‭1.

Keywords‬

‭ ython has‬‭36 reserved keywords‬‭that are part of the language’s syntax and cannot be‬
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‭used as variable names:‬

‭●‬ ‭
False‬
‭: Boolean value indicating false.‬
‭●‬ ‭
None‬
‭: Represents the absence of a value.‬
‭●‬ ‭
True‬
‭: Boolean value indicating true.‬
‭●‬ ‭
and‬
‭: Logical operator.‬
‭●‬ ‭
as‬
‭: Used in context management and imports.‬
‭●‬ ‭
assert‬
‭: Used for debugging and testing.‬
‭●‬ ‭
async‬
‭: Declares an asynchronous function.‬
‭●‬ ‭
await‬
‭: Awaits the result of an async function.‬
‭●‬ ‭
break‬
‭: Exits the current loop.‬
‭●‬ ‭
class‬
‭: Declares a class.‬
‭●‬ ‭
continue‬
‭: Skips the current iteration of a loop.‬
‭●‬ ‭
def‬
‭: Declares a function or method.‬
‭●‬ ‭
del‬
‭: Deletes a variable or element.‬
‭●‬ ‭
elif‬
‭: Else-if condition in control flow.‬
‭●‬ ‭
else‬
‭: Else condition in control flow.‬
‭●‬ ‭
except‬
‭: Handles exceptions in try-except blocks.‬
‭●‬ ‭
finally‬
‭: Final block in exception handling.‬
‭●‬ ‭
for‬
‭: Defines a for-loop.‬
‭●‬ ‭
from‬
‭: Specifies the module to import from.‬
‭●‬ ‭
global‬
‭: Declares a global variable.‬
‭●‬ ‭
if‬
‭: Conditional statement.‬
‭●‬ ‭
import‬
‭: Imports modules.‬
‭●‬ ‭
in‬
‭: Checks membership in sequences.‬
‭●‬ ‭
is‬
‭: Compares object identities.‬
‭●‬ ‭
lambda‬
‭: Declares an anonymous function.‬
‭●‬ ‭
nonlocal‬
‭: Refers to a variable in an enclosing scope.‬
‭●‬ ‭
not‬
‭: Logical negation.‬
‭●‬ ‭
or‬
‭: Logical operator.‬
‭●‬ ‭
pass‬
‭: Does nothing (placeholder).‬
‭●‬ ‭
raise‬
‭: Raises an exception.‬
‭●‬ ‭
return‬
‭: Returns a value from a function.‬
‭●‬ ‭
try‬
‭: Defines a try block for exception handling.‬
‭●‬ ‭
while‬
‭: Defines a while-loop.‬
‭●‬ ‭
with‬
‭: Handles resources, often used with file operations.‬
‭●‬ ‭
yield‬
‭: Returns from a generator function.‬

‭2. Built-In Functions‬

‭A. Input/Output Functions‬

‭●‬ ‭
print()‬
‭: Outputs text or variables.‬
‭●‬ ‭
input()‬
‭: Reads user input.‬
‭●‬ ‭
open()‬
‭: Opens a file and returns a file object.‬

‭B. Type Conversion Functions‬

‭●‬ ‭
int()‬
‭: Converts to an integer.‬
‭●‬ ‭
float()‬
‭: Converts to a float.‬
‭●‬ ‭
str()‬
‭: Converts to a string.‬
‭●‬ ‭
bool()‬
‭: Converts to a Boolean value.‬
‭●‬ ‭
list()‬
‭: Converts to a list.‬
‭●‬ ‭
tuple()‬
‭: Converts to a tuple.‬
‭●‬ ‭
set()‬
‭: Converts to a set.‬
‭●‬ ‭
dict()‬
‭: Converts to a dictionary.‬
‭●‬ ‭
bin()‬
‭: Converts an integer to binary.‬
‭●‬ ‭
hex()‬
‭: Converts an integer to hexadecimal.‬
‭●‬ ‭
oct()‬
‭: Converts an integer to octal.‬

‭C. Mathematical Functions‬

‭●‬ ‭
abs()‬
‭: Absolute value.‬
‭●‬ ‭
round()‬
‭: Rounds to a given precision.‬
‭●‬ ‭
pow()‬
‭: Exponentiation (with modulus option).‬
‭●‬ ‭
sum()‬
‭: Sum of items in an iterable.‬
‭●‬ ‭
min()‬
‭: Minimum of iterable.‬
‭●‬ ‭
max()‬
‭: Maximum of iterable.‬
‭●‬ ‭
divmod()‬
‭: Returns quotient and remainder.‬

‭D. String Functions‬

‭●‬ ‭
len()‬
‭: Length of an object.‬
‭●‬ ‭
str()‬
‭: Converts to string.‬
‭●‬ ‭
format()‬
‭: Formats a string.‬
‭●‬ ‭
ord()‬
‭: Converts a character to its ASCII value.‬
‭●‬ ‭
chr()‬
‭: Converts an ASCII value to a character.‬

‭E. List and Sequence Functions‬

‭●‬ ‭
len()‬
‭: Length of an object.‬
‭●‬ ‭
sorted()‬
‭: Returns a sorted list.‬
‭●‬ ‭
enumerate()‬
‭: Adds index to iterable.‬
 ‭●‬ ‭
map()‬
‭: Applies a function to each item of an iterable.‬
‭●‬ ‭
filter()‬
‭: Filters an iterable based on a function.‬
‭●‬ ‭
zip()‬
‭: Aggregates iterables.‬

‭F. Dictionary Functions‬

‭●‬ ‭
keys()‬
‭: Returns keys of a dictionary.‬
‭●‬ ‭
values()‬
‭: Returns values of a dictionary.‬
‭●‬ ‭
items()‬
‭: Returns key-value pairs.‬

‭G. Iteration Functions‬

‭●‬ ‭
range()‬
‭: Generates a sequence of numbers.‬
‭●‬ ‭
iter()‬
‭: Returns an iterator.‬
‭●‬ ‭
next()‬
‭: Fetches the next item from an iterator.‬

‭H. Functional Programming Functions‬

‭●‬ ‭
lambda‬
‭: Anonymous function.‬
‭●‬ ‭
map()‬
‭: Applies a function to all items in an iterable.‬
‭●‬ ‭
filter()‬
‭: Filters elements in an iterable based on a condition.‬
‭●‬ ‭
reduce()‬ functools‬
‭: Reduces an iterable to a single value (from‬‭ ‭).‬
‭●‬ ‭
any()‬ True‬‭if any element is‬‭
‭: Returns‬‭ True‬
‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭
all()‬ True‬‭if all elements are‬‭
‭: Returns‬‭ True‬
‭.‬

‭I. Object and Type Functions‬

‭●‬ ‭
type()‬
‭: Returns the type of an object.‬
‭●‬ ‭
isinstance()‬
‭: Checks if an object is an instance of a class.‬
‭●‬ ‭
dir()‬
‭: Lists the attributes of an object.‬
‭●‬ ‭
id()‬
‭: Returns the identity of an object.‬
‭●‬ ‭
hash()‬
‭: Returns the hash value of an object.‬
‭●‬ ‭
callable()‬
‭: Checks if an object is callable.‬

‭J. File Handling‬

‭●‬ ‭
open()‬
‭: Opens a file.‬
‭●‬ ‭
read()‬
‭: Reads content from a file.‬
‭●‬ ‭
write()‬
‭: Writes content to a file.‬
‭●‬ ‭
close()‬
‭: Closes a file.‬

‭K. Miscellaneous‬

‭●‬ ‭
eval()‬
‭: Evaluates a string as a Python expression.‬
‭●‬ ‭
exec()‬
‭: Executes Python code dynamically.‬
‭●‬ ‭
help()‬
‭: Provides help information.‬
 ‭●‬ ‭
globals()‬
‭: Returns the global symbol table.‬
‭●‬ ‭
locals()‬
‭: Returns the local symbol table.‬
‭●‬ ‭
memoryview()‬
‭: Returns a memory view object.‬

‭3. Exception Handling‬

‭These keywords and functions help manage errors and exceptions:‬

‭●‬ ‭
try‬ except‬
‭,‬‭ finally‬
‭,‬‭ ‭: Handles exceptions.‬
‭●‬ ‭
raise‬
‭: Manually raises an exception.‬
‭●‬ ‭
assert‬
‭: Debugging aid that raises an error if condition is false.‬

‭4. Modules and Libraries‬

‭ ython comes with extensive standard libraries and modules. Some key built-in modules‬
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‭include:‬

‭●‬ ‭
math‬
‭: Provides mathematical functions.‬
‭●‬ ‭
random‬
‭: Generates random numbers.‬
‭●‬ ‭
datetime‬
‭: Handles dates and times.‬
‭●‬ ‭
sys‬
‭: Provides access to system-specific parameters.‬
‭●‬ ‭
os‬
‭: Provides functions for interacting with the operating system.‬
‭●‬ ‭
functools‬ reduce()‬
‭: Provides higher-order functions like‬‭ ‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭
itertools‬
‭: Provides iterator-building functions.‬
‭●‬ ‭
collections‬ deque‬
‭: Provides specialized data structures (like‬‭ Counter‬
‭,‬‭ ‭).‬
‭●‬ ‭
json‬
‭: Provides functions for working with JSON data.‬
‭●‬ ‭
re‬
‭: Provides functions for working with regular expressions.‬