Grade 06
Maths Chapter Notes
71
Topics to be Covered
1. Fractions
1.1. Representation of a
Fraction
2. Types of Fractions
2.1. Proper Fraction
2.2. Improper Fraction
2.3. Mixed Fraction
3. Conversion of
Fractions
3.1. Mixed Fraction to
Improper Fraction
3.2. Improper Fraction
to Mixed Fraction
4. Fractions on a
Number Line
5. Equivalent
Fractions
5.1. Simplest Form of a
Fraction
6. Like and Unlike
Fractions
6.1. Comparison of Fractions
7. Operations on
Fractions
7.1. Addition
7.2. Subtraction
72
Mind Map
Proper Improper Mixed
Fraction Fraction Fraction
Types of
Fractions
Representation Fractions on a
of a Fraction Number Line
Conversion of Equivalent
Fractions Fractions Fractions
Mixed to Improper Simplest Form
Improper to Mixed of a Fraction
Fraction Fraction
Operations on Like and Unlike
Fractions Fractions
Subtraction Addition Comparison
of Fractions
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1. Fractions
A fraction is a number representing part of a whole. The
whole may be a single object or a group of objects.
1.1. Representation of a Fraction
Consider the given example of a fraction,
3 Numerator
4 Denominator
The top number represents the number of selected
equal parts. It is called the numerator.
The bottom number represents the total number of
equal parts of a whole. It is called the denominator.
The horizontal line that we see in a fraction is called the
Vinculum. In Latin, it means ‘chain’.
1 2
4 8
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2. Types of Fractions
2.1. Proper Fraction
Fraction in which the numerator is less than the
denominator is called a proper fraction.
𝟓
For Example:
𝟗
2.2. Improper Fraction
Fraction in which the numerator is greater than the
denominator is called an improper fraction.
𝟕
For Example:
𝟒
2.3. Mixed Fraction
Mixed fraction is a combination of a whole number and
a proper fraction.
𝟑
For Example: 𝟓
𝟓
Proper fraction lie to the left of 1 as it is less than 1.
Improper fraction lie to the right of 1 as it is greater
than 1
Proper fraction Improper fraction
0 1 2 3
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3. Conversion of Fractions
3.1. Mixed Fraction to
Improper Fraction
Numerator(p)
Mixed fraction = Whole number(r)
Denominator(q)
Step 1: Multiply the whole number with the denominator.
Step 2: Add that number to the numerator.
Step 3: Write that sum on top of the original denominator.
(r × q) + p
Improper fraction =
q
For example:
3
Mixed fraction =9
4
(9 × 4) + 3 39
Improper fraction = =
4 4
1 9
1
8 8
Mixed Improper
fraction fraction
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3. Conversion of Fractions
3.2. Improper Fraction to
Mixed Fraction
p Dividend
Improper fraction =
q Divisor
Step 1: Divide the numerator by the denominator.
Step 2: Write down the whole number part of the quotient.
Step 3: Take the remainder and write it on top of the
original denominator.
Remainder
Mixed fraction = Quotient
Divisor
For example:
39
Improper fraction =
4
4 39 9
-36
3
3
Mixed fraction = 9
4
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4. Fractions on a Number Line
Proper Fraction
𝑝
For representing proper fraction on a number line,
𝑞
divide the number line between 0 and 1 into q equal
𝑝
parts and mark the pth part as .
𝑞
p Part to be picked
q Total number of parts
2
For example:
9
0 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
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4. Fractions on a Number Line
Improper Fraction
t
Improper fraction
q
Convert it into mixed fraction
p Part to be picked
r
q Total number of parts
Number will lie between r and r+1.
Divide the number line between r and r+1 into q
p
equal parts and mark the pth part as r
q
For example: 54
10
54 = 5 4
10 10
Number will lie between 5 and 5+1(=6).
5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
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5. Equivalent Fractions
Equivalent fractions are the fractions that have different
numerators and denominators but are equal to the same
value.
2 3
For example, and are equivalent fractions, because
4 6
1
they both are equal to .
2
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
= =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
To get an equivalent fraction of a given fraction, multiply
or divide both the numerator and denominator by the
same number.
By multiplication By division
𝟐× 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 ÷ 𝟑 𝟒
= =
𝟗× 𝟐 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟓 ÷ 𝟑 𝟓
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5. Equivalent Fractions
5.1. Simplest Form of a Fraction
A fraction is said to be in the simplest (or lowest) form if
its numerator and denominator have no common factor
except 1.
36 36 ÷ 2 18 ÷ 9 2
= = = Simplest form
54 54 ÷ 2 27 ÷ 9 3
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6. Like and Unlike Fractions
Like Fractions
Fractions with same denominator.
1 2 3
4 4 4
Unlike Fractions
Fractions with different denominators.
1 2 3
2 3 4
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6. Like and Unlike Fractions
6.1. Comparison of Fractions
● If the fractions are like, then the fraction with the
greater numerator is greater of the two.
4 6
Example: <
5 5
● If the fractions are unlike but the numerators are the
same, then the fraction with the smaller denominator
is greater of the two.
3 3
Example: >
4 5
● If the fractions are unlike and the numerators are
different, convert the unlike fractions into like fractions
and compare the two.
2 3
Compare and
3 4
Conversion to like fractions
L.C.M of 3 and 4 is 12.
2 2×4 8 3 3×3 9
= = , = =
3 3 × 4 12 4 4 × 3 12
Comparison of like fractions
As 8 < 9,
8 9 2 3
< ⇒ <
12 12 3 4
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7. Operations on Fractions
7.1. Addition
Addition of fractions:
● If the fractions are like, then add the numerators and
keep the denominator same to get the result.
𝟒 𝟔 𝟒 + 𝟔 𝟏𝟎
+ = =
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
● If the fractions are unlike, in that case first convert
them into like fractions and then add.
3 2
Add and
4 5
Conversion to like fractions
L.C.M of 4 and 5 is 20.
3 3 × 5 15 2 2 × 4 8
= = , = =
4 4 × 5 20 5 5 × 4 20
Addition of like fractions
15 8 23
+ =
20 20 20
84
7. Operations on Fractions
7.2. Subtraction
Subtraction of fractions:
● If the fractions are like, then subtract the numerators
and keep the denominator same to get the result.
𝟔 𝟒 𝟔−𝟒 𝟐
− = =
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
● If the fractions are unlike, in that case first convert
them into like fractions and then subtract.
2 3
Subtract from
5 4
Conversion to like fractions
L.C.M of 4 and 5 is 20.
3 3 × 5 15 2 2 × 4 8
= = , = =
4 4 × 5 20 5 5 × 4 20
Subtraction of like fractions
15 8 7
− =
20 20 20
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