1=th

= £*(n)[o.8e'W+*]]
n=0
s(n) = x(n)0.8e-^n

6.7

Let M = —, L = 2. Then

213
 F(0,g) = ^i(0,m)Wj'
n=0

r»=0

which are the same as Fi(k) and F2{k) in (6.1.26)

G(0,q) = F(0,g) = Fx(k)

G(l,q) = W^F(1,«) = F2(*)Wfc
X(0, 9 ) = x(*) = G(0,g) + G(l,9)W2o
= fi(*) + F2(*)W$
Xl,g) = x(*) = G(0,«) + G(l,g)lV2l
= Fl(k)-F2(k)WkN

6.8

w6 = -L(i-j)
Refer to Fig.6.9. The first stage of butterflies produces (2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0). The twiddle factor
multiplications do not change this sequence. The nex stage produces (4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) which
again remains unchanged by the twiddle factors. The last stage produces (8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,D).
The bit reversal to permute the sequence into proper order unscrambles only zeros so the\result
remains (8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0).

6.9
See Fig. 6.13.

6.10
Using (6.1.45), (6.1.46), and (6.1.47) the fig 6.3 is derived:

6.11
Using DIT following fig 6.6:

1 s t stage outputs (III II

\2,2,2,'",2J

2 n d stage outputs : | l , 1(1 + W*),0,1(1 - W82), 1,1(1 + W82),0,1(1 - Wtf)J

3 r d stage outputs : ^2, j ( l + Htf + VV| + W|),0,1(1 - W* + W* - W}),0,

1(1 - Wi + Wi - W*),0,1(1 - Wi - Wi + Wtfj

214
 x<0)

MIS)

Figure 6.3:

Using DIF following fig 6.11:

,st f 1 1 1 1 1 1 l T , r l 1 TI , 2 l„r3\
1 s t stage outputs : |_,-,-,-,-,-,-^,-W|,-W||
nd
stage outputs : | l , 1,0, 0, i ( l + W*),0. i(Wtf + W|), i ( l - W|), i(W*

3 r d stage outputs : {2, 0,0, 0,1(1 + W£ + Wi + VV|), 1(1 - Wj + W* - W?

1 i ^
1(1 - w* + IV» - WJ), i ( l - Wi - Wi + W*}

6.12
Let
1 1 1 1
1 -j - 1 j
*S 1-1 1-1
1 j -1 - j

£l ^[x(0) x(4) x(8) x(12)]'

x2i[x(l) x(5) x(9) x(13) ]'

X3 £ [ i(2) x(6) x(10) x(14) ]

215
 3U = [ «(3) x(7) x(ll) x(15) ]'
F(0)
F(4)
= Ax_x —
F(8)
L ^(12) J

F(l)
F(5)
= y4x 0 =
F(9)
F(13) J

F(2) -4
F(6) 0
= Ax* =
F(10) 0
F(14) J 0

F(3)
F(7)
F(ll) = AxA -
F(15)

As every F(J') = 0 except F(0) = - F ( 2 ) = 4,

■ x(0) " ■ F(0) * "0"

*(7) — AT
F(l) 8
— S\X A
x(8) F(2) 0
. *02) . . ^(3) 8

which means that A"(4) = X{\2) = 8. X(k) = 0 for other K.

6.13
(a) "gain" = WgW°(-l)Wi = -W* = j
(b) Given a certain output sample, there is one path from every input leading to it. This is true
for every output.
(c) X(Z) = x(0) + Wix(l) - Wix(2) + WiWix(3) - W°x(4) - W 8 °W|x(5) + W8°W2*(6) +
W£WiW2x(7)

6.14
Flowgraph for DIF SRFFT algorithm for N=16 is given in fig 6.4. There are 20 real, non trivial
multiplications.

6.15
For the DIT FFT, we have

X(k) = J2 ^(2n)Vy|* + 5Z *( 2n + l)^N n + 1 ) t

n=0 nsO

216
 OX(4)

OX(l2)

Figure 6.4:

The first term can be obtained from an y-point DFT without any additional multiplications.
Hence, we use a radix-2 FFT. For the second term, we use a radix-4 FFT. Thus, for N=8, the
DFT is decomposed into a 4-point, radix-2 DFT and a 4-point radix-4 DFT. The latter is
4-i 4-i 4-i
{ n+l)k 4n l W W z(4n + 3 W
£ x(2n + l)W J = J2 * ( + ) N % + 5Z ) Nkwk
n=0 n=0 n=0

The computation of X(k), X(k + £ ) , X{k+%),X{k+*Z) for* = 0 , 1 , . . . , ^ - 1 are performed

from the following:
* - i 4-1 * - i

X(k) = V z{2n)Wtf + V x(4n + l)WjW£* + V x(4n + 3)W$*IV£*

n=0 n=0 n=0
4-1 4-1
N
* ( * + T> = Z * ( 2 n ) ^ V l ) " + I Z * ( 4 n + l ) ( - i ) ^ + y ] * ( 4 n +3)^*0-)^*
n=0 ns=0 n=0
4-1 4-1
N = ^x(2n)^+^x(4n+l)(-lX^+^^n + 3)(-l)^^
*(* + £)
n=0 n=0 n=0
4-1 4-1
X k+J
( r) = £ *(2n)W£*(-l)" + £ *(4n+l)(j)WRtV£* + £ x(4n + 3)(-»W#W^*
n=0 n= 0 n=0

The basic butterfly is given infig6.5

217
 ofDIF-SWTThwuffly

K0)O- ■OWO)

**)0- -Oxen

-0X(2) Drr/surr
K2)^ ^ ^ — Th» piffc looto like Itat nmpot of
*6)0- 0^>N3 > -OX(3) MN-P"*XDFFFT.Th*twiddlpfK«n

i(l)0- ■0»4)

1(5)0- *r -0X(5)

i(3) O - ^Xfft)

iP) O -
°\y°— -0X(7)

Figure 6.5:

6.16

x
= xR + jxi
= (a + jb)(c + jd)
e = (a — b)d 1 add , 1 mult
XR — e + (c — rf)a 2 adds 1 mult
x/ = e + (c + d)b 2 adds 1 mult
Total 5 adds 3 mult

6.17

N-l
X(z) = X>(n)z-n
n=0
N-l
Hence, X(z 4 ) = ^ x(n)r-ne"^fcn
n=0

where zk = r e " ^ f c , i b = 0 , 1 , . . . , N - 1 are the N sample points. It is clear that X(zu),k

0 , 1 , . . ., N - 1 is equivalent to the DFT (N-pt) of the sequence x{n)r-n,n € [0, N - 1].

218
6.18

rto-i LN-l
l
4=0 k=LN-k0+l
to-1 IJV-1
1
L7V
E^(*)WTJ}B+ £ X{k + N-LN)W£iT
k=.0 k=LN-k0+l

1 "fi X(k)W[? + X) X(t)W£-i'-w+tw'"

L*=o fc=JV-*0-i
*o-l N-l
Therefore Lx'(Ln) = —1
N *=0 t= N-t0+l
= *(n)
L = 1 is a trivial case with no zeros inserted and
fl 1 . 1 1 .11

6.19
N-l

X(k) = J ] *(nX n
n=0

Let F(0, * = 0 , 1 , . . . , N - 1 be the DFT of the sequence on k X(k).

N-l

F(t) = £*(*)**#
TV-l

=£ £ *(nXn
r»=0
W-l
r*(n+t)
= 2>-> E <
n=0 i=0
N-l

= 5Z z ( n W n + Omod N
n=0
JV-1
= £x(n)6(W-l-n-0 1 = 0,1,. ..,7V - 1
n=0
= {x(Ar-l),x(AT-2),...,x(l),x(0)}

6.20
2N-1
y(fc) = ^ y(n)^n * = 0,1,...,2JV-1
n=0

219
 2N-1

n=o,n even
N-l
= £y(2m)W*m
m=0
Af-1
= X>(m)W#»
mssO
= *(*), t€[0,AT-ll
= X{k-N)} ke[N,2N-l]

6.21
(a)

ln 2irn
w(n) = 0< n < N - 1
1 _ 1 i*sv
|_I (e + e -i#a)
2
N-l
W(«) = £»(n)z-"
n=0
JV-1
= £ i-i(^» + e-i»)
n=0

1l-z-N ll-Cz-V^r)^
2 1-r1 4 i_r-V'T^T

4 1_z-ic-;7fe-

0>)
Xu,(n) = tu(n)x(n)
X„(ib) = W(k)NX(k)

6.22
The standard DFT table stores N complex values Wj^, k = 0 , 1 , . . . , TV - 1. However, since
W^* = - W £ , we need only store W£ it = 0 , 1 , . . . , £ - 1. Also, wff* = - j W £ which is
merely an interchange of real and imaginary parts of Wj^ and a sign reversal. Hence all essential
quantities are easily obtained from W£j A= 0,1,...,^ — 1

6.23
The radix-2 FFT algorithm for computing a 2N-pt DFT requires 20-hg22N = N + Nlog2N
complex multiplications. The algorithm in (6.2.12) requires 2 [ y / o ^ 2 ^ + y ] = y+/o^2jV complex
multiplications.

220
6.24

since H(z) —
I + E£I«**-*
H{^k) = _EiU**^i
= i/(*), t = 0,...,JV

Compute AT + 1-pt DFTs of sequences {60, &i,. • •»&MiO,0,.. .,0} and {l,a\,.. .,as) (assumes
N > M), say B{k) and A(k) k = 0,...tN

H(k) ~ 51*1

6.25
8

y(*) = E ^ n w *
n=0

= E v(*W* + E v(nW*+ E v^W*

n=0,3,6 n = l,4,7 n = 2,5,8
2 2 2
3i m+1) r (3m + 2)k
= E y(3m)W 9 - + E v(3m + l ) w f * + E ^3m +2>^
m=0 m=0 m=0

= E y(3^)^m + E y(3m +iw**? + E ^ 3 m + 2 ) w 3 m k ^

Total number of complex multiplies is 28 and the operations can be performed in-place. see
fig 6.6

6.26

*(*) = E*(«w*
n=0

n=0 n=3 n=6

2 2 2
n W n
= E *( ) * + E < + )^9 ^3 + E x (" + 6)W9ni W32*
x n 3 nk

2 2 2

*(3/) = E ^ ^ ^ E ^ ^ ^ ^ E ^ * 6 ) ^ '
n=0 n=0 nsO
2 2 2
X(3/+1) = E X H ^ 3 n , ^ 9 n + E X ( n +3
)^3'^9 n % 1 + E X ( n + 6 Vy ,
) 3 %n^32

= J2wZ[x(n)+W}x(n + 2) + WZx(n + 6)}W2>

221
 <<0)O -OX(0)

id) O OX(3)

'(2)0 OX(6)

c(3)(> ■Ox(i)

<(4)0 w, OX(4)

<(5)0 w OX(7)

t(6)C> OX(2)
2
i(7)0 -OX(5)

t(8)0- w OX(8)

Figure 6.6:

x(3/ + 2) = ^ V y 9 2 n [ x ( n ) + ^ 3 2 r ( n + 3) + Vy31x(n + 6)] W3n'

n=0

The number of required complex multiplications is 28. The operations can be performed in-place.
see fig 6.7

6.27
(a)Refer to fig 6.8
(b)Refer to fig 6.9
(c) D1F is preferable for computing all points. It is also better when only X{0), X(\),X(2), X(3)
are to be calculated. The rule is to compare the number of nontrivial complex multiplies and
choose the algorithm with the fewer.
(d) If M « N and L « N, the percentage of savings is
Xl00% (1 Xl00%
10
* %OTN° ' 9N
= " ^)
6.28
(a)Refer to fig 6.10. If data shuffling is not allowed, then -X(0),..., X(3) should be computed
by one DSP. Similarly for X(4)t..., X(7) and X(8), • ■ •, *(11) and X ( 1 2 ) , . . . , X(15). From the
flow diagram the output of every DSP requires all 16 inputs which must therefore be stored in
each DSP.
(b)Refer to fig 6.11
(c) The computations necessary for a general FFT are shown in the figure for part (a), Ng =

222
 Ox(0)

OX(3)

OX(6)

Ox(i)

OX(4)

OX(7)

OX(2)

OX(5)

OX(8)

Figure 6.7:

^■Iog2N. Parallel computation of the DFTs requires

1N , N ^ N 1
N hg
» = 2M *M+2-<T*
1=1

Complex operations, as is seen in the figure for (b). Thus

5 _= *$
NB
ZlogiN

Mlog2N
log7N - log2M + 2(M - 1)

6.29
Refer to fig 6.12

*<n) = Tft,XWW»kn
Jb=0

223
 x(0)- X(0)

X5 .\> ™ X(8)

jfi* - * > X(4)

<X^
X(2)

*-X(10)

X(6)

*Xws .1 ' ' X(14)

X(l)
X*..1 ' '" X(9)

X(5)

*X«e *-X(13)

IP
x* P
X(3)

™ X(ll)
X(7)

X(15)

Figure 6.8:

= I E x(k)w*kn + \ E *(<w kn
k even k odd
3 3
= I E ^(2m)W4-mn + i E *<2m + l)W7mnW7»
m=0 m=0

= § E [ * < 2 m ) + * < 2 m + w " ! ^" m n

m=0
r 3 3
*(») = s E A-(2m)lV-mn + Wg-n E ^(2m + l ) W - m n 0<n <3
T»=0 m=0
3 3
*(n + 4) = - E A"(2m)W-mn - W7 n £ X{2m + l)W 4 - mn 0< n < 3
Lm=0 m=0

This result can be obtained from the forward DIT FFT algorithm by conjugating each occurrence
of W%N — ► Wff1 and multiplying each output by g (or \ can be multiplied into the outputs of
each stage).

6.30

*(") = j[E*(*)W7*"
k=0

224
 Figure 6.9:

fc=4
3 3

Y, X(tWskn + ( - l ) " E X{k + 4)W7*n

A= 0 fcsO
3 3
x(2/) = - £x(*)vv4-'*+5>(* + 4)ttv'k / = 0,1,2,3
,* = 0 i =0
3
x(2/+l) = - Y,X(k)WA-lkWzk -Y,X(k + 4)W;lkWi" / = 0,1,2,3
u=o k=0

Similar to the DIT case (prob. 6.29) result can be obtained by conjugating each W*N and scaling
by i Refer to fig 6.13

6.31
x(n) = x*(N-n)

IDFT(**(n))
n=0

= 77 E^-")^'"
n=0

225
 X(15)

Figure 6.10:

= ££*<"W (W ->

m'=0

Since the IDFT of a Hermitian symmetric sequence is real, we may conjugate all terms in the
sum yielding

N-l
IDFT(x*(n)) =
m'=0

n=0

= j}X(k)

In general, the IDFT of an N-length sequence can be obtained by reversing the flow of a forward
FFT and introducing a scale factor jj. Since the IDFT is apparently capable of producing the
(scaled) DFT for a Hermitian symmetric sequence, the reversed flow FFT will produce the desired
FFT.

226
 X(2)

X(10)

X(6)
X(14)

Figure 6.11:

6.32
S-l
X(k) = Y,x(m)WkNm
N-l
= J2 x(m)W^mW^kN since W^kN = 1
m=0
N-l
x{m)Ws
m=0

This can be viewed as the convolution of the N-length sequence x(n) with the impusle response
of a linear filter.
hk{n) = Wrjvnu(n), evaluated at time N
00

Hk(z) = £ > * n z - n
n=0

l-Wfrz-i

X(z)
yk(n) = W ^ y t ( n - l ) + x(n), y*(-l) = 0
yt(,V) = *(*)

227
 X(0)

X(4)

X(2)

Figure 6.12:

6.33

(a) 11 frequency points must be calculated. Radix-2 FFT requires i y^/oy 2 1024 « 5000 complex
multiplies or 20.000 real multiplies. FFT of radix-4 requires 0.75x5000 = 3,750 complex multi­
plies or 15,000 real multiplies. Choose Goertzel.
(b) In this case, direct evaluation requires 106 complex multiplies, chirp-z 22xl0 3 comples mul­
tiplies, and FFT 1000+ ^ x l 3 = 33xl0 3 complex multiplies. Choose chirp-z.

6.34

In the DIF case, the number of butterflies affecting a given output is y in the first stage, ^ in
the second, .... The total number is

1 + 2 + . . . + 2 " 1 = 2 " ( 1 - ( - ) ) = tf - 1

Every butterfly requires 4 real multiplies, and the eror variance is y^. Under the assumption that
the errors are uncorrelated, the variance of the total output quantization error is

6*_ _ NV
^ = 4(^-1)^- = ^--
12 ~ 3

228
 X(0)-U& x(0)

tr-xw

Figure 6.13:

6.35

Re[X n+1 (*)] = \xn+i{k)+±X:+l(k)

= \xn(k) + l-wzxn(i) +l-x-n(k)- ^w-^x'M

= Re[Xn(ib)] + Re[W^Xn(/)]
1
since \Xn(k)\ < - , \Re[Xn(k)]\
< 5
1
since | X , ( * ) | < - , |Re[WJ7X„(0]| < 5

so |Re[IVtfX„(')]l < i
Therefore |Re[XB+1(fc)]| < |R*[X»(*)]| + \Re[WJ^Xn(l))\ < 1

The other inequalities are verified similarly, (b)

Xn+1(Jb) = Rc[X„(*)] + iIm[X„(*)]

[cos^m) - jsin(^m)][Re[Xn(l)) + ;Im[Xn(/)]]
= Re[X»(*)] + co»(.)Re[*„(/)] + sin(.)Im[X„(/)]
+ j {Im[X„(*)] + cos(.)lm[Xn(l)} + sin(.)Re[Xn(/)]}
Therefore, |*„ + i(*)| = |*„(*)| + \Xn{l)\ + 4

229
 where A = 2cos{.){Re[Xn{k))Re[Xn(l)} + lm[Xn(k))lm[Xn(l))}
+2sin(.) {Re[Xn(k))lm[Xn(l)] - Im[X n (*)]Re[X n (/)]}
also | X n + 1 ( / ) | 2 = \Xn(k)f + \Xn(l)\2 - A(*)
Therefore, if A > 0,
max[|X n + 1 (*)|,|X n + 1 (/)|] = \Xn+l(k)\
= {\Xn(k)\2 + \Xn(l)\7 + A}*
> max[|X n (*)|,|X n (/)|]
By similar means using (*), it can be shown that the same inequality holds if A < 0. Also,
from the pair of equations fro computing the butterfly outputs, we have
2Xn(k) = X„ + i(*) + X„+i(/)
2Xn(l) = WZmXn+i(k)-WjmXn+l(l)
By a similar method to that employed above, it can be shown that
2max[|X n (J:)|, \Xn(l)\) > max[\Xn^(k)l |X„ + 1 (/)|]

6.36
Refer to fig 6.14.
(d) (1) The frequency interval between successive samples for the plots in parts (a), (b), (c) and

(a)N-64do«ie (b)N-64dc«8

20 40 60 20 40 60 80
(c)N-128dc»ie (d)N-«4dc-7.664*-M

(d) are £ , ^ , ^and± respectively.

(2) The dc values computed theoretically and from the plots are given below:
part a part b part c part d
theoretical 16 8 16 0
practical 16 8 16 8.203e - 14
Both theoretical and practical dc values match except in the last case because of the finite word
length effects the dc value is not a perfect zero.

230
 (3) Frequency interval = j$-.
(4) Resolution is better with N = 128.

6.37
(a) Refer to fig 6.15.
(b) Refer to fig 6.15.

r-0.9. YW r.0.9, O0.92. W(K)

150

Figure 6.15:

(c) Refer to fig 6.15.

(d) Refer to fig 6.15.
(e) Refer to fig 6.16.

r = 0.5, Y(k) X 10 W(k)

4

3 /
o
3
*•<
\ /
(0
E
1»

n
150 50 100 150

Figure 6.16:

231
 Chapter 7

7.1
(a) H(z) = 1 + 22" 1 + 32" 2 + 4 2 " 3 + 32" 4 + 22" 5 + z~6. Refer to fig 7.1
(b) H(z) = 1 + 22" 1 + 32~ 2 + 3 2 " 3 + 22" 4 + 2 " 5 . Refer to fig 7.2

x(n)

Figure 7.1:

7.2
Refer to fig 7.3

A4(z) = H(z) 1 + 2.882- 1 + 3.40482" 2 + 1.742 -3 + 0.42 - 4

B*{z) 0.4 + 1.742 -1 + 3.40482" 2 + 2.882 - 3 + z~A
Hence, K\ 0.4
A4(z) - kABA(z)
Az{z) =
\-k\
l + 2.62~ 1 +2.4322- 2 + 0.72- 3

233
 x(n)

Figure 7.2:

B3(z) = 0.7 + 2.4322- 1 + 2.62 - 2 + z~3

Hence, K3 = 0.7
A3(z) - k3B3(z)
*n*) l-*i
= 1 + 1 . 7 6 2 " 1 + 1.22"2
B2(z) = 1.2+ 1.762 -1 + 2 - 2
Then, K2 = 1.2
A2(z) - k2Bi(z)
AM = l-kl
= 1 + 0.82 - 1
Therefore, K\ = 0.8

Since A'2 > 1, the system is not minimum phase.

7.3

V(z) = X{z)+l-z-'V{z)

v(n) = z(n)+-v{n-l)
Y(z) = 2(3X(2) + V(2)] + 2 2 - ^ ( 2 )

H(z) = Y(z)
X(z)
8-z-1
1 -0.52"1
h(n) = 8(0.5)nu(n)-(0.5)n"1ti(n-l)

234
x(n) z-> 7-1 ,-> r»
1 2.88 3.4048 1.74 0.4

H r^ y(n)

(a)

f 4 <n) - y(n)

(b)

Figure 7.3: (a) Direct form, (b) Lattice form

7.4
32' l + 2z'
H(z) - 5+
l + J*-» + \-\z-'
h(n) U{n) + ^ - i r - ^ C n - 1) + (±) n u(n) + 2 ( i ) ' - 1 u ( n - i;

7.5
6+fz'-|z-2
H(z) = ( I^i)(l_Iz-i)
1 +

6+|z'-|z-2

Refer to fig 7.4

7.6

For the first system, H(z) " l_6l2-i ' \-b2z^

l~(6i+62)z-1
H(z) = (l_6lr-i)(l-62z-i)
CO + C i Z - 1
For the second system, H(z) = _
( 1 d l 2 - I ) ( l _ a 2 2 -l)

clearly, co = 1
Ci = -(&i + 62)
rfi = 6i
a2 = 62

235
 Figure 7.4:

7.7
(a)
y(n) = a i y ( n - l ) + a 2 y ( n - 2 ) + 6 0 x(n) + 6 l x ( n - 1) + 62x(n - 2)
60 + 612*1 + 6 2 *~ 2
H(z) =
1 + a i z - 1 -I- a-iz,~2
(b)

#(z) =
l + 2z"1 + *-2
I + LSZ-^+O^Z-2
Zeros at z = —1,-1
Poles at z = -0.75 ± j'0.58
Since the poles are inside the unit circle, the system is stable.
_ l + 2z-i + z-2
H{Z)
~ l + z-^-2z-2
Zeros at z = —1,-1
Poles at z = 2,-1

The system is unstable.

(c)

x(n) = cos(-n)

236
 1
H(z) =
1 + r-1 -0.99z"2
1
H(w) =
1 + e~Jw - 0.99e-i2w
*<!> = 100c" ; ^
J ir IT „
Hence, y(n) = 100cos(-n- -)

7.8

y(n) = - y ( n - 2 ) + x(n)

H(z) =
l-iz-2

(a)

*<») = ~2 (5)- + (-j)- «(n)

H(z) =
l_i2-i +l+ |2-i
(b)

x(n) = (ir + c-ir «(n).

1
X(z) = + 1+
1-iz-1 iz"1
X(z) =
l-iz-2
Y(z) = *(*)#(*)
1
1 + iz"1 + 1-i*"1 + (1-ir-1)2 + (l+i*-1)
r
y(») = (3)- + (-i)--»(5r + n(-i)' u(n)

(c)Refer to fig 7.5

(d)

ff(u/) =
1 _ Le-j2w
-l sin2w
L-tan
y/l7 - SC0s2l 4 — cos2w
Refer to fig 7.6.

7.9
(a)
1 + i;-1
"<*> " l - ^ - 1 + iz-2

237
 Direct form 2

-o-
cascade form
x(n)
x(n) *(H 1 ( i 1
D r rh V D
1
D
'
1/2 1 -1/2 I
D
1/4

Parallel form

rJ V ■^♦J—*y(n)

—
1/2 1
x(n) *
■ ^

i/V
^
D

•i«T

Figure 7.5:

» + *«-'
( 1 _i2-i)(i_i2-i)

¥ + 1-12-1
11 - i2 2i - l
Refer to fig 7.7
(b)
0.7(1-0.362-2)
H(z) =
I + O.I2-1 - 0 . 7 2 2 - 2
0.7(1 - Q , 6 2 - i ) ( l + 0.62-1)
( l + 0 . 9 2 - ! ) ( l - O.82-I)
0.1647 0.1853
= 0.35 -
1+0.92-1 1-0.82-1
Refer to fig 7.8
(c)
3 ( 1 + 1.22-! + 0 . 2 2 - 2 )
H(z) =
1 + 0.12-1 - 0 . 2 2 - 2
3(l + 0.22-1)(l + 2 - i )
(l + 0.52~i)(l-0.42-1)
7 1
= -3 + 1 - 0 . 4 2 - 1 1 + 0.52-1
Refer to fig 7.9
(d)

238
 Magrwtud* ot H(w)

Figure 7.6:

2(l-2-1)(l + v/2V1+2-2)
H(z) =
(1 + 0.52- 1 )(l - 0.92- 1 + O.82-2)
2 + (2>/2 - 2)2-! + (2 - 2y/2)2~ 2 - 22~ 3 )
1 - 0.42" 1 + 0.362-2 + 0.4052" 3
A B + Cz'1
1+0.52-1 1-0.92"1+O.82-1
Refer to fig 7.10
(e)
1 + 2- 1
H(z) = i 1
11 - 12
Z " - ±42Z ~ 2
1 + 2- 1
( l - 0 . 8 l 2 - 1 ) ( l + 0.3l2- 1 )
1.62 -0.62
I-O.8I2 - 1 + 1+0.312"1
Refer to fig 7.11
(f) H(z) — 1l7-i*I^5^1a =*■ Complex valued poles and zeros.Refer to fig 7.12 All the above
systems are stable.

7.10
Refer to fig 7.13

1
H(z) =
1 — 2rcoswoz~1 + T7Z~2
(1) V(z) = X(z) — rsinwoz~1Y(z)
(2) W(z) = V(z)-rcosw0z-xW(z)
(3) Y(z) = rcoswoz~lY(z) — rsinwoz'1 W(z)

239
 Direct form Q:

» y ( n ) i<«> ■( ♦

Cantfe: Ptellkl:

x(n)-
GHQ -y(n)
r^
z»
V,
rO 103

1/2 1/3
m
»(n) 1/2
1M
©-,<»>
•7/3

L^>
Figure 7.7:

By combining (1) and (2) we obtain

,-i

(4) WM = ! *—^r*U) - . """""

x
1 — rco5it>oi 1 — rcoswoz *
Use (4) to eliminate W(z) in (3). Thus,

Y{z)[l - 2rcosw0z-1 + (r2cos2u>0 + r 2 i i n 2 w 0 ) : ' 2 ] = X{z)

Y(z) 1
X(z) 1 -2rcosw0z-1 -1 +- Lrr22z, - 2

7.11

M*) = Bo(z) = 1
M(z) = Ao(z) + k1B0(z)z-1

= .+ i«-
Bi(z)
M(z)
ss
I-"'
Ai(z) + ib2Bl(z)
=
= l + 0.3z _1 + 0.6z-2
B,(z) = 0.6 + 0.3z" l + z" 2
Mi*) = A2(z) + ^ 3 B 2 (r)

240
 Direct form II:

-tfn>*<n) ~ ~ \ 0 ~JT Cly~* n)

CMcadc: Pmlkl:

2
s 1

2-1
\(•MfrC? - -0.1853

x(n)
■0.9 •aL 0A 0£ JLZLMMMJ

■0.9
^nVi(Y)--»y(n)
0.1647

L-O

Figure 7.8:

1 - 0.12z _1 + 0.39z - 2 - 0.7z" 3

- 0 . 7 + 0.39z _1 - 0.12z" 2 + z - 3
,4 4 (z) A3(z) + k4B3{z)
1
1 - —z' + 0.52z - 2 - 0.74z~ 3 + i z - 4
150 3
53 1 1
Therefore, //(z) C(l - —z- + 0.52z" - 0.74z" + - z " 4 )
2 3
150 3
where C is a constant

7.12

Refer to fig 7.14

bok + bikZ'1 +bzkz-2

Hk{z)
1 + a i k z - 1 + a2*z~ 2
Vk{n) bokXk(n) + wik(n - 1)
b\kx{n) - alkyk(n) + w2k{n - 1)
w7k{n) bikx{n) - a2kyk(n)

241
 Dtftrt form I: Otfcct fonn U:

x(n)
^ - y ( n ) x(n)

Cwcadc: FtemUtl:

-—(^j^H^jrG^
•0.5 02 0.4 1

Figure 7.9:

7.13
YJMl = G * XIN
DO 20 J=1,K
YJ=B(J,0) * XIN + Wl(J)
W1(J) = B(J,1)*XIN - A(J,1)*YJ + W2(J)
W2(J) = B(J,2)*XIN - A(J,2)*YJ
YJMl = YJMl + YJ
20 CONTINUE YOUT = YJMl RETURN

7.14
YJMl = XIN
DO20J=l,K
W = -A(J,1) * WOLDl - A(J,2) * WOLD2 + YMJl
YJ = W + B(J,l)*WOLDl + B(J,2)*WOLD2
WOLD2 = WOLDl
WOLDl = W
YJMl = YJ
20 CONTINUE
YOUT = YJ
RETURN

242
 Direct form 1: DifBCt fonn D:

yin) x(n)

Pmttrf:

Cttctdc:

'MZH^M^j-O-^u,
■OS

-0.81 I

Figure 7.10:

7.15

z) = A2(z) = l + 22- 1 + - z " 2

B2(z) = - + 2z-1 + 2 - 2
1
*2 = 3
A2{z) - k2B2{z)
Ai(z) = \-k\

= .+ | . -
3
*i = 2

7.16

Ai(z) i ,-i 1
1 + ^2
l 2 l
Bi(z) J ~ I *i \ [ ~ U^ 1

A3(z) AAz) l+Ir-i_I2-2

Bi(z) -h 1 z-'B^z) - I + I . - 1 + .-2

243
 DwAfansI: OtffBCt IORD u:

y(n)x(n)

Cmmk ftnlkk

►y(n)

r<? _UM

x(n) 0.81
0.81 -031
■0.3 Gy* y(n)

kb -0.62

Figure 7.11:

1 1 1 f A2(z)
l
B3(z) J [ 1 1 J [ *- S 2 (*)

-3
ffi(*) = i*3(*) = l + *
zeros at z = — l,e ± J '*
(b)
// 2 (z) = A2(z)-z-1B2(z

= l + ik'-ik2-*-3
2
-1 2

3 3
- 5 ± jy/U
The zeros are z = 1,
6
(c) If the magnitude of the last coefficient \k#\ = 1, i.e., ks = ± 1 , all the zeros lie on the unit
circle.
(d) Refer to fig 7.15. We observe that the filters are linear phase filters with phase jumps at the
zeros of H(z).

7.17
(a) Refer to fig 7.16

244
 Direct form I: Direct form II, cascade, parallel:

x(n) y(n)

1
' I
\ )
ir
"

2"»
y(n>x(n)
-Q
z-1
A
-1 J 4-
'' \ !
^r
+\
J
ii
i
''
2-1
CH
z-1
-1/2 -0.5
1

Figure 7.12:

x(n) = 6(n)
Mn) = 6(n) + 0 . 6 5 6 ( n - l )
gx(n) - 0.656(n) + 6 ( n - 1)
/ 2 (n) = /i(n)-0.34^(71-1)
= 6(n) + 0 . 4 2 9 6 ( n - l ) - 0 . 3 4 £ ( n - 2 )
g7(n) = -0.34/ 1 (n) + < 7 l ( n - l )
= -0.34<5(n) + 0.4296(n- l) + 6 ( n - 2 )
h(n) = / 3 ( n ) = / 2 ( n ) + 0.8<7 2 (n-l)
= 6{n) + 0.1576(n - 1) + 0.00326(n - 2) + 0.86(n - 3)

(b) H(z) = 1 + 0.1572" 1 + 0.0032z~2 -I- 0.82" 3 . Refer to fig 7.17

7.18
(a)
Cz{z)
n\i)
M*)
Aziz) = l + 0 . 9 z - 1 - 0 . 8 2 " 2 + 0.5z~ 3
Bs(z) = 0.5-0.82_1+0.92-2 + 2-3
k3 = 0.5

245
w(n:U rsin^) > /^N v(n)

Figure 7.13:

A3(z) - k3B3(z)
^(*) =
1 - ^
= 1 + 1.732"1 - 1.672"2
**(*) = - 1 . 6 7 + 1 . 7 3 2 - 1 + 2~ 2
*2 = -1.67
A7(z) - k2B2(z)
*(*) = l-k%
= 1 + 1.622 -1
Bi{z) = 1.62+ 2 " 1
*1 = 1.62
C 3 (z) = l + 2 2 _ 1 + 3 2 - 2 + 22-
0s(*) = 2 + 32" 1 + 2 2 ~ 2 + 2 - 3
*3 = 2
C3(z) - k3D3(z)
c2(*) =
4
,1+ - 1 + 12- 2
= r 5
1 4
-1 -2
D 2 (2) =
1
*2 = 3
C2(z) - k2D7(z)
Ci(z) = \-k22
1+ 3 i
=
3
r
-i
fll(*) = 4+Z

246
 Ok
x,(n) ♦ X (n)

jwi k (n)

,-1

b^ s \ -*2k

x(n) =

xjCn)
Hj(z) • H«z) -^_V>—y(n)%.,n,

Figure 7.14:

3
±1
4
Cs(z) t>0 + V\Di(z) + V2D2(z) + VzD3{z)
1 7 3
1 + 22" +3z~ + 2z~
From the equations, we obtain
107
VQ = 48
13
V\ = 4
V2 = -1
»3 = 2

The equivalent lattice-ladder structure is: Refer to fig 7.18

(b) ^3(2) = 1 + 0.9z" l - O.82"2 + 0.52" 3 , |Jbi| > 1 and |* 2 | > 1 => the system is unstable.

7.19
Refer to fig 7.19

Y(z) = [rsinBX(z) + rcoseY(z) - rsinBC(z)] z~l

C(z) = [-rcosBXiz) + rsinBYiz) + rcoseC{z)} z~x
Y(z)
H(z) =
X(z)

247
 Figure 7.15:

rsinQz'1
1 - 2rcosGz~1 + r2z~2
Hence, h(n) = rn sin(Qn)u(n)
and y(n) = rsinQx(n — 1) + 2rcosBy(n — 1) - r2y(n — 2)
The system has a zero at z — 0 and poles at z — re^'e.

7.20
1
H(z) =
1 - 2rcosu;o2~1 + r2z~2
rcoswo - j 2tinxv* rcosu;0 -rj 2,inw0
- 1 +z - (rcoswo + jrsinwo) + z - (rcoswo - jrsinwo)
rcoswo - J 2 „ nu , 0 B
S(z) X(2)
2 — (rcoswo + jrsantfo)
s(n) t>i(n) + jv 2 (n)
P
=>*i rcostuo
<*2 r5»n u;o
9i + J92
=>?i rcostuo
—rcoswo
92
2sinwo
t>i(n+l) aivi(n) - a 2 v 2 (n) + qix(n)
= rco«tyovi(n) — r s i n w o t ^ n ) + rcoswox(n)
v2(n) - Q2Vi(n) + aiV2(n) +q2x(n)
= rsmwoVi(n) + rcoswoV2(n) +—— x(n)
2sinwo
248
 Figure 7.16:

or, equivalently,
TCOSWQ
t(n + l) = rcoswo —rsinwo t/(n) + reoswo x(n)
rsintvo rcoswo 2jinu/0

y(n) = s(n) + s*(n) + x(n)

= 2v1(n) + x(n)
or, equivalently,
y(n) = [2 0]i;(n) + x(n)
where
wi(n)
v(n) =
v 2 (n)

7.21
(a)
= 0.6
Adz = 1 + 0.62" 1
Bi(z = 0.6 + z ' 1
A?(z = Ai{z) + k2Bx{z)z-1
= l + 0.78z_1+0.3z-2
B7{z = 0.3 + 0.78z _1 + 2 " 2
A3(z = A2(z) + k3B2(z)z-1
= l + o.gsz^ + o.egz^ + o.sz-3
B3(z = 0.5 + 0 . 6 9 z - 1 + 0 . 9 3 z - 2 + z - 3
H(z) = A4(z = A3(z) + k*B3(z)z-1
-1
= 1 + 1.38z + 1.311z"2 + 1.3372"3 + 0.9z - 4

249
 x(n)
•y(n)

Q.157

0.0032

,-l
0.8

Figure 7.17:

(b) Refer to fig 7.20

7.22
(a)

From (7.3.38) we have

y(n) = - * i ( l + * 2 ) v ( n - l ) - * 2 V ( n - 2 ) + x(n]
But, y(n) = 2rcosw0y(n — 1) - r7y(n - 2) + x(n)
Hence, *2 = >"2
and, fci(l + £2) = —2rcosi^0
2rcosu;o
*i + -
1 + r2
Refer to fig 7.21
(b) When r = 1, the system becomes an oscillator.

7.23

1-O.Sz-1 +0.1SZ-2
H(z) =
l + 0.l2- -0.72z-2
1

B(z)
A(z)

For the all-pole system . , we have

A(z)
*l(l + *2) 0.1
*2 -0.72

250
x(n)

Figure 7.18:

=>*! — 0.357
*2 = 0.72
For the all-zero system, Cfa) = l-0.82-1+0.152-2
Ai(z) = 1-0.82-1 +0.152-2
B2(z) = 0.15-0.82"1 + 2 - 2
*2 = 0.15
A2(z) - k2B2{z)
Ai(z) = \-k\
= 1-0.6962"1
Bx(z) = -0.696+2~x
*i = -0.696
M*) = Bo(z) = 1

Ciiz) = £ t>m£m(2)
m=0
= Vo + VxBi(z) + V2B7{z)
_1
= 1-0.82 +0.152-2
The solution is:
v2 = 0.15
v\ - 0 . 1 8 v 2 = -0.8
v0 -0.696ui +0.15v 2 = 1
=> to = 1.5
Vl = -0.68
n = 0.15

Thus the lattice-ladder structure is: Refer to fig 7.22

251
 rcos 6

rsinB J 4► J——• r1 y(n

•^rsine
x(n)
^sin 6

J - z-l c(n)
-rcos 6 ^ -

rcos 6

Figure 7.19:

7.24
M
y(n) = £6 k *(n-*)
k=0
Leti;j(n+1) = v.-+i(n), i= 1,2,...,M-1
vM(n+l) = i(Af)
M
Then, y{n) - b0x{n) + ^ fc.t^+i_,(n)
i=i

Then

vi(n+l) "0 1 0 0 .. 0"

v 2 (n + 1) 0 0 1 0 .. 0 v2{n)
= '•- o
v M - i ( n + l) 0 1 t>M-i(n)
vM(n+l) . 0 ... .. 0

v2(n)
y{n) = [ bM bM-\ ... hi ] + 6 0 x(n)

General representation:

t>(n + l ) = FVJin) + qx{n)

y(n) = £« V(n) + b0x(n)

The general state-space realization for this system is shown in figure 7.36 w

252
 Direct fornL

»(n)- l-l z-1 .I 7*1

1 138 1-311 1337 0.9

•y(n)
T attitr farxn:

Figure 7.20:

7.25
y(n) = y ( n - l ) + 0 . 1 1 y ( n - 2 ) + z(n)
<H = - 1
a2 = -0.11
6o = 1
Type 1 representation:
0 1 0.11
£= 0.11 1 <? = 9 = 1
d= 1

Type 2 representation:
0 0.11 0.11
■£ = 9 = d- 1
1 1 1
Refer to fig 7.23

7.26

y(n) = y ( n - l ) + y ( n - 2 ) + *(n)
ai = a2 = —1
60 = 1
Type 1 representation:
0 1 0 1
£= 1 1 ' £= 1 > £ =
1 , d=l

Type 2 representation:
0 1' "1 " ' 0
F = £ = l £= d= 1
1 1 1

253
 Figure 7.21:

Diagonal form (see example 7.5.2)

1 + 75 l 3+75
2 0
F = l->/5 <7 = 9= 3-\/5 Cf= 1
0 ""75 2

7.27
vi(n+l) 0 0.11 0.11 x(n)
v2(n+l) 1 1 f2(") 0

y(n) = [ 0 1 ] + i(n)
v 2 (n)

^i(z) = 0.11V2(z) + 0.11X(z)

zV7(z) = Vi(z) + Vb(*) + X(z)
y(z) = V2(z) + X(z)
Y(z)
=>ff(z) =
X(z)
1
l-z^-O.llz"2
n
12
1 - l.U-1 1 + O.lz- 1
11 n
fc(n) = ^(U) + i(-0.ir]u(n)

7.28
9i x(n)
v(n+l) = Jl(»») +
Q2 ai 92

254
x(n)

+ ) ^y(n)

Figure 7.22:

A — C*i «2 2 _
|A/-ZI = —a? A — Qj = (\-aly-(Q2y =o

(A - a j ) 2 = (o 2 ) 2 => A = QI ± ja2

7.29
Refer to fig 7.24 To obtain the transpose structure, we reverse the directions of all branch trans-
mittances and interchange the input and output. Thus we obtain the structure shown below:
Refer to fig 7.25

7.30
Refer to fi 7 26
(»> H{Z) = i: 0 t:lto°6?:^ «-
(b)
ai = -0.8
a2 = 0.64
60 = 1

255
 Type I Realization:

Type 2 Realization:

x(n)

Figure 7.23:

v/2
6, = -
2
0.25

Type 1 representation:

0 1 -0.39
£= -0.64 0.8 9 = d= 1
0.8-^

Type 2 representation:

0 0.64 -0.39
F = <f = 1
1 0.8 i = [ 0 . 8 - f J' 9- =

Refer to fig 7.27

(c)
l-0.707z-1-|-0.25z-2
(2)
~ 1 - O.82-1 + o . 6 4 z - 2
25 0.609(1 -cos(±)z-1)
64 ' l - 2 ( 0 . 8 c o s | ) z - 1 + (0.8) 2 2- 2
-0.208sm(f)z-1
+l - 2 ( 0 . 8 c o s § ) z - 1 + ( 0 . 8 ) 2 z - 2
Therefore, h(n) = 0.39l6(n) + [0.609(0.8) n cos(-n) - 0.208(0.8) n sm(-n)]u(n)

256
 1

Figure 7.24: State-space realization of coupled-form structure

From the state-space representation, we have

n-l
0 1 u{n-l) + 6{n)
h ( n ) = [ -0.39 0.8- ^
0.64 0.8

(d) Coupled-form, state space realization:

0.0464 + jO.255 0.0464 - ;0.255
+ +
^ "" r - (0.4 + J0.4V3) z - ( 0 . 4 - jOAy/3)
Hence, Ak = 0.0464 + jO.255 qkx = 0.0464 qti = 0.255
pt = 0.4 + ;0.4>/5 afci = 0.4 afc2 = 0.4v^

Therefore,

0.4 -0.4>/3 0464

F =
-0.4>/3 0.4 -It 255 9- d= 1

(e)
<*)*<*> = l:$£-™£->Refer to fi 7 28
*-
(b)
0 1 1 ' -0.39 "
F =
-0.64 0.8N/2 9 =
[ 1° 1 9 - 0.3 V5
d= 1

:c)

257
 1

Figure 7.25:

n-l r
0 1
h(n) = [ -0.39 0.3\/2 ] u(n-l) + 6(n)
-0.64 0.8\/2

(d)

OAy/2 -0.4\/2 0.212

F = 9 = 9 = d=l
0.4^2 0.4v/2 0.133

7.31
(a) H{z) = T ^ - i - o . 8 ^ - » + o . 6 4 . - '
Refer l fi 7 29
(b) //(z) = T ^ T + UlXXSZ.- ° «'
(c)

1 + z- 1
#(*) =
1 - 1.63Z" + 1.21r~2 - 0.32z" 3
1

ai = -1.63
a2 = 121
a3 = -0.32
60 = 1
b, = 1

258
 Direct form II: Transposed form :

x(nj
D
-Gy- y(n) x(n) •-y(n)

$^S^0 D

where a=0.8, b ■ V I /2, c = 0.25 and d = -0.64

Figure 7.26:

Type 1 representation:

0 1 0 r o] " 0.32
F = 0 0 1 ' £= 0 £= -1.21 d= 1
0.32 -1.21 1.63 1 2.63

Type 2 representation:

0 0 0.32 " 0.32 ' 0"

F = 1 0 -1.21 - £= -1.21 9- 0 d=\
0 1 1.63 2.63 1

7.32

H(z) = 0.5ffi(*)ff2(*)
where ifi(z) = 1 + 0.4z _ 1 - l.2z~2 + 22~ 3
l
H7(z) =
l-0.6z-l+0.2z-2 + Q.5z->
H(z) can be realized as a cascade or two lattice filters (an all-zero lattice and an all-pole lattice)
or as a lattice-ladder filter. Let us choose a cascade configuration:

For H\(z) we have

A3(z) = 1 + 0 . 4 z _ 1 - 1 . 2 2 ~ 2 + 2z" 3
B3(z) = 2 - 1.2r'I+0.4z~2 + r"3

259
 Type I Realization:

■039

V,(B)

-0.64

ss ¥*>! 7-1
Yfn)
i-T +\—y(n)
O^VJ^V^
0.8

Type 2 Rrattztkar

Figure 7.27:

_ 2
*s
A3{z) - Jb3£3(2)
M*) =
14 2
, -1 -2
=

B2(z) = 3 15
2
*2 = 3
A2(2)-*2B2(2)
Ai{z) =

= >-£"'
14
*i = ~15
For Hi(z) we have
F*(z) = l - 0 . 6 2 - 1 + 0.22 _ 2 + 0.5
Gs(z) = 0.5 + 0.22 - 1 - 0 . 6 2 _ 2 + 2
*3 = 0.5
F3(z) - k3G3(z)
Fiiz) = l-k*
14 2
, -1 -2
= 1 2 + -2 '
15 3
260
Direct form II Transposed form :

-y(n) x(n)
D

where a=0.8\/"2. b»-\/2/2,c = 0.25andd = -0.64

M2>

Figure 7.28:

2 14 . i _2
G2(z)
2
k2
3
F2(z) - k2G2(z)
Fi(z)
\-k\

14
* :ii = -
25
The all-zero lattice has reflection coefficients

k2
14
*1 — -77
15
The all-pole lattice has reflection coefficients

*3

k2
14
25

261
 Parallel:
J2L31
Cascade:
< * >
x(n)_
y K3 jjsL
x(n) 0.5
''
ri
1 -0.64

1 \ffi 2.96
1/2
+
G> ali.
,-1

-0.64 ±21
<y
Figure 7.29:

Refer to fig 7.30

7.33
(a).
A -1 = A(A-1) +0.81 = 0
|A/-£| = 0.81 A-l

>2 _ A + 0 81 _ o => A1)2 = 0.5 ± j l . 5 0

(b)
z-\ -0.81
*W = *w-£)-* = x ? r ^ r 5 3 i 1 z

♦»(*) = z 2 _ 0 . 8 1
z+

262
 1/2
■y(n)

1Figure 7.30:

l-z-1
= I - 2 - 1 -t- 0.81r~ 2
2
0n(n) = (0.9) n cos(0.98n)- -sin(0.98n) u(n)
o
-0.8*
*12(*) = 2 2 - z + 0.81
4>i2(n) = i(0.9) n 5t'n(0.98n)u(n)
Z
*»(*) = z* - z + 0.81
02i(n) = -1.08(0.9) n sm(0.98n)u(n)
z2
$22(*) = 2
z - z + 0.81
2
<^22(") = (0.9) n cos(0.98n) + -5t*n(0.98n) "(*)
0

= -1
= 0.81
= 1
= 0
— -1
2
1 - Z "

1 - z " 1 + 0.81z~2
= (0.9) n cos(0.98n)u(n) + [-0.5cos(0.98(n - 1)) - sin(0.98(n - 1))] (0.9)n"1ti(r» - 1)

the zero-input repsonse yi%{n) we have

*[£(*)-t/(0)] = EYXz)

263
 V{z) = ( « / - £ ) " ^11(0)
Y*i(:)=9V(:) = li*L-D-lzW)
V«(n) = rl{y„-(:)}
For the zero-state repsonse yi3(n) we have
zV_(z) = FV_(z) + qX(z)
Y*M = lV{*) + X{z)
YMM = g(zL-F)-1qX(z) + X(z),
.-i

V„(n) = z-l{YMt(z))
y{n) = y«(n) + y„(n)
= (0.9)n [2cos(0.98n) + l.l«'n(0.98n)] ti(n)
(e) Refer tofig7.31

Figure 7.31:

7.34
Using the same method as in 7.33 we obtain the following answers:
(a)
C(z) = *2 + 3z + 2

264
 roots: z — —2,-1
(b)
0n(n) <^12(")
*(n) =
<p2l(") 022(")

<t>\i(n) [-l(-2)"+2(-l)B]u(n)
<t>i2{n) [-l(-2)"+2(-l)"]ti(n)
<t>2\{n) -2<^i 2 (n)
<!>22{n) [2(-2)"-(-l)"]u(n)
(c)
1
H(z) = 2
z + 3* + 2
Mn) = [-(-^"-^(-lrMn-l)
(d)
y(n) = y«(n) + y«(»»)

= h ( - 2 ) " + ( - l ) > ( n ) + [ ~ ( - 2 r - i ( - l ) n + i]u(n)

(e) Refer to fig 7.32

*-y(n)

Figure 7.32:

7.35
Using the same method for the solution as in 7.33, we obtain the following answers:
(a)
C(z) = z2 + 0 . 6 * - 0 . 0 7

265
 roots: z = 0.1,-0.7

(b)

<t>n(n) = 4>22(n) = [i(0.1) B + i(-0.7)"]u(n)

* » ( n ) = * 2 i(n) = [j(0.1) n - ±(-0.7)"]ti(n)

(c)
1
H(z) = +1
z-0.1
h(n) = 6(n) + ( 0 . 1 ) n _ 1 u ( n - l )
(d) jrfn) = (0.1)"u(n) + [ ^ - ^(0.1)"]u(n) Refer to fig 7.33

-0.3

Figure 7.33:

7.36
(«0
1 + z- 1
ff(z) =
1-0.9Z" 1 -*-0.08z" 2
-0.9
a2 0.08

266
 6o = 1
*i = 1
Type 1 representation

£= 0 1 1 [ 01 [ -0.08 ]
-0.08 0.9 • £ =
£= d= 1
1 1.9
Type 2 representation:
0 -0.08 1 [ -0.08 1
£= 1 0.9 £= 1.9 £ = [ °1 1 d= 1

(b) Refer to fig 7.34

Parallel:

i)
AlT -11/7
Jr "
!•»
x(n) m . x,( «N -J

1
^ ) 18/7
-»1 +

0.8

Figure 7.34:

1 + r- 1
H(z) =
(l-o.u-^i-o.sz-1;
7
1*
l-O.lz-1 + 1-0.8Z" 1
7

0.1 0
F =
0 0.8 9= ' £=[oi]' d=l

Cascade:
1 + .-1
H(z) =
(l-O.Sz-^l-O.lz-1)

267
 = Hy(z)H2(z)
£1 = [0.8], & = [l], £,=[1.8], <*i = l
£2 = [0.1], £2 = [1], £2 = [0.1], d2 = l
(c) Method 1:
11 18
H(z) = - 7 | 7
1-O.lz"1 1-0.8*"1
11 16
h(n) = - y ( 0 . 1 ) " + y ( 0 . 8 ) " u(n)

Method 2: From (a) we have,

v(n + l) = Fv(n) + ox(n)

n
y( ) = v'v(n) + <fx(n)
V(*) = £'(*£-JD" 1 !***)+ **(*>• X(z) = l
Hence, H(z) = ^ ( z / - F ) " 1 ? + <f

0.08 z -1
tf(z) = + 1
1.9 0.08 z-0.9
l + z- l
H(z) =
l-O.gz-i+O.OSr-2
which is the same system function as in (a).

7.37
(a) H(z) = 1+*'" 1

(b)60=l, fr
r, — 3 «.=*
l = 3' <»i — - 4 ,

" 0 1 '
£= 1 3 9 = <7 = d= 1
8 4 -

M
Z - \ -1
*(*) = *(*/-£) - 1 = 2 2_ 3 + i
* 4*^8

*~* 1
(l-^-'Ki-i*-1) (l-ii-'Ki-i^-1) .

- ( | ) " u ( n ) + 2(J)"u(n) 4(J)"ti(n) - 4(J)"u(n)

0(n) =
- ( i ) " + 1 u ( n ) + J(J)"u(n) 2(i)"u(n) - (J)"tt(n)

(d)
*<*)=[-» Ml
2

-tim
—
+ 1

#(*) = i - i ; - u ^ - 3
(e) det(z7 - £ ) = z2 - \z + ± = (z - %){z - \) = 0. z = ±, J are both inside the unit circle.
Hence, the system is stable.

268
7.38
H(z) = gt(zl-;F)-lq +d

*<*>=[o ! ] [ : , ;°_v][?•"' + 1
H(z) =
l-z-i-O.llr-2
li J_
12 , 12_
l - l . l * ,-- 11 "r 1 + O.lz" 1
Therefore, h(n) =

7.39
(a) Refer to fig 7.35
(b)

v
i i<n>
+ *

x(n)

^ >
1
O^ -5/16

Figure 7.35:

0 1
H(n+1) = _-L _ Li v(n) + *(»)
16

0 1
1(1) = v(0) + x(0) =
l
16

269
 y(n) = [ i i 2]v(n) + 2x(n)

Mo) = [ i i 2] £ (0) + 2x(0) = 2

Mi) = [ H 2]t;(l) + 2x(l) = 2

proceeding in the same way, we obtain
_5
h(2)
8
0
25
128
25
fc(5)
128

(c:

H{z) = fc'^Z-£)-*£+<*
2-f 4 z - 1 + 2 z ~ 2

Therefore, y(n) = - y ( n - 1) - ~-y(n - 2) + 2x(n) + 4x(n - 1) + 2x(n - 2) ,

16 '( ■>

(d) For x(n) = S(n), we obtain y(0) = 2,y(l) = 2,y(2) = — | , etc. These results check with (b)
(e). Refer to fig 7.36

+
x(nj—\

Figure 7.36:

270
7.40
(a) Refer to fig 7.37

Figure 7.37: All-zero lattice

^ ( n + l) = x(n)
V2(n + 1) = kix(n) + vi(n)
V3(n + 1) = kix(n) +kik2vi(n) + V2{n)

vx(n + l) = */y_ 1 x(n) + * i * N - i V i ( n ) + *2*JV-it>2(n)+■ ••+vjv-i(n)

y(n) = x ( n ) + * i v i ( n ) + * 2 M n ) + ••• + *NfJv(n)

0 0 . 0 0 1
1 0 . 0 0 1
*i*2 1 . 0 :
F = £=
*1*3 *2*3

kiktf-i *2*N-I 1 0 J

£« = [ kx k7 . . . kN ] d=l

(b) If we proceed as in (a) we obtain

271
 — k\ -fc 2 -ks
1
1 - k\ -k2
F = 0 1 — to —
k$ 9 = *2

2 *N-1
1 -t -*» J
1
*N-1

9* = "*1 "*3 ■*N ] d=l

7.41
(a)

For positive numbers, range is

01.00...0x21001 - 01.11...1x20111
n u
or 7.8125xl0~ 3 - 2.5596875xl0 2
negitive numbers
10 x2l 01 - 10.00...0x2 0 1 1 1
ii^i °
n n
or - 7 . 8 1 6 3 x l 0 - 3 - -2.56xl02

(b)

For positive numbers, range is

01.00...0x210000001 - 01.11...1x20imm
23 23
or 5.8774717xl0~ 39 - 3.4028234X103*
negitive numbers
10. I l . . . l x 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 - 10.00...0x2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
23 23
or -5.8774724xl0~ 3 9 - -3.4028236xl0 3 8

7.42
(a) Refer to fig 7.38

HR(Z) = (l + o i * - 1 + o -220\ - l
, -ax ± y/a\ - 4a2
poles z p l i 2 = *—*
for stability
(i)a\-4a2 > 0
- a i - yja\ - 4a 2
if ai > 0,
2 "

=* Ja\ - 4a 2 < 2 - ai

272
 l£?)

-1 ,-i

Figure 7.38:

ai < 2 and ai — 02 < 1

- o i - \Ja\ - 4o 2
if ax < 0, < 1
2

J°o f - 4 o
r
< 2-fai 2
=> ai > —2 and ai + 02 > - 1
( .. )( _a^ )2 + ( v ^ E 2 ) < 1
«2 < 1

Refer to fig 7.39. The region of stability in the ai — 02 plane is shaded in the figure. There are
nine integer pairs (01,02) which satisfy the stability conditions. These are (with corresponding
system functions):

(0,-1) HRM = (I-;-2)-1

(0,0) HRM = 1
(0,1) HRM = (1+*- 2 )- 1
(1,0) HRM = (1 + z- 1 )- 1
(1,1) HRM (l + 2 -l+2-2)-l
=
(2,1) HRM = (l + 2*-1 + z-2)"1
(-1,0) HRM = (I-*"1)"1
(-1,1) HRM = (l-z-l + * - V
(-2,1) HRM = ( l ~ 2 z - 1 + 2~2)-1

(b)

HRx{z) = HRMHR7{Z)
HR6(Z) = HR4(Z)HR4(Z)
HR9(Z) = HR7(Z)HR7(Z)

273
 The**bkvnaf(4.a )

Figure 7.39:

(c) Only the following cases can make h(n) FIR:

(i)
hR(n) = 6{n)
N
Then H{z) = ]T «"•
»=o
N

y(n) = 5Z x ( n ~ 0
i=0

(ii)
hn(n)*hF{n) = S(n)
Then H{z) = 1
y(n) = x(n)
(d) see above.

7.43
Refer to fig 7.40
Note that 4 multiplications and 3 additions are required to implement H\(z). The advantage
of Homer's method is in evaluating H\{z) for a specific 20. Thus, if
Hi(z) = bo + bohz-1 + 60&i&2*~2 + M i M 3 2 ~ 3
= 60 + 2 - 1 (6 0 6i + * _ I (& 0 M2 + z~1b0bib7b3))

274
 rvv4

Figure 7.40: Structure of H\{z)

the 3 multiplications and 3 additions are required for the evaluation of 7.1 in the field of z.
If the various powers of z are prestored, then Horner's scheme has no advantage over the direct
evaluation of 7.1. Refer to fig 7.41
This requires 4 multiplications and 3 additions. The linear-phase system is written as
H{z) = z2az + za2 + oi + z~la0 + z~2a\ + r " 3 a 2 + *~ 4 a 3
By applying Horner's scheme, we can rewrite this as
H{z) = z3(a3 + z'\a2 + z~l{ax + z~\aQ + z~\ax + z~l{a2 + z-la3))))))
Assuming that z'1 and z are given, a direct evaluation of H(z) at z = ZQ requires 8 multiplications
and 6 additions. Using Horner's scheme based on 7.43, requires the same number of operations
as direct evaluation of H{z). Hence, Horner's scheme does not offer any savings in computation.

7.44
(a) When Xi and x2 are positive, the result is obvious. If Xi and x2 are negative, let
xi = —0 r\\ n2 ■
— —0 n\ n2 . nb + 0 0 0 . . . 0 1
x2 = —0 m\ n»2
= — 1 mi rn2 . mb + 0 0 0 . . . 0 1
X3 = Z\ + *2
= -0n10...0 + 0m10...0 + c
where c - 00 n 2 . • • n*+ 00 m 2 . . . m b + 0 0 0 . . . 0 1 0

275
 Figure 7.41: Structure of H{z) = b0z~3 + i 0 M ~ 2 + t o ^ i M " 1 + M 1 M 3

If the sign changes, there are two possibilities

(i) m = mi = 0
=>. m = mi = 1
. 1 1 . . 1
,X2|>
=>l»il > j ' 2
=> |x3| > 1, overflow
(u)(ni = l , m i = 0 , c = 0) or (nj = 0,mi = l,c = 0)
or
=>(|0ni0 ... 0)io|> 2 ( | 0 m i 0 . . . 0) 1 0 | > ^
1
and |cio|
> 2
=*> | i 3 | > 1, overflow

(b)

*1 = 0100
*2 = 0110
*3 = - 0 1 1 0 = 1 0 10
*1 + *2 = 10 10, overflow
*1 + *2 + *3 = 0 10 0, correct result

276
7.45
(a)
-l
-a+ 2
H(z)
l-az-1

l#(0| 2 1
1 - ae-iw '
(—a + cosw)2 + (—sinw)2
(1 — acosw)2 -f (asinw)2
a2 — 2acosw + 1
= 1 Vw
1 — 2acosw + a 2
(b) Refer to fig 7.42
(c) If |d| = | — d|, where d means the quantized value of a, then the filter remains all-pass.

.=a y(n)

-1

Figure 7.42:

(d) Refer to fig 7.43

(e) Yes, it is still all-pass.

7.46
(a)y(n)=[2(i)"-(i)"]ti(n)
(b) Quantization table

x= 1
'"32

277
 ►y(n)

Figure 7.43:

31
^ 29 15
> x =
> X 32 16
2329 ^" 27 14
> X =
32^Z 32 16
1 14
> X =
32 " 32 16

"1 + 3 l * - - >
Therefore I(n) = (l.^.'^.O °1
g
y( n ) = - ^ y ( n - ! ) + *(")
_, * f 12 7 3 1 A \
v{n) 0 0
= lI'ie'Ii'Ti'Te' ' '-]

f 3 7_ 15 _31_ _63_ "1

y{n) - \}'4,16'64'256'1024'"'J
-/ x f 3 7 12 16 rt ^ 1
y{n)
= \}'4'^'6l'25i'°'0'- j
occur when number becomes small.

278
7.47

y(n) = 0 . 9 9 9 y ( n - l ) + e(n)

e(n) is white noise, uniformly distributed in the interval [—p, p-]

E{y2(n)} = 0.9992£{y2(n-l)} + £{e2(n)}

(l-0.9992)£{y2(n)j = E {e 2 (n)}

■ / .
_* A

= — r where A = 2 " 8
12
Therefore, E{y2(n)\ = —(4)2 2
' iy v " 1 2 v 2 8 ' 1 - 0 ..999
= 6.361x10 - 4

7.48
(a) poles zpi — 0.695, 2 p2 = 0.180 Refer to fig 7.44
(b) Truncation

y(n)
V11
V

D
0.69.5 ILLS.

Figure 7.44:

0.695 — - = 0.625
8
279
 0.180 s = 0.125
poles zp\ ~ 0.625, 2 p2 = 0.125

(c) Rounding

0.695 — - = 0.75
8
0.180 — i = 0.125
poles zpi = 0.75, zp2 = 0.125

(d)
|0.75-0.695| < |0.695-0.625|
Rounding is better
\Ha{w)\ = [(1.483 +1.39costi;)(1.0324 + 0.36cosu;)]-*
\Hb{w)\ = [(1.391+ 1.25cosu>)(1.0156 + 0.25cosu;)]-*
\Hc(w)\ = [(1.563+1.5cosu>)(l.0156+ 0.25cosii;)]-*

7.49
(a)

Hi(z) = 1-22"1

M») = {l,-i}
H2(z) = - i1\)- i
(1--Z-

M") = (i)nu(n)

H3(z) = (i + j z - 1 ) - 1

M") = (-i)nu(n)

Refer to fig 7.45 Cascade the three systems in six possible permutations to obtain six realizations.
(b) Error sequence ej(n) is uniformly distributed over interval (^2"*, 52"*). So o\% = 2-— for
any i (call it c\)
(c) consider cascade H\ - Hi - Hz Refer to fig 7.46

= {i.o.i,o.(l)'.o,...}

n=0 n=0
2 1
= <r 2
e
Li-(A)2 i-(i)2
= 3.0745<r2

280
 Figure 7.45:

using similar methods:

H\ — Hi — H3 2.0745crl
Hi — H\ — H3 3.3882<7^
Hi — H3 — Hi 3.25880-*
H3 — H1 — Hi 3.26270-2
H3 — Hi — H\ 3.32160-J

7.50
y(n) = Q[0.l6(n)] + Q [ a y ( n - l ) ]
(a)

y(") = C?[0.U(n)]
y(o) = <?[o.i]=i

y(i) = <^ =°
y(2) = y(3) = y(4) = 0
no limit cycle

(b)
y(n) = Q[0.1<5(n)] + Q[0.75y(n-1)]

281
 5 e
l(n) «2<P) 3 (n)

Figure 7.46:

y(0) Q[0.1] = g

y(i) vl
32J 8
y(2) vl
32J 8
1
y(3) = y(4)
8
limit cycle occurs

7.51
(a) al = r « ( 0 ) = 3 => Ax = ^ -
(b)

A = 2-6
A^
12

12x2 12
1
so SNR = 10/oyio

= 1O/O0 1 O (12X2 1 2 )
= 46.91dfl

282
(c) left-justified.

a] = <*£*»<»)+ <,;,£*'(»)
n=0 n=0
2 2
Now* . = —(4)
el 12 V 2 8
and V / i 2 ( n ) = —- = - ,
V 1 - 0.752 7'
so o-J
7 V12 1 2* ; +
12l26' ;
17
344,064
and SNR = I0logie0-r
i
= 43.064B

7.52
Define pe — rcos9, pt — rsinO for convenience, (a)
-P>y(n- l) + ci(n) + x(n) + p e t>(n- l) + e 2 (n) = v(n)
p , i ; ( n - l) + e 3 (n) + p c y ( n - l ) + e 4 (n) = y(n)

(b)
-p3z-lY(z)+El(z) + X(z) + pcz-lV(z) + E2(z) = V(z)
1
p , * " ^ * ) + £*(*) + ^ 2 - ^ ( 2 ) + £ 4 (z) = y(z)

y(2) =
l-2pePz-Cr^[X(2) + £ l ( 2 ) + £2(z)]

= ffi(z)X(*) + ffi(z)[£i(*)+ £*(*)]

+^ 2 (2)[£ 3 (*) + ^4(*)]
when # i ( z ) and // 2 (z) are as defined in the problem statement
hi(n) = pi^—^-isindnuin-l)
sinv
n
= r sinn6u{n - 1)
= rnsinndu(n)
h2{n) = - — rnsin(n+ l)0u(n) + p c ^ - T r n - 1 s i n 0 n u ( n - 1)
sin? 5tn0
n rn
= ^( ) + -r-r[s**n(n + 1)0 - cos0s:nr»0]u(n - 1)
sind
= 6(n) + rncosn8u(n - 1)
= rncosn$u(n)
(c)
A2
2 2 2 2 2 *-*

283
 l -6\2
12 v ;

2-26

= 2* 2 ]T/ l 2 (n) + 2<7 2 £> 2 : (n)

r»=0 n=0
oo
2n
= 2^£[r sin2n0 + r2,Wn0]
n=0
1
= 2*1 l _ r 2 n
2-26 !
6 1 - rIn

7.53
(a)

Mn) (^) n "(n)

h,(n) (i)nM")
h(n) l2(-)"-(-)W
°\.2 = 2<r 2 1 £/» 2 (n) + 2<r 2 2 £> 2 2 (n)
n=0 n=0
64 2 16 ,
35 15
(b)
2 _ „2 ^ , , 2 ,
<r: = ^-i^w-^E^
64
,T* 4 - V
35*' 1 + a 4 7 ' 2

7.54
Refer to fig 7.47

26
'l -
£'- " Vi

< — (M- - D<

_ (M- -D - 26
2
12

7.55
B(z)
//(;) =
A(z)

284
 ifn)

^1-2

- iMJ —Q—^M-l (n)

Figure 7.47:

, (l-0.8e>T)(l -0.8c-**)
ri
(l-0.5z-i)(l+$r-i)

(l-0.8e>T)(l-0.8e->*)
Hl{z)H2{z)

(a)
--1 — *-Jw
_1
At w = 0 , z

(l-0.8eJT)(i-0.8e--'T)
(1-0.5)(1 + J)
Gi = .1381
, (l+0.25)(l-f)
'2(l-0.8eH)(i-0.8c-Ji)
G2 .7920

(b) Refer to fig 7.48.

(c) Refer to fig 7.49.
Refer to fig 7.50.
Refer to fig 7.51.

285
 Direct for m I:

Direct form II and cascade structure:

x(n) _j£n)

-126. -3/8

-1

AJfu -5/32

Figure 7.48:

7.56

-3
8_
*i = 4r
27
32
4
9
*2 = -
5_
T T
32
Refer to fig 7.52a.
(b)

1
A{z) =
(l-0.5*-»)(l+J*-»)
1

*2
6
_1
6
1.
*1
~5

286
 Cascadetorm, mputee response
15

05
'
0
V"
nf
10 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 100

Cascadetorm,step response
1.5

1 4 1
£13
•
] 1.2

1 1
1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
—> n

Figure 7.51:

»(n) fln) r-\ fjn) /^"N f,( B ).y(n)

Figure 7.52:

289
 Direct torm I. impulse response

Direct torm I, step response

90 100

Figure 7.49:

Refer to fig 7.52b.

(c) Refer to fig 7.53.
(e) Refer to fig 7.54.
(f) Finite word length effects are visible in h(n) for part f.

7.57
(a) Refer to fig 7.55.

15
c = 16
9
10
Hx{z) =
1 - 1*-
S3
-1

80
H3(z) = -1
14
k
(b) Refer to fig 7.55.
(c) N = 100;
x = [1 zeros(l,N-l)];
c=15/16;
al = 9/10;
a2 = 83/80;
pi = 0.5;
p2 = -1/3;
y l ( l ) = al*x(l);
y2(l) = a2*x(l);
y(l) = c*x(l) + y l ( l ) + y2(l);
for i=2:N,
yl(i) = al*x(i) + pl*yl(i-l);
y2(i) = a2*x(i) + P 2*y2(i-1);

287
 Direct form II. impulse response
15

05

-0.5
1v- -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Direct form II. step response

100

Figure 7.50:

y(i) = c*x(i) + yl(i) + y2(i);

end
(d) Refer to fig 7.56.

288
 Figure 7.53:

IRtorpan a IRtorpan b

T
0.5

0 »-

-05_

-0.5

Figure 7.54:

290
 Parallel form structure

{>
*(n) jw_
Hj(z)

H^Z)

Parallel form structure astng 2a4-order coupled-form state-apace tectiooa

1/2

x(n) A^
-d2-

Figure 7.55:

Parallel torm impulse response

i i i i

25
~ 2
?15
1
05
ok- 10 2 0 3
i
0 4
t
0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 100
—>n
Pa/aHel structure coupled torm impulse response
1

08

c*0 6
A
! 04

02
i
nJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 100
—> n

Figure 7.56:

291
Chapter 8

8.1
(a) To obtain the desired length of 25, a delay of 25jpi = 12 is incorporated into Hd(w). Hence,

Hd(w) = le~jUw, 0<\w\<^

6
= 0, otherwise
J
hd(n) = i- ( Hd(w)e->"ndw
2* J-i
5»n|(n-12)
? r ( n - 12)
Then, h(n) = hd(n)w(n)

where w(n) is a rectangular window of length N = 25.

(b)H(w) = £ n 4 = o M n ) e " J U ' n => Plot \H{w)\ and IH(w). Refer to fig 8.1.
(c) Hamming window:

90

T -501-

' -100

• 150
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
—>Fr»q(Hx)

1
2-

0
Vwww
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 04 0.45 0.5

Figure 8.1:

w(n) - (0.54-0.46co5 nn
—

293
 h{n) = hd(n)w(n) for 0 < n < 24

Refer to fig 8.2.

(d) Bartlett window:

2-

-As|
\
K K NNNN" N \| s| N
N N
0 0.09 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
—>Fr»q(Hi)

Figure 8.2:

„,(„) = !_ 2(2^12) Q<n<24

) 24 _ _
Refer to fig 8.3.

t i i i i i i i i

a o

-2

0 0.06 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 45 0.5

—>Fr»q<Hx)

Figure 8.3:

294
8.2
»

Hd(w) = le->12-, M<£. l<\w\<*

0 O
~ tf I . If

o,g<IH<3
M") = ££« u^e"-"""^

l7lj
*(n-12) *(n-12)

(b) Rectangular window:

u^(n) = 1, 0<n<24
= 0, otherwise

Refer to fig 8.4.

(c) Hamming window:

■ ■ ■ ' ■ ■ ' ■

0 0.06 0.1 0.15 02 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

—>fm*Hz)

Figure 8.4:

ti/(n) = (0.54-0.46cos^J
v
12
h(n) = hd(n)w(n)
24

H(w) = J>(«)« —jwn

n=0

Refer to fig 8.5.

(d) Bartlett window:

w(n) = 1 - (" 12
12)
, 0<n<24

295
 _J 1 1 I ■ I 1 1 .

0 0.06 0.1 0.15 02 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Figure 8.5:

Refer to fig 8.6.

Note that the magnitude responses in (c) and (d) are poor because the transition region is
wide. To obtain sharper cut-off, we must increase the length N of the filter.

8.3
(a) Hanning window: w{n) - \{\ - cos^)t 0 < n < 24. Refer to fig 8.7.
(b) Blackman window: w(n) = 0.42 - 0.5cos*J + 0.08co*^. Refer to fig 8.8.

8.4
(a) Hanning window: Refer to fig 8.9.
(b) Blackman window: Refer to fig 8.10.
The results are still relatively poor for these window functions.

8.5

M = 4, ffr(0)=l, Hr{\)=\

Hr(w) = 2£MnWu,(^fi-n)]
l
n=0
1
3
= 2]T/>(n)co*[ti,(--rO]
n=0
1
At u = 0, tfr(0) = 1 = 2^2 h(n)cos[0]
n=0
2[/>(0) + Ml)] = 1 (1)

296
 0 0.06 0.1 0.15 02 0.29 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
—>Fr»q(Hi)

»| i i i i i r i i i

0 0.05 01 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

— > Fr»q(Hx)

Figure 8.6:

7r „ ,ir. 1
Atu,= -,ffr(j) = - = 2£Mn)cos[|(?-n)]
n= 0
-h(0) + h(l) = 0.354 (2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get
h(0) = 0.073 and
Mi) = 0.427
h{2) = Ml)
M3) = MO)
Hence, h(n) = {0.073,0.427,0.427,0.073}

8.6

M = 15.ffr< — ) - ( o, * = 4,5,6,7

ff-M = M ^ ^ ) + 2^Mn)cosu;(^-i-n)
n= 0
h(n) = li(M-l-n)
/x(n) = /i(14-n)

i/r(u;) = h(7) + 2*52 h(n)cosw(7 ~ n) oo

n=0
Solving the above eqn yields,
h(n) {0.3189,0.0341, -0.1079, -0.0365,0.0667,0.0412, -0.0498,0.4667
0.4667, -0.0498,0.0412,0.0667, -0.0365, -0.1079,0.0341,0.3189}

297

l
 KKK l\ K K K-
-2
\ NN N N \J N ■
\
0 0.09 0.1 0.15 02 0.29 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
>Fr»q(Hz)

Figure 8.7:

O,L f 1. * = 0,1,2,
M = 1 5 . / / r ( ^ ) = { 0.4, * = 4
15
{ 0, * = 5,6,7

, . M — 1. „ ^-s . . . .M — 1 .
Hr(w) = H——) + 2 £ /i(„)c05u;( — n)
n= 0
h(n) = /»(M-l-n)
h(n) = /»(14-n)
6
Hr(w) = M?) + 2 £ /i(n)cosu;(7 - n)
n=0
the above eqn yields,
h(n) {0.3133, -0.0181, -0.0914,0.0122,0.0400, -0.0019, -0.0141,0.52,
0.52,-0.0141,-0.0019,0.0400,0.0122,-0.0914,-0.0181,0.3133}

dxa(t)
VM = dt

j2*Fe>7ltFt
Hence, H(F) = j2irF

298
 !-ioo r

s
i
•
2

\ hhlMMM^I !'
i
-2
-A.
N
0 0.05 0.1
^
0.15
N \
0.2 0.25
y N Vl N N N
0.3 036 0.4 0.45 0.5
> Fr«q(Hz)

Figure 8.8:

(b)
\H(F)\ = 2irF
LH{F) = I, F>0

F<0
2'
Refer to fig 8.11.
(c)
#(u>) = jtx;, |u;| < TT
|//(ti,)| = H

w < 0

Refer to fig 8.12.

we note that the digital differentiator has a frequency response that resembles the response
of the analog differentiator.
(d)
y(n) = z(n)-x(n-l)
H{z) = l-*"1
H(w) = l-e-'w
= e"Jt(2;«n-)

|ff(u/)| = 2|«n||

m«) = — I
Refer to fig 8.13.
Note that for small it;, sinj m y and H(w) % jwe~J$, which is a suitable approximation

299
 Figure 8.9:

to the differentiator in (c).

(e) The value H{w0) is obtained from (d) above. Then y(n) = A\H(xvo)\cos(won + 6 + | - - ^ )

8.9
i

Hd(w) = we~il0w, 0<w<ir

= -W€-iiowf -TT<W<0

hd(n) = J- f i/d(u;)e--'w'nrfu;

cos7r(n — 10)•, n^lO

(n-10)
= 0, n = 10
cosirin — 10)
M n ) =
(n-10) ' 0<n<20,n#10
= 0, n = 10

With a Hamming window, we obtain the following frequency response: Refer to fig 8.14.

8.10
H(s) haa two zeros at z\ = - 0 . 1 and zi = oo and two poles pi,2 = - 0 . 1 ± j3. The matched
z-transform maps these into:

lx = c - 0 1 T = e - 0 0 1 = 0.99
z2 = e'°°T =0
p, = c ( - 0 1 + ' 3 ) T = 0.99e j 0 3
p2 = 0.99e--' 0 3

300
 I I 1 T I I I I I

f °
g -5

' -10|-

-15 ' ' ' ' ■ ' ■ » '

I 0.06 0.1 0.15 02 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
> Fmq(H2)

i
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ' ■

0.06 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
> Fr»q(Hx)

Figure 8.10:

1-rz"1
Hence, H(z) = , u/o = 0.3 r = 0.99
1 - 2rcoswoz~1 + r 2 z - 2
From the impulse invariance method we obtain
1 1
H{s) = \
s + 0.1-;3 s + 0.1+>3
1 1
H(z) = - l_e-0.lTe;3Tz-l T
1_e-0.1Te-j3T2-l

1 — TCOSWQZ-1
l
1 — 2rco$tvoz~ 4- T2Z~2

The poles are the same, but the zero is different.

8.11
(fiu - 0|)»
Ha(s) 2
s - ( n „ -f2/)« + nufi/
21-r1
s = T1 + ; - 1

//(z) =
f (i - ^ K i + z-i)
(n«-ni)
(f ) (i - r- ) + (ntt - n,)(f )(i - z-»)(i + z-1) + fiun,(i + z- 1 ) 2
2 1 2

2(a-^)(l-z-2)
[4 + 2(Q -0) + a(3) - 2(4 - a0)z~1 + [4 - 2(a - /?) + a £ ] z " 2
where a =

In order to compare the result with example 8.3.2, let

u;u = UUT — —-
5

301
 B-p/6

2
«. 0
A
I
I

"
-1
1 -0 06 -0 06 -0 04 -002 0 0 02 004 0 06 0 06 01
- > Fr«q(Hz)
-i
Figure 8.11:

wi = il\T — —
5
Then, (z)
* = "iTo.1^"? (exampie 8 32 j
-
In our case, we have o = ftuT = 2tan-—- = 2.753

/? = ft,T = 2tan~ = 1.453

By substituting into the equation above, we obtain

2.599(1-z"2)
H(z) =
10.599 + 5.401Z"2
0.245(1 - z ~ 2 )
1 + 0.509Z" 2

8.12
Let T = 2
(a) ff(*) = £ £ ■ =» y(n) = y{n - 1) + *(n) + x(n - 1)
(b)

(c)
|J/(u,)| 1
2 t f, - * < t/> <

(d) The digital integrator closely matches the magnitude characteristics of the analog integrator.
The two phase characteristics are identical.
(e) The integrator has a pole at w = 0. To avoid overflow problems, we would have £[x(n)] = 0,
i.e., a signal with no dc component.

302
 -1 0

Figure 8.12:

8.13
(a)

H(z) = A U + *-- 11\)3

( l - J 2 - i ) ( l - J r - i + Jz-»)
(l + z - 1 ) ( l + 2 r - 1 + r - 2 )
= A( l _ i - i l _ I , - i I2-2)
2 ) ( +

H(z)U = i = 1
—, &! = 2, 62 = 1, ai = 1, ci
64
-5.-1 "2'd2-i
(b) Refer to fig 8.15

8.14
(a) There are only zeros, thus H(z) is FIR.
(b)
4
Zeros: z\ = 3'
3
=
*2
~4'
*3,4 = 4
25,6

*7
=
=
r**
1
Hence, r2

303
 Figure 8.13:

*4 = Z*.

- z.

*7
and H(z) = z " 6 /Z ^J /-- 11 )
. - 6

Therefore, #(tu) is linear phase.

(c) Refer to fig 8.16

8.15
From the design specifications we obtain

€ = 0.509
6 — 99.995
4 _ 1
fp = 24 ~ 6
6 _ 1
f. = 24 ~ 4
Assume 1 = 1 . Then, Q p = 2
= 2tannfp = 1.155
2
and ft, = "mf
= 2tanxfa = 2
6
V =
- = 196.5

304
 Figure 8.14:

k = 5 1 = 1-732

Butterworth filter: Nm^n > -^j- = 9.613 =► N = 10

Chebyshev filter: Nmin > ^ £ r T T = 5 - 2 1 2 => N

= 6

Elliptic filter: stno = r = 0.577 => a = 35.3°

sin/) = - = 0.577 => 0 = 0.3°

>7
fc(smo) k(cos0)
^min > 17 VL) • m = 3 7 8 =» N = 4
nun — k(cosa) k(sinp)

8.16
From the design specifications we have

e = 0.349
6 = 99.995

/, = T = 015
/. = 1 = 0.25
Qp = 2tan^- = 1.019
w.
Qt = 2<an-y = 2

»? 5T 286.5
f

it r: = 1.963

305
 x(n)' + I
|
z-1
"^v. -i 3 J.
'
x-1
"^L 1/2 IJ.
_
2»
1 -1/8 \1

0
■0.5
Q^H-Q
B 1M

Figure 8.15:

Butterworth filter: iV > (£££ = 8.393 N = 9

nun — logk
cosh~ n
Chebyshev filter: A ^ u > ? ,7 = 4.90 => N = b
cosn~lk

Elliptic filter: A ^ ^
^ t(i) *<\A7i> => yv = 4
t ( v /rr-T)' *<j>
8.17
Passband ripple = ldB => i = 0.509
Stopband attenuation = 60dB => 6 = 1000
w? = 0.3TT
u;, = 0.35TT

QB = w = 1.019
2*an-f

fi, = 2 t a n ^ - = 1.226

rj = - = 1965.226

k = 2 i = 1.203
ft
c o s / r 1 ^ _ 8.277
AT.m m = 13.2 => AT = 14
~ cos/i" 1 * ~ 0.627

306
 x(n)
<D^)
25/12

(4/3)2 ■► (3/4) + 4 cos 2 60°= 481/144

Figure 8.16:

Special software package, such as MATLAB or PC-DSP may be used to obtain the filter coeffi­
cients. Hand computation of these coefficients for N = 14 is very tedious.

8.18
Passband ripple = 0.5dB => e = 0.349
Stopband attenuation = 50dB

wp = 0.24TT
ID, = 0.35ir
ftp = 2 r o n ^ = 0.792

Q, = 2 t a n - i = 1.226
6
rj = - = 906.1

k = ? i = 1.547
Qp
cosh~lr) _ 7.502
N.m i n = 7.48 => N = 8
- cosh~lk " 1.003

Use a computer software package to determine the filter coefficients.

307
8.19

(a) MATLAB is used to design the FIR filter using the Remez algorithm. We find that a filter
of length N = 37 meets the specifications. We note that in MATLAB, the frequency scale is
normalized to ^ of the sampling frequency. Refer to fig 8.17.
(b)6l = 0.02, 62 = 0.01, A / = & - JJL = 0 .05

12i i r i i i i i i

0 01 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 07 08 09 1

—>t

Figure 8.17:

With equation (8.2.94) we obtain

-20/og 1 o( N /?r?7) - 13
M - + 1 % 34
14.6A/
With equation (8.2.95) we obtain
Ax>(M2) 1.7371
/(M2) 11.166
Doo(6i67) - / ( M 2 ) ( A / ) 2
and M = + 1«36
A/

Note (8.2.95) is a better approximation of M.

(c) Refer to fig 8.18.
Note that this filter does not satisfy the specifications.
(d)The elliptic filter satisfies the specifications. Refer to fig 8.19.
(e)

FIR IIR
order 37 5
storage 19 16
No. of mult. 19 16

308
 Figure 8.18: M=37 FIR filter designed by window method with Hamming window

8.20
(a)

h(n) = io.l,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1,0,..A
10

H{z) = J2hWz~n
n=0

= 2 _ 1 + 22" 2 + 32" 3 + 4 2 ' 4 + 52" 5 + 42~ 6 + 32" 7 + 22" 8 + 2"

H(w) - e~}9w[2cos4w + 4cos3w + 6cos2w + 8cosw + 5]
(h)\H(w] = \2co$4w + 4cos3w + 6cos2w + Scosw + 5|. Refer to fig 8.20.
(c)
fc0 = h ( l ) = l

r hh (0) = £ / i 2 ( n ) = 85
n= l
8
rhh(l) = J^Mn)M« + l) = 80
n= l
7

n= l

rhh(0) rhh(l) 1 f ai 1 = f ~rhh{l) 272 124

=>ai =
rhh(l) rhh(0) \[a2 \ [ -■r**(2)
i -l65'fl2 =
l65

8.21
(a)
dc gain: Ha{0) = 1

309
 Figure 8.19:

1i
3dB frequency: \Ha{jQ)\ 2 -
2
1_
or
a2 + n? 2
a
For all Q, only tf(joo) 0
ha(r) -fc«(0) = -
e t
=>e-at = c
-l

=> r

ha(nT)
e-°nTu(n)
1
=
1
H(w)
1_ e-aTe-ju,

H(0) H(u;)U = 0
1
1 - e-aT
3dB frequency: \H(w 2 \\H(0)\>
c)\*
("<)| =
Ta :i T
(1 - Q coswc) + (c-° 5*nTi;c) 2(l-e~QT)2
1, . LQT^
Hence, wc = 2s:'n~ {sinn-—)
1
Since |tf (w)| 2 1 - 2e-° T cosu; + e - 2 a T

310
 Figure 8.20:

1
it oscillates between and
(l-e-*T)2 (l + e " a T ) 2
but never reaches zero
h(r) _
= e, - a r T =
_ ,-1
e
1
r > aT-~

r is the smallest integer that is larger than —

(c)

H(z) = a
2
l-^-1 _L ,v

aT(l + z-1)
2 ( l - r - 1 ) + QT(l + z - 1 )
aTjl + z-1)
2+ oT+(aT-2)2-1
DC Gain: //(z)U=i 1
At z - - l ( i y = ir),H(z) 0
since | # a ( ; f i c ) | 2 - , we have Qc — a
2

u;c =
2tan~1aT2
2-oT
Let a
2 + aT
1-a (l + o)z - 1
Then ff(z) 1 + 1-02"1
2
l-o
[6(n) + (l + a ) a n - 1 t i ( n - l ) ]

311
 1-a
MO)

MO)
=> (1 + a)a n - l _

'"Tfc-1
n = /na
/n(
2-oT
M 2+aT

8.22
(a)

M«) =
T_ / ^'""cfti; + / e>«" dw
2ir
T_ . Trn . 27rnl
nir 2T bT J

(b)

Let ht{n) hd(n)w(n), - 100 < n < 100(M = 101)

Then, h(n) h,{n - 100) will be the impulse of the filter for 0 < n < 200

(0
' o, 0<w< ^
j 1 OOw
i

Hd{w) = < o,
jlOOw
e~ >
L L
T <w<T

2*
w = -31*
200
irk
= 100T
hen, H(k) = 0, 0 < Jb < 40
= 0, 50 < k < 150
= 0, 160 < k < 200
H(k) = e-^ , 40 < k < 50
iwkT
= e- , 150 < * < 160

H(w) will match Hd(w) at 201 points in frequency. The filter will contain large ripples in
between the sampled frequencies. Transition values should be specified to reduce the ripples in
both the passbands and the stopband.

312
8.23
(a)
D7T
wi =
T2
Wi
Qi = tan-^ ( for T = 2)

wu — 12
Qu w.
= tan—^-
2
Analog: lowpass to bandpass
s2 + fljO,
s —*
Bilinear: Analog to digital
2 - 1 _ 1-2-1
2 + 1 " 1 + 2-1
combine the two steps:
2

5 —►
( * * ) ■

+ aa
( i - 2 - 1 ) 2 + n t < Q,(i-h2- 1 ) 2
(l-z-1)^-^)
Therefore, H(z) =
(i-i->)a+n.ni(i-n-')a + ^2 (—(i-*-'i(A.-ft.>
i-,t-»)a+n.ni(i+»- |
)a
+1

(b)
ran£ = 1.7
=

= 1.43
<

= 1.8
<

= 1.82
<

filter (4) satisfies the constraint

«s = 1.7

8.24

1 1/1 1,~1 1 / 1 , 1 y~\

-12i
H(z) = (I-*"") 1 1 2
1 + 2" 1 - 2" + 2 - 1 + 2" + 2 - 2
1

2 + 2 -1 + iz-7+*;Z
1 ,-3+ 2- 4
|d--») 1 + , - 1 + 2r-2
2
~ ^ +. r2 - + 2 " « + 2.-5
- 33

I ( l - 2 - ) ( l - 2 ^ 1 ) ( 2 + 2-1 + ^
6
-2 + , r 3 + .-4'

313
This filter is FIR with zeros at z = 1, e ± J * , e±j$, e±]bi, -0.5528 ± jO.6823 and 0.3028 ± j'0.7462
(b) It is a highpass filter.
(0
H(w) = i ( l - e-j6w)(l - e-]W){2 + e"-"" + ?C-J2U, + 1 - j 3 w+ e-j4«
6 2 2
0

"(f) 1.
2
2
2

8.25
(a)

fJL = ^ = 0.36
2500
fH = = 0.44
J
2500
Refer tofig8.21.
(b) The ideal lowpass filter has a passband of —0.04 < / < 0.04. Hence,

X(f) W(f)

03A.40.44 •0.4 ■0.04 0 0.04 0.4

V(f)

•0.04 0 0.04

Figure 8.21:

-iis« _o.08ir < w < 0.08TT

Hd(w)
"I °. otherwise
Hence,
•0 08*
l w wn
hd(n) = ^- f e-> * e> dw
2K J_Q 08*

314
 1 i-0 O B I

2sin0087r
- ( n ~ 15)
(n-15)
h(n) = hd{n)wH{n)
2?r(n- 15)
WH{TI) = 0.54-0.46co5
30
h(n) is the impulse response of the lowpass filter H(w)

8.26

rdh(0) £«(n-2)Mn) = 0
n= 0
oo
rdfc(l) £ 6(n - 2)/i(n - 1) = /i(l) = - 0 . 5
n= 0
oo
] > ^ ( n - 2)/i(n - 2) =/i(0) = 1
r» = 0

Therefore,
1.25 -0.5 0 ' "6o
-0.5 1.25 -0.5 6i ■0.5
0 -0.5 1.25 62

60 = -0.0471
*i = -0.1176
b2 = 0.7529

Emtn = JV(n)-£& t r -h (*)

n=0 t =0

= 1-[0.7529+-(0.1176)]
= 0.1883

8.27

* W - 2^^ 10, K n < tf-1

x{n) is a periodic sequence with period N. Hence, y(n) is also periodic with period N. Let
v
H7(z) = l + £at«-*

and/i2(n) = { l , a i , a 2 , •.. ,a P }
Then. h2{n)*y{n) = x(n), n = 0, 1 , . . . , N - 1

315
If p + 1 < TV, the TV equations above are sufficient to determine t^, a 2 , ■ • •,a P and their order. If
p + 1 > TV, it is not possible to determine the {a*} and the order p.
(0

Let/ii(n) = |&0t&i,...,6tf>

and/i 2 (n) = {l.ax,. . . , o p }

Then, h\(n) * x(n) = h2(n) * y(n)

If hi(n) is known, then w(n) = hi(n)x(n) is also aperiodic signal with period TV. If TV > p + 1 ,
then h2(n) or a\ya2,.. .,ap can be determined by the above equation. If either TV < p + 1 or
hi(n) is not known, then, it is not possible to determine the filter parameters, (d) (1) The set of
linear equations are:
Af-l
J]fc(*)r«(*-0 = »»,(/), / = 0,1,..., Af-l
fc=0
oo

where r r x (/) = Y^ z(n)z(n — /) and

n=0
oo
ryr(l) = 5>(n)*(n-/)

t=0

(2) Refer to fig 8.22.

(3) Refer to fig 8.23.

Total squared error

Figure 8.22:

(4) v{n) = y(n) + 0.01tu(n). Refer to fig 8.24.

316
 m ol original h(n) M-11E-8 093

1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000

M.12E-8 084 M.13E-8101

3000 3000

Figure 8.23:

fit ol original h(n M*8E-8 42 M.9E-8 305

0 m m m
MeJNh ° tiWfrSSSb ° M9UP&1

0
Py^E^SB 30(X> ° llfi^E^i 3000 ° 100
° 200
° 300
°
05

0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000

Figure 8.24:

317
Chapter 9

9.1
Since £ £ £ = $o±io _ 3 i s an i n t e g e r ) then F,=2B = 40Hz

9.2

Fc = 100
B = 12
F 4 ^
r = T ^ l
1
12 '
= [8.831 = 8
F + 2-
B' = lil-2-
r
106
8
53
4
F, = 2£'
53
= yHz

9.3

x,(<) = [x(0 + >*(0]e" j 2 * / e l

Since [z(<) 4- jx(<)] is complex, x/(*) is complex. The condition for xi(t) to be real is Xi(f)

x;(-f).

9.4

x(n) - X(u/)
x 2 (n) - X(uO*X(u;)

319
 The output yi(<) is basically the square of the input signal ya{t). For the second system,

X(w) X(w) * X(w)

w
-3n -2n -n 0 n In 3n

spectrum of sampled Xg (t),

(i.c).s(n)-j? C n T )

Figure 9.1:

x\{t) <— X(u>) * X(u;), the bandwidth is basically IB. The spectrum of the sampled signal is
given in fig refprob9.4a.
(b)
co$40irt
40™
x(n) = cos 50
4m
cos
~5~
y(«) = x.22 (n)
247rn
= cos
1 1 87rn
=
2+ 2COS5
1 1 2*n
2 2 5
1 1 ™
yi(0 = :: + -cos207rt
2 2
= *:<o
= cos740irt
= - + -cosSOirt
2 2
1 1 80™
s(n) = - + -cos
2 2 50
320
 1 1 8™
= 2+ 2 C O S
—
1 1 2-irn
= 2+ 2C°S—
Hence, y2{t) = - + -cos20xt
or Ft = 30,
Aim
x(n) = cos
3
2irn
= cos
y(n) = x 2 (n)3
,27rn
= cos ——
3
1 1 4TH
= 2 +
2 C 0 5
—
1 1 2irn
= 2 + 2 COS —
1
!
- + -cos207rt nn^
yi(0 =
sa(t) = *2(0
= cos2407rt
= - + -co«807rt
2 2
1 1 80*n
v
' 2 2 30
1 1 2™
= 2+ 2C05—
Hence, j/2(0 = r + -cos20irt

9.5

sa{t) = *a(0 + oxfl(«-r), |o|<l

sa(n) = x a (n) + a x a ( n - - )

^ ^ i = 1+ oe-^
1+
Xa{w) °C
r is an integer, then we may select
If —

H{Z) = w h e r e
l-az-» f=L

9.6

f; *2(*) = ^ J^xwdw

fc = -00

321
 n = —oo

= 2^/_*'**<A)|2«A

X2(f)eft
-oo
in/ty
\Xa(f)\7df
/ -oo
Pi

= / ' \Xa(f)\2df

Therefore, ^ x 2 (n) = —f

9.7
(a)

d(n) — x(n) — ax(n — 1)

E[d(n)] = E[x(n)] - aE[x(n - 1)] = 0
E[d*(n)} = <rl = £ { [ x ( n ) - a x ( n - l ) ] 2 }
= <r2 + a 2 < 7 2 - 2 a £ [ * ( n ) x ( n - 1 ) ]
= <r2+a2<7*-2a7x(l)
= <rj(l + a 2 - 2 a p , ( l ) )
r
where p r ( l ) = ,

= Ifiil
" 7.(0)

(b)

^[cr2(l + a2-2apx(l))] = 2a-2pr(l) = 0

a = Px(l)
For this value of a we have
°\ = <r2[l+p2(l)-2p2(l)]
= ^[i-Px(D]
(c) u\ < a\ is always true if | p r ( l ) | > 0. Note also that \px{\)\ < 1.
(d)
d(n) - x(n) - aix(n - 1) - a 2 x(n - 2)
E[d2(n)] = £{[x(n)-a1x(n-l)-a2x(n-2)]2}

322
 a\ = <rJ(l + a; + aJ + 2 a 1 ( o 2 - l ) p , ( l ) - 2 a 2 p x ( 2 ) )
d 2
a, = 0
da i
p,(l)[l-p,(2)]
=> ai =
1-P2(1)
*2 = 0
da 2
P,(2)-p»(l)
^ a2 =
1-Pi(l)
1 - 3p»(l) - p»(2) 4- 2pl(l)px(2) + 2/>j(l) + jg(l)/g(2) - 2pj(l)p r (2)
Then, <rj mtn =
[1-P?(1)]2

9.8

x(t) = Acos2irFt

^P- = -A(27rF)5m27rFr
dt
= -27rAFsin27rF*
-^Imax = 2,AF<-
Hence, A > 2irAFT
2xAF
F.

Refer to fig 9.2.

9.9
Let Pd denote the power spectral density of the quantization noise. Then (a)

Pddf

2B
- P

= °\
<T 2
SQNR = 10/ooio-f-

o\F*
58 10/flf
"5fe
<T2F

Thus. SQNR will increase by 3dB if F, is doubled.

b) The most efficient way to double the sampling frequency is to use a sigma-delta modulator.

323
 Figure 9.2:

9.10
(a)

Se(F)
F,
\Hn{F)\ = 2\sin
F,

\Hn(F)\2Se(F)dF
■I.
4sin 2 ( — ) T M F

cos—=—)dF

2TTB,

1<T\.1TB . 2irB.
— - \—^ sin—77—
L
* Ft Fs ■
(b)
2irB
For « 1,
F,
2irB 2TTB _ 1 2nB 3
sin- F F, 6 l F, }
a

324
 Therefore,^ = _ ! [ _ _ _ _ _ ( _ ) ]

- 3*"« ( 77 )

■1

{[X(z)-Dq(z)]T^-Dq(z)}T^-pT = Dq(z)-E(z)
1
Dq(z) = z- X(z) + (l-z-1)2E(z]
Therefore, H,(z) = z~x
and Hn(z) = (l-z-1)2

|ff B (F)| = 4«in2(^)

= 2 (l-co«(H^))

'" = JBBlHnin7lldF
2
* )0B[^)2]2T.dF

M JO

- 5 7 r < T e ( 77 )

2*
x(n) = cos-—n
N
xa(t) = x(n)|n=^
2rt
NT
= C0527T(^)/

Therefore, Fo = -77

analog sinusoids can be generated. There are Ar possible different starting phases.

325
9.13

oo
h(t) H(F)e}2,tFldF
/ ■oo

= f°° [c(F - Fe) + cm(-F - Fe)]e>2*FtdF

J—oo
= c{t)e>2*F<x + c*{t)e-i2rF<t
= 2Re[c(t)e' 2irFet ]

(b)
H(F) = C(F-Fc) + C-(-F-Fe)
X(F) = \[U(F-Fc) + U-(-F-Fe)}
Y(F) = X(F)H{F)
= i [ C ( F - F e ) [ / ( f - F c ) + t T ( - F - F C ) C ' ( - F - F c )]

+ i [ C ( F - Fe)U'(-F - F e ) + t / ( F - FC)C'(-F - F c )]
But C ( F - FC)U'(-F - Fe) = U(F - FC)C'{-F - Fe) = 0

^-1[C(F)f/(F)] = / c{r)u(t - r)dr = v(t)

J — oo

Hence, y(0 = ±v{t)e>2*F<% + i v " ( 0 e ' i 2 " / ' e l

= Rfi[r(<)c i2 * Fet ]

9.14
(a) Refer to fig 9.3.
(b) Refer to fig 9.4.
(c) Refer to fig 9.5. The first order hold interpolator performs better than the zero order
interpolator because the frequency response of the first order hold is more closer to the ideal
interpolator than that of the zero order hold case.
(d) Refer to fig 9.6.
(e) Refer to fig 9.7. Higher order interpolators with more memory or cubic spline interpolators
would be a better choice.

9.15

(a) zp(t) — J2nL-oo x<>(* "" n - ^ ) ls a

Per>°dic signal with period Ts. The fourier coefficients in a
fourier series representation are
T.
3
1 f ~i7wki
ck = -r xp{i)e^rr-dt
U J-l?
-, /-£«■ oo
= f IT E ^(t-nTt)e-^-dt
* J~~2" n= -oo

* n = —oo J 2

326
 Zero Order hold: N = 32 thd - 0.1154 First Order hold, N = 32 thd=0.1152

2ero O R $ hold:flP=64 trSR* O.23IP fcrst OrSSr hoW.tf * 64 trSU.232§°

fero Order flSd: N = 1^8id = 0.4^5? Pirst Order fi&d, N = l 2 8 W o . 4 6 & 5 °

300 300
—>n >n

Figure 9.3:

1 ~ r-nT.
»i.+t -Z*
T _,,.»»' t , r , )

l a ^ ^ ^ ^ '

~ ¥$Xa{T?
= YtXa(k6F)

(b) Let

' \ 0, otherwise

IfT, >2r, x.(0 xp(t)w(t)

*.(F) XP(F)*W(F)
sinxFT,
A'a(F) = r, *FTS

327
 Zero Order hold: N = 32 thd = 0.1154 First Order hold, N = 32 thd*0.1153

2ero Orc?e°r hold: ftfl 64 th§P= 0.23§? forst OrlSr hold, tf * 64 tlxSU.23350

Zero Order S9d: N - 1ZB tnd = 0.468s Pirst Order Sold, N » 1 2 8 ^ = 0 . 4 6 $ °

100 200 300 100 200 300

—>n —>n

Figure 9.4:

sinir(F — j-)T,
= T. £ *>
k = -oo

(c) If T < 2r, there will be aliasing in every period of zp{t). Hence, xa(t) ^ xp(t)w(t) and
consequently, xa(t) cannot be recovered from xp{t).
(d) From (b) Xa{F) = £ £ _ « , Xa{k6F)'^^^
6F

328
 Zero Order Hold First Order Hold

10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50

Zero Order Hold, filter spectrum Rrst Order Hold, filter spectrum
2

1.5 ■ / \ ■

1
■ j \ •
0.5

/ \
-1 -0.5 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Figure 9.5:

329
 Zero Order Hold, interpolated output
50
. . . . . .
40 -
IG)xl<-

-
o

| 20 -
i

10

n V__ ___w/
100 200 300 400 500 600

First Order Hold, Interpolated output

600

Figure 9.6:

330
Zero Order Hold, xi(n) Zero Order Hold, y(n)

10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40

First Order Hold, xi(n) First Order Hold, y(n)

Figure 9.7:

331
Chapter 10

10.1
(a) Let the corresponding baseband spectrum be called Xb(Q). Then
X
*W = \[xb(n ~ 2000TT) + Xb(Q + 2000TT)]

With frequencies normalized to F r ,

W
Fr
. The sequence x(n) has DTFT
oo

X(w') = £ Xa(u>'-2*q)
oo

= H iX'(w' ~ 087r "" 27r«) + X^w> + 087r _ 27r<

?)]
9=-oo

modulation by COS(0.8TT) causes shifts up and down by 0.8* (and scaling by 5) of each com­
ponent in the spectrum. Refer to fig 10.1. Ideal LPF preserves only the baseband spectrum
(of each period). Refer to fig 10.2 The downsampling produces the figure in fig 10.3, where
w" = jr — $jr- — 10u/. Note that there is no aliasing in the spectrum | y ( u / ' ) | because the
decimated sample rate, in terms of w', is ff- > 0.04*.
(b) The assumed spectral amplitude normalization in fig 10.1 implies that the analog FT (mag­
nitude spectrum) of xa{t) is (refer to fig 10.4). The given sample rate is identical to Fy above,
Fy = 250Hz. The DTFT of samples taken at this rate is Y(fi) = y - £ , XB(ft - &y) w h e r e
Qy = 2irFy. On a scaled frequency axis w" = QTV = • £ , Y(w") - j-Y.qx°(w" ~ 9 27 0-
Consequently y(n) = y(n).

10.2

(b) After decimation Y(w') = \X{\) - *-—r-

(c)

DTFT{x(2n)} = -J
£ x ( 2 n ) e -jw2n
n

= £x(2n)e"' V
n
= Y(w')

333
 lX(w')l
Assumes peak of X (.) normalized to unity

X (w') shifted to 0.&

period 2n b

-n -0.8* 0.8n n w
i- ^
P-0.1671

Figure 10.1:

10.3
(a)Refer to fig 10.5
(b)

n Q w'
Let w' -
T,' W=T,
n+1 ,-jm'n
YW) = £ «<5)«-'"""+ E jM^H*^)]
n even n odd
= £ x(p)e-^"^ + \ £ > ( * ) + x( 9 + l ) ] e - ^ " ( 2 ' + i :

= X{2w") + ie-^"[JV(2u;") + e> 2 ""*(2u/')]

= X{2w")[l + cosw"]

^ ' \ 0, otherwise

0.2*
^ ' \ 0, otherwise

_ / 1, 0 < K ' | < O.lTT

-{ 0, otherwise

+
Y{w
->=u COSW", 0 < |U>"| < O.lTT
otherwise

334
 IW(w')l

H(w,)
Y period 2 n
0.5 ! 0.5

-n -0.4n
i
O.ln
/ \
0.4n n

Figure 10.2:

(c) Refer to fig 10.6

{ 1 + cosw",

0,
0.35TT < \w"\ < 0.45*
or 0.55TT < \w"\ < 0.65*
otherwise

10.4
(a) Let u/ = £ , w" = $ 7 - Refer to fig 10.7
Let x"(n) be the downsampled sequence.
x"(n) - x(nD)
1 w"
X"{w") = ±X(^)

As long as Z)ty^ < *, -V(u;') [hence x(n)] can be recovered from X"(w")[x"(n) = x(Dn)]
using interpolation by a factor D:
X(w') = D r ( 2 } u » ' )
The given sampling frequency is w't = ^-. The condition Dw'm < TT — 2 u ^ < ^- = u;^
(b) Let xa(t) be the ral analog signal from which samples x(n) were taken at rate Fx. There exists
a signal, say x'a(t'), such that x'a(t') — Xa(j-). x(n) may be considered to be the samples of x'(t')
taken at rate fx = 1. Likewise x"(n) = x(n£>) are samples of x'(t') taken at rate f'J = ^- = ^ .
From sampling theory, we know that x'(f') can be reconstructed from its samples x"(n) as long
as it is bandlimited to fm < 377, or wm < jf> which is the case here. The reconstruction formula

x'(0 == 5>"(*)M*'- *0)

k

where

335
 w*
0.08n

lY(w")l = 0.1IV(0.1w")l

Figure 10.3:

Refer to fig 10.8

Actually the bandwidth of the reconstruction filter may be made as small as w'm, or as large
as ^ - w'm, so hr may be
„ _ sin(w'et')
MO = (w'ef)

where w'm < w'c < =£ - w'm. In particular x(n) = x'(t' = n) so

x(n) = ^2z{kD)hr(n - kD)

(c) Clearly if we define

(P) p is an integer multiple of D

*e» = U ' « other p

then, we may write 10.4 as

x(n) = ^2v(p)hr{n-p)

so x(n) is reconstructed as (see fig 10.9)

336
 IXa(Q)

-°c i^
h 400n Q.

Figure 10.4:

10.5

Letu, = - , «, = _

X.M = ji,(n)e-'" B
n

= ]Tx(2m)e-'" 2 m
m

= |E*(—f«>
i

To recover x(n) from x,(n): see fig 10.10

(b)
Recall w' = 2w
XiW) = 2*4(n)e-^,n
n

= ^ *,(n)e-'v*
n even

337
 y(m)

Fy=FX

Figure 10.5:

since x,(n) = 0 when n odd

= *.<f >
see fig 10.11
No information is lost since the decimated sample rate still exceeds twice the bandlimit of
the original signal.

10.6
A filter of length 30 meets the specification. The cutoff frequency is wc = f- and the coefficients
are given below:

Mi) = /i(30) = 0.006399

h(2) = /i(29) = -0.01476
M3) = M28) = -0.001089
h{4) = h(27) = -0.002871
M5) = h{26) = 0.01049
/i(6) = M25) = 0.02148
h(7) = M24) = 0.01948
h(S) = M23) = -0.0003107
h(9) = h{22) = -0.03005
i(10) = M 2 1 ) = -0.04988

338
 X(.)

0.771 0.971 71 l.lTl 1.371 271 w

0.3571 0.4571 0.5571 0.6571 71 w

Figure 10.6:

Mil) = /i(20) = -0.03737

M12) = /»(19) = 0.01848
M13) = /»(18) = 0.1075
M14) = h(17) = 0.1995
h(\b) = /»(16) = 0.2579
Pk{n) = M n + ifc), it = 0,1
corresponding polyphase filter structure (see fig 10.12)

10.7
A filter of length 30 meets the specification. The cutoff frequency is wc = | and the coefficients
are given below:

Mi /i(30) 0.006026
h(2 M29) -0.01282
h(Z M28) -0.002858
h(4 fc(27) 0.01366
h(b h(26) -0.004669
/»(6 /i(25) -0.01970
A(7 M24) 0.01598
/i(8 M23) 0.02138
h(9 h(22) -0.03498
h(10 M21) -0.01562
Mil M20) 0.06401
M12 M19) -0.007345

339
 Figure 10.7:

M13) = /i(18) = -0.1187

/i(14) = h(\7) = 0.09805
/»(15) = /»(16) = 0.4923
pk(n) = h{2n + k), k - 0,1; n = 0, 1,. ,14

corresponding polyphase filter structure (see fig 10.13)

10.8
The FIR filter that meets the specifications of this problem is exactly the same as that in probl0.6.
ents are
Its bandwidth is \ . Its coefficients

g(n,m) = h{nl + (m£>)/)

= h{nI + mD - [ — ] / )

= /»(2n + 5 m - 2 [ ^ ] )
g(0,m) = {/i(0),h(l)}
.7(1, m) = {h{2),h(2)}

Sf(14,m) = (M28),/»(29)}

340
 IX(w ')lperiod2n/D
(W)

271/D-w' 2n/D w
m

Figure 10.8:

A polyphase filter would employ two subfilters, each of length 15

p 0 (n) = {h{0)th(2),...,h(2S)}
Pl(n) = {/i(l),M3),...,M29)}

10.9
(a)

x(n) = {x0,xux2,...}
D — 1 = 2. Decimation first
z2(n) = {x 0 ,Z2,^4,-••}
y2(n) = {xo,0,X2,0,X4,0,...}
Interpolation first
zi(n) = {x0,0,x1,0,x2,0,...}
yi{n) = {x 0 ) xi,X2,...}
so yi(n) ^ yi(")

(b) suppose D = dk and 7 = :* and d, i are relatively prime.

x(n) = {x0,xi,x2,...}
Decimation first
*2(n) = {*0>*d*>*2<«> • ■ •}

y 2 (n) = < x 0 ,0, . . . , 0 , X d t , 0 , . . . , 0 , x 2 d t , . .

( i*-l i*-l

Interpolation first

341
x'*(n)=x(kn) v(n) x(n)
ID hj(n)

Figure 10.9:

*i(n) = < xo,0,...,0,xi,0,...,0,Z2,0,...,0,

i*-l ik-l ik-l

yi(n) = < IO,0,...,0,Xd)0,...,0,.

d-1 d-1

Thus j/2(n) = yi(n) iff d = dA: or it = 1 which means that D and / are relatively prime.

10.10
(a) Refer to fig 10.14

yi(") = h(n) * wi(n)

= h(n)*x(nD)

H(zD)
H{zD)

342
 X(w)

4/2 pei

-71 -271/3 -7C/3 71/3 2n/3 n ,

w

x.(n)_ 41 vfnl „ x(n) u

1 ^, h(n)

where
H f (w)

-71/2 71/2 w

Figure 10.10:

/»o,0,...,0,/f 1 ,0 1 _ t ^ 1 0,/.(2),
D-l D-\
nD-1
SO W-2(n) = £ h(k)x(n-k)
n
£ /j(*D)x(n - kD)
k=0

£M*)x(n-*D)
y?(n) = W2{nD)
= J2h{k)x{nD-kD)

£h(k)x[(n-k)D]
fc=0
Soyi(n) = y2(n)
(b)

u'i(n) =

yi(") = ">i(p)> " = P^(P a n integer )

343
 period 2 7i

271/3

Figure 10.11:

= 0, other n
w2{n) = x{p), n = pl
= 0, other n
Let h{n) be the IR corresponding to H{zI)

yj(n) = £h(*)u>2(n-*)

oo
= £h(*/)u;2(n-*/)

= £/»(*Wn-H)
for n — pi

V2(n) = £>(*W(p-*)/)
*=o

= £M*)*(P-*)
t=o
= u;i(p)( see above )
for n ^ pi

y* (n) = £/»(*)■<> = 0
ksO

344
F
x

Figure 10.12:

so we conclude yi(n) = y2{n)

10.11

H{z) = ^/i(2n)z-2n + ^/»(2n+l)2-2n-1

n r»

= ^M2n)(2 )-"+z-1^/l(2n+l)(z2)-'1
2

Therefore Ho(z) = X>(2n)z-n

n

Hi(z) = ^M2n+l)^n

(b)

ff(r) = £Mn£)z"nD+X>(n£+l)*~nZ?~l +
n n

n
D-l

*=0 n

345
 x(n)

P^n) -O
F F = F xX / D
x y

Figure 10.13:

Therefore Hk(z) = J^ h(nD + jb ) z "°

(c)

H(z) =
1 - 02"1
oo

E a r~
n=0
n n

oo
Ho(z) = T.
n=0
a 2nz-n

1
1 - 2 *- 1
a
oo
Hx(z) = T.
n=0
a 2n+lz-n

a
l-a^"1

10.12

Dx = 25, D2 = 4
F
F0 = 10 kHz , Fi = 77-Q = 400 Hz

346
 x(n) w^n)
♦D H(z) yj(n)

x(n) wjn) y2(n)

H(P) \D

Figure 10.14:

Passband 0 < F < 50

Transition band 50 < F < 345
Stopband 345 < F < 5000
Fi
7^- = 100 Hz
Passband 0 < F < 50 D2
Transition band 50 < F < 55
Stopband 55 < F < 200
For filter 1, 6X ^Y - 0 0 5 , 62 = 10 - 3
345-50 nn„ _ 2
A/ = = 2.95xl0~ 2
10,000
-\0log6i62 - 13
Mi + 1 = 71
14.6A/
For filter 2, 6i 0.05, 62 = 10" 3
55-50
A/ = 7.5xl0" 3
400
-IO/O0M2 ~ I 3
M2
rrhh— + 1 * 275
14.6A/

The coefficients of the two filters can be obtained using a number of DSP software packages.

347
10.13
To avoid aliasing Fte < £%. Thus D - I = 50.

Single stage
6X = 0.1, 62 = 1 0 - 3
65-60 B , ,
A J/ = r— = 5x10 4
10,000
-IO/O0M2 - 13 , „ n n
Mi +
= 14 6 A / ' " 37°°
Two stages
Di = 25, D2 = 2 7i = 2, 72 = 25
10,000
stage l.Fi = ' = 400
25
Passband 0 < F < 60
Transition band 60 < F < 335
Stopband 335 < F < 5000
10" 3
6X = 0.1, 62 = ——
4
A/ = 2.75xl0" 2 Mi = 84
400
stage 2:F 2 = — = 200
Passband 0 < F < 60
Transition band 60 < F < 65
Stopband 65 < F < 100
10" 3
61 = 0.1, *2 = - r -
4
A/ = 0.1875 M 2 = 13

Use DSP software to obtain filter coefficients.

10.14
6 + (n) is nonzero for 0 < n < 2N - 2 with N even. Let c(n) = 6 + [ n - (TV- 1)]. So c(n) is nonzero
for -(/V - 1) < n < N - 1. From (10.9.43)

B+(u;) + ( - l ) N - 1 B + ( u ; - 7 r ) = oe"^^"1)
orB+(r) + (-l);v-1B+(-2) = a*-*"- 1 *
Therefore, C(z)z"( - > + ( - l ) ; v - 1 C ( - z ) ( - 2 ) - ^ - 1 )
;v 1
= a z ^ ^
or C{z) + C(-z) = a
c(n) + c(—n) = a6(n)
when n ^ 0c(n) = —c(-n)
when n is odd c(n) = —c(-n)
when n is even but n ^ 0, c(n) = 0
(half-band filter)
a
when n = 0,c(n) = —

348
10.15

one stage:
61 = 0.01, 62 = 1 0 - 3
100-90 f .
A J/ = = 10 3
10,000
M- -1O/O0M2-13
= —diij—+1 *2536
two stages: F 0 = 2xl0 5 Hz
/1 = 1, /2 = 2
Fi = - ~ = 2xl0 4 Hz
/1
Passband 0 < F < 90
Transition band 90 < F < 19,900
19,900-90
Therefore A / = — - — - =5 = 0.09905
2xl0
and <5n = —-, f>n = h
- I O W - 1 3
14.6A/

F2 = ^r = 1:cl ° 4 Hz
'2
Passband 0 < F < 90
Transition band 90 < F < 9,900
9,900-90
Therefore A J/ = ' nA = 0.4905
2xl0 4
and 621 = —, 622 = h

M2 = + 1 S S ?
14.6A/

10.16
Suppose the output of the analysis section is xao(m) and xai(m). After interpolation by 2, they
become yo(m) and yi(m). Thus

(y), m even k = 0,1

m odd

The final output is

m
z(m) = yo(m)*2/i(m) + yi(m)*[-2(-l) /»(m)]
when m is even, say m = 2,;,
z(m) = z{2j) = 2y 0 (m) * h(rn) - 2y](m) * h(m)
= 2Y,yo(k)h(rn-k)-2TTtyl(k)h(m-k)
k k

= 2]Tyo(2/)/z(2; - 2/) - 2 £ » i ( 2 / ) M 2 j - 2/)

349
 = 2 £ xa0(l)h{2(j - /)] - 2 £ *fli(0M2(j " /)]
= 2[xao(j)-xai(j))*h(2j)
= 2[x a 0 (j)-X a iO')]*po(j)
In the same manner, it can be shown that
*(2j+l) = 2[*. 0 (j) + *.i(j)]*Pi(J)

10.17
Refer to fig 10.15, where M n ) is a lowpass filter with cutoff freq. j - . After transposition (refer

A
r* t — * ^ n )
,
;

Interpolator 1 Interpolator L

Figure 10.15: I = III? .. ./^.L-stage interpolator

to fig 10.16). As D = 7, let A = / i + i - i , then D= DiD2...DL. Refer to fig 10.17

Obviously, this is equivalent to the transposed form above.

10.18
Suppose that output is y(n). Then Ty = jTx. Fy = f- = £ y - = £ F r . Assume that the lowpass
filter is h(n) of length M = kl (see fig 10.18)

350
tD) \
h(n)

Figure 10.16:

10.19
(a)

for any n = II + j {0 < j < I - I)

i-\ l-\
!>("-*) = ^PkiU + j-k)

= PiiU)
= Pi(0
= h(j + ll)
= *(n)
/-i
Therefore, h(n) = ^p*(n-Jb)
*=0

(b) z-transform both sides

/-l

#(') = E z "W)
*=o
(c)

y E E ^ ^ : 3»l(w->) _ w-fc

n /=0

351
1
1
1 ^
Ijjn) h{n)
1 ♦DL tD,
1

Figure 10.17: L-stage decimator

7-1
= j J2 H M* + m/)ej2Wm:-m
= J^ h{k + m/)z-m
m
= J>(m)z-"»
m
= Pk(z)

10.20
(a) Refer to fig 10.19.
(b)
Bandwidth
3
7T
cut off freq
2
sampling freq of x(n) 2TT
2jr _
sampling freq for the desired band of frequencies
2
Therefore, D
2
(c) Refer to fig 10.20.
(d) Refer to fig 10.21.

352
 coefficient storage^

Wn>
F
X g(n.O) n=0,l K-1

'-
input G S^1* n=0,l K-1
buffer
length K

gOU-1) n=0,l K-1

hr-o 2 K-1
n=0

output
buffer y(n)
length I
F=
V

Figure 10.18:

spectrum of x(n) spectrum of y(n)

Figure 10.19:

353
 x(n) |X(w)|
40

30

A 20
i
i

10

0
500 1000 1500 500 1000 1500
—>n

Figure 10.20:

•p*cmm of «(n)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Figure 10.21:

354
Chapter 11

11.1
(a)
25
_

l
H(z) =
l - z - i + iz-»
and <r* = 25
so x(n) = x(n — 1) — - x ( n — 2) + w(n)

l , ~ ll +
(b) The whitening filter is H~~lt-r\
{z) —
= 11 -_ z~ -L i\z, - 2

11.2

For a stable filter, denominator (1 — ^zl) must be chose. However, either numerator factor

may be used. i/(z) = _ f or ^ - j y

v v '
[min pk]
(b) Must invert the min. pk. filter to obtain a stable whitening filter.

H'\z) =

11.3
(a)

1 + 0.9Z" 1
H(z) =
l - l.ez-i + o.esz-22
_!_ v 1 - l.Gz-i + O.Mz-'
whitening filter, H~1(z) —
1 + 0.9*" 1
zeros: z = 0.7 and 0.9
pole: z = -0.9

355
st(w) = alH(w)H(-w)
11 + 0 . 9 e ~ ^ l 2
= <?:,
| 1 _ l . 6 c - ^ + 0.63e" 2 -' u '| 2

A(z) 1+
24Z +
5' +
32
1_
kz
3
B3(z)
3 + 8* + 24* +Z

I
k3
2
1 3
B2(z) r*"1 + *~2
r2 ++ 8'
A2(z) - k7B2(z)
i-*3
= I + ix- l

*1 = 7

'M*) = l + 2z-1 + i z - 2

B 2 (r) = i + 2,-' + z-'

1
h = 3
^2(^)-fc2B2(z)
Ai(z) = 1 — Ar|

= .+ §.-
3
ki = 2

1+
*(*) - K'
Bi(z) = \ ^
A2(z) = Ai(r) + fc2Bi(2)r - 1

= 1 + r -r
, 1-1 1 -2

356
 1 1
B*(z) = + + 2"
-3 32
H{z) = A3(z) = A2(z) + k3B2(z)z - l
l + z-3
The zeros are at z = -he**

Refer to fig 11.1

(b)

Figure 11.1:

If Af3 = — 1, we have
H(z) = A3(z) = A3(z) - B2{z)z-X
= 1+-2 1 - - , > - 2- 3

T, . . 5 Vil
The zeros are at 2 = — 1, — - ± j —-—

(c) If \kp\ = 1, the zeros of H(2) = Ap{z) are on the unit circle. Refer to fig 11.2.

11.7

1 + 0.62 - 1
Bi(z) 0.6+z_1

357
 unit circle

Figure 11.2:

A2(z) = AM + kiB^z-1
l + 0.78z_1+0.3r~2
B2(z) = 0.3 + 0.78z _1 + 2 - 2
A3(z) = A2(z) + 0.52B7(z)z-1
1 4- 0.93z - 1 + 0.69z - 2 + 0.5z - 3
Bz(z) = 0.5 + 0.69Z"1 + 0.93z - 2 + z'3
Hz{z) = A3(z) + 0.9B3(z)z-1
1 + 1.38*"1 + 1 . 3 H z - 2 + 1.3372"3 + 0.9z - 4
h(n) = j l , 1.38,1.311,1.337,0.9,0,...j

11.8
Let y(m) = x(2n — p — m). Then, the backward prediction of x(n — p) becomes the forward
prediction of y{n). Hence, its linear prediction error filter is just the noise whitening filter of the
corresponding anticausal AR(p) process.

11.9

x(n + m) = — y^]a p (k)x(n - k)

*=i

358
 e(n) = x(n + m) - x{n + m)
p
= x(n + m) + ^ P ap(A:)z(n - fc)
t=i
E[e(n)x'(n-l)) = 0, /=l,2,...,p

=>£a p (*) 7rx (ib-/) = - 7 r x ( / + m), /=l,2,...,p

*=1
The minimum error is
|2
£{|e(n)|^} = £ [ e ( n ) x > + m)]

= 7*r(0) + J2 ap(kh**(m + *)
*=1

Refer to fig 11.3.

x(n+m)

Si
forward
x(n+m)
z -m-l
linear
predictor

Figure 11.3:

11.10

p-i
x(n-p-m) = -^bp(k)x{n- k)

e{n) — x(n - p- m) - x(n - p- m)

359
 p-i

= x(n-p-m) + Y,bp(k)x(n-k)
<fc=0
E[e(n)x'(n-l)} = 0, / = 0,2,...,p-l
P-I
= -7xx(/-p-m), / = 0,2,...,p-l
=>5>(*h«('-*)
fc=0
The minimum error is
£{|e(n)| 2 } E[e(n)x*(n — p — m)]
P-I
7xx(0) + ^2 bp(kh"(P + ™ - *)
k=0

Refer to fig 11.4.

Backward x(n-p-m)
jtfnX linear
predictor

-p-m

x(n-p-m) Kr£

Figure 11.4:

11.11
The Levinson-Durbin algorithm for the forward filter coefficients is

7xx(m) + 7*' ,2m-I

-Em
a m (*) = am-\{k)^kmai'rn_l{m~k),
k = 1 , 2 , . . . , m - 1; m = 1,2,.. ■,P

360
 butfc,^*) = a'm{m-k), * = 0,2,...,m
m
or am(k) - b m(m-k)

7xr("^) + 7 * .6" 1
Therefore, b'm{0) = km = - ' * " *
C(m-lb) = bm_1(rn-l-k)^kmbm.l(k)
7 ^ ( ^ ) + 7^_1^„_i
Equivalently, 6 m (0) = k„ =
£1
M*) = & m -i(* - l J + ^ ^ - i C m - t )

This is the Levinson-Durbin algorithm for the backward filter.

11.12

Let
£m-l .m-i
Ln = 0
+ 6

Then, fc
' '
7
lm-l
Lm-l km- <L»-1
7*' 7xx(0) {in = 0
1
+ m
) JJ L cm(m)
-Un-1
Hence,

L,,-!^-!+£m_1dm_1+6m(m)7jn*_1 = Cn-x
li!-iin-i+Ti;-iin-i+Mni)7..(0) = cm(m)
Butl^.^.! = c,
t»n-l
6*
=>Ln-l£n-l = -6m(m)7^_1

Hence, £ „ _ ! = -M^OIm-iT^.!
Also, I ^ L i T ^ . ! = o^-j
Therefore, 6 m (m) I ^_ i a! n *_ 1 +6 m (m)7xx(0) = cm(m) - T ^ . ^ - i
solving for 6 m (m), we obtain

bm (m) =
^ W + lil-i^-i
Cm(m)-j^_lbm.l

^m-l
we also obtain the recursion
bm(k) = &m-l(*)-|-&m(m)am-l(m- *)'
ib = 1 , 2 , . . . , m - 1

11.13
Equations for the forward linear predictor:

I_m£m — —m

361
where the elements of c m are yxx(l + m), / = 1,2,..., p. The solution of am is

a (m) =
" 7„(o) +2 2. lfl !;-,
cm(m)-7^_1am_1

am(fc) = am-i(*) + om(m)Q^_1(m-*),

/b = 1,2,.. . , m — 1; m=l,2,...,p
where a m is the solution to I ^ a ^ , = 7

The coefficients for the m-step backward predictor are 6,,, = a^.

11.14

1 kr
v„ = k* 1

_ ' 1 *m 1 f 1 0 1 [ 1 *,
V„JVl
~lk'm 1 J I ° - 1 J I *m 1

1 -kr 1 t m l . f l"|itm|2 0
k* -1 k'm 1 J "" L ° -(1-I±m|2)j

1 0
= (l~|tm|2) = (l-|*m|2)I
0 -1

11.15
(a)'

£[/ m (n)x(n - ,)] = E[J2am(k)x(n-k)x(n-i))

k=0
= 0, by the orthogonality property

(b)

E[gm(n)x(n-i)} = J^a'm(k)E[x(n - m + k)x(n - »)]

= £«m(*hr«(*-m + i)
*=0
= 0, i = 0,1,..., m - 1

(c)

E[fm(n)x(n)) = E{fm(n)[fm(n)-JTam(k)x(n-k)]}
*=i

362
 = £{l/m(n)| 2 }
= Em
m-l
E[gm(n)x(n - m)) = E{gm(n)[gm(n) - £ 6 m (*)x(n - k)}}
4=0
= ^{|Pm(n)|2i
2
}

(d)

£[A(")/j(n)] = ^ ( n M n J + ^a^tMn-fc)]}

= E{ft(n)x(n)}

= £max(*\j)
where i > j has been assumed

(e)

£[/»/;("-<)] = E{ft(n)[x(n-t) + £a3(k)x(n-t-k))}

when 0 < < < » - j , x{n — t — 1), x(n — t — 2 ) , . . . , x(n — t — j) are just a subset of x(n — 1), x(n -
2 ) , . . . , x(n — i) Hence, from the orthogonality principle,

E{fi(n)f3(n-t)} =0

Also, when - 1 > t > ii — j holds, via the same method we have

E[Mn)f}(n-t)} =0

(f)

E\9i(n)9j(n-t)] = % ( n ) [ i ( n - t - j) + £ 6,(ib)x(n - t - *)]}

*=o

when 0 < t < i — j , {x(n — t),x(n — t — 1 ) , . . . ,x(n — t — j)} is a subset of {x(n),.. .,x(n — i' + 1)}
Hence, from the orthogonality principle,

E[9i(n)9j(n-t)) =0

Also, when 0 > f > i — j + l we obtain the same result (g)

for • = j,E{ft(n + i ) / j ( " + J)} = £{/.'(* + 0 }

for i £ j , suppose that i > j . Then

£{/<(«+ 0/>(" + i)} = W i ( n + 0[*(n + ;) + Sflj(*)«(n + i-*)]}

= 0

363
(h)

suppose i > j

t=o
= £•[<;, ( n + »>(")]
= Ei

for i > j

£{/<(")*»} = E{/i(n)[x(n-;) + ^6;(*)x(n-lb)]}

k=0
= E{/,(n)[fc J (0)x(n)]}
= *,-£[/, (n)*(n)]
= kjEt
for i < j ,

£{/*(")*»} = ^te(n)[«(n) + ^ o , - ( l : ) x ( n - f c ) ] }

= 0

(J)
«-i
£{/i(n)*(n-l)} = £{/i(B)Wn-l-j) + J ] M t M n - l - t ) ] }
*=o
= £(/i(n)i(n-l-i)]

= E{ft(n)[gi+l(n) - £ 6 i + 1 (*)x(n - k)])

k=0
= -E[ft(n)bi+1(0)x(n))

(k)
i+1
£{p,(n-l)x(n)} = £{p,(n-l)[/,+1(n)-^al+1(i:)x(n-t)]}
Jb = 1

= -E[5i(n-l)al+1(i+l)x(n-l-i)]
= — ki+iEi
i
£{/<(„+!)*(„-,)} = Ei/^n + l M C n - i V ! > ( * ) * ( " - * - * ) ] }

(1)
suppose »' > j

Wi(n)9i(n-1)} = £{/i(n)[x(n-l-j) + £ M * ) x ( n - l - * ) ] }

= 0

364
 Now, let i < j . then

E{fx(n)9j(n-l)} = E{gj(n-l)[x(n) + ^at(k)x(n-k)]}

*r = 1

= E{9j(n-l)x(n)}
= —kj+iEj from (d)

11.16
(a) E[fm(n)x'(n - i)} = 0, 1< i < m
(b) E[gm(n)x'{n - i)] = 0, 0 < »< m - 1
(c) E[fm(n)x'(n)} = £ , [ ? m (n)x'(n - m)] = £ ,
(d)£[/li(n)/;(n)] = r m a x ( i I i )
(e)
W(nW(n-t)] = 0 , f o r { i f ^ ^ 7 i ' . j | > j

(0
^(n)y;(n-oi=o,i«{j|;|;::j +li ;:>;:
(g)

(h) E[g,(n + i)<7j(n + j)} = Emax(i,j)

(i)
^ ( n ) , ; ( n ) ] = { ^ |.*j

( k ) £ ^ ( n - l ) x - ( n ) ] = -*;+1£i
(1)
^ ( n ) , ; ( n - l ) ] = { ^ ; + i E ; ) ]<i

11.17

0 7«(1) 7xx(2) 7xx(3) '

iGn
iO =
7xx(0) 7xx(l) 7xx(2) 7xx(3) m

0 7.r(l) 7xx(2) 7xx(3)

fii 0 7xx(0) >xx(l) 7xr(2)

7xx(l) 1 *1
*1 = -
7xx(0) Hi = L * ; i

365
 0 0 7xx(2) + * i 7 r x ( l ) 7xx(3) + *i7xx(2)
Zi£i = 0 7 « ( 0 ) + Aj7*r(l) 7xx(l) + ifcr7rr(2) 7rx(2) + ^ 7 x x ( 3 )

0 0 7rx(2) + fci7rx(l) 7*x(3) + *i7xx(2)

G2 =
0 0 7xr(0) + fcl7xx(l) 7xx(l) + ^t7xx(2)

Iheretore, * 2 _ - 7 J 0 ) + * i 7 . . < i ) " ^.(i)-V».<55

Let,
' 1 *2
n2 = *5 1

0 0 0 ,4
V,G, =
0 0 ib2[7xx(2) + ibi7xx(l)] + 7xx(0) + A:17xx(l) B

where A = 7xx(3) + *i7xx(2) + *i*27xx(2) + *27xx(l), and

B = *27xx(3) + *i*27xx(2) + *i7xx(2) + 7xx(l)

and therefore, G, = 0 0 0 7xx(3) + fci(l + ib2)7xx(2) + ib27xx(l)

0 0 0 *27xx(3) + M l + *2)7xx(2) + 7xx(l)

and

[7Jx(l)-7x"x(0)]7xx(3)-fC
*3 = -
[7xx(0)7xx(2) - 7j r (l)]7xx(3) - 7xx(l)7 x r (2) + D

where C = 27xx(0)7xx(l)7x»(2) - 7xx(l)7^(2) - T J . O ) and

D = 7xx(0)7xx(l)7xx(2) + T J , ( 1 ) " 7««(l)7j,(0)
This is the same result obtained from the Levinson Algorithm.

11.18
The results of section 11.1 apply directly to this problem. We may express r x x ( / ) as

r„(/) = «ri|ff(/)i2
where / / ( / ) is a filter with transfer function

H(z)=exp[Y,v(rn)z-m]
m=\

The prediction error filter whitens the input process, so that the output process is white with
spectral density c^ = exp[v(0)]. Therefore, the minimum MSE is

EL <r?.,dw
- / : .
= <rl /
L dw

366
 But v(0) -f lnTxx(f)df

Therefore, E^ = 2*exp[ j^lnrxx(f)df)

11.19

(1 - a z " 1 ) ( l - az)
1
=>G(z) =
1-az"1
Since d(n) = x(n -I- m), we have
ldx(k) = E{d(n)x(n - k)}
E{x(n+m)x(n-k)}
7«(m + t)
Therefore, Tdx(z) _ ~M T::{Z)

Tdx(2) zm<rl(\-az)
G(z'>) (1 - a z - ^ C l - az)

1 -az-1

i
— az

^opt(') = - ^ ( i - a z - 1 ) 1 — az_ 1l W

— rt"»

/*opt( ) n am6(n)
the output is y(n) h0pt(n)*x(n)
amx{m)

MMSEoc = 7rx(0)-^/iOpt(t)7ax(t)
*=o
7xx(0)-a r n 7dr(0)
7xx(0) - a m 7xx(m)

1-a2 1-a2
l-a2m
1-a2

11.20
(a)
0 I I -L
<2o = 1
2 8 64

0 i I X
iC?, = 2 =>*! = "
il
0 1 ? ¥

367
 Hi = A -*

0 0 - 1 --2-
Hiai = 0 2 ',8 liJ 4
12S

G2 = 0 0 -i -£ =>* 2 = r
o ° I re

& =
L 3
1 -*
0
£ 2 <2 2 = ° S w
o o I if
0 0 0 A 47
G, = =>*3 =
0 0 0 128

(b)Refer to fig 11.5

Figure 11.5:

368
11.21

r„(/) = £ trr(k)e-^k
ks-eo
m
Am{f) = Ea m (p) C -> 2 *^
p=0

a=0

J Jr:(f)AM)K(f)df = E E E ^ W ^ K ^ / t-W+>+ridf
3 * P 9? *^~3
oo m n

fc = - o o p = 0 9 = 0
m n

= I]^7ir(?-P)am(p)a;(?)
p=0 9 = 0

= EE£^/ +
?)X"(/ + P)]fl-(P)an(9)
= ^ { E a m ( p ) x - ( / + p)Ea;(?)x(/ + p)i
lp=0 j=0 J
= E{/m(/ + m)/:(/+n)}
= Em6mn

where the last step follows from prob. 11.16 property (g)

11.22

Ai(z) = 1 + 0.62 - 1
Bx{z) = 0.6+ 2 _ 1
1
A2(Z) = J 4 1 (2) + t 2 B 1 ( 2 ) 2 "

= l + 0.782 _1 + 0.32- 2
B2(z) = 0.3 + 0 . 7 8 2 " 1 + 2 - 2
Az{z) = A2(z) + k3B2(z)z~1
= l + 0.932- 1 + 0.692" 2 + 0.52- 3
5 3 (2) = 0.5 + 0.692~ 1 +0.932- 2 + 2 - 3
A4(z) = ^(zJ + ^BsC*)*- 1
= 1 + 1.382"1 + 1.3112"2 + 1.3372"3 + 0.92" 4
1
H(z) = AA{z)

11.23

A2{z) = 1 + 0 . U-"11 - 0 n. 77202- - 2

369
 *2 = -0.72
B2(z) = -0.72 + 0.1z _ 1 + z - 2
A2(z)-k2B2(z)
M{z) =

= 1 + 0.357Z -1
*i = 0.357
Bi(z) = 0.357+ Z" 1
M*) = Bo(z) = 1
Ci(z) = 0oBo{z) + 01B1(z) + (32B3(z)
= A, + /?! (0.357 + z'1) + /? 2 (-0.72 + O.lz" 1 + z'2)
= l - 0 . 8 z _ 1 + 0.15z - 2
Hence, 0Q = 1.399
Pi = -0.815
02 = 0.15

Refer to fig 11.6

input

*- output

Figure 11.6:

11.24
Refer to fig 11.7 hx{n) mininizes E[e2(n)] (wiener filter) length M - 2 (a)

T„{w) = crl\H{w)\2

370
 *e(n)

Figure 11.7:

0.49
|l-0.8e-J"|2
0.49
T„(z) =
{l-O.Sz-^il-O.Sz)
We can either formally invert this z-transform, or use the following idea: The inverse z-
transform of 11.1 will have the form
7 „ ( m ) = 7 ,.(0)(0.8)l m l
From the AR model for s(n) it is easy to show
7„(0) = 0.87„(l) + 7,„(0)
= 0.8 7 „(1) + * 2
and7„(l) = 0.87„(0)+7,„(l)
= 0.8 7 „(0)
49
solve for 7,,(0) = —

Now 7,,(m) = E[x(n)x(n — m)]

= £{[s(n) + u ; ( n ) ] [ s ( n - m ) + u ; ( n - m ) ] }
= 7.«(m) + (T^(m)

(b)
d(n) = s(n)
7dx(0 = 7,x(0 = E[s(n)x(n - /)]
= E{s(n)[s(n-l) + w{n-l)]}
= 7„(0

371
 So the normal equations are
i , 49 494 49

494 i , 49 4$ 4
L
36 5 " r 36 L 36 5

J»'(0) = 0.462, h\l) = 0.248

(c) { = MMSE 2 = *§ - 0.462 x | | - 0.248 x |36| x } = 0.462

~ 5

11.25

Tdz(z) = T„(z)
0.49
(1-0.82"1)(1 - 0 . 8 -0
r„(*) r„(*) + i
1.78(1-0.452" - 0 . 4 5 .0
(l-0.82"1)(l-0.8z)
(1-0.452-1)
(l-0.8z-1)
Tdx(^) 0.49
G(z-i) ;i-0.8r"1)(l-0.45z)
0.766 0.345z '
I - O . 8 2 - 1 + 1-0.452
0.766
1-0.8*-1
1 1-0.8Z"1 0.766
Htiz) = 1.781-0.45Z- 1 I - O . 8 2 - 1
0.43
1-0.452"1
ht(n) = 0.43(0.45) n u(n)

£+ = MMSEoo = ±f\r..{z)-He(z)T.t(z-l)]i
1 } 0.28
2xj * e ( z - 0 . 4 5 ) ( l - 0 . 8 z )
= 0.438

11.26
Using quantities in prob. 11-25,

*£(*) = Txx(z)
0.275
( 1 - 0 . 4 5 2 " 1 ) ( 1 - 0.452)

tfe = MMSEne = ^fViM-H+cizVtoiz-1)]

372
 0.275
1 dz
2*j Jc {z - 0.45)(l-0.452" )
= 0.345

11.27
7 » ( m ) = (0.6)'ml

2 0.6 0.36 r /i+(o) i 1

0.6 2 0.6 fc+(i) = 0.6
h+
0.36 0.6 2 L wJ 0.36

/i+(0) = 0.455, /» + (l) = 0.15, /i + (2) = 0.055

& = MMSE 3 = 1 - 0.455 - 0.15 x 0.6 - 0.055 x 0.36 = 0.435

Increasing the length of the filter decreases the MMSE.

11.28

7..(0) 7«(1) 7*x(2) ' 1 " 1 '

7rx(l) 7xx(0) 7xx(l) -1 = 0
7«(2) 7xx(l) 7xx(0) 0.6 0

1 -1 0.6 r 7xx(o) i " 1"

-1 1.6 0 7xx(l) = 0
0.6 -1 1 L 7„(2) J 0

7*r(0) = 2.5641, 7xx(l) = 1.6026, 7rr (2) = 0.064

For m > 3, -yxx{m) = 7xx(m - 1) - 0.67 r r (m - 2)

For m < 0,7 x r (m) = 7xx(-m)

11.29

T..(z) =
(i + E U *p(k)z-k)(\ + EJ=i M*)*k)
Let a p (0) = 1

(E^oM^-'KEkoM*)**.
373
 r„(*) = r„(z) + ol
(•)(•)

r(n)is ARMA(p,p). Suppose

Comparing parameters of the two numerators

k=Q k=0

*lf^ap(k)ap(k + q) = *lf^bp{k)bp(k + q) 9 = l,2,...,p

t=0 Jb=0

There are p + 1 equations in p + 1 unknown parameters <?\, bp(l),..., 6 p (p). Note that bp(0) = 1.

374
Chapter 12

12.1
(a)

\i^-„Ei±r\JT\it)e-"'F,dt\2

= H m r ^ E \±- P x ( * ) « - " " ' * f° * - ( r ) e > " " d r

[2To J_T„ -/-To
= l . m r . . ^ ^ C° f° £[x(()*-(r)] e -""-"-'>d«<r
* * 0 J — To ~ ~ To

= l i m r . - , . - ^ f° /%„(< - T)e-W-^dtdr

= l i n * . - . - ^ /'+T0 /T° TlI (a)e->

2
"-«->d<da
2*0 Jt-T0 J-To
= fX yxx(a)e~^F^da
J — 00

= 7rx(F)

(b)

1 *'*
7n(m)
n=0

£ 7«(m)e-' 2 "" = £ ^ E * ( n + m)*-(n)e-' a '/'

Af-1 1 n+N

= E Jj E x(/)x-(n)«->2'A'-»)
n=0 l=n-N

= ^EX>(*)*>v-i2"'v2''"
n=0 /=0

= ^iE x W e " ; 2 , r / n i 2
n=0

375
12.2

N-|m|-l N-|m|-l
2
E[hXT(m)\ } = - ^ ]T . E £[**(")*("+ ™)*("V(n' + m)]
n=0 n'=0

= ^ 2 E E { £ [ * » * ( » + rn)]E[x(n')x-(n' + m)]
n n'
+£ [x'(n)x(n / )]£[x*(n' + m)x(n + m)]
,

+ E [ x » x ' ( n ' + m)]£;[x(n')x(n + m)]}

n n'

+7xr( ' + m - n b « ( n + m - n')]

n

Let p — n — n. Then

£[| 7rx (m)| 2 ] = 2

7 r (m)
N r» p

= I £ [ 7 r x ( m ) ] | 2 + i j Y, Jl^riPhlAP " m)7xx(P + m)]

n p
Therefore,
var[ 7ri (m)] = — ^ E t 7 " ( p ) 7 « ( P ~ m bxx(p + m)]
n p

1 °°
p = —oo

12.3
(a)

{
" jv-|m|-l
- £ x-(n)x(n + m ) .
n=0
" N-|m|-l "I ^
i E *<»»'+"»')
n'=0 JJ
= ^ 2 E E E{x'(n)x(n + m)x(n')x>' + m')}
n n'

= 772 E E { £ [ * » * ( " + m))E[x(n')x'(n' + m')]

n n'
+E[x'{n)x{n')]E[zm{n' + m')x(n + m)]
+f?[x'(n)x"(n' + m')]£[x(n')x(n + m)]}

= ^EEw m W m ')+*( n - n 'w m - m ')

n r»'
+<5(n' + m' - n)6(n + m - n')]
7V-1 N-l
Hence, E\pxx{h)P::{h)] = E E E[lxx(m)lxx{m')}e'^m^e-^m' ^
m= -(N-l)m' = -(iV-l)

376
 T» m' n n'

+6(n' + m' - n)6(n + m - „')] e -J 2 , r m ''e--' 2 , r m ''*

i2'
— ~4 sinv{fi+f2)N sm7r(/! - / 2 ) J v *
= **<! + .7V*mx(/i + / 2 )J + lAT«in*(/i - /2)

(b)

cov[p x z (/ 1 )p„(/ 2 )] = £[p„(/i)px.(/a)]-^[p«(/i)]f:ip«(/2)]

= £[Prx(/l)Prx(/2)]-^

-,{ 'simr(f1+f2)N'
.JVsin7r(/ 1 +/ 2 ) +
sinir(fi - f2)N
Nsinn{fi - f2)

(c)

var[p x r (/)] = cov[prr(/1)prr(/2)]|/l=/3=/

/ sinz7rr;v X\
/sin2irfN
= o\ 1 + \Nsin2irf

12.4
Assume that x(n) is the output of a linear system excited by white noise input w(n), where
a\ - 1. Then pxx(f) = Txx(f)pww{f). From prob. 12.3, (a), (b) and (c), we have

E[pxx(f1)pxx(f2)} = T„(fi)T**(f2)E\Pw*{fi)PwM7)]
simr(f1+f2)N «'wr(/i - /2)7V
= r„(/ 1 )r„(/ 2 )<l + + Nsimrifx - f2)
co\\pxx{fi)pxx{/2)] - r rr (/i)r xr (/ 2 )cov[p u;1l ,(/ l )p UMl; (/ 2 )]
«»'nir(/i + f2)N sinir{fi - f2)N
= r„(/i)r«(/2)j .Nsinirifi + / 2 ) . Nsinvifx - f2]
var[p„(/)] = cov[p„(/1)p„(/2)]|/l-/3-/
(sin2nfNfN_\
= Tf 1 + \Nsin2irf

12.5

Let yk{n) = z{n)*hk{n)

N-l

*(m)e' *
m=0
tf-1 — j3»>m
= e'""*"5' ^ P x(m)e = J ^'
m=0
N-l
3 >m

yt(n)|n=N = ]T x ^ e- J .^' .
m=0

= *(*)

377
Note that this is just the Goertzel algorithm for computing the DFT. Then,

N-l
— j2irfcm *
\yk(n)f = \X(k)\> = |^z(m)e^
k) d
|2

m=0

12.6
From (12.2.18) we have

W(f) =
. Af-lAf-1
7777 £ £ w(*)V(n')e->W-^
n=0 n'=0

W{f)df =
/ ATc/EL^^^ 7 1 ')/ e-i2*/(B"B')4f
= 7 ^ £ E "(»)">>(» ~n')
n n'
Af-1
1? £ M»)IJ = 1
n=0
by the definition of U in (12.2.12)

12.7
(a) (1) Divide x(n) into subsequences of length 4p and overlapped by 50% to produce 4it subse­
quences. Each subsequence is padded with 4p zeros.
(2) Compute the M-point DFT of each frame or subsequence.
(3) Compute the magnitude square of each DFT.
(4) Average the 4k M-point DFT's.
(5) Perform the IDFT to obtain an estimate of the autocorrelation sequence.
(b)

M-l
X3(k) = ^x3(m)e-zir
m=0

z
= 2^ i(m)c ^ ^ + 2 ^ * 2 ( m - — )e *TT"
m=0
,= ¥
A/-1 Af-1
,v _ i 2 ^ a l
= £*1(m)e-iMP+e-'"'r* £ x^m')*"^
m=0 m'sO
iwk
*a(*) = Xi{k)^e' X2{k)

(c) Instead of zero-padding, we can combine two subsequences to produce a single M-point
subsequence and thus reduce the number of sequences form 4* to 2k. Then, we use the relation
in (b) for the DFT.

378
12.8
(a) Obviously, A / = 0.01. From (12.2.52), M = | | = 90.
(b) From (12.2.53), the quality factor is QB = l.l/VA/. This expression does not depend on M;
hence, there is no advantage to increasing the value of M beyond 90.

12.9
(a) From table 12.1, we have

QB = l.UNAf
QB 1
=*A/ = 1.117V 111
Q
Qww == 1.39/VA/
Qrv 1
=>A/ =
1.39/V 139
QBT = 2.34/VA/
y
2.34/V 234
(b)

For the Bartlett estimate,

Qs = M£
/v
_N_
=*► Af = — = 100
QB
For the Welch estimate with 50% overlap,
16/V
Qw =

- ■ s-»
For the Blackman-Tukey estimate,
1.5/V
M
..5/N
=*M = 4 ^ = 150

12.10
(a) Suppose PB (f) is the periodogram based on the Bartlett method. Then,

^(f) = ^lEX'(m)e"j2'/n|2' * = 0,l,...,Jb- 1

r>=0

n=0

= (l-«»)Pil)(/)
^(/) = wP{Tl\f)^(\-w)P(B1)(f)
379
 = {\-w)[wPg\f) + P%\f)]
P£\f) = {l-w)J^mwm-kP{Bk\f)

Therefore, E{P^\f)} = (1 - w)y£,Mwm-kE\PBk\f)\

tsl

l-WM 1 f*
= (1-w)
£ 4
rxx(o)
sinir(f — a)M
sinir(f - a)
i
<fa

=
Af
(l-wM)
"hi ^
r rx (a) \sinir(f
r"." v ' —*"'"
a)M'
[ «nir(/-a)
(fa

var{Pif)(/)} = E{[Pg\f)?}-[E{P£Hf)})'
var{Pif)(/)} = £ { [ ( l - ^ ) ^ M ^ f ( / ) p }
*=1

-{E[(l-w)Y,Mvm-kPBk)(f)]Y
k-l

= (1~^): ^ M u ^ - ' ^ i P J ^ / ) } 2 - {E[PBk\f))}

*=i

= (1 - wf ] T Mw^M-k\ar[PBk\f)}
*=i
,2Af
/atn2y/M\:
VMsm2ir/,/

/sin2xfMX
1 + \Msin2xf)

(b)

= / ' r„(o)lV(/-o)rfo

M-l
where W ( / ) = J-| ^ u;(n)c"> 2 ^
n-0
M
var[P^)(/)] = (l-u;)22^2(M-fc)var[Pii)(/)]
*=i

2M
\ l + uj TlAf)
= (1-u/™)

12.11
Let fii'i be defined as follows:

.(0/ .(•')/
rSrV(O) rW(l)
rS(-l) rg>(0)

.(«)
rW(0) J
380
Then,
M-\ M-l
E'\f)R^E(f) = ££^rS(t-*>-'■''<*-**>'
M
k = 0 k' = 0

*=0 m = k - ( M - l )

-(M-l)
= Pg{f)
1 *
Therefore,/**>(/) = -][>•<(/)*££(/)
4=1

12.12
To prove the recursive relation in (12.3.19) we make use of the following relations:

N-l
Em = £[|/ m (n)| 2 +|*»(n-l)| 2 e] (1)
where/m(n) = /m-i(n) + (n-l)
p m (n) = ^/m-i(n) + ffm-i(n-l) (2)
N-i
andJE™.! = 53 [l/m-i(n)|2-H<7,n-i(n-l)|2]
n=m—1
= | / m - i ( m - l ) | 2 + |(/m.1(m-2)|2
AT-l

+ £[|/m-i(n)| 2 + |* n - 1 (n-l)| 2 ]
n=m
Ar 1
" 1 -
A1SO, 5Z[/m-l(n) + ^ _ ! ( n - 1)] = --*m£m-i
n=m

We substitute for fm(n) and <jm(n — 1) from (2) into (1), and we expand the expressions. Then,
use the relations for Em-i and km to reduce the result.

12.13

x(n) = -x{n — 1) + w(n) — w(n — 1)

E[x{n)] = ^E[x(n-l)] + E[w(n))-E[w(n-l)]

since E[w{n)] = 0, it follows that E[x(n)] = 0
To determine the autocorrelation, we have

MO) = jM-i) + *(0)-6(-i) = - i

Mi) = 5M0)+ «(i)-*(0) = - i

381
 a 6
p = q = l, = ~2' o = l, &i = - l

Hence, 7xx(0) = - 7 „ ( l ) + ,£(1 + I )

7xxd) = 57«(0) + <ri(-l)

and 7 „ ( 0 ) = -<r£

7rx(l) = -\cl
7xx(m) = -a17«(m-l)

ITxx(m) = 7rr(-m)

12.14

x(n) = u>(n)- 2u>(n- I) + w(n - 2)

E[x(n)] - 0 since E[w(n)} = 0

7xx(m) = *£^PM*+m. 0<m<g

fc = 0
where q - 2, 6Q = 1, *i = - 2 , 62 = 1

6
Hence, 7 xx(0) = *i £ *= 6<r
"
2

7xx(i) = ^i 516*6*+i = - 4 c r i
2
7xx(2) = <r£5I 6 k 6 j k + 2 = ^
k=0
7xx(m) = 0, \m\ > 3,
7*x(-m) = 7xx(m)

12.15
(a)

r„(*) = 2>«(m)*-»
m
= 2z"2(z4-2r3 + 3 r 2 - 2 z + l ]
1±JV3 1±JV3
The four zeros are
2 ' 2
The minimum-phase system is
H(z) = Gil-z-1 +Z'2), where G = \/2
1 2
Hence, / / ( r ) = >/2(l - z" + z~ )
(b) The solution is unique.

382
12.16
(a)
oo
Txx{z) = ^ 7xx(m);
m = —oo
,2
= — ( 6 - 3 5 z - 1 + 6 2 z - 2 - 3 5 z " 3 + 6z- 4 )
62

= ^ ( 1 - 3 * - l ) ( l ~ 2*" 1 )(1 - \^)(l - i*-1)

The four zeros are z = 3,2, - , -

fi l 1
The minimum phase system is H(z) = —^=(1 — - z ~ 1 ) ( l — - 2 _ 1 )
v62 2 3

(b) The maximum phase system is H{z) = ^ r ( l — 5 z - 1 •+■ 6z~ 2 )

(c) There are two possible mixed-phase systems: H\{z) = -775(3 — 7 z - 1 + 2z~ 2 ) #2(2)
^(2-7z->+3z-2)

12.17
(a)

1-0.8Z"1
Thh{f) = H{z)H{z-')\^t».t
1 + c~>2^ 1 + e>2T>
l-0.8e-->2,r/ 1 -0.8e>2*'
COS1 IT f
= 4
1.64- 1.6COS2TT/

7rr(™) = (-)M

r«(/) = £ (ly-ie-i"/-
m = —oo
0.75
= 1.25-C0527T/
ryv(/) = r„(/)rfcfc(/)
3cos2?r/
(1.64 - 1.6COS2TT/)(1.25 - cos2xf)
(b)
54 J
ryy(/) = 1.64 — l.6cos2ir/ 1.25 - cos2xf
9 3
= 150 H 50 1
1.64 - 1.6cos2:r/ 1.25 - CO$2TT/

7vv(m) = 150(0.8)^1-50(^)^1

383
c) (rl = 7 „ ( 0 ) = 150 - 50 = 100

12.18
proof is by contradiction.
(a) Assume the \km\ > 1. Since Em — (1 - |fc m | 2 )£m-i> this implies that either Em < 0 or
Em-\ < 0. Hence, a\. < 0, and

o ' r ^ a = a« =*r,

is not positive definite.

(b) From the Schur-Cohn test, Ap(z) is stable if |Jbm| < 1. Hence, the roots of Ap(z) are inside
the unit circle.

12.19
(a)
x(n) = —aix(n - 1) — a2ir(n - 2) - a3x(n - 3)
Butx(n) = i l * ( n - l ) + — x(n - 2) - ^ x ( n - 3) + u;(n)
i
£{[x(n) — x(n)] 2 } is minimized by selecting the coefficients as a\ = — ^,02 = ~ ^ ' a 3 = 74
(b)

7rx(m) = -^a*7xx(™-*), m > 0

fc=i
p
= - 5 ^ o * 7 « ( m - *) + <r*, m= 0

Since we know the {at} we can solve for 7xx(m), m = 0,1,2,3. Then we can obtain 7xx(m)
for m > 3, by the above recursion. Thus,

7xr(0) = 4.93
7xx(l) = 4.32
yxx(2) = 4.2
7„(3) = 3.85
7xx(4) = 3.65
7„(5) = 3.46

(c)
14 9
- / x , -1 -2 1 -3

r, , * 1 9 _, 14 _o 3

384
 M(z) - k3B3(z)
M*) =

= 1 -0.569*-1 -0.351*-2
k2 = -0.351
B2(z) = -0.351 -0.569Z-1 + z'7
A2(z) - k2B2{z)
Mz) = \-k\
1
= 1 - 0.877*"
*i — -0.877

12.20
(a)
1
7xx(0)
7«("1)
7xx(l)
7xx(0)
7xx(2)
7rr(l) 0
r*ii
0
7rr(~2) 7rx("l) 7xx(0) -0.81 0

7xx(m) = 0.817xx(m-2), m> 3

7xx(m)
Hence, = {2.91,0,2.36,0,1.91,0,1.55,0,...}

The values of the parameters dr = > bkbk +m are as follows:

MA(2) = {2.91,0,2,36}
MA{A) = {2.91,0,2,36,0,1.91}
MA{$) = {2.91,0,2,36,0,1.91,0,1.55,0}

(b) The A/.4(2), MA(4)andMA(S) models have spectra that contain negative values. On the
other hand, the spectrum of the AR process is shown below. Clearly, the MA models do not
provide good approximations to the AR process. Refer to fig 12.1.

12.21
7xx(m)= {l.656<r£,0 l 0.8hr£,0,...}.
For AR(2) process:

' 1.656*2 0 0.81*2, ' 1 " 9*1

0 1.656(7= 0 = 0
0.81<r£ 0 1.656*5, _ . °2 . 0

The solution is

9 = 1.12
a\ - 0
a2 = -0.489
For the AR(4) process, we obtain g = 1.07 arid
a {1,0 -0.643 ,0,0 314}

385
 , , .. T p. . . - ^r™ 1 i i i

5
a>
X3
/
/
24 /-
c /
a» I
S? 3 1
fc 1
?2
i
i y -
1 _ _ _ _ - - ^
n i i i i i i _i _i 1

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
— > frequency(Hz)
Figure 12.1:

For the AR(8) process, we obtain g 1.024 and

a {1,0,-0.75,0,0.536,0,-0.345,0,0.169}

Refer to fig 12.2.

12.22
(a)
_ 4al(2-z-*)(2-z)
K }
" 9 (3-z-*)(3-r)

The minimum-phase system function H(z) is

2 2 - z_1

4 1 - f iz , - i
9 1-iz-i

(b) The mixed-phase stable system has a system function

H{Z)
~ 3lT?T
2 1-2Z-1
9 1-iz-i

12.23
(a)

i4 2 (z) = l - 2 r c o 5 e z _- 11 +, -r2lz. - 2

386
 MA(2) AR(2)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4

— > frequency(Hz) —> frequency(Hz)
AR(4) AR(8)

0.2 0.4 02 0.4

— > frequeocy(Hz) — > lrequeocy(H2)

Figure 12.2:

- -2

-2
B2{z) - r2 -2rcosBz~1 +
A7(z) - k2B2(z)
Ai{z) =
\-k\
2rcosS -i
= 1-
1 + r*
2rcosS
Hence, k\ = —
1 + r2
(b) As r —' 1, *2 —» 1 and ki —» —cosQ

12.24

fll(l) = -1.25, a 2 ( 2 ) = 1.25, a 3 (3) = - 1

Hence, i4 3 (z) = 1 - 1.252"1 + 1.25z"2 - z " 3
First, we determine the reflection coefficients. Clearly, Jb3 = - 1 , whcih implies that the roots
of / M 2 ) a r e o n l n e u m t circle. We may factor out one root. Thus,
2 1
A3(z) = ( l - z" ^
MKO -i; -* "^1 +' r- *)
= (l-Z-^Cl-OZ-^Cl-Q'z-1)
l+j>/63
where a =
8

387
 Hence, the roots of Az(z) are z — l , a , and a*.
(b) The autocorrelation function satisfies the equations

7*.(m) + ; £ > 3 ( * h « ( m - * ) = { o 2 " 7<~m<

7«(0) 7«(1) 7xx(2) 7xx(3) " 1

7xx(l) 7xx(0) 7xx(l) 7xx(2) -1.25 0
7xx(2) 7xx(l) 7xx(0) 7xx(l) 1.25 = 0
7xx(3) 7xx(2) 7xx(l) 7xx(0) -1 0

(c) Note that since ^3 = —1, the recursion EJm = £ & . i ( l - l*m|2) implies that Ef3 = 0. This
implies that the 4x4 correlation matrix TXx is singular. Since £3 = 0, then er£ = 0

12.25

7xx(0) = 1
7xx(l) = -0.5
7xx(2) = 0.625
7xx(3) = -0.6875
Use the Levinson-Durbin algorithm
7xx(l) _ 1
«i(l) = 7xx(0) 2

*iC0 = -k1
- * , - !

Ei = (l-a?(l))7xx(0) = ?
7xx(2) + a 1 (l) T *x(l) _ 1
a 2 (2) = Ei 2
Oj(l) = a 1 (l) + a 2 ( 2 ) a 1 ( l ) = i

Therefore, AQ(Z) , 1 -1 1 -2
= 1 +
4* -2Z
=>*2 = ~

E2 = (l-a2(2))E1 = ^
7xx(3) + o 2 (l) 7 xx(2) + a 2 (2)7xx(l)
«s(3) = £2
«s(2) a2(2)+a3(3)a2(l) = - 5
=
«s(l) = a2(l) + a3(3)a 2 (2) = 0

Therefore,.^*) =
1
=>• *3 = r

388
 E3 = (i_a2(3))£2=27

12.26
(a) (1)

1 - e--"
H(w)
1 + 0.816-^
Tzx{w) \H(w)f<T2w
1 - e-iw
Txx(w) l IVH.
l + 0.81e-J u '

(2)

H(w) = (l-c-j2u')
Txx(w)

(3)

H(w) =
1 -0.81c--""
Txx(w) =
1.6561- 1.62cosu;
(b) Refer to fig 12.3.
(c) For (2),
f ^£Lo6*6k+m, 0<m<2
7xx(™) = < 0, m > 2
I 7«(-™). m< 0

since 6o = 1, fci = 0 and 62 = — 1, we have

7xx(0) = 2crl
7xx(2) = -ffl
7xx(-2) = -*l
7„(m) = 0, m^0,±2

For (3), the AR process has coefficients ao = l , a i = 0 and 02 = 0.81.

1 0 0.81 ' 7xx(0) "

0 1.81 0 7««(1)
0.81 0 1 L Txr(2) J

7xx(0) = 2.9*1
7xx(m) = 0, m odd
7xx(m) = 2.9(0.9)|m|<7*, m even

389
 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4
—> frequency(Hz) —> trequency(Hz)
(3)

0.2 0.4
—> frequency(Hz)

Figure 12.3:

12.27

(a)

rrx(*) = JT 7 «(m)*- m

1-1* +
1-J*-I
11
(1_I2)(1_I2-1)

since Txx(z) e3H{x)H{x-1),

0.968
H(2)
1-Jz-i

is the minimum-phase solution. The difference equation is

x ( n ) = - x ( n - l) + 0.968u;(n)

390
where w(n) is a white noise sequence with zero mean and unit variance.
(b) If we choose

1
H(z) =
*-i*,-i

z-.-l
Az- l
1-4Z"1
then, x(n) = 4x(n - 1) - 4x0.968u;(n - 1)

12.28

7xx(0) = 1
7xx(l) = 0
7xr(2) = -a2
7xx(3) = 0

•*> = - S S = °
Ai(z) = 1
=> *i = 0
£a = (l-aj(l)h„(0) = l
,9* 7xx(2)-fai(l)7xx(l) ,
a 2 (2) = - = a
a 2 (l) = a 1 (l) + a 2 (2)a 1 (l) = 0
Therefore, A2(z) = 1 + a 2 z~ 2
=> k2 = a 2
£2 = (l-a2(2))£1 = l - a 4
,<n 7xx(3) + Q 2 (l)7rx(2) + a 2 (2) 7 xx(l) ft
a3(3) = 7; = 0
a 3 (2) = a 2 (2) + a 3 (3)a 2 (l) = a 2
a 3 (l) = a 2 (l) + a 3 (3)o 2 (2) = 0
Therefore,^*) = A2{z) = 1 + a2z~2
=> Jb3 = 0
E3 = E2 = 1 - a4

12.29

(a) For the Bartlett estimate,

0.9
M
A/
0.9
= 90
0.01
0.9
{b)M = 535=45

391
 (c)for(a), QB = —
M
2400
= 26.67
90
for(b), QB = IL
M
2400 = 53.33
45

12.30
Ap(z) = Ap.x{z) + kpBp-X{z)z - l
where Bp-\(z) is the reverse polynomial of Ap-i(z).
For |ibp| < 1, we have all the roots inside the unit circle as previously shown.
For |jbp| = 1, Ap{z) is symmetric, which implies that all the roots are on the unit circle.
For |Jbp| > 1, Ap(z) — A,(z) + eBp-i(z)z~l, where A,(z) is the symmetric polynomial with all
the roots on the unit circle and Bp-\(z) has all the roots outside the unit circle. Therefore, Ap(z)
will have all its roots outside the unit circle.

12.31
r m- ^ M2,r/-o-9|2
zxU) - v* \eJ7wJ _ j 0 .9| 2 |e> W + j0.9| 2
(a)

r, / x 2 2~0.9 Z~l -0.9

z + 0.81 z - 2 + 0.81
2

Therefore, ff (r)7 = -r——-

2 2 + 0.81
z-l(l-0£z-1)
1 + 0.81*- 2
(b) The inverse system is
1 1 + 0.812" 2
H(z) z-^l-O-Sz-1)
This is a stable system.

12.32
N-l
- l3in»»
X(k) = £ *(n)e^
n=0

(a)

E[X(k)) = ££[x(n)]<r^=0
n

392
 N-l
•>
= °x £>
n=0
= Nerl

(b)

E{X(k)X-(k-m)} = Y, L E[*(n)xm(n')}e=^ef3wn'V~n)
n n'

n n'

= 7V<7*, m = pTV
= 0, otherwise p = 0,±l,±2,..

12.33

"Txjvim) = £;[t;*(n)v(n + m)]

« ?
= ] T Yl fyk>E[wm(n - k)w(n + m - it')]
i'=0t=0

Then, r v , ( / ) = <ri £ <fme-;'w'

m= — 9

12.34

7xx(m) = £[x*(n)x(n + m)]

= >l2£'{cos(u;in 4- <t>)cos[wi(n + m) + <f>]}
A2
= -—■E{coswim + cos[wi(2n + m) + 2<j>)}

— —COSW\Tl

12.35
(a)

x(n) = 0 . 8 1 x ( n - 2 ) + iu(n)
y(n) = x(n) + v(n)
=> x(n) = y(n) - v(n)
y(n)-v(n) = 0.81y(n - 2) - 0.81v(n - 2) + w{n)

393
 Therefore, y(n) = 0.81y(n - 2) + v(n) - 0.81t;(n - 2) + w(n)
so that y(n) is an ARMA(2,2) process

(b)
p
x(n) — —^ akx(n - fc) + w(n)
*=i
y(n) = x(n) + v(n)
s» x(n) = y(n) - v(n)
p
y(n)-i/(n) = - ^ak[y{n - k) - v{n - *)] + w(n)
k=i
p P

V(n) + X ^ a * y ( n " *) = t, n
( ) + y ^ a*v(n - fc) + n;(n)

Hence, y(n) is an ARMA(p.p) process

p
Note that X(z)[l + £ a * * ~ * ] = W(«)

1
AP(z)
Txx(z) = ^//(^(z"1) _ -
l
andryy(z) = <ri/f(z)/f(*- ) + «rj
-2
= *«" , -2

Xp(zMP(z-i) *

i4 p (zM P (2-»)
12.36
(a)
K K
u; n
7rr(m) = £{[^AiC05(u;kn + ^ t ) + ( ) ] [ 5 Z Ak'COs{wk>{n + m) + <j>k>) + w{n + m)]}
k-i fc'=i
= 5 Z 5 ^ AkAk>E{cos{wkn + 0fc)cos(u;fc.(n + m) + <^t»)} + E[w{n)w(n + m)]
* k'

*= 1

(b)

TZT(w) = Y, -y«(m)e-^

+ <r2,
i =l m = -oo

394
 A A2
= 2Z -T-faH™ - uuk - 2nm) + 2*6(w + Wk - 2irm)} + <r£
i =l
K
= -Y^AliHw-^k - 2irm) + 2ir6(w + wk - 2:rrn)] + a2w
1
*=i

12.37

=>Lyya-Xa = 0
or £ y y a = Xa
Thus, a is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue A. Substitute £ y y a = Aa into £. Then,
S = A. To minimize £, we select th smallest eigenvalue, namely, <r£.

12.38
(a)
7xx(0) = P+<r2w
7«(D = Pcos2nfi
7«(2) = PcosAvf
By the Levinson-Durbin algorithm,
7,.(1)
«i(l) = T«,(0)
PC0527T/X

/>+*£
*i = «i(l)
£1 = (1-*J)7«(0)
P2sin22*h + 2/V£ + <r«
/> + *£
7«(2) + ai(l)7„(l)
a2(2) =
£1
Pclcos4nfi - P7sin22irf1
P2sin22irf1+2P(Tl + <r4J
aj(l) = a l (l) + a2(2)a,(l)
Pcos2irfi P2sin22irfi - Palcostrfi.
2 2
P+vl P sin 2Tf 1 +2P<rl + cr4/l
(b) A:2 = ^2(2) ibi = a i ( l ) as given above.
(c)

If <r^, —► 0, we have
a2(l) = -(co«2ir/ l )(l+l)
= -2cos2*fi
a 2 (2) = 1

395
 k2 = 1
jtt = -cos27r/i

12.39
(a)
N-l
7ry(no) = $ > ( n - n o ) [ y ( n - n o ) + u,(n)]
n=0
N-l
£:[7xv("o)] = ££[y 2 («-"o)]
n=0

= ^£;[A2coS2ti;o(n-no)] 0 < n < M - l

n= l

Mil
2
var[7xy("o)] = £[7xy( n o)]( — ) 2

E{y(n no)(y(n no)+u;(n)ly(n no)[y(n no)+w{n )])

=££ n n'
" " '" '" '
MA7 2

(b)
{E[7ry(no)]} ;
SNR = J— / Ni
var[7 iy
var[7 iy (n 0 )J
(*£)*_
MA' 2

M>i2
2*2,

(c) As M increases, the SNR increases.

12.40
Refer to fig 12.4.

12.41
Refer to fig 12.5.

396
 autocor of w(n) periodogram Pxx(f)
80

60 .

40 •

20 ■

0
-20 -10 0 10 20 200 400 600

avg periodogram Pxx(f)

Figure 12.4:

397
 theoretical psd with M ■ 100 BartlettwithM=:50

-20

-40
0 1 2 3 4

Blackman-Tukey psd with lag=25

120

398