ong division and

why it works

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Copyright 2008 - 2020 Maria Miller

EDITION 3/2020

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the author.

Copying permission: For having purchased this book, the copyright owner grants to the teacher-
purchaser a limited permission to reproduce this material for use with his or her students. In other
words, the teacher-purchaser MAY make copies of the pages, or an electronic copy of the PDF file, and
provide them at no cost to the students he or she is actually teaching, but not to students of other
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No permission is granted for resale of the material.

The copyright holder also grants permission to the purchaser to make electronic copies of the material
for back-up purposes.

If you have other needs, such as licensing for a school or tutoring center, please contact the author at
https://www.MathMammoth.com/contact.php

2
 Math Mammoth Division 2

Contents

Introduction ..................................................................... 4

Review of Division .......................................................... 8

Division Terms and Division with Zero ........................ 11
Dividing with Whole Tens and Hundreds ..................... 13
Finding Fractional Parts with Division ........................ 15
Order of Operations and Division ................................. 18
The Remainder, Part 1 ................................................... 20
The Remainder, Part 2 ................................................... 23
Long Division 1 ............................................................... 26
Long Division 2 ............................................................... 30
Long Division 3 ............................................................... 33
Long Division with 4-Digit Numbers ............................ 37
More Long Division ....................................................... 41
Remainder Problems ..................................................... 44
Long Division with Money ............................................ 48
Long Division Crossword Puzzle .................................. 50
Average ........................................................................... 51
Problems with Fractional Parts .................................... 54
Problems to Solve ........................................................... 56
Divisibility ....................................................................... 59
Prime Numbers .............................................................. 63
Finding Factors .............................................................. 66
Review ............................................................................ 68

Answers .......................................................................... 71

More from Math Mammoth ........................................ 85

3
 Introduction
Math Mammoth Division 2 is a continuation from the Math Mammoth Division 1 book. It includes
lessons on division, long division, remainder, problem solving, average, divisibility, and factors. The
book is most suitable for fourth grade.
We start out by reviewing basic division with single-digit numbers. Then students study division terms
and dividing by whole tens and hundreds.
The lesson Finding Fractional Parts with Division shows an important relationship between fractions
and division. For example, we can find 3/4 of a number by first finding 1/4 (divide by 4), then
multiplying that result by 3.
Next we briefly study the order of operations, this time including divisions in the problems.
In the lesson The Remainder, Part 1, we study the concept of remainder, first using pictures and small
numbers. In the second lesson on remainder, we still use small numbers, but students work the
problems using the long division symbol or “corner,” as I like to call it. That is of course preparing
them for long division.
Next, long division is taught in several small steps over many lessons. We start with the situation where
each of the thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones can be divided evenly by the divisor. Then is
introduced the remainder in the ones. Next comes the situation where we have a remainder in the tens.
Finally, we have a remainder in the hundreds, and so on. We also have lots of word problems to solve.
After long division is mastered, we study the concept of average and problem solving involving a
fractional part of a whole. I have included many bar diagrams and pictorial representations of these
problems to help the students.
The last section deals with elementary number theory topics. We study some basic divisibility rules
(though not all of them), prime numbers, and find all factors of a given two-digit number.

Answers are at the end of the book.

I wish you success in teaching math!

Maria Miller, the author

4
Helpful Resources on the Internet
DIVISION CONCEPT AND DIVISION FACTS

The Forty Frogs Game

Learn to find fractions of sets by dividing a set of baby frogs into equal groups.
http://www.mathactivities.net/frogs.htm

Patty's Paints Division

Help Patty paint cars by solving basic division questions. Lastly, drive your newly painted car in a fun
race!
http://www.multiplication.com/games/play/pattys-paints-division

Flying High Division

Fly your plane safely through the storm clouds by answering the division facts correctly.
https://games.forkids.education/flying-high-division/

Times or Divide Bingo

A useful class teaching resource on division and multiplication by 10 and 100. It includes decimals and
is suitable for use on an interactive whiteboard.
http://www.topmarks.co.uk/Flash.aspx?f=bingotimesordivide

Leftovers—game with beads

Practice division with this fun dice game!
http://www.learn-with-math-games.com/long-division-games-for-the-classroom.html

Fraction of a Number
Practice finding a fraction of a given number.
http://www.mathplayground.com/fractions_fractionof.html

Multiply & Divide Whole Numbers by 10, 100, 1000

Practice multiplying and dividing by 10, 100, and 1,000 with this interactive online quiz.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/cc-fifth-grade-math/cc-5th-place-value-decimals-top/cc-5th-mult-div-
whole-num-10-100-1000/e/mult-div-whole-numbers-by-10-100-1000
Division with remainders (mental math) — online practice
Practice division with remainders with this ad-free online practice program at MathMammoth.com
website. Also works as an offline program in most browsers. Includes the option for both timed and
non-timed practice.
https://www.mathmammoth.com/practice/division-remainder.php

Order of Ops
Save seven members of a Royal Family from prison by using your order of operation skills. The
program uses a visual representation of a stairway to show how the mathematical expression gets
shorter at each step.
https://mrnussbaum.com/order-ops-online-game

Free customizable worksheets for the order of operations

Choose from five operations and parentheses. You can choose the number range, number of problems,
and more.
http://www.homeschoolmath.net/worksheets/order_of_operations.php

5
ITP Remainders
This ITP sets up an empty grid into which you can place counters. Removing or highlighting extra
counters will change the calculation displayed.
http://mathsframe.co.uk/en/resources/resource/67/itp_remainders
Moving Remainders Division Game
Practice your division skills with this printable board game for two or more players.
https://www.lauracandler.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/MovingRemaindersGame.pdf
Division with Remainders
Practice modeling division with remainders in the quotients in this interactive online activity.
http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/elab2004/gr4/5.html
LONG DIVISION
MathFrog Dividerama!
Interactive long division practice. Guided help available.
http://cemc2.math.uwaterloo.ca/mathfrog/english/kidz/div5.shtml
Mr. Martini's Classroom: Long Division
An interactive long division tool.
http://www.thegreatmartinicompany.com/longarithmetic/longdivision.html
Drag-and-Drop Math
Practice division interactively. Choose “Division”, 2-digit dividend, and 1-digit divisor.
https://mrnussbaum.com/drag-n-drop-math-online
Long Division Millionaire Game
Learn to divide large numbers up to thousands. Can you answer all 15 questions?
http://www.kidsmathtv.com/free/math-games/sixth-grade/long-division/millionaire/game.html
Bike Racing Math Average
Race your motorcycle against others while answering questions about average. Correct answers speed
you up!
http://www.mathnook.com/math/bike-racing-math-average.html
Division Jump — board game
Practice division of one-digit numbers into two, three, and four-digit numbers.
http://www.learn-with-math-games.com/division-activities.html
Long Division Quiz
Practice dividing four-digit numbers by single-digit numbers in this online quiz.
https://www.internet4classrooms.com/online_practice/common_core/math_mathematics_4th_fourth_grade/q
digit_one-digit_number_4th_fourth_grade_math_mathematics_start.htm
Double-Division.org
Double-division is a form of the long division algorithm that takes away the guesswork of finding how
many times the divisor goes into the number to be divided. Also called 1-2-4-8 division.
http://www.doubledivision.org/
Short Division
This is a web page that explains short division in detail. Short division is the same algorithm as long
division, but some steps are only done in your head and not written down.
http://www.themathpage.com/ARITH/divide-whole-numbers.htm

6
FACTORS AND PRIMES

Arrays and Factors

Drag rectangles to show the factorizations of a given number on a grid.
http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/FactorizeTwo/

Find all the factors of a given number — online practice

An ad-free online practice program at MathMammoth.com. Also works as an offline program in most
browsers. Choose the minimum and maximum numbers and the amount of practice problems.
https://www.mathmammoth.com/practice/factorfind.php

Factor Game
Choose a number from the game board, and your opponent gets all the numbers that are its proper
factors. Adjust the number of rows and columns on the board to get a more challenging (and
interesting) game. The game can be adapted to be played offline.
https://www.nctm.org/Classroom-Resources/Illuminations/Interactives/Factor-Game/

Sliding Tile Factorization Game

Slide a number over another to capture it, but you can only do this if the number you slide is a factor of
the other. Number 1 is only supposed to be used to capture prime numbers.
http://www.visualmathlearning.com/Games/sliding_factors.html

Octopus Factors
Move counters up the legs of an octopus but only when the number on the circle is a multiple of the
number on the card.
https://web.archive.org/web/20171024183705/http://www.counton.org/games/map-numbers/octopus/
Not a Factor
Choose a number that is not a factor of the given number.
http://www.helpingwithmath.com/resources/games/target_factors01/not_factor.html

Product Game
Choose factors, and the product of those gets colored in on the game board. The player who gets four
products in a row wins. This game can easily be adapted to be played offline, with paper and colored
pencils.
https://www.nctm.org/Classroom-Resources/Illuminations/Interactives/Product-Game/

Primes, Factors and Divisibility—Explorer at CountOn.org

Lessons explaining divisibility tests, primes, and factors.
https://web.archive.org/web/20180319072651/http://www.counton.org:80/explorer/primes/

Factoring Calculator
This tool lists all the factors of a given number and shows an interesting visual that pairs the various
factors of the number. You can even find all the factors of very large numbers, and it is fun to
experiment with!
http://www.dadsworksheets.com/factoring-calculator.html

7
 Review of Division
Multiplication has to do with equal-size groups: 2 × 4 means 2 groups of 4.
Division also has to do with equal-size groups: 8 ÷ 4 can mean, “How many groups of 4 are in 8?”
It can also mean, “How many in each group, when 8 things are put into 4 groups?”
Division is the opposite operation of multiplication.

Division has two “meanings”:

• Dividing to find how many are in a group.
• Dividing into groups of certain size.

“12 divided into 2 groups; “12 divided into 6 groups;

how many in each group?” how many in each group?”

12 ÷ 2 = 6 12 ÷ 6 = 2
OR OR
“How many sixes are in 12?” “How many twos are in 12?”
2 × 6 = 12 12 ÷ 6 = 2 6 × 2 = 12 12 ÷ 2 = 6

1. Write a multiplication sentence and two division sentences.

a. ______________________ b. _____________________ c. ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

2. Fact families: write two division and two multiplication sentences.

a. 21 b. 24 c. 36
7 and 3 4 and ____ 4 and ____

8
3. Practice a little. Continue the patterns.

a. b. c. d.
16 ÷ 2 = ______ 45 ÷ 5 = ______ 90 ÷ 10 = ______ 56 ÷ 7 = ______

18 ÷ 2 = ______ 40 ÷ 5 = ______ 100 ÷ 10 = ______ 49 ÷ 7 = ______

20 ÷ 2 = ______ 35 ÷ 5 = ______ 110 ÷ 10 = ______ 42 ÷ 7 = ______

4. Fill in the tables.

Eggs 6 12 24 36 54 78
Omelets 1 7 11

Thumbtacks 8 24 32 48
Pictures 1 8 10 12 13

5. Write a number sentence for each situation (It is not always division!). Explain what you find out
from your calculation.

a. Three children shared equally 18 marbles. b. Jim has $34 and he wants a $45 book.

18 ÷ 3 = 6. Each child got 6 marbles.

c. A fruit store received a shipment of d. Mrs. Davis shared 24 pieces of

400 apples in 4 boxes. chocolate equally between 6 persons.

e. Five boxes arrived at the bookstore, f. Mom bought 2 books that cost $13 each.
each containing 50 books.

g. A herd of cows had a total of 20 legs. h. Sixty books were placed on 3 shelves.

9
6. Divide.

a. 36 ÷ 4 = _____ b. 54 ÷ 9 = _____ c. 32 ÷ 8 = _____ d. 24 ÷ 3 = _____

50 ÷ 5 = _____ 42 ÷ 7 = _____ 64 ÷ 8 = _____ 27 ÷ 9 = _____

60 ÷ 12 = _____ 48 ÷ 6 = _____ 72 ÷ 9 = _____ 35 ÷ 7 = _____

7. Find what number x stands for.

a. 64 ÷ x = 8 b. 35 ÷ x = 7 c. x ÷ 5 = 9 d. x ÷ 9 = 6

x = 8 x = ______ x = ______ x = ______

8. For each division equation, write a multiplication sentence. Then find the value of the unknown.

a. N ÷ 3 = 10 b. x ÷ 4 = 9

________________________ ________________________

N = ______ x = ______

c. 60 ÷ T = 20 d. 81 ÷ y = 9

________________________ ________________________

T = ______ y = ______

9. Write a number sentence for each situation (It is not always division!). Explain what your answer
tells you.

a. How many $3 books can you buy with $21? b. A hundred apples were packed in 5 boxes.

c. Five boxes of nails cost $30. d. A chocolate bar has 8 rows and
5 columns of squares.

e. How many fives are in 45? f. Each of the 5 boxes weighs 12 pounds.

10
 Division Terms and Division with Zero
Study the terms in the picture.

Notice: both the expression 56 ÷ 7 and

its answer are called “the quotient”!
You can call “56 ÷ 7” the quotient
written, and the 8 as the quotient solved.

1. What is missing from these divisions: the dividend, the divisor, or the quotient? Complete.
a. 80 ÷ _____ = 40 The ___________________ is missing.

b. _____÷ 7 = 5 The ___________________ is missing.

c. 120 ÷ 10 = _____ The ___________________ is missing.

2. Write the division problem. Solve for the unknown.

a. The divisor is 7, the dividend is x, and the quotient is 3. _____÷ ____ = ____ ; x = ____
b. The dividend is 140, the divisor is y, and the quotient is 7. _____÷ ____ = ____ ; y = ____

c. The quotient is z, the divisor is 5, and the dividend is 150. _____÷ ____ = ____ ; z = ____

3. Make up:

a. three division problems with a quotient of 6 b. three division problems with a dividend of 24

______÷ ____ = ____ ______÷ ____ = ____

______÷ ____ = ____ ______÷ ____ = ____

______÷ ____ = ____ ______÷ ____ = ____

4. Fill in the tables. Remember, the product of two numbers means they are multiplied.

Numbers Product (written) Product (solved) Quotient (written) Quotient (solved)

12 and 3 12 × 3 36
10 and 5
20 and 4
100 and 10

11
 Division with zero What about 0 ÷ 0?
We check a division problem by multiplication. We cannot really determine any single
Is 0 ÷ 3 = 0? Check if 0 × 3 = 0. Yes, it is. answer, because all of these could work:
Is 0 ÷ 11 = 0? Check if 0 × 11 = 0. Yes, it is.
If 0 ÷ 0 = 1, then check: 0 × 1 = 0 works.
Is 3 ÷ 0 = 0? Check if 0 × 0 = 3. It is not. If 0 ÷ 0 = 7, then check: 0 × 7 = 0 works.
Is 3 ÷ 0 perhaps 3? Check if 0 × 3 = 3. It is not. If 0 ÷ 0 = 0, then check: 0 × 0 = 0 works.
So 0 ÷ 0 is usually said to be
In fact, dividing by zero is a real problem.
an indeterminate form since we cannot
No matter what number you suggest as
determine an answer to it.
an answer to the problem 3 ÷ 0, the multiplication
check will not work because you will end up
multiplying by zero, and can never get the dividend as an answer.
That is why division by zero is said to be undefined—we cannot define a sensible answer.
You can, however, divide zero by any number (except zero). The answer is always zero.

Division by zero is undefined—you cannot do it.

5. Divide. Mark off the problem if it is impossible to do.

a. 64 ÷ 8 = _____ b. 55 ÷ 5 = _____ c. 50 ÷ 1 = _____ d. 0 ÷ 1 = ______

0 ÷ 8 = ______ 6 ÷ 0 = ______ 0 ÷ 10 = ______ 1 ÷ 1 = ______

32 ÷ 32 = _____ 7 ÷ 7 = ______ 0 ÷ 0 = ______ 9 ÷ 0 = ______

6. Find what the unknown stands for.

a. 64 ÷ x = 1 b. 35 ÷ T = 35 c. 0 ÷ x = 0 d. y ÷ 18 = 1

x = _______ T = _______ x = _______ y = _______

7. Make up:

a. two divisions with a quotient of 1 b. two divisions with a dividend of 0

______÷ ____ = ____ ______÷ ____ = ____

______÷ ____ = ____ ______÷ ____ = ____

Mark had two division problems with the same dividend and the same quotient,
yet the divisors were different. How could that be?

12
 Dividing with Whole Tens and Hundreds
Solving division problems always involves thinking
backwards to multiplication, or “how many times”.

4,800 ÷ 60 = ? 4,000 ÷ 400 = ?

Think “backwards” of multiplication:

Or ask, “How many times does 400 go into 4,000?”
Because 60 × 80 = 4,800,
then 4,800 ÷ 60 = 80. Ten times. So, 4,000 ÷ 400 = 10.

1. Solve the multiplication and then write two matching divisions.

a. 300 × 7 = __________ b. 50 × 800 = __________ c. 60 × 40 = __________

________ ÷ 7 = _______ _______ ÷ ____ = ______ ______ ÷ ______ = ______

________ ÷ 300 = _____ _______ ÷ _____ = _____ ______ ÷ ______ = ______

2. Divide.

a. 400 ÷ 8 = ________ b. 5,000 ÷ 5 = ________ c. 4,200 ÷ 700 = _______

400 ÷ 80 = ________ 5,000 ÷ 50 = ________ 4,200 ÷ 70 = _______

4,000 ÷ 800 = ________ 5,000 ÷ 500 = ________ 420 ÷ 70 = _______

4,000 ÷ 80 = ________ 500 ÷ 50 = ________ 420 ÷ 7 = _______

3. Solve the unknown factor problems and the division problems. Notice something special here!

a. _______ × 6 = 540 b. 3 × _______ = 2,700 c. _______ × 40 = 2,800

540 ÷ 6 = _______ 2,700 ÷ 3 = _______ 2,800 ÷ 40 = _______

4. Practice some more.

a. 320 ÷ 8 = __________ b. 540 ÷ 60 = _________ c. 360 ÷ 6 = __________

320 ÷ 80 = _________ 540 ÷ 6 = __________ 3,600 ÷ 60 = ________

3,200 ÷ 8 = _________ 5,400 ÷ 60 = ________ 36,000 ÷ 6 = ________

13
 Finding half... ...is the same as dividing by 2!
1
of 280 is _______ 280 ÷ 2 = _______
2

5. Find half of these numbers.

1 1 1 1
a. of 80 = _____ b. of 24,000 = ________ c. of 660 = _____ d. of 4,200 = _______
2 2 2 2

Fill in the numbers in the bar models.

6. Dad used half of his paycheck to pay the rent, electricity,
and water. After that he had $806 left.
How much was his paycheck?

7. A fisherman sold half of his 800-kg catch to one store,

and then another 350 kg to another store.
How many kilograms of fish does he have left now?

8. Estimate. Round the dividend (the first number) so that you can easily divide mentally.

a. 352 ÷ 5 b. 198 ÷ 4 c. 403 ÷ 8

≈ ______ ÷ 5 = ______ ≈ ______ ÷ 4 = ______ ≈ ______ ÷ 8 = ______

9. Estimate. This time round both the dividend and the divisor to the nearest ten.

a. 802 ÷ 21 b. 356 ÷ 61 c. 596 ÷ 32

≈ ______ ÷ _____ = ____ ≈ ______ ÷ _____ = ____ ≈ ______ ÷ _____ = ____

10. Find what number the unknown stands for.

a. y × 8 = 64,000 b. s ÷ 6 = 700 c. 2,400 ÷ w = 80

y = _________ s = _________ w = _________

11. Estimate each division result by rounding either the dividend or the divisor.

a. 80 ÷ 21 ≈ b. 46 ÷ 5 ≈

120 ÷ 59 ≈ 16,235 ÷ 400 ≈

2,000 ÷ 512 ≈ 297 ÷ 30 ≈

14
 Finding Fractional Parts with Division

These 8 hearts are divided into four equal parts. Mom divided 24 brownies into 6 equal
1 parts. Each part is 1/6th of the whole. How
Each part is (one-fourth) of the whole.
4 many pieces are in each part?
We can use division: 8 ÷ 4 = 2. Each group Divide to find out: 24 ÷ 6 = 4. Four pieces.
1 1
has 2 hearts. So, of 8 hearts is 2 hearts. So, of 24 brownies is 4 brownies.
4 6

1 1 1 1
To find , , , etc. part of something, divide by 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. (respectively).
2 3 4 5

1. Write a division sentence and a fractional part sentence.

a. b. c. d.

_____ ÷ 5 = ____ _____ ÷ ___ = ____ _____ ÷ ___ = ____ _____ ÷ ___ = ____

1 1
of ____ is ____. of ____ is ____. of ____ is ____. of ____ is ____.
5 3

2. Write a fractional part sentence for each division sentence.

a. 30 ÷ 5 = _____ b. 48 ÷ 6 = _____ c. 25 ÷ 5 = _____ d. 50 ÷ 5 = _____

of 30 is ______. of ____ is ____. of ____ is ____. of ____ is ____.

3. Find a part. Also write a division sentence.

1 1 1
a. of 30 is _______. b. of 49 is _______. c. of 250 is _______.
6 7 10

30 ÷ 6 = 5 _______ ÷_____ = _____ _______ ÷_____ = _____

1 1 1
d. of 480 is _______. e. of 1,800 is _______. f. of 400 is _______.
2 9 5

_______ ÷_____ = _____ _______ ÷_____ = _____ _______ ÷_____ = _____

15
 1
Divide these ten 1/5 of 10 fish is 2 fish. of 10 is 2.
5
fish into 5 groups. 2
2/5 of 10 fish is TWICE as much, or 4 fish. of 10 is 4.
5
3
3/5 of 10 fish is THREE TIMES as much, or 6 fish. of 10 is 6.
5
4
What about 4/5 of 10? Can you tell? of 10 is _____.
5

4. Fill in the blanks.

c.
1
a. b. of _____ fish is ____ fish.
5
1 2
1 of 12 flowers is _____. of _____ fish is ____ fish.
of 9 apples is _____ apples. 4 5
3
2 3
2 of 12 flowers is _____. of _____ fish is ____ fish.
of 9 apples is _____ apples. 4 5
3
3 4
3 of 12 flowers is _____. of _____ fish is ____ fish.
of 9 apples is _____ apples. 4 5
3
4 5
of 12 flowers is _____. of _____ fish is ____ fish.
4 5

5. Calculate.

1 1 1
a. of 20 is _______. b. of 32 is _______. c. of 500 is __________.
5 8 10

2 3 3
of 20 is _______. of 32 is _______. of 500 is __________.
5 8 10

3 5 7
of 20 is _______. of 32 is _______. of 500 is __________.
5 8 10

1 1 1
d. of 420 is __________. e. of 600 is __________. f. of 700 is __________.
6 20 100

2 7 9
of 420 is __________. of 600 is __________. of 700 is __________.
6 20 100

5 11 50
of 420 is __________. of 600 is __________. of 700 is __________.
6 20 100

16
6. Fill in.

a. Marsha got $18 from her mom. She put $6 into savings, which was one-__________ part of it.

Division sentence: _______ ÷_____ = _____

b. Mariana spent one-fourth of her $80 savings, or $________.

Division sentence: _______ ÷_____ = _____

c. One-fifth (which was 5 boys) of all the boys went jogging. So, in total there were _____ boys.

Division sentence: _______ ÷_____ = _____

7. An 8-lb bag of potatoes costs $3.20.

a. One pound is one-___________________ part of the bag. How much does it cost?

b. How much does 5/8 of the bag cost?

8. A shepherd's pie is divided into 10 pieces of equal size. The whole pie weighs 1,200 g.

a. What does 1/10 of the pie weigh?

b. What does 9/10 of the pie weigh?

9. Four backpacks cost $28. How much would three backpacks cost?

10. A new fan for the clubhouse cost $24.40. Mark paid half of it, Judy paid 1/4 of it,
and Art and Grace each paid 1/8 of it. Find how much each child paid.

Mark: ______________ Judy: ______________

Art: ______________ Grace: ______________

11. Erica and James each had 28 balloons to sell.

By the evening, Erica had sold 1/2 of her balloons.
James had sold 3/4 of his.
How many balloons had they sold in total?

If one balloon costs $1.20, how much money did they take in?

17
 Order of Operations and Division
1. Do operations within ( ) first.
2. Then multiply and divide, from left to right.
3. Then add and subtract, from left to right.

1. Solve. When there are many multiplications and divisions, do them from left to right.

a. 18 ÷ 2 ÷ 3 b. 160 ÷ 4 × 20 ÷ 8
24 ÷ 3 × 2 ÷ 4
\ /
=8 × 2÷4
\ / c. 60 × 20 ÷ 10 d. 5 × 80 ÷ 4 × 20
= 16 ÷ 4 = 4

2. Solve. Do multiplications and divisions first.

a. 12 × 5 + 6 ÷ 3 b. 16 × 2 + 15 × 8
36 ÷ 3 + 20 ÷ 4
\ / \ /
= 12 + 5
c. 80 × 30 − 4,000 ÷ 10 d. 400 ÷ 50 + 400 ÷ 40
= 17

3. Solve what is within parenthesis first.

a. (100 − 1) ÷ (5 + 6) b. (19 + 17 + 15) ÷ 3

(36 + 4) ÷ (5 + 5)
\ / \ /
= 40 ÷ 10
c. 2 × (700 ÷ 7) d. 150 ÷ (13 + 7 + 10)
=4

4. Solve. Compare.

a. b. c.

24 ÷ 2 + 10 = _______ 18 + 30 ÷ 2 = _______ 40 − 40 ÷ 8 = _______

24 ÷ (2 + 10) = _______ (18 + 30) ÷ 2 = _______ (40 − 40) ÷ 8 = _______

18
5. Write a single number sentence and find the final answer.

a. First find the sum of 20 and 15.

Then divide that by 5.

b. First find the quotient of 50 and 5.

Then subtract that result from 20.

c. Find the product of 20 and 30.

Then subtract 100 from it.

6. Which calculation solves the problem below?

21 + 17 ÷ 2 2 × (21 + 17)
Sharon had 21 toy figures and Joe had 17. They put
their toy figures together and shared them equally. 2 ÷ (21 + 17) (21 + 17) ÷ 2
How many figures did each child get?

7. Which calculation solves the problem below? 3×6×6 6 ÷ (4 + 6)

Sandra and her three friends shared the cost 6×6÷4 6×6÷3
of buying six tickets to the zoo at $6 apiece.
How much was each person's share? 3×6÷4 (6 + 6) ÷ 4

8. Here are some interesting-looking calculations. Solve.

a. 5 × 10 ÷ 10 = _______ b. 60 ÷ 2 × 2 = _______ c. 20 ÷ 20 × 20 = _______

7 × 9 ÷ 9 = _______ 120 ÷ 40 × 40 = _______ 20 × 20 ÷ 20 = _______

d. (10 × 10) ÷ (10 × 10) = _______ e. (10 − 10) ÷ (10 + 10) = _______

(10 ÷ 10) × (10 ÷ 10) = _______ (10 + 10) × (10 − 10) = _______

9. Use the four operations, number 5, and the parentheses to make the number sentences true.

a. 5 5 5=5 b. 5 5 5=0 c. 5 5 5=2

d. 5 5 5 5 = 100 e. 5 5 5 5 = 25

Can you make 11 number sentences whose answers are the whole numbers from 0 to 10,
just by using the number 5, the four operation symbols, and the parentheses? Try it!

19
 The Remainder, Part 1
Sometimes we can’t divide objects into groups evenly and some of the objects are left over.
Those “leftovers” are the remainder. We mark the remainder in division with the letter R.

Here you see 14 berries divided into 3 groups as evenly as possible.

We can write the division 14 ÷ 3 = 4 R2 . The divisor (3) tells us how many
groups we made. The answer (4) tells us how many berries are in each group.
The remainder is 2 berries.

1. Divide the objects into as many groups as indicated. Write a division. There will be a remainder.

a. Divide into three groups. b. Divide into five groups. c. Divide into four groups.

_____ ÷ 3 = ____ R __ _____ ÷ ____ = ____ R __ _____ ÷ ____ = ____ R __

2. Write a division with a remainder to match the picture. The number of groups gives you the divisor.

a. b. c.

_____ ÷ 3 = ____ R ___ _____ ÷ 2 = ____ R ___ _____ ÷ ____ = ___ R ___

d. e. f.

_____ ÷ ____ = ___ R ___ _____ ÷ ____ = ___ R ___ _____ ÷ ____ = ___ R ___

3. Draw a picture to match the division problem, and solve.

a. 17 ÷ 4 = _____ R ____ b. 9 ÷ 2 = _____ R ____ c. 11 ÷ 6 = _____ R ____

20
 Besides dividing objects into so many groups, we can also divide them into groups of a certain size.

These 15 berries are divided into groups of 6. How many groups do we get?

We can write the division 15 ÷ 6 = 2 R3 . This time the divisor (6) tells us
how many berries there are in each group. The answer (2) tells us how many
groups we got. Then there is also a remainder of 3 berries.

4. Divide the things into groups of a certain size. Write a division. There will be a remainder.

a. Divide into groups of 4. b. Divide into groups of 2. c. Divide into groups of 5.

_____ ÷ ____ = ____ R __ _____ ÷ ____ = ____ R __ _____ ÷ ____ = ____ R __

5. Draw a picture to match the division problem, and solve. Think of making groups of a certain size.

a. Divide 16 into groups of 5. b. Divide 17 into groups of 3. c. Divide 15 into groups of 4.

_____ ÷ ____ = ____ R __ _____ ÷ ____ = ____ R __ _____ ÷ ____ = ____ R __

Find the remainder by thinking of the DIFFERENCE.

Example. What is 35 ÷ 6?
Think how many groups of 6 there are in 35, or how many times 6 goes into 35.
You can find out with multiplication: 5 × 6 = 30; 6 × 6 = 36. So, 6 goes into 35 five times.
Now find the difference between (5 × 6) and 35, or in other words between 30 and 35.
That difference is 5, and it is the remainder. So 35 ÷ 6 = 5 R5.

6. Solve.

a. 27 ÷ 5 = ______ R ___ b. 16 ÷ 6 = ______ R ___ c. 11 ÷ 2 = ______ R ___

How many times does 5 go into 27? How many times does 6 go into 16? How many times does 2 go into 11?

d. 37 ÷ 5 = ______ R ___ e. 26 ÷ 3 = ______ R ___ f. 56 ÷ 9 = ______ R ___

g. 43 ÷ 5 = ______ R ___ h. 34 ÷ 6 = ______ R ___ i. 40 ÷ 7 = ______ R ___

21
7. Solve.

a. b. c.
23 ÷ 4 = ______ R ____ 16 ÷ 7 = ______ R ____ 21 ÷ 8 = ______ R ____

23 ÷ 5 = ______ R ____ 20 ÷ 3 = ______ R ____ 12 ÷ 9 = ______ R ____

8. Divide and find the remainder. Notice the patterns!

a. 10 ÷ 5 = 2 R 0 b. 17 ÷ 3 = ______ R ___ c. 12 ÷ 4 = ______ R ___

11 ÷ 5 = ______ R ___ 18 ÷ 3 = ______ R ___ 13 ÷ 4 = ______ R ___

12 ÷ 5 = ______ R ___ 19 ÷ 3 = ______ R ___ 14 ÷ 4 = ______ R ___

13 ÷ 5 = ______ R ___ 20 ÷ 3 = ______ R ___ 15 ÷ 4 = ______ R ___

14 ÷ 5 = ______ R ___ 21 ÷ 3 = ______ R ___ 16 ÷ 4 = ______ R ___

15 ÷ 5 = ______ R ___ 22 ÷ 3 = ______ R ___ 17 ÷ 4 = ______ R ___

9. Write a number sentence for each word problem. Indicate the remainder, if any.

a. Jim arranged 27 toy cars into rows of 5. b. The teacher put 19 children into groups of 5.
How many rows did he get? How many groups of 5 did she get? What
Were any left over? can she do with the “remainder” children?

_______ _______ = ___________ _______ _______ = ___________

c. Mom baked three dozen cookies. She ate three d. Jerry packaged 51 magazines into 8 bags.
of them, and put the rest into bags, 6 cookies Was he able to do so evenly (the same
in each bag. How many full bags did she get? number of magazines in each bag)?

_________________________________

e. Susan wants to organize 35 chairs into f. Amy put 38 photographs into a photo album.
nice even rows. Can she organize them On each page she could fit six photos.
into rows of four chairs? How many photos were on the last page?

Of five? How many pages were full?

Of six?

Of seven?

22
 The Remainder, Part 2
Division can also be written This is 5 This is 21 ÷ 3.
this way. The answer goes 45 ÷ 9 = 5. Write the answer
on top of the line. 9)4 5 in the right place. 3)2 1

1. Divide.

a. 8)2 4 b. 5)4 5 c. 7)4 9 d. 8)7 2

7
7
5) 3 6
You can also find the 5)3 6
remainder by subtracting. −3 5
Remember, it is the 1
difference—the 'leftovers'. How many times does Now multiply 7 × 5 = 35.
5 go into 36? Write the Write 35 under 36. Subtract.
answer on top of the line. You get 1. It is the remainder.

2. Divide and find the remainder by subtracting!

a. 6 b. c. d.
5) 3 2 5) 4 4 6)3 7 7)2 9
−3 0 −4 0

e. f. g. h.
8)4 6 9)5 2 4)3 5 9)5 7

To check your answer to a division problem with a remainder, multiply your answer
by the divisor, then add the remainder. You should get the number you were dividing.
Example. Is the division 67 ÷ 8 = 8 R5 correct? Check: 8 × 8 + 5 = 69. No, it is not.

3. Check your answers to the divisions in problem #2.

23
 Jane packaged 27 cookies into small containers. Four cookies fit into one container.
How many containers did she need?

You can divide 27 ÷ 4 = 6 R3 . Is the answer 6 containers, and 3 cookies left outside?
If she puts the 3 cookies into a container too, she will actually need 7 containers!
If she decides to eat or give away the 3 “remainder” cookies, then she only needs 6 containers.

4. Jill put 33 cookies into containers. Six cookies fit into each container.
How many containers did she need?

How many full containers did she get?

5. A hundred school children traveled to a pool in buses. Each bus could hold 42 children.
How many buses were needed?

6. The gym leader divided 20 players into three teams, as evenly as possible.
How many were in each team?

7. Jessica printed 73 pages of worksheets and put them into folders.

Each folder could fit 20 pages. How many folders did she need?

How many folders were full?

8. Twenty-three children participated in a race. Their team leader gave each of

them three stickers, and after that, he had 15 stickers left. How many stickers
did the team leader have originally?

9. The teacher had 36 pencils. She divided them evenly among 11 students
and put the rest of the pencils back in the cabinet. How many pencils were put in the cabinet?

24
 13 ÷ 3 = 4 R1 14 ÷ 3 = 4 R2 15 ÷ 3 = 5 R0
13 divided into groups Add one more marble. Add one more. Now, instead
of 3 makes 4 groups. It is part of the leftovers. of three “leftover” marbles, we
One is left over. can make one more group of 3!

10. Draw one more marble to each picture. Then check if you can make one more group or not.
Then write a division sentence

a. b. c.

____ ÷ ____ = ____ R___ ____ ÷ ____ = ____ R___ ____ ÷ ____ = ____ R___

11. Solve, and find a pattern.

a. 21 ÷ 5 = _____ R ____ b. 56 ÷ 8 = _____ R ____ c. 43 ÷ 7 = _____ R ____

22 ÷ 5 = _____ R ____ 57 ÷ 8 = _____ R ____ 44 ÷ 7 = _____ R ____

23 ÷ 5 = _____ R ____ 58 ÷ 8 = _____ R ____ 45 ÷ 7 = _____ R ____

24 ÷ 5 = _____ R ____ 59 ÷ 8 = _____ R ____ 46 ÷ 7 = _____ R ____

12. Divide by 10. Indicate the remainder. Can you figure out a shortcut?

a. 29 ÷ 10 = _____ R ____ b. 78 ÷ 10 = _____ R ____ c. 54 ÷ 10 = _____ R ____

30 ÷ 10 = _____ R ____ 79 ÷ 10 = _____ R ____ 55 ÷ 10 = _____ R ____

31 ÷ 10 = _____ R ____ 80 ÷ 10 = _____ R ____ 56 ÷ 10 = _____ R ____

The number sentence that checks the division is given.

Write the corresponding division sentence.

a. 5 × 3 + 1 = 16 b. 7 × 4 + 3 = 31 c. 4 × 30 + 3 = 123

______ ÷ ____ = _____ ______ ÷ _____ = _____ _______ ÷ ______ = ______

25
 Long Division 1
Divide hundreds, tens, and ones separately.

Write the dividend inside the long division “corner”, and the quotient on top.

64 ÷ 2 = ? 282 ÷ 2 = ?
Divide tens and ones separately: 2 hundreds ÷ 2 = 1 hundred (h)
6 tens ÷ 2 = 3 tens (t) 8 tens ÷ 2 = 4 tens (t)
4 ones ÷ 2 = 2 ones (o) 2 ÷ 2 = 1 (o)

t o h t o
3 2 1 4 1
2)6 4 2)2 8 2

1. Make groups. Divide. Write the dividend inside the “corner” if it is missing.

a. Make 2 groups b. Make 3 groups c. Make 3 groups d. Make 4 groups

2)6 2 3) 3) 4)

2. Divide thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones separately.

a. 4)8 4 b. 3)3 9 3 c. 3)6 6 0 d. 4)8 0 4 0

e. 3)6 6 f. 6)6 0 3 6 g. 3)3 3 0 h. 4)4 8 0 4

26
 h t o h t o th h t o th h t o
0 0 6 2 0 0 7 0 1
4)2 4 8 4)2 4 8 5)3 5 0 5 5)3 5 0 5
4 does not go into 2. You can put zero in 5 does not go into 3. You can put zero in
the quotient in the hundreds place or omit it. the quotient. 5 does go into 35, seven
4 does go into 24, six times. Put 6 in the quotient. times.

Explanation: Explanation:
The 2 of 248 is of course 200 in reality. If you divided 3,000 ÷ 5 will not give any whole
200 by 4, the result would be less than 100, so that thousands to the quotient because the
is why the quotient will not have any whole hundreds. answer is less than 1,000.
Then you combine the 2 hundreds with the 4 tens. But 3 thousands and 5 hundreds make
That makes 24 tens, and you CAN divide 24 tens 35 hundreds together. You can divide
by 4. The result, 6 tens goes as part of the quotient. 3,500 ÷ 5 = 700, and place 7 as part of
the quotient in the hundreds place.
Check the final answer: 4 × 62 = 248.
Check the final answer: 5 × 701 = 3,505.

If the divisor does not “go into” the first digit of the dividend,
look at the first two digits of the dividend.

3. Divide. Check your answer by multiplying the quotient and the divisor.

a. 3)1 2 3 b. 4)2 8 4

c. 6)3 6 0 d. 8)2 4 8

e. 2)1 8 4 f. 7)4 2 7

0 6
g. h. 4)2 4 0 4
3)1 8 3 3

i. 7)4 9 7 0 j. 5)4 5 0 5

27
 Ones division is not even. There is a remainder.

h t o h t o
1 3 1 3 1 R2
3)3 9 5 3)3 9 5
3 goes into 3 one time. 3 goes into 5 one time, but not evenly.
395 ÷ 3 = 131 R2
3 goes into 9 three times. Write the remainder 2 after the quotient.

h t o th h t o
0 4 1 R1 0 4 0 0 R7
4)1 6 5 8)3 2 0 7
4 does not go into 1 (hundred). So combine 8 does not go into 3 of the thousands. So combine
the 1 hundred with the 6 tens (160). the 3 thousands with the 2 hundreds (3,200).

4 goes into 16 four times. 8 goes into 32 four times (3,200 ÷ 8 = 400)
8 goes into 0 zero times (tens).
4 goes into 5 once, leaving a remainder of 1.
8 goes into 7 zero times, and leaves a remainder of 7.

4. Divide into groups. Find the remainder.

a. 2)6 3 b. 2) c. 3) d. 2)

5. Divide. Indicate the remainder if any.

a. 4)8 4 7 b. 2)6 9 c. 3)3 6 7 d. 4)8 9

e. 2)1 2 1 f. 6)1 8 0 5 g. 7)2 1 5 h. 8)2 4 8 2

28
In the problems before, you just wrote down the remainder of the ones. Usually, we write down the
subtraction that actually finds the remainder. Look carefully:

h t o th h t o
0 6 1 0 4 0 2
4)2 4 7 4)1 6 0 9
−4 −8
3 1
When dividing the ones, 4 goes into 7 one time. When dividing the ones, 4 goes into 9 two times.
Multiply 1 × 4 = 4, write that four under the 7, Multiply 2 × 4 = 8, write that eight under the 9,
and subtract. This finds us the remainder of 3. and subtract. This finds us the remainder of 1.

Check: 4 × 61 + 3 = 247 Check: 4 × 402 + 1 = 1,609

6. Practice some more. Subtract to find the remainder in the ones. Check your answer by multiplying
the divisor times the quotient, and then adding the remainder. You should get the dividend.

a. 3)1 2 8 b. 3)9 5

c. 6)4 2 6 7 d. 4)2 8 4 5

e. 5)5 5 0 7 f. 2)8 0 6 3

7. Divide these numbers mentally. Remember, you can always check by multiplying!

a. 440 ÷ 4 = b. 3600 ÷ 400 = c. 824 ÷ 2 =

820 ÷ 2 = 369 ÷ 3 = 560 ÷ 90 =

29
 Long Division 2
Long division is a process of dividing a number in parts, starting from the biggest place value unit. For
example, in a three-digit number, we divide the hundreds first, then the tens, then the ones. At each
step, if we have a remainder, we combine that with the next unit we are getting ready to divide.

Example 1. Divide 78 by 3.
First we divide the 7 tens by 3. That gives 2 tens for the quotient, and 1 ten left over that
we couldn't divide. The 1 leftover ten is combined with the 8 ones. That is 18. Next,
divide 18 by 3. That is 6 and there is no remainder. So, the division is over. The quotient
is 2 tens and 6, or 26. Check: 3 × 26 = 78.

If you understood the above example, you will probably have no problems understanding the long
division process as it is usually written out in the long division “corner”. If not, don't worry just yet.
In long division, there are three processes going on in each step: 1) divide, 2) multiply and subtract to
find the remainder, 3) combine the remainder with the next digit from the dividend.

1. Divide. 2. Multiply and subtract. 3. Drop down the next digit.

t o t o
2 2
2 )5 8 2)5 8 Next, drop down the 8 of the
ones next to the leftover 1 ten.
-4 You combine the remainder
1 ten with 8 ones, and get 18.
Two goes into 5 two times, or To find it, multiply 2 × 2 = 4,
5 tens ÷ 2 = 2 whole tens - but write the 4 under the five, and
there is a remainder! subtract to find the remainder
of 1 ten.

1. Divide. 2. Multiply and subtract. 3. Drop down the next digit.

t o t o t o
2 9 2 9 2 9
2)5 8 2)5 8 2)5 8
-4 -4 -4
1 8 1 8 1 8
-1 8 -1 8
0 0
Divide 2 into 18. Multiply 9 × 2 = 18, write that The division is over since there
Place 9 into the quotient. 18 under the 18, and subtract. are no more digits in the
dividend. The quotient is 29.

30
 1. Divide. 2. Multiply and subtract. 3. Drop down the next digit.

t o t o t o
2 2 2 8
3 )8 4 3)8 4 3)8 4
-6 -4↓
2 2 4
Three goes into 8 two times, or To find it, multiply 2 × 3 = 6, Next, drop down the 4 of the
8 tens ÷ 3 = 2 whole tens - but write that 6 under the eight, ones next to the leftover 2 tens.
there is a remainder! and subtract to find the You combine the remainder
remainder of 2 tens. tens with 4 ones, and get 24.

1. Divide. 2. Multiply and subtract. 3. Drop down the next digit.

t o t o t o
2 8 2 8 2 8
3)8 4 3)8 4 3)8 4
-6 -6 -6
2 4 2 4 2 4
-2 4 -2 4
0 0
Divide 3 into 24. Multiply 8 × 3 = 24, write that The division is over since there
Place 8 in the quotient. 24 under the 24, and subtract. are no more digits in the
dividend. The quotient is 28.

1. Divide.

a. b. c. d.

e. f. g. h.

31
 There are not enough hundreds, so look at two digits in the dividend.
You can place a zero in the quotient, or omit it.

h t o h t o h t o
0 5 4 0 6 5 0 3 8
4) 2 1 6 5) 3 2 5 7) 2 6 6
-2 0 -3 0 -2 1
1 6 2 5 5 6
-1 6 -2 5 -5 6
0 0 0

2. Divide. Check each answer by multiplying.

a. b.

c. d.

e. 3)2 5 2 f. 7)4 0 6

32
 Long Division 3
In this lesson we will divide three-digit numbers.

1. Divide. 2. Multiply and subtract. 3. Drop down the next digit.

h t o h t o h t o
1 1 1
2 )2 7 8 2)2 7 8 2)2 7 8
-2 -2↓
0 0 7
Two goes into 2 one time, or Multiply 1 × 2 = 2, write that Next, drop down the 7 of the
2 hundreds ÷ 2 = 1 hundred. 2 under the two, and subtract tens next to the zero.
to find the remainder of zero.

1. Divide. 2. Multiply and subtract. 3. Drop down the next digit.

h t o h t o h t o
1 3 1 3 1 3
2)2 7 8 2)2 7 8 2)2 7 8
-2 -2 -2
0 7 0 7 0 7
- 6 - 6
1 1 8
Divide 2 into 7. Multiply 3 × 2 = 6, write the Next, drop down the 8 of the
Place 3 into the quotient. 6 under the 7, and subtract to ones next to the 1 leftover ten.
find the remainder of 1 ten.

1. Divide. 2. Multiply and subtract. 3. Drop down the next digit.

h t o h t o h t o
1 3 9 1 3 9 1 3 9
2)2 7 8 2)2 7 8 2)2 7 8
-2 -2 -2
0 7 0 7 0 7
- 6 - 6 - 6
1 8 1 8 1 8
-1 8 -1 8
0 0
Divide 2 into 18.
Place 9 into the quotient. Multiply 9 × 2 = 18, write that There are no more digits to
18 under the 18, and subtract drop down. The quotient is
to find the remainder of zero. 139.

33
Can you follow these examples without the explanations?

Dividing the Dividing Dividing Dividing the Dividing Dividing

8 hundreds. the 25 tens. the 12 ones. 7 hundreds. the 17 tens. the 21 ones.

1 1 4 1 4 2 2 2 5 2 5 7
6)8 5 2 6)8 5 2 6)8 5 2 3)7 7 1 3)7 7 1 3)7 7 1
-6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
2 2 5 2 5 1 1 7 1 7
-2 4 -2 4 -1 5 -1 5
1 1 2 2 2 1
-1 2 -2 1
0 0

1. Divide. Check each division with multiplication. The gridlines will help you keep your hundreds,
tens, and ones lined up.

a. Check: b. Check:

c. Check: d. Check:

34
e. Check: f. Check:

g. Check: h. Check:

i. Check: j. Check:

k. Check: l. Check:

35
2. If you need more practice, do these problems as well, using the grids.
Check each one by multiplying.

a. 567 ÷ 3 Check: b. 664 ÷ 4 Check:

c. 994 ÷ 7 Check: d. 585 ÷ 5 Check:

e. 912 ÷ 6 Check: f. 936 ÷ 8 Check:

36
 Long Division with 4-Digit Numbers
th h t o th h t o th h t o th h t o Check:
2 2 8 2 8 5 2 8 5 9
2)5 7 1 8 2)5 7 1 8 2)5 7 1 8 2)5 7 1 8 2 8 5 9
-4 -4 -4 -4 × 2
1 1 7 1 7 1 7
-1 6 -1 6 -1 6
1 1 1 1 1
-1 0 -1 0
Long division with 4-digit numbers 1 1 8
works the same way as with -1 8
smaller numbers! 0

1. Divide. Check each division result with multiplication.

a. Check: b. Check:

c. Check: d. Check:

37
2. Divide. Use the grids below. Check each one by multiplication.

a. 5802 ÷ 3 Check: b. 1653 ÷ 3 Check:

c. 9380 ÷ 7 Check: d. 8304 ÷ 8 Check:

e. 7902 ÷ 6 Check: f. 6080 ÷ 5 Check:

38
 There are not enough 0 4 0 4 3 0 4 3 6
thousands. So, when you 7 )3 0 5 2 7 )3 0 5 2 7 )3 0 5 2
start, look at the first two
digits of the dividend, -2 8 -2 8 -2 8
and divide the divisor 2 5 2 5 2 5
into those. -2 1 -2 1
4 2 4 2
-4 2
7 does not go into 3, 0
so look at the first two 7 goes into 25 three
digits (“30”). 7 goes times. 4 tens is 7 goes into
into 30 four times. the remainder. 42 six times.

3. Divide. You may need to look at the first two digits of the dividend. Check your answers.

a. Check: b. Check:

c. Check: d. Check:

e. Check: f. Check:

39
4. Two neighbors bought nine trees for $16 each,
and shared the cost equally.
How much did each person pay?

5. A DVD contains a total of 1,092 minutes of show

episodes. Each episode is 52 minutes long. The
Mayors want to watch them all in a week.
They decided to watch the same amount each day.
How many episodes will they watch each day?
How many minutes will they watch each day?
Express this also as whole hours and minutes.

6. A path through the woods is 2,600 feet long and it is

divided into eight parts of equal length. Clues for a
treasure hunt are placed at those points. The children
get their first clue at the beginning of the path. At
what distance from the start is the second clue?

What is the distance to the third clue?

7. Cindy bought 8 bags of balloons for her daughter's

birthday party, because they were on sale. Each bag
had 25 balloons. She took 96 balloons out to give
six balloons to each child.

How many children were going to be at the party?

How many balloons does Cindy have left?

40
 More Long Division
2 4 2 4 0 2 4 0 5
4 )9 6 2 0 4 )9 6 2 0 4 )9 6 2 0
-8 -8 -8
1 6 1 6 1 6
Study the example -1 6 -1 6
carefully. We need 0 2 0 2 0
to place a zero -2 0
in the quotient. 0
At this point, the Now, 4 does not go into 02,
division is even. so place a zero in the quotient. Dropping another digit
Continue normally, You can either continue as from the dividend, we
multiplying usual, OR drop ANOTHER get 020. 4 goes into
4 × 4 = 16. digit from the dividend. 20 five times.

1. Let's practice! There will be a zero in the quotient. Multiply to check.

a. Check: b. Check:

c. Check: d. Check:

2. For more practice, do these in a notebook or blank paper. Use grid paper if possible.

a. 8,115 ÷ 3 b. 6,540 ÷ 5 c. 9,163 ÷ 7 d. 6,378 ÷ 6

41
 Short, even division. th h t o th h t o th h t o
2,156 ÷ 7 is easy to do mentally: 0 3 0 3 0 0 3 0 8
2,100 ÷ 7 is 300, and 56 ÷ 7 is 8. 7)2 1 5 6 7)2 1 5 6 7)2 1 5 6
So the answer is 308.
...so look at the
If we use the division corner, we 7 goes into 21 7 goes into 5 two digits (56).
get a really “short” division. That three times. zero times... 7 goes into 56
is because the division is even eight times.
from the start. So, simply move on
to the next digit in the dividend. You
do not have to multiply and subtract.

3. Divide.

a. b. c.

d. e. f.

4. Mary divided her 285 buttons evenly

into the five compartments. Find
out how many buttons are
a. in one compartment

b. in three compartments

c. in four compartments.

5. A gallon of ice cream costs $12.96. You and your

brother each pay for 1/8 of the cost, and Mom will
pay the rest.

a. Find each person's share of the cost.

You: _____________ Your brother: _____________

Mom: _____________

b. Find each person's share of the ice cream in cups.

(Hint: 1 gallon is four quarts, and a quart is four cups.)

You: _____________ Your brother: _____________

Mom: _____________

42
(This page is optional.) a. Check:

6. Here you can try your division

skills with a 5-digit dividend.
The process is the same, just longer,
since the dividend has more digits.

Lastly, check with multiplication,

as always.

b. Check: c. Check:

d. Check: e. Check:

43
 Remainder Problems
When using long division, the division is not always exact.

At this point there are no more 1 7 To check: 4

digits to drop down from the 1 7
dividend. The last subtraction
7 )1 2 5 Multiply the answer (17)
× 7
-7 by the divisor (7), and then
yields 6, which is the remainder.
add the remainder (6). 1 1 9
So 125 ÷ 7 = 17, R6. 5 5
-4 9 You get the original + 6
Note that the remainder 6 is
dividend (125).
LESS THAN 7, the divisor. 6 1 2 5

1. Divide. Check each result in the empty space by multiplication and addition.

a. 514 ÷ 3 Check: b. 673 ÷ 8 Check:

c. 1,905 ÷ 6 Check: d. 8,205 ÷ 4 Check:

44
2. Find the divisions that are incorrect. Redo the ones that are wrong below.

a. 77 b. 353 c. 351
6)463 7)2473 9)4059
-42 -21 -36
49 37 45
-42 -35 -45
7 23 09
-21
2

d. How can you spot the error in (a) just by looking at the remainder 463 ÷ 6 = 77 R 7 ?

3. Write a division sentence for each problem, and solve it. Lastly, explain what the answer means.

a. Arrange 112 chairs into rows of 9. b. Arrange 800 erasers into piles of 3.

_________________________________ _________________________________

We get _______ rows, _______ chairs in each We get _______ piles, _______ erasers in each
row, and __________________________ pile, and __________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________

45
 Imagine you are trying to pack some things evenly into some “containers”,
and they do not go evenly. The last container will not be full!
Often students make mistakes with such problems. Read the question carefully.
Sometimes you DO need to count the container that is not full, sometimes not.

146 people were transported in vans that each You pack 1,250 blank CDs into boxes of
carry 9 passengers. How many vans were 200 each. How many full boxes will you get?
needed?
6 × 200 = 1,200; so 1,250 ÷ 200 = 6 R50.
The division is 146 ÷ 9 = 16 R2, so 16 vans
will be full and one van will have 2 passengers. 6 boxes will be full
(and 50 CDs are left over, not packed).
But the answer is, they needed 17 vans.

Solve the problems. Sometimes you can use multiplication instead of division.
4. A company bags 2,000 lb of potatoes into 12-lb bags.
The division is: 2,000 ÷ 12 = 166 R8.
How many full bags will they get?

5. If you can fit 50 people into one bus, how many

buses would you need to transport 940 people?

6. Mr. Eriksson can have 75 days of vacation each year.

He wants to divide those days into 4 vacations.
How long should he make his vacations?
Make them as close to the same length as possible.

7. A farm packs 400 kg of strawberries so that they make

ninety 2 kg boxes, forty 4 kg boxes, and the rest is packed
into 6 kg boxes. How many full 6 kg boxes will they get?

8. Can you pack 412 tennis balls into containers evenly

so that each container has

a. 4 balls?

b. 5 balls?

c. 6 balls?

46
9. Mr. Sandback wants to paint 740 blocks with 6 different
colors—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple—in
nearly equal amounts. How many should be colored with
each color?

10. Do one problem from each box by long division. Can

you then figure out the answers to the other two in each
box, without actually dividing?

a. 211 ÷ 3 = b. 1,206 ÷ 7 =

212 ÷ 3 = 1,207 ÷ 7 =

213 ÷ 3 = 1,208 ÷ 7 =

c. 411 ÷ 5 = d. 7,185 ÷ 9 =

412 ÷ 5 = 7,186 ÷ 9 =

413 ÷ 5 = 7,187 ÷ 9 =

11. A challenge: if 231 ÷ 6 = 38 R3, then figure out

what 232 ÷ 6 is.

12. Divide these numbers by 10 and indicate the remainder. There is a shortcut!

a. 787 ÷ 10 = b. 452 ÷ 10 = c. 463 ÷ 10 =

66 ÷ 10 = 509 ÷ 10 = 982 ÷ 10 =

340 ÷ 10 = 52 ÷ 10 = 925 ÷ 10 =

What is wrong with the division result 31 ÷ 6 = 4 R7?

After all, 4 × 6 + 7 = 31, so it seems to check fine. Explain.

47
 Long Division with Money
Long division with money amounts is done the same way as with whole numbers.
We just place a decimal point in the quotient in the same place as where it is in the dividend.
Complete the divisions below, and check them with multiplication.
After completing the problems 1 a and 1 b, check with your teacher whether you can continue.

1. Divide and check with multiplication.

a. $25.41 ÷ 3 Check: b. $14.88 ÷ 4 Check:

2. Solve the problems.

a. Amy, Sally, and Joe shared equally a salary b. If a gallon of milk costs $4.56,
of $85.50. How much did each one get? what would one quart cost?

48
 Example. A pizza costs $25.55. If four people 6.3 8
share the cost evenly, how much does each
person have to pay?
4 ) 2 5.5 5
-2 4
The division result is $25.55 ÷ 4 = $6.38 R3¢. 0 1 5
The division is not even. -1 2
Each person's share is $6.38. There is an extra 3 5
3¢, so in reality each of three people would -3 2
pay $6.39 and one person would pay $6.38. 3

3. Margie and Annie bought a handbag for $25.56, a mirror

for $3.55, and a brush for $2.75. They shared the cost
equally. How much did each girl pay?

4. Three people shared the cost of movie tickets that

cost $25.95 and some popcorn for $4.35. How much
was each person's share?

5. A store was selling socks at only 1/4 of the

normal price of $3.52. Margie bought three pairs.
What was the total cost?

6. Joe bought a camera for $358.60. His dad paid

$100 of it for him, and the rest of the payment was
divided into four equal monthly payments. How much
was each payment?

49
 Long Division Crossword Puzzle
1. Divide. Place each answer in the cross-number puzzle. a.
Use your notebook or the grid below.
b. b. e.
Across: Down:
a.
a. 3,440 ÷ 8 a. 1,072 ÷ 8
c.
b. 574 ÷ 7 b. 6,135 ÷ 3

c. 234 ÷ 9 c. 145 ÷ 5 d. d.

d. 1,707 ÷ 3 d. 2,652 ÷ 4 f.

e. 4,756 ÷ 2 e. 1,442 ÷ 7 e.

f. 3,474 ÷ 9

50
 Average
The Millers went on a trip. The first day, they drove 110 miles, the second day, 142 miles, the third
day, 126 miles, and the last day, 82 miles. The Millers drove a total of 460 miles.
In the diagram, we have put those distances as
sticks one after another, though of course in reality
they did not drive just straight stretches of roads.
IF they had driven 115 miles each day, it would
have totaled the same 460 miles.
On average, the Millers drove 115 miles a day, or their average daily mileage was 115 miles.

What is the average of 20, 32, 27, 37, and 24?

First find the total by adding. Then, divide that into equal parts.

20 + 32 + 27 + 37 + 24 = 140. 140 ÷ 5 = 28. So, the average of 20, 32, 27, 37, and 24 is 28.
If these numbers were the ages of club members, we would say the average age of the members is
28 years. However, they could also be distances, weights, volumes, or just plain numbers.

1. Judith's test scores were 78, 87, 69, and 86.

Find her average score.

2. John measured the temperature five times during a day.

These are the results that he recorded:
18°C, 22°C, 26°C, 23°C, and 16°C.
Find the average temperature for the day.

3. Dad drove a 414 km stretch in six hours.

How many kilometers did he drive,
on the average, in one hour?

51
 You can also use the average “backwards.”

During a 20-hour drive from Denver to Dallas, Dad's average speed was 40
miles per hour. How far is Denver from Dallas?
You can multiply to find the answer: 20 hours × 40 miles/hour = 800 miles.
Note that in reality, he did not drive with a totally even speed all of the time because he had to stop at
crossings, slow down on curves, stop for a snack and so on. We do not know how his speed varied on the
trip. All we are given is that his average speed was 40 miles per hour. (Of course the average speed was
calculated by dividing the length of the trip by the total number of hours the trip took.)

4. The average weight of an egg is 55 grams. How much

would a dozen eggs weigh?

5. For her hospital stay, Mom was charged an average of

$76 daily. What was the total cost of her one-week stay?

6. Mom's weekly grocery bills in June were $234, $178,

$250, and $198. What was her average weekly
grocery bill?

7. The children ran a race. These are the resulting times:

Ann 12 min Michael 12 min

Judy 15 min Greg 10 min
Rose 14 min James 11 min
Elizabeth 19 min Caleb 15 min
Grace 12 min Hans 17 min
Nancy 18 min

Find the girls' average running time and the boys' average
running time separately.

Girls' average: ______________

Boys' average: ______________

Are boys or girls quicker on average?

What is the difference of the two averages?

52
8. Here are the science quiz scores for ten fourth-graders: 24 20 24 16 28 30 14 22 23 19
a. Make a frequency table and a bar graph.

Quiz score Frequency

13..15
16..18
19..21
22..24
25..27
28..30

b. Calculate the average score.

c. Both the bar graph and the average tell us what

the “middle” or “typical” result in the test was.
Explain how you can guess what the average is
approximately, just using the graph.

9. Here are the ages of the members of a bird watching club:

18 28 25 33 29 17 44 37 30
a. Calculate the average age.

b. The club gained a new member, 79-year old Jim.

What is the average age now?

If 213 ÷ 17 = 12 R9,
what is 213 ÷ 12?

53
 Problems with Fractional Parts
1. A loaf of bread weighs 400 g. It is cut into 20 slices.

a. How much does one slice weigh?

b. How much do three slices weigh?

c. How much do 11 slices weigh?

2. A pie weighs 450 g. It is cut into six equal-size pieces.

a. How much does 2/6 of the pie weigh?

b. How much does 5/6 of the pie weigh?

3. If you need to calculate 5/9 of the number 729,

first divide 729 by ______,

then ____________________ the result by ______.

Now, find 5/9 of 729.

4. James bought five computer mice for $36.50.

Then he sold two of them to his friend.
How much should he charge his friend?

5. A washer costs $452 and another

washer costs 3/4 as much.
Find the price of the other washer.

54
 2
6. The plane had flown of the 12,600-mile trip
9
when the passengers were served supper.

a. How far was there yet to fly?

b. How many miles had they already flown?

3
7. Mary had $268. She spent of that to buy a bicycle.
4

a. How much did the bicycle cost?

b. How much does she have left?

8. Twenty tons of flour arrived at the port.

Three tenths of it was sent to New York.
How many tons of flour was that?

How many pounds was it?

9. Jerry worked 56 hours on a project.

Edward worked 3/4 of that amount.
James worked 1/2 as many hours as Edward.

How many hours did the men work altogether?

Write the names and the 56 hours on

the diagram. Place the question mark “?”
to show what the problem asks to find.

55
 Problems to Solve
Example 1. George has 500 coins in a jar. Some are Canadian coins,
some are U.S. coins. There are four times as many U.S. coins as
there are Canadian coins. How many U.S. coins does the jar have?

Let's draw a picture to help. If the number of Canadian coins Canadian U.S.
is one “block”, then the number of U.S. coins is four “blocks”: U.S.
U.S.
We now see that the total number of coins needs to be U.S.
divided into five equal parts: 500 ÷ 5 = 100.
There are 100 Canadian coins and 400 U.S. coins.

Example 2. Of the 30 children in the bus, 2/5 are girls. How many are boys?

Let's draw a picture to help. Divide the total 30 into five parts. G
G
1/5 of 30 is 6 because 30 ÷ 5 = 6.
B
2/5 of 30 is 12. The rest, or 3/5, are boys. 3/5 of 30 is 18.
B
There are 18 boys in the bus. B

Example 3. Of the 56 people in the club, 2/7 are children. Of those, 12 are boys.
How many are girls?

Divide the total 56 into seven parts.

1/7 of 56 is 8. Then, 2/7 of 56 is 16, and that is
how many children there are. If 12 of the 16 children
C = children
are boys, then four are girls.
A = adults

Example 4. Erica bought an handbag for $18, which was 2/3 of her money.
How much money did she have initially?

In this problem you know the part is $18 dollars,

but you don't know the total. Divide the total into
three parts. Mark the two parts that are $18.
If two parts are $18, then one part is $9, and three parts
or the total is $27. Erica had $27 to begin with.

56
Solve the problems. You can draw a picture with parts to help.

1. Sally bought some cheap coffee for $3.25 and

some specially flavored coffee which was three
times as expensive. What was the total cost?

2. A factory has three times as many female

workers as male workers. All totaled there are
1,600 workers. How many of them are female?

3. Cindy used half of her allowance to buy a book for

$14. How much money does she have left now?

4. One cold day, 1/8 of a company's workers were

sick and stayed home. 84 people showed up at work.
How many workers does the company have?

5. Mary and Jack shared 24 pieces of candy

unequally so that Mary had twice as many
pieces as Jack. How many did Mary get?

57
6. Cindy had a 15-yd ribbon, but she has already used
4/5 of it. Of the piece that remained, she cut off a
6-inch part. How long is the piece that remains now?

7. Of a flock of chickens, 3/4 are white and the rest are

speckled. The farmer sold three white chickens and
counted that there are still 15 white chickens left.
How many speckled chickens are there?

8. Which is a better buy, 1/4 off the price of a CD that

costs $12, or 1/3 off the price of a CD for $13.50?

9. Jackie bought 5 notebooks for $1.50 each. They

were discounted by one-third. How much did
Jackie have to pay?

58
 Divisibility
A number n is divisible by another number m if the division n ÷ m is exact (no remainder).
For example, 18 ÷ 3 = 6, so 18 is divisible by 3.
Also, 18 is divisible by 6, because we can write the other division 18 ÷ 6 = 3.
So, 18 is divisible by both 6 and 3. We say 6 and 3 are divisors of 18.

16
You can use long division to check if a number is divisible by another.
4) 67
For example, 67 ÷ 4 = 16 R3. There is a remainder, so 67 is not -4
divisible by 4. 27
-2 4
Also, from this we learn that neither 4 nor 16 is a divisor of 67.
3

1. Divide and determine if the number is divisible by the other number.

a. 21 ÷ 3 = ______ b. 40 ÷ 6 = ______ c. 17 ÷ 5 = ______ d. 84 ÷ 7 = ______

Is 21 divisible by 3? Is 40 divisible by 6? Is 5 a divisor of 17? Is 7 a factor of 84?

2. Answer the questions. You may need long division.

a. Is 98 divisible by 4? b. Is 603 divisible by 7? c. Is 3 a factor of 1,256?

59
 In any multiplication, the numbers that are multiplied are factor factor product
called factors and the result is called a product.
7 × 6 = 42
For example, since 6 × 7 = 42, 6 and 7 are factors of 42.
From this multiplication fact we can write two divisions: 42 ÷ 6 = 7 and 42 ÷ 7 = 6.
So, this means that 6 and 7 are also divisors of 42.

From this we can notice the following:

If a number is a factor of another number, it is also its divisor.

There is yet one more new word to learn that ties in with all of this: multiple.
We say 42 is a multiple of 6, because 42 is some number times 6 (namely 7 × 6).
Of course 42 is also a multiple of 7, because 42 is a number times 7 (namely, 6 × 7)!

3. Fill in.

We know that 8 × 9 = 72. So, 8 is a ____________________ of 72, and so is 9.

Also, 72 is a ____________________ of 8, and 72 is a ____________________ of 9.

And, 72 is ____________________ by 8 and by 9.

4. Fill in.

a. Is 5 a factor of 55? b. Is 8 a divisor of 45?

Yes, because ____ × ____ = ________. No, because ____ ÷ ____ = _____________.

c. Is 36 a multiple of 6? d. Is 34 a multiple of 7?

______, because ____ × ____ = ________. ______, because ____ ÷ ____ = ___________.

e. Is 7 a factor of 46? f. Is 63 a multiple of 9?

_____, because ________________________. _____, because _______________________.

Multiples of 6 are all those numbers we get when we multiply 6 by other numbers. For example, we
can multiply 0 × 6, 7 × 6, 11 × 6, 109 × 6, and so on. The resulting numbers are all multiples of six.
In fact, the skip-counting pattern of 6 gives us a list of multiples of 6:
0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78, 84, and so on.

5. a. Make a list of multiples of 11, starting at 0 and going at least till 154.

b. Make a list of multiples of 111, starting at 0. Make it as long as you can in this space!

60
 Divisibility by 2
Numbers that are divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
Numbers that are NOT divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.
Even numbers end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. Every second number is even.

Divisibility by 5
Numbers that end in 0 and 5 are divisible by 5.
For example, 10, 35, 720, and 3,675 are such numbers.

6. Mark an “x” if the number is divisible by 2 or by 5.

divisible divisible divisible divisible

number number number number
by 2 by 5 by 2 by 5 by 2 by 5 by 2 by 5
750 755 760 765
751 756 761 766
752 757 762 767
753 758 763 768
754 759 764 769

Divisibility by 10
Numbers that end in 0 are divisible by 10.
For example, 10, 60, 340, and 2,570 are such numbers.

7. Mark an “x” if the number is divisible by 2, by 5, or by 10.

divisible divisible divisible

number number number
by 2 by 5 by 10 by 2 by 5 by 10 by 2 by 5 by 10
860 865 870
861 866 871
862 867 872
863 868 873
864 869 874

If a number is divisible by 10, it ends in a zero, so it is ALSO divisible by ____ and ____.

61
8. a. Write a list of numbers that are divisible by 2, from 0 to 60.

_____________________________________________________________________________

This is also a list of ______________________________ of 2.

b. In the list above, underline those numbers that are divisible by 4.

What do you notice?

c. In the list above, color those numbers that are divisible by 6.

What do you notice?

d. Which numbers are divisible by both 4 and by 6?

9. a. Write a list of numbers that are divisible by 3, from 0 to 60.

_____________________________________________________________________________

This is also a list of ______________________________ of 3.

b. In the list above, underline those numbers that are divisible by 6.

What do you notice?

c. In the list above, color those numbers that are divisible by 9.

What do you notice?

10. Use the lists you made in (8) and (9). Find numbers that are divisible by both 2 and 9.

11. What number is a factor of every number?

12. Twenty is a multiple of 4. It is also a multiple of 5. It is also a multiple of four other numbers.
Which ones?

Who am I? Who am I?
(Hint: I am less than 50.) (Hint: I am less than 100.)

Divided by 9, I leave a remainder of 6. I am a multiple of 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Divided by 4, I leave a remainder of 1. I am a factor of 120.
Divided by 10, I leave a remainder of 3. Divided by 7, I leave a remainder of 4.

62
 Prime Numbers
1. Mark an X if the number is divisible by the given numbers.
divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible
number by 1 by 2 by 3 by 4 by 5 by 6 by 7 by 8 by 9 by 10
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

2. Now, find each number in this list that is only divisible by 1 and by itself. For example, 7 is one such
number: it is only divisible by 1 and by 7. Such numbers are called primes.

Prime numbers: ________________________________________________________________

63
 A number is prime if the only way to write it as a product is 1 times the number itself.

For example, 11 is prime, because the only way to write 11 as a product is 1 × 11.
But, 12 is not a prime, because we can write it as 2 × 6. We say 12 is composite. It is “composed”
or “built” from other numbers by multiplication.

Is 450 prime or composite? Is 37 prime or composite?

Since it ends in 0, it is divisible Check if it is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
by 10. Indeed, 450 = 45 × 10. It is not divisible by 2. And because of that, it cannot be divisible
So, 450 is composite. by 4, 6, 8, or 10 either, so we don't need to check those.
It is not divisible by 3 (36 is, and 37 is one more than that).
Is 88 prime or composite? Then it also cannot be divisible by 9.
Since it is an even number, it is It is not divisible by 5 since it doesn't end in 0 or 5.
divisible by 2. We can write
It is not divisible by 7. Why? We know 35 is divisible by 7, so
88 = 2 × 44. So, 88 is
37 leaves a remainder of 2 when divided by 7.
composite.
So, it is prime.

3. Check if these numbers are primes or composites. If it is composite, write it as a multiplication.

a. 33 is prime/composite b. 52 is prime/composite c. 41 is prime/composite

If composite: 33 = ____ × ____ If composite: 52 = ____ × ____ If composite: 41 = ____ × ____

d. 39 is prime/composite e. 43 is prime/composite f. 45 is prime/composite

If composite: 39 = ____ × ____ If composite: 43 = ____ × ____ If composite: 45 = ____ × ____

One other divisibility rule to help you...

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

Example. Is 92 divisible by 3? Example. Is 378 divisible by 3?

Add its digits: 9 + 2 = 11. Add its digits: 3 + 7 + 8 = 18.
Since 11 is not divisible by 3, neither is 92. Since 18 is divisible by 3, so is 378.

4. Mark with “x” if the numbers are divisible by 3.

divisible divisible
number digit sum number digit sum
by 3? by 3?
98 888
105 1,045
567 1,338
59 612

64
 There is no easy divisibility test for 7. (There is one, but it is not simple to use.) For numbers
below 100, you can of course use the multiplication table of 7, which you should know up to
7 × 12 = 84. Beyond that, add 7 to get the two other numbers that are divisible by 7: 91 and 98.
Or, you could use long division to check if a number is divisible by 7.

5. Mark with “x” if the numbers are divisible by 7.

divisible divisible divisible

number number number
by 7? by 7? by 7?
99 24 85
74 100 63
56 84 105

To check if a number that is between 10 and 100 is prime or composite, it is enough to check
if it is divisible by the primes 2, 3, 5, or 7. If it is NOT divisible by any of these, it is prime.

6. Check if these numbers are primes or composites. Use the divisibility rules for 2, 3, and 5 to help.

a. 67 is prime/composite b. 57 is prime/composite c. 47 is prime/composite

If composite: 67 = ____ × ____ If composite: 57 = ____ × ____ If composite: 47 = ____ × ____

d. 53 is prime/composite e. 63 is prime/composite f. 61 is prime/composite

If composite: 53 = ____ × ____ If composite: 63 = ____ × ____ If composite: 61 = ____ × ____

g. 93 is prime/composite h. 85 is prime/composite i. 91 is prime/composite

If composite: 93 = ____ × ____ If composite: 85 = ____ × ____ If composite: 91 = ____ × ____

j. 87 is prime/composite k. 79 is prime/composite l. 97 is prime/composite

If composite: 87 = ____ × ____ If composite: 79 = ____ × ____ If composite: 97 = ____ × ____

Is 1 a prime number?
Up until 1899, mathematicians listed 1 as a prime number. Since then, modern mathematics has excluded
1 from the list of primes. So in today's books, the list of primes starts from 2. However, even today, some
mathematicians insist 1 is a prime.
When 1 is excluded, many theorems and results of mathematics can be written in a simpler way. But
fundamentally, the idea of not listing 1 as a prime is a matter of convention and convenience.
Please see also
http://primefan.tripod.com/Prime1ProCon.html - Arguments for and against the primality of 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number#Primality_of_one

65
 Finding Factors
We can write number 30 as a multiplication in many different ways:
30 = 10 × 3 and 30 = 2 × 15 and 30 = 5 × 6. And there is one more way: 30 = 1 × 30.
From this we learn that 10, 3, 2, 15, 5, 6, 1, and 30 are divisors or factors of 30.
What about 7? Well, 30 is not divisible by 7, so 7 is not a factor of 30.
It turns out that 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, and 30 are ALL the factors of 30. No other numbers are.

1. Find all the factors of the given numbers. Think of writing the number as a multiplication in many
different ways. Don't forget the number itself times 1!

a. 6 b. 10

factors: factors:

c. 12 d. 15

factors: factors:

e. 20 f. 18

factors: factors:

2. These students worked and found all the factors of the given numbers. Is their work correct? Be a
teacher detective, and check and correct their work.

a. Aiden found all the factors of 34: b. Olivia found all the factors of 28:

34 = 2 × 18 28 = 1 × 28 28 = 2 × 14

34 = 1 × 17 28 = 4 × 7

The factors are 1, 2, 17, 18. The factors are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28.

c. Jayden found all the factors of 33: d. Isabella found all the factors of 36:

33 = 1 × 33 36 = 6 × 6

33 = 3 × 13 36 = 4 × 9

The factors are 1, 3, 13, 33. The factors are 4, 6, and 9.

66
 Example. Find all the factors of 85.
Now, it helps to be organized. Let's check if 85 is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 10.
• It is divisible by 1 (all numbers are): 85 = 1 × 85.
• It is not divisible by 2. Neither by 3 (its digits add to 13). Of course it cannot be divisible
by 4, 6, 8, or 10 since it is not even. It cannot be divisible by 9 since it was not divisible by 3.
• It is divisible by 5. 85 = 5 × 17. And here we can see it is also divisible by 17.
• Is it divisible by 7? No, because 84 is.
Our check is complete. So, we found 1, 5, 17, and 85. Those are all the factors of 85.

Why do we not have to check if 85 is divisible by 11, 12, 13, and so on?
Because IF 85 was 11 times a number, it would be 11 times a smaller number than 11.
We went through all of the smaller numbers already and did not find that any of them
times 11 would equal 85.

3. Find all the factors of the given numbers.

a. 46 b. 68

Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factors: ______________________________ factors: ______________________________

c. 99 d. 72

Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factors: ______________________________ factors: ______________________________

e. 73 f. 80

Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factors: ______________________________ factors: ______________________________

g. 95 h. 64

Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factors: ______________________________ factors: ______________________________

67
 Review
1. Solve.

a. b. c.

20 ÷ 10 + 15 = ______ (200 + 100) ÷ 5 = ______ 10 × 12 + 40 ÷ 10 = _______

20 × 10 + 15 = ______ 200 + 100 ÷ 5 = _______ 10 × (12 + 40) ÷ 10 = ______

2. Solve mentally.

a. 3,100 ÷ 100 = _______ b. 240 ÷ 20 = _______ c. 4,200 ÷ 600 = _______

450 ÷ 10 = _______ 800 ÷ 40 = _______ 3,200 ÷ 80 = _______

3. Solve.

a. b. c.
45 ÷ 6 = ______ R ____ 12 ÷ 7 = ______ R ____ 31 ÷ 4 = ______ R ____

46 ÷ 6 = ______ R ____ 27 ÷ 8 = ______ R ____ 56 ÷ 9 = ______ R ____

4. Divide and check your work.

a. 708 ÷ 3 Check: b. 1,504 ÷ 8 Check:

68
5. Divide and check your work.

a. 392 ÷ 5 Check: b. 2,845 ÷ 6 Check:

6. Harry has 288 seashells, and Timmy has one fourth

of that amount. How many does Timmy have?

7. Mark packaged 70 candles into boxes.

Twelve candles fit in each box.

a. How many boxes were full?

b. How many candles were in the box that was not full?

8. Four yards of material cost $38.88.

How much does one yard cost?

9. John's test scores were 92, 85, 89, 75,

and 89. Find his average score.

69
10. Mark an X if the number is divisible by 3, 5, or 10.
Number 13 40 57 135 354 2,380
Divisible by 3
Divisible by 5
Divisible by 10

11. Fill in.

a. Is 7 a factor of 64? b. Is 98 a multiple of 2?

_____, because ________________________. _____, because _______________________.

c. Is 76 divisible by 8? d. Is 30 a factor of 30?

_____, because ________________________. _____, because _______________________.

12. Check if these numbers are primes or composites. The divisibility rules for 2, 3, and 5 can help.

a. 87 is prime/composite b. 89 is prime/composite c. 91 is prime/composite

If composite: 87 = ____ × ____ If composite: 89 = ____ × ____ If composite: 91 = ____ × ____

13. Find all the factors of the given numbers.

a. 24 b. 27

Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factors: ______________________________ factors: ______________________________

c. 66 d. 75

Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Check 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

factors: ______________________________ factors: ______________________________

Imagine you divided all numbers from 1 to 100 by 6.

Which ones of those numbers would have a remainder
of 5, when divided by 6?

70
 Math Mammoth Division 2 Answers
Review of Division, p. 8
1. a. 3 × 4 = 12; 12 ÷ 3 = 4; 12 ÷ 4 = 3 5. b. $45 – $34 = $11, Jim needs $11 more.
b. 5 × 3 = 15; 15 ÷ 5 = 3; 15 ÷ 3 = 5 c. 400 ÷ 4 = 100; each box has 100 apples.
c. 2 × 4 = 8; 8 ÷ 2 = 4; 8 ÷ 4 = 2 d. 24 ÷ 6 = 4; each person got 4 pieces.
e. 5 × 50 = 250 total books.
2. a. 21 ÷ 7 = 3; 21 ÷ 3 = 7; 7 × 3 = 21; 3 × 7 = 21 f. 2 × $13 = $26; Mom paid $26 for both books.
b. 24 ÷ 4 = 6; 24 ÷ 6 = 4; 4 × 6 = 24; 6 × 4 = 24 g. 20 ÷ 4 = 5; there are 5 cows.
c. 36 ÷ 4 = 9; 36 ÷ 9 = 4; 9 × 4 = 36; 4 × 9 = 36 h. 60 ÷ 3 = 20; 20 books are on each shelf.
3. a. 8, 9, 10; 22 ÷ 2 = 11; 24 ÷ 2 = 12; 26 ÷ 2 = 13 6. a. 9, 10, 5 b. 6, 6, 8 c. 4, 8, 8 d. 8, 3, 5
b. 9, 8, 7; 30 ÷ 5 = 6; 25 ÷ 5 = 5; 20 ÷ 5 = 4
c. 9, 10, 11; 120 ÷ 10 = 12; 130 ÷ 10 = 13; 140 ÷ 10 = 14 7. b. x = 5 c. x = 45 d. x = 54
d. 8, 7, 6; 35 ÷ 7 = 5; 28 ÷ 7 = 4; 21 ÷ 7 = 3
8. a. 10 × 3 = N OR N = 10 × 3; N = 30
4. b. 9 × 4 = x OR x = 9 × 4; x = 36
Eggs 6 12 24 36 42 54 66 78 c. 20 × T = 60, OR 60 = 20 × T; T = 3
d. 9 × y = 81 OR 81 = y × 9; Y = 9
Omelets 1 2 4 6 7 9 11 13
9. a. 21 ÷ 3 = 7 OR 7 × 3 = 21; you can buy 7 books.
b. 100 ÷ 5 = 20 OR 20 × 5 = 100; there were
Thumbtacks 8 24 32 48 64 80 96 104 20 apples in each box.
Pictures 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 13 c. $30 ÷ 5 = $6 OR 5 × $6 = 30; each box costs $6.
d. 8 × 5 = 40; the chocolate bar has 40 squares.
e. 45 ÷ 5 = 9 OR 9 × 5 = 45; there are nine fives in 45.
f. 5 × 12 = 60; the boxes weigh 60 pounds.

Division Terms and Division with Zero, p. 11

1. a. 2, the divisor is missing. 5. a. 8, 0, 1 b. 11, xx, 1 c. 50, 0, xx d. 0, 1, xx
b. 35, the dividend is missing.
c. 12, the quotient is missing. 6. a. x = 64 b. T = 1 c. There are many solutions.
In fact, x can be any number except 0. d. y = 18
2. a. x ÷ 7 = 3; x = 21
b. 140 ÷ y = 7; y = 20 7. Answers will vary. Examples:
c. 150 ÷ 5 = z; z = 30 a. 24 ÷ 24 = 1, 4 ÷ 4 = 1 b. 0 ÷ 36 = 0, 0 ÷ 12 = 0

3. Answers will vary: Puzzle corner. The dividend and quotient both were zeros.
a. 24 ÷ 4 = 6, 30 ÷ 5 = 6, 60 ÷ 10 = 6 For example, he could have had the problems 0 ÷ 6 = 0
b. 24 ÷ 2 = 12, 24 ÷ 3 = 8, 24 ÷ 6 = 4 and 0 ÷ 9 = 0.

4.
Product Product Quotient Quotient
Numbers
(written) (solved) (written) (solved)
12 and 3 12 × 3 36 12 ÷ 3 4
10 and 5 10 × 5 50 10 ÷ 5 2
20 and 4 20 × 4 80 20 ÷ 4 5
100 and 10 100 × 10 1,000 100 ÷ 10 10

71
Dividing with Whole Tens and Hundreds, p. 13
1.

a. 300 × 7 = 2,100 b. 50 × 800 = 40,000 c. 60 × 40 = 2400

2100 ÷ 7 = 300 40000 ÷ 50 = 800 2400 ÷ 60 = 40
2100 ÷ 300 = 7 40000 ÷ 800 = 50 2400 ÷ 40 = 60

2. a. 50, 5, 5, 50 b. 1,000, 100, 10, 10 c. 6, 60, 6, 60

3. a. 90, 90 b. 900, 900 c. 70, 70
4. a. 40, 4, 400 b. 9, 90, 90 c. 60, 60, 6000

Finding half... ...is the same as dividing by 2!

1
of 280 is 140 280 ÷ 2 = 140
2

5. a. 40 b. 12,000 c. 330 d. 2,100

6. Dad’s paycheck was: $806 + $806 = $1,612.

7. The fisherman had: 1/2 × 800 kg – 350 kg = 50 kg left.

8.
a. 352 ÷ 5 b. 198 ÷ 4 c. 403 ÷ 8
≈ 350 ÷ 5 = 70 ≈ 200 ÷ 4 = 50 ≈ 400 ÷ 8 = 50

9.
a. 802 ÷ 21 b. 356 ÷ 61 c. 596 ÷ 32
≈ 800 ÷ 20 = 40 ≈ 360 ÷ 60 = 6 ≈ 600 ÷ 30 = 20

10. a. y = 8,000 b. s = 4,200 c. w = 30

11.
a. ≈ 80 ÷ 20 = 4 b. ≈ 45 ÷ 5 = 9
≈ 120 ÷ 60 = 2 ≈ 16,000 ÷ 400 = 40
≈ 2,000 ÷ 500 = 4 ≈ 300 ÷ 30 = 10

72
Finding Fractional Parts with Division, p. 15
1.

a. b. c. d.

10 ÷ 5 = 2 9÷3=3 16 ÷ 2 = 8 15 ÷ 3 = 5
1 1 1 1
of 10 is 2. of 9 is 3. of 16 is 8. of 15 is 5.
5 3 2 3

2.
a. 30 ÷ 5 = 6 b. 48 ÷ 6 = 8 c. 25 ÷ 5 = 5 d. 50 ÷ 5 = 10
1 1 1 1
of 30 is 6. of 48 is 8. of 25 is 5. of 50 is 10.
5 6 5 5

3.
1 1 1
a. of 30 is 5. b. of 49 is 7. c. of 250 is 25.
6 7 10
30 ÷ 6 = 5 49 ÷ 7 = 7 250 ÷ 10 = 25
1 1 1
d. of 480 is 240. e. of 1,800 is 200. f. of 400 is 80.
2 9 5
480 ÷ 2 = 240 1,800 ÷ 9 = 200 400 ÷ 5 = 80

4.
a. c.
b.
1
of 15 fish is 3 fish.
5
1 2
1 of 12 flowers is 3 .
of 9 apples is 3 apples. 4 of 15 fish is 6 fish.
3 5
2 3
2 of 12 flowers is 6 .
of 9 apples is 6 apples. 4 of 15 fish is 9 fish.
3 5
3 4
3 of 12 flowers is 9 .
of 9 apples is 9 apples. 4 of 15 fish is 12 fish.
3 5
4 5
of 12 flowers is 12 . of 15 fish is 15 fish.
4 5

5. a. 4, 8, 12 b. 4, 12, 20 c. 50, 150, 350

d. 70, 140, 350 e. 30, 210, 330 f. 7, 63, 350
6. a. Marsha got $18 from her mom. She put into her savings $6, which was one-third part of it. 18 ÷ 6 = 3
b. Mariana spent one-fourth of her $80 savings, or $20 . 80 ÷ 4 = 20
c. One-fifth (which was 5 boys) of all the boys went jogging. So, in total there were 25 boys. 25 ÷ 5 = 5
7. a. One pound is one-eighth part of the bag. It costs $0.40.
b. Five-eighths costs $2.00.
8. a. One-tenth of the pie weighs 120 grams.
b. Nine-tenths of the pie weighs 1,080 grams.
9. 28 ÷ 4 = 7, and 7 × 3 = 21. Three would cost $21.
10. Mark: $12.20 Judy: $6.10 Art: $3.05 Grace: $3.05
11. Erica and James each had 28 balloons to sell. By the evening, Erica had sold 1/2 or 14 of her balloons.
James had sold 3/4 or 21 of his. Together they had sold 35 balloons. They took in 35 × 1.20 = $42.

73
Order of Operations and Division, p. 18
1. a. 3 b. 100 c. 120 d. 2,000 9. a. 5÷5×5=5
b. (5 − 5) × 5 = 0
2. a. 62 b. 152 c. 2,000 d. 18 c. (5 + 5) ÷ 5 = 2
3. a. 9 b. 17 c. 200 d. 5 d. (5 + 5) × (5 + 5) = 100
e. 5 × 5 + 5 − 5 = 25
4.
Puzzle corner:
a. b. c. (5 − 5) × 5 = 0
24 ÷ 2 + 10 = 22 18 + 30 ÷ 2 = 33 40 − 40 ÷ 8 = 35 5÷5=1
24 ÷ (2 + 10) = 2 (18 + 30) ÷ 2 = 24 (40 − 40) ÷ 8 = 0 (5 + 5) ÷ 5 = 2
(5 + 5 + 5) ÷ 5 = 3
5. a. (20 + 15) ÷ 5 = 7 (5 × 5 − 5) ÷ 5 = 4
b. 20 − 50 ÷ 5 = 10 5×5÷5=5
c. 20 × 30 − 100 = 500 (5 × 5 + 5) ÷ 5 = 6
(5 × 5 + 5 + 5) ÷ 5 = 7
6. (21 + 17) ÷ 2. The answer is 19 figures. (5 + 5) − (5 + 5) ÷ 5 = 8
7. 6 × 6 ÷ 4. The answer is $9. (5 + 5 ) − (5 ÷ 5) = 9
5 + 5 = 10
8. a. 5; 7 b. 60; 120 c. 20; 20 d. 1; 1 e. 0; 0

The Remainder, Part 1, p. 20

1. a. 10 ÷ 3 = 3 R1 b. 17 ÷ 5 = 3 R2 c. 11 ÷ 4 = 2 R3
2. a. 14 ÷ 3 = 4 R2 b. 7 ÷ 2 = 3 R1 c. 19 ÷ 3 = 6 R1
d. 13 ÷ 5 = 2 R3 e. 18 ÷ 4 = 4 R2 f. 10 ÷ 4 = 2 R2
3.

a. 17 ÷ 4 = 4 R1 b. 9 ÷ 2 = 4 R1 c. 11 ÷ 6 = 1 R5

4. a. 10 ÷ 4 = 2 R2 b. 17 ÷ 2 = 8 R1 c. 12 ÷ 5 = 2 R2
5.
a. Divide 16 into groups of 5. c. Divide 15 into groups of 4.
b. Divide 17 into groups of 3.

16 ÷ 5 = 3 R1 17 ÷ 3 = 5 R2 15 ÷ 4 = 3 R3

6.
a. 27 ÷ 5 = 5 R2 b. 16 ÷ 6 = 2 R4 c. 11 ÷ 2 = 5 R1
5 goes into 27 five times. 6 goes into 16 two times. 2 goes into 11 five times.
d. 37 ÷ 5 = 7 R2 e. 26 ÷ 3 = 8 R2 f. 56 ÷ 9 = 6 R2
g. 43 ÷ 5 = 8 R3 h. 34 ÷ 6 = 5 R4 i. 40 ÷ 7 = 5 R5

74
The Remainder, Part 1, cont.
7.
a. b. c.
23 ÷ 4 = 5 R3 16 ÷ 7 = 2 R2 21 ÷ 8 = 2 R5
23 ÷ 5 = 4 R3 20 ÷ 3 = 6 R2 12 ÷ 9 = 1 R3

8.
a. 10 ÷ 5 = 2 R 0 b. 17 ÷ 3 = 5 R2 c. 12 ÷ 4 = 3 R0
11 ÷ 5 = 2 R1 18 ÷ 3 = 6 R0 13 ÷ 4 = 3 R1
12 ÷ 5 = 2 R2 19 ÷ 3 = 6 R1 14 ÷ 4 = 3 R2
13 ÷ 5 = 2 R3 20 ÷ 3 = 6 R2 15 ÷ 4 = 3 R3
14 ÷ 5 = 2 R4 21 ÷ 3 = 7 R0 16 ÷ 4 = 4 R0
15 ÷ 5 = 3 R0 22 ÷ 3 = 7 R1 17 ÷ 4 = 4 R1

9. a. 27 ÷ 5 = 5 R2 b. 19 ÷ 5 = 3 R4
c. 36 − 3 ÷ 6 = 5 R3 d. No, because 51 ÷ 8 = 6 R3.
e. Of four, no. 35 ÷ 4 = 8 R3. (The division is not even.)
Of five, yes. 35 ÷ 5 = 7.
Of six, no. 35 ÷ 6 = 5 R5.
Of seven, yes. 35 ÷ 7 = 5.
f. 38 ÷ 6 = 6 R2. There were two photos on the last page. Six pages were full.

The Remainder, Part 2, p. 23

1. a. 3 b. 9 c. 7 d. 9
2. a. 6 b. 8 c. 6 d. 4
5) 3 2 5) 4 4 6) 3 7 7) 2 9
−3 0 −4 0 −3 6 −2 8
2 4 1 1

e. 5 f. 5 g. 8 h. 6
8) 4 6 9) 5 2 4) 3 5 9) 5 7
−4 0 −4 5 −3 2 −5 4
6 7 3 3
3. a. 6 × 5 + 2 = 32 b. 8 × 5 + 4 = 44 c. 6 × 6 + 1 = 37 d. 4 × 7 + 1 = 29
e. 5 × 8 + 6 = 46 f. 5 × 9 + 7 = 52 g. 8 × 4 + 3 = 35 h. 6 × 9 + 3 = 57
4. 33 ÷ 6 = 5 R3. Jill needed six containers, but only five were full.
5. 100 ÷ 42 = 2 R16. They needed three buses to haul the children.
6. There were two teams of seven and one team of six players.
7. 73 ÷ 20 = 3 R13. She needed four folders. Three folders were full.
8. 3 × 23 + 15 = 84. He had 84 award stickers.
9. 36 ÷ 11 = 3 R3. She put three pencils back into the cabinet.
10.

a. b. c.

12 ÷ 3 = 4 R0 10 ÷ 2 = 5 R0 19 ÷ 4 = 4 R3

75
The Remainder, Part 2, cont.
11.
a. 21 ÷ 5 = 4 R1 b. 56 ÷ 8 = 7 R0 c. 43 ÷ 7 = 6 R1
22 ÷ 5 = 4 R2 57 ÷ 8 = 7 R1 44 ÷ 7 = 6 R2
23 ÷ 5 = 4 R3 58 ÷ 8 = 7 R2 45 ÷ 7 = 6 R3
24 ÷ 5 = 4 R4 59 ÷ 8 = 7 R3 46 ÷ 7 = 6 R4

12. The shortcut is: the remainder is always the last digit of the dividend (the number you divide), and the other digits
are the quotient (the answer)

a. 29 ÷ 10 = 2 R9 b. 78 ÷ 10 = 7 R8 c. 54 ÷ 10 = 5 R4
30 ÷ 10 = 3 R0 79 ÷ 10 = 7 R9 55 ÷ 10 = 5 R5
31 ÷ 10 = 3 R1 80 ÷ 10 = 8 R0 56 ÷ 10 = 5 R6

Puzzle Corner:
a. 16 ÷ 5 = 3 R1 OR 16 ÷ 3 = 5 R1
b. 31 ÷ 7 = 4 R3 OR 31 ÷ 4 = 7 R3
c. 123 ÷ 30 = 4 R3

Long Division 1, p. 26
1.

d. Make 4 groups
c. Make 3 groups
a. Make 2 groups b. Make 3 groups

3 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 0
2) 6 2 3) 6 3 3) 3 0 6 4) 4 8 0

2. a. 21 b. 131 c. 220 d. 2,010 e. 22 f. 1,006 g. 110 h. 1,201

3. a. 41 b. 71 c. 60 d. 31 e. 92 f. 61 g. 611 h. 601 i. 710 j. 901
4.

3 1 R1
a.
2) 6 3 1 2 2 R1 1 1 2 R2
2 3 0 R1
b. c.
2) 2 4 5 3) 3 3 8 d.
2) 4 6 1

5. a. 211 R3 b. 34 R1 c. 122 R1 d. 22 R1 e. 60 R1 f. 300 R5 g. 30 R5 h. 310 R2

6. a. 42 R2 b. 31 R2 c. 711 R1 d. 711 R1 e. 1,101 R2 f. 4,031 R1
7. a. 110, 410 b. 9, 123 c. 412, 6 R20

76
Long Division 2, p. 30
1. a. 16 b. 24 c. 29 d. 15 e. 19 f. 39 g. 26 h. 47
2. a. 47 b. 43 c. 64 d. 34 e. 84 f. 58

Long Division 3, p. 33
1. a. 115 b. 123 c. 244 d. 276 e. 318 f. 121 2. a. 189 b. 166 c. 142 d. 117 e. 152 f. 117
g. 113 h. 113 i. 325 j. 113 k. 112 l. 218

Long Division with 4-Digit Numbers, p. 37

1. a. 2,347 b. 2,310 c. 1,785 d. 4,885 5. They will watch three episodes each day.
1,092 min ÷ 7 = 156 min or 2 h 36 min each day
2. a. 1,934 b. 551 c. 1,340
d. 1,038 e. 1,317 f. 1,216 6. 2600 ÷ 8 = 325. The second clue is at 325 feet.
The third clue is at 650 feet.
3. a. 493 b. 384 c. 924 d. 49 e. 87 f. 371
7. 96 ÷ 6 = 16. Sixteen children were coming to the party.
4. 9 × $16 ÷ 2 = $72. They each paid $72. 8 × 25 = 200 and 200 − 96 = 104. She had 104 balloons
left.

More Long Division, p. 41

1. a. 1,045 b. 1,406 c. 2,037 d. 1,307 4. c. 4 × 57 = 228.
There are 228 buttons in four compartments.
2. a. 2,705 b. 1,308 c. 1,309 d. 1,063
5. a. $12.96 ÷ 8 = $1.62.
3. a. 108 b. 205 c. 402 d. 405 e. 308 f. 1,070 You will pay $1.62. Your brother will pay $1.62.
4. a. 285 ÷ 5 = 57. Mom will pay $12.96 − $1.62 − $1.62 = $9.72.
There are 57 buttons in one compartment. b. You get two cups. Your brother gets two cups.
b. 3 × 57 = 171. Mom gets 12 cups.
There are 171 buttons in three compartments.
6. a. 21,234 b. 35,407 c. 21,645 d. 3,162 e. 5,275

Remainder Problems, p. 44
1. a. 171 R1 Check: 3 × 171 + 1 = 514 6. 75 ÷ 4 = 18 R3. One 18-day vacation and three 19-day
b. 84 R1 Check: 8 × 84 + 1 = 673 vacations. If the division had been even, all of the
c. 317 R3 Check: 6 × 317 + 3 = 1,905 vacations would have been 18 days, but now there are
d. 2,051 R1 Check: 4 × 2,051 + 1 = 8,205 three extra days to be added to three of the vacations.
2. a. wrong; 77 R1 b. right c. wrong: 451 7. 400 – (2 × 90) – (4 × 40) = 60; 60 ÷ 6 = 10.
d. The remainder is larger than the divisor. They will have ten full 6-kg boxes of strawberries.
3. a. 112 ÷ 9 = 12 R4. We get 12 rows, 9 chairs each row, 8. a. Yes. There will be 103 containers. 412 ÷ 4 = 103.
and 4 chairs will be left over or put in an extra row. b. No, there will be 82 containers with 2 left over.
b. 800 ÷ 3 = 266 R2. We get 266 piles, 3 erasers in each 412 ÷ 5 = 82 R2.
pile, and 2 erasers left over. c. No, there will be 68 with four left over.
412 ÷ 6 = 68 R4.
4. They will get 166 full sacks.
9. 740 ÷ 6 = 123 R2. Paint 123 blocks in four of the colors
5. 20 × 50 = 1,000 and 19 × 50 = 950. So, 19 buses is (any four), and 124 blocks in the two remaining colors.
enough to transport 950 people.

77
Remainder Problems, cont.
10. a. 70 R1; 70 R2; 71 b. 172 R2; 172 R3; 172 R4 12. a. 78 R7; 6 R6; 34 b. 45 R2; 50 R9; 5 R2
c. 82 R1; 82 R2; 82 R3 d. 798 R3 798 R4 798 R5 c. 46 R3; 98 R2; 92 R5 The ones digit of
You can figure out the two other problems after solving the dividend will always be the remainder.
one, because the remainder will increase by one as
Puzzle Corner: The remainder is larger than the divisor.
the dividend increases by one.
11. It would be 38 R4. The only difference is that the
remainder increases by 1.

Long Division with Money, p. 48

1. a. $8.47 b. $3.72 4. ($25.95 + $4.35) ÷ 3 = $10.10. Each person’s
share was $10.10.
2. a. $28.50 b. $1.14
5. The total cost was $3.52 ÷ 4 × 3 = $2.64.
3. $25.56 + $3.55 + $2.75 = $31.86
$31.86 ÷ 2 = $15.93. Each girl paid $15.93. 6. $358.60 − $100 = $258.60; $258.60 ÷ 4 = $64.65.
Each payment was $64.65.

Long Division Crossword Puzzle, p. 50

1. Across: Down:
a. 1
a. 3,440 ÷ 8 = 430 a. 1,072 ÷ 8 = 134
b. 574 ÷ 7 = 82 b. 6,135 ÷ 3 = 2,045
3 b. 2 b. 8 e. 2
c. 234 ÷ 9 = 26 c. 145 ÷ 5 = 29
d. 1,707 ÷ 3 = 569 d. 2,652 ÷ 4 = 663 a. 4 3 0 0
e. 4,756 ÷ 2 = 2,378 e. 1,442 ÷ 7 = 206
f. 3,474 ÷ 9 = 386 4 c. 2 6

d. 5 d. 6 9

6 f. 3

e. 2 3 7 8

Average, p. 51
1. (78 + 87 + 69 + 86) ÷ 4 = 80. 5. 7 × 76 = 532. It cost $532.
Judith’s average score is 80.
6. (234 + 178 + 250 + 198) ÷ 4 = 215.
2. (18 + 22 + 26 + 23 + 16) ÷ 5 = 21. Her weekly average grocery bill was $215.
The average temperature for the
7. The girls’ average time was 15 minutes.
day was 21°C.
The boys’ average time was 13 minutes.
3. 414 ÷ 6 = 69. Dad averaged 69 The boys are faster.
km in one hour. The difference is two minutes.
4. 12 × 55 = 660. A dozen eggs
would weigh 660 grams.

78
Average, cont.

8. a.
Quiz score Frequency
13..15 1
16..18 1
19..21 2
22..24 4
25..27 0
28..30 2

b. The average score is 22. c. Look at the “peak” of the graph. The average is usually near that point.
9. a. The average age is 29. b. Now the average age is 34.
Puzzle corner: 213 ÷ 12 is 17 R9.

Problems with Fractional Parts, p. 54

1. a. One slice weighs 20 grams.
6. 12,600 ÷ 9 × 2 = 2,800
b. Three slices weigh 60 grams.
a. 9,800 miles left b. 2,800 miles
c. Eleven slices weigh 220 grams.
7. $268 ÷ 4 × 3 = $201. It cost $201. She has $67 left.
2. a. Two-sixths of the pie weighs 150 grams.
b. It weighs 375 grams. 8. a. 6 tons, or 12,000 pounds.
3. If you need to calculate 5/9 of the number 729, 9. Edward worked (56 ÷ 4 ) × 3 = 42 hr. James worked
first divide 729 by 9, then multiply the result by 5. 21 hr. Together they worked 56 + 42 + 21 = 119 hr.
5/9 of 729 is 405.
4. $36.50 ÷ 5 × 2 = $14.60
5. The other washer costs $452 ÷ 4 × 3 = $339.

Problems to Solve, p. 56
1. $3.25 + 3 × $3.25 = $13 6. 2 yards, 2 feet, 6 inches. 1/5 of 15 yd. is 3 yd.
3 yards − 6 inches = 2 yards, 2 ft and 6 in.
2. 1200 are females. There are 3 times as many females
as males. Divide the 1600 workers into 4 parts; 1/4 of 7. There are 6 speckled chickens. There are 18 white
1600 = 400; 3 × 400 or 1200 female workers. chickens (3 were sold and 15 were left). That is
3/4 of all the chickens.
F F F M

3. Cindy has $14 left. (Half of Cindy’s money is $14.)

4. 96 workers. 84 is 7/8 of the workers, 84 ÷ 7 = 12 is So 18 ÷ 3 = 6 gives you 1/4 of the chickens (one block).
1/8 of the workers, 8 × 12 = 96 is the total amount. And then, one block, or six chickens, are speckled.
8. They would both cost $9 after the discount.
One-fourth of $12 is $3, so the new price is $9.
One-third of $13.50 is $4.50, so the new price is $9.
9. Jackie paid $5.00. First find the total without the discount:
5. Mary got 16 pieces. One-third of the pieces is 8 pieces.
5 × $1.50 = $7.50. One-third of that is $2.50. The price
with discount is then $7.50 − $2.50 = $5.00

79
Divisibility, p. 59
1. a. 7; yes b. 6 R4; no c. 3 R2; no d. 12; yes
2. a. 24 R2, no b. 86 R1; no c. 418 R2; no
3. Here is a multiplication fact: 8 × 9 = 72. So, 8 is a factor of 72, and so is 9.
Also, 72 is a multiple of 8, and also 72 is a multiple of 9.
And, 72 is divisible by 8 and also by 9.
4.
a. Is 5 a factor of 55? b. Is 8 a divisor of 45?
Yes, because 5 × 11 = 55. No, because 45 ÷ 8 = 5 R5.
c. Is 36 a multiple of 6? d. Is 34 a multiple of 7?
Yes, because 6 × 6 = 36. No, because 34 ÷ 7 = 4 R6.
e. Is 7 a factor of 46?
f. Is 63 a multiple of 9?
No, because 46 ÷ 7 = 6R4.
Yes, because 7 × 9 = 63.
(It is not an even division.)

5. a. 0, 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 110, 121, 132, 143, 154
b. 0, 111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888, 999, 1,110, 1,221, 1,332, 1,443, 1,554, 1,665
6.
divisible divisible divisible divisible
number number number number
by 2 by 5 by 2 by 5 by 2 by 5 by 2 by 5
750 x x 755 x 760 x x 765 x
751 756 x 761 766 x
752 x 757 762 x 767
753 758 x 763 768 x
754 x 759 764 x 769

7.
divisible divisible divisible
number number number
by 2 by 5 by 10 by 2 by 5 by 10 by 2 by 5 by 10
860 x x x 865 x 870 x x x
861 866 x 871
862 x 867 872 x
863 868 x 873
864 x 869 874 x
If a number is divisible by 10, it ends in zero, so it is ALSO divisible by 2 and 5 .

8. a. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60
This is also a list of multiples of (or multiplication table of) 2.
b. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60
These are every other number in the list of multiples of 2.
c. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60
These are every third number in the list of multiples of 2, or every third even number divisible by 6.
d. 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 - or multiples of 12.

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Divisibility, cont.
9. a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60
This is also a list of multiples of (or multiplication table of) 3.
b. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60
These are every second number in the list of multiples of 3.
c. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60
These are every third number in the list of multiples of 3.
10. 18, 36, 54
11. 1
12. It is also a multiple of 1, 2, 10, and 20.
Mystery number: 33 and 60

Prime Numbers, p. 63
divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible divisible
number
by 1 by 2 by 3 by 4 by 5 by 6 by 7 by 8 by 9 by 10
2 x x
3 x x
4 x x x
5 x x
6 x x x x
7 x x
8 x x x x
9 x x x
10 x x x x
11 x
12 x x x x x
13 x
14 x x x
15 x x x
16 x x x x
17 x
18 x x x x x
19 x
20 x x x x x
21 x x x
22 x x
23 x
24 x x x x x x
25 x x
26 x x
27 x x x
28 x x x x
29 x
30 x x x x x x
31 x
32 x x x x
33 x x
34 x x
35 x x x

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Prime Numbers, cont.
2. Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31
3. Answers will vary, as you can write a composite number as a product in many different ways.
a. 33 is composite. b. 52 is composite. c. 41 is prime.
33 = 3 × 11 52 = 2 × 26
d. 39 is composite. e. 43 is prime. f. 45 is composite.
39 = 3 × 13 45 = 5 × 9

4.

divisible divisible
number digit sum number digit sum
by 3? by 3?
98 17 no 888 24 yes
105 6 yes 1,045 10 no
567 18 yes 1,338 15 yes
59 14 no 612 9 yes

5.

divisible divisible divisible

number number number
by 7? by 7? by 7?
99 no 24 no 85 no
74 no 100 no 63 yes
56 yes 84 yes 105 yes

6. Answers will vary, as you can write a composite number as a product in many different ways.

a. 67 is prime. b. 57 is composite. c. 47 is prime.

57 = 3 × 19
d. 53 is prime. e. 63 is composite. f. 61 is prime.
63 = 7 × 9
g. 93 is composite. h. 85 is composite. i. 91 is composite.
93 = 3 × 31 85 = 5 × 17 91 = 7 × 13
j. 87 is composite. k. 79 is prime. l. 97 is prime.
87 = 3 × 29

Finding Factors, p. 66
1.
a. factors: 1, 2, 3, 6 b. factors: 1, 2, 5, 10
c. factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 d. factors: 1, 3, 5, 15
e. factors: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 f. factors: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18

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Finding Factors, cont.
2. Only Olivia’s work was totally correct.
a. Aiden found all the factors of 34: b. Olivia found all the factors of 28:
34 = 2 × 18 34 = 2 × 17 28 = 1 × 28 28 = 2 × 14
34 = 1 × 17 34 = 1 × 34 28 = 4 × 7
The factors are 1, 2, 17, 18, 34 The factors are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28.
c. Jayden found all the factors of 33: d. Isabella found all the factors of 36:
33 = 1 × 33 36 = 6 × 6 36 = 3 × 12 36 = 3 × 12
33 = 3 × 13 33 = 3 × 11 36 = 4 × 9 36 = 1 × 36
The factors are 1, 3, 13, 11, 33. The factors are 4, 6, and 9. Also 1, 2, 3, 12, 18, 36

3.
a. factors: 1, 2, 23, 46 b. factors: 1, 2, 4, 17, 34, 68
c. factors: 1, 3, 9, 11, 33, 99 d. factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72
e. factors: 1, 73 f. factors: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 40, 80
g. factors: 1, 5, 19, 95 h. factors: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64

Review, p. 68
1.
a. b. c.
20 ÷ 10 + 15 = 17 (200 + 100) ÷ 5 = 60 10 × 12 + 40 ÷ 10 = 124
20 × 10 + 15 = 215 200 + 100 ÷ 5 = 220 10 × (12 + 40) ÷ 10 = 52

2.
a. 3,100 ÷ 100 = 31 b. 240 ÷ 20 = 12 c. 4,200 ÷ 600 = 7
450 ÷ 10 = 45 800 ÷ 40 = 20 3,200 ÷ 80 = 40

3.
a. b. c.
45 ÷ 6 = 7 R3 12 ÷ 7 = 1 R5 31 ÷ 4 = 7 R3
46 ÷ 6 = 7 R4 27 ÷ 8 = 3 R3 56 ÷ 9 = 6 R2

4. a. 236 b. 188
5. a. 78 R2 b. 474 R1
6. 288 ÷ 4 = 72. Timmy has 72 seashells.
7. a. 70 ÷ 12 = 5 R10. Mark had five full boxes of candles.
b. One box had ten candles.
8. $38.88 ÷ 4 = $9.72. One yard cost $9.72.
9. (92 + 85 + 89 + 75 + 89) ÷ 5 = 86. John’s average score was 86.
10.
Number 13 40 57 135 354 2,380
Divisible by 3 x x x
Divisible by 5 x x x
Divisible by 10 x x

83
Review, cont.
11.
a. Is 7 a factor of 64? b. Is 98 a multiple of 2?
No, because it does not divide evenly into 64. Yes, because it is an even number.
OR No, because 64 ÷ 7 = 9 R1; there is a remainder. OR Yes, because 2 × 49 = 98.
c. Is 76 divisible by 8? d. Is 30 a factor of 30?
No, because 76 ÷ 8 = 9 R4; the division is not even. Yes, because 1 × 30 = 30.

12.
a. 87 is composite. b. 89 is prime. c. 91 is composite.
87 = 3 × 29 91 = 7 × 13

13.
a. factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 b. factors: 1, 3, 9, 27
c. factors: 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 22, 33, 66 d. factors: 1, 3, 5, 15, 25, 75

Puzzle corner:
5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35, 41, 47, 53, 59, 65, 71, 77, 83, 89, 95

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