Magnetic Circuits are associated with different magnetic quantities such as: >MMF > Flux > Reluctance > Permeability etc. >Magnetic flux (g): Amount of magnetic field (or the number of lines of force) produced by a magnetic source measured in (Wb) weber. >Magnetic flux density (B): Amount of flux passing perpendicular through an area (a). It is measured in Tesla (T or Wb/m?). >Magnetomotive force (MMF or F): MMF is the magnetic potential difference that caus the flow of flux around the magnetic circuit. For coil of N turns carrying current /, MMF is: F=M (Ampere-turns) Additionally, if #7 is the magnetic field intensity & / is the length of flux path, MMF is: F=HI>Permeability (): Permeability of a material is a measure of ease with which magnetic flux can be developed in it. It is given as: u=B/H * Permeability of free space (41,) is 4nx107 = Permeability of media other than free space (absolute permeability); HHH, Where, 1, is the relative permeability of media (for air/vacuum ,=1) > Reluctance (S): The opposition offered by a magnetic circuit to the establishment of magnetic flux is called the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. It is given as: S=Vpa=Vpa —_-(A-t/Wb) Note: Permeance, denoted by a is the reciprocal of reluctance. >In magnetic circuit we have, ®=MMF/SEquivalence of Magnetic & Electric Circuits > Ohms law for electric circuit: _—EMF_V "ROR » For magnetic circuit: MMF; F (A-t) EMF; V’ (volt) Magnetic flux; @ (Wb) Current; 7 (A) Reluctance; S_ (A-t/Wb) Resistance; R () Permeance; A (Wb/A-t) Conductance; G (S) Magnetic field intensity; H(A-t/m) _ Electric field intensity; E_ (V/m) Note: Energy is not lost in magnetic circuit because of reluctance.Magnetic Fringing + When the magnetic field lines pass through an air gap, they tend to bulge out (see the above figure). It is because the magnetic field lines repel each other when passing through the air (or non-magnetic materials). This effect is known as magnetic fringing. + Due to magnetic fringing, the effective area of the air gap is increased and thus the magnetic flux density is decreased in the air gap. The longer the air gap, the higher is the fringing and vice- versa. Magnetic Leakage or Leakage Flux * The part of magnetic flux that does not follow the desired path in a magnetic circuit is known as leakage flux Lestage fate Total Fhe aSeries & Parallel magnetic circuits >By analogy between electric & magnetic circuits, the laws of combination of resistance in series & parallel also holds for reluctances. » Reluctances in series (Series magnetic circuit): The equivalent reluctance of a number of reluctances connected in series is equal to the sum of individual reluctances. Seq = SASASH- > Reluctances in parallel (Parallel magnetic circuit): S, n The equivalent reluctance of a number of reluctances connected in parallel is given as: tay 1 tytgtetyR, SRosstaExample-1: An electromagnet has an air gap of 4mm & flux density in the gap is 1.3Wb/m?. Determine the MMF for the gap.Example-2: A wrought iron bar 30 cm long & 2cm in diameter is bent into a circular shape as shown in figure below. It is then wound with 500 turns of wire. Calculate the current required to produce a flux of 0.5mWb in magnetic circuit with an air gap of Imm. (take mu =1200): For the magnetic circuit shown below, the relative permeability of the ferromagnetic material of the core is 1200. Neglect leakage and fringing, Ail dimensions are in cm, and the magnetic material has a square cross sectional area. Determine the airgap flux and the magnetic field intensity in the airgap VERE? Tre eee a roa [FF % 1 ——} | L+—»—o co x 4 Np t 50 05 co I I I 500 turns Lz 500 turns q 7 5 I | I 4Magnetization Video lecture link sharea: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R51pl9g2malHysteresis Loss Hysteresis causes dissipation of heat* & humming sound, >This power loss in the core due to hysteresis effect is called Hysteresis loss. > Hysteresis loss is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop of the material. Area® | mmm Hysteresis loss f > Hysteresis loss is given by the following expression: Py = MBriaxfY Where, 1 is the constant (Steinmetz constant) Buux is the peak flux density Fis the frequency v volume of core * Core heating @ Hysteresis loop areaEddy currents Faradays law of Electromagnetic induction Coil Lines of forces — Magnet Current & : Electromotive force (EMF) IN: Number of turns of the coil ‘St: nstaneous change of magnetic flux with timeEddy current loss >If the magnetic core is solid, there can also be Eddy current loss. » Localized Eddy currents excited by AC magnetic flux induced voltages that result in IR losses. Loss can be reduced by using laminated core designs. > Core in the form of sheets separated by insulating material.Eddy current loss > Eddy current loss is given by: Pe = K,Baaxf?vt® Where, K, is constant Bmax is the peak value of flux density _fis the frequency vis the volume of core tis the thickness of core laminations >To reduce eddy current losses, core laminations are doneElectrical TransformerTransformer PRIMARY COIL > Transformer is an static electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another electrical circuit at the same frequency. > Works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, + Step-up Transformer + Step-down transformer SECONDARY COILCore type & Shell type Transformer oie) das aes ayStep Down & Step Up Transformer Step Up Transformer ee = Step Down Transformer,”Transformer Construction (single-phase) Primary TransiormerCore Secondary Magnetic Where: Vp — is the Primary Voltage (V,) Ve — is the Secondary Voltage (V2) Np ~ is the Number of Primary Windings (N,) Ng — is the Number of Secondary Windings (N,) © (phi) ~ is the Flux LinkageTransformation Ratio Va _ No Va > Transformation ratio, k = 1 > Turn ratio, a= aqsformation ratio Working: LaminatedIron Core Magnetic Flux (@) assumed to be Sinusoidal (B= Sq. Sinot)Working Principle > When AC voltage is applied to primary winding ; = with secondary open, a “no-load” current flows in primary which sets up a magnetic flux in the core. >This flux links with both primary and secondary rina coils => induces EMF by mutual (in secondary)“ and self (in primary) induction. FIf secondary is loaded, then current flows through secondary and this is reflected back in primary winding as EMF through mutual induction.Transformer EMF Equation Done in Classroom!Example: A single phase transformer has 480 turns on the primary winding and 90 turns on the secondary winding, The maximum value of the magnetic flux density is 1.T when 2200 volts, 50H is applied to the transformer primary winding, Calculate: a) The maximum flux in the core, ) Cross-sectional area of the core (©) The secondary induced EMF Solution: a, E=4,.44* 6fN 2200 = 4.44 « d * 480 * 50 2200 9 = Taaess0050 = b.d=BA => A= 4 = 002059 _ 9.0187687m? .0206456W eber az * —» Ey MB > Ey = $f «2200 = 412.5VIdeal Transformer = V, sin(wt+90°) i,= I,sin(wt) gy =®,,sin(wt) YI Primary Winding Secondary WiningDot Convention >If current enters(leaves) the dotted terminal of one coil, the polarity of the induced voltage in the second coil is positive (negative) at the dotted terminal. “ot ierLosses in Real (practical) Transformer Transformer Losses -—+ CopperLoss Core/lronLoss —_ Stray Loss -—t—_ Eddy Current Loss —_ Hysteresis LossLosses in Real (practical) Transformer > Primary and secondary windings are not lossless. There are resistive losses in core as well as windings. > Perfect coupling not possible due to flux leakage outside core and windings (typically k < 1). > Temperature rise due to resistive losses results in formation of hot spots, that can damage winding insulation and core properties.Copper Losses in Real Transformer > Since transformer has large number of windings both on primary side and secondary rapuy a side. toma {eutouy »A real transformer will have finite resistance offered by these windings to the flow of current. > Copper loss = power loss in primary scons + iat r Ri R power loss in secondary _-W} = 2R+ 2 SB =7 =R+13R y= = . >Copper re they depend on the load current.Leakage Flux Usefull Mutual flux Ideal transformer (no leakage flux) Practical transformer (finite leakage flux)Leakage Flux in Real transformerEquivalent Circuit of Real (Practical) Transformer c > Ideal ae ri it <= {e=or}