MANUAL

N
NLocus
FOR

of

CONTROL
Scale
LCS-NSBY

Ms. Samayalangki Nongtdu Dr. Yodida Bhutia

Research Scholar AND Associate Professor
Department of Education Department of Education
North Eastern Hill University Sikkim University
SHILLONG (Meghalaya) GANGTOK (Sikkim)
Manual
for
LOCUS
of
CONTROL
SCALE

LCS-NsBY
Ms. Samayalangki Nongtdu
Dr. Yodida Bhutia
Research Scholar
Associate Professor
Department of Education and
Department of Education
North Eastern Hill University
Sikkim University
SHILLONG (Meghalaya)
OLoC4, GANGTOK (Sikkim)

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 INTRODUCTION
Mearns, (2000) stated in his research on Rotter's theory that for many people, their
only exposure to the ideas of Julian B. Rotter is his concept of generalized expectancies
for control of reinforcement, which is more commonly known as locus of control. Locus
of control refers to people's very general, cross-situational beliefs about what
determines whether or not they get reinforced in life. People can be classified along a
continuum from very internal to very external..Locus of control is not a typology. It
represents a continuum, not an either or proposition... Locus of control is a generalized
expectancy it will predict people's behavior across situations. However, there may be
some specific situations in which people who, for example, are generally external
behave like internals. That is because their learning history has shown them that they
have control over the reinforcement they receive in certain situations, although overall
they perceive little control over what happens to them. Again, one can see the importance
of conceiving of personality as the interaction of the person and the environment.
According to Rotter, (1982) when a reinforcement is perceived by the subject as
following some action of his own but not being entirely contingent upon his own action,
then, in our culture, it is typically perceived as result of luck, chance, fate, as under the
control of powerful others, or as unpredictable because of the great complexity of the
forces surrounding him. When the event is interpreted in this way by an individual, we
have labeled this a belief in external control. If the person perceives that the event is
contingent upon his own behavior or his own relatively permanent characteristics, we
have termed this a belief in internal contro.
Locus of control is an epiphenomenon, a mere diagnostic indicator of a person's
capacities for achievement; that is, the more intelligent and achieving a person is, the
more likely he will perceive himself to be an active, effective person...It will be apparent
that locus of control plays a mediating role in determining whether persons become
involved in the pursuit of achievement.
Lucus of control is concerned with the assignment of responsibility, regardless of
behavioural instrumentality. One perceives internal control when one assumes ful
responsibility for what has happened, even though it was externally caused. One
perceives external control if the responsibility for an outcome rests entirely elsewhere
regardless of whether it is the direct consequence of one's own behavior. One perceives
dual control when the responsibility for an outcome is shared by the individual as well
as external sources.
4 Manual for LCS-NSBY
Locus of control is concerned with the assignment of responsibility, regardless of
behavioral instrumentality. One perceives internal control when one assumes full
responsibility for what has happened, even though it was externally caused. One
Derceives external control if the responsibility for an outcome rests entirely elsewhere
regardless of whether it is the direct consequence of one's own behavior. One perceives
external control if the responsibility for an outcome rests entirely elsewhere, regardless
of whether it is the direct consequence of one's own behavior. One perceives dual
control when the responsibility for an outcome is shared by the individual as well as
external sources.
Locus of control is a psychological construct which is measurable. Thus scale for
measurement of Locus of Control is constructed.
Construction of Locus of Control Scale
The tool constructed by the investigator for studying the Locus of Control and
was
followed the following steps
Step 1. Planning for construction of Locus of Control Scale
Review of related studies of Locus of Control Scale is based on the theory and
studies by Rotter 1954, 1972, 1982 and also the investigator
sought help of books,
internet, past researches then the two dimensions of Lucus of Control were identified-
Internal Locus of Control and External Locus of Control,
Components were also
selected which are based on Social Learning Theory of Rotter and components related
to dimensions are as follows:

TABLE 1
Locus of Control
Dimension Components Dimension Components
Internal Locus Belief in oneself External Locus Luck
of
Integrity of Powerful other
Control Alienation Control Field dependent
Ego Control Social Forces

Step 2. Preparation of Locus of Control Scale

Based on literature reviewed 110 items
were constructed. After cheCking its
relevance, grammatical errors,
repetition and reviewing its applicability and
appropriateness the items were removed and 96 items were finalised for validating
 Manual for LCS-NsBY|5
Step 3. Validity of Locus of Control Scale
The content validity and face validity of Locus of Control Scale
established with
were the respond of 10 experts of Education and
Psychology. Based on the experts
advised and suggestions on the appropriateness of items with the
dimension,
arammatical errors and clarity of statements and further discussion 42 items were
removed and 50 items were finalised. The scale was prepared for
try-out to test the
validity and reliability, so the tool was distributed to 500 numbers of
degree students
studying in colleges of Shillong, they belong to B.Sc, B.Com and B.A. ltem
alalysis, testing of reliability and internal validity was done after the content
the tool was established. validity of
Internal Validity of Locus of Control Scale
Internal Validity of the test was determined the
by upper group and lower of 500
sample was selected. In order to test the significant of the items, t-test was
calculated
between the 27% upper group and 27% lower
group. The above table showed that
with selected 135 upper and 135 lower
groups, df was 268, t critical two tail was at
1,97 and the t-value of all the 40 items was selected which
was significant at 0.05
level. These are showed as follows.

TABLE 2
t-test of Items
Items t-Value Items t-Value tems t-Value Items t-Value
5.40 11. 1.48 21. 9.72 31. 7.24
2. 5.24 12 8.49 22. 5.11 32 9.40
3. 2.75 13. 6.46 23. 9.47 33. 9.67
4. 7.6 14. 4.36 24. 3.24 34. 7.84
5. 5.49 15. 6.27 25. .95 35. 3.17
6 4.04 16 8.00 26. 7.70 36 4.37
7. 4.33 17. 4.24 27. 6.09 37. 4.97
8. 4.88 18. 6.48 28. 6.07 38. 5.91
9. 3.84 19 6.68 29. 4.81 39 2.92
10.
4.124.12 20. 6.00 30. 3.64 40. 3.62
 6 Manual for LCS-NSBY
Standardization

of Locus of Control Scale

Step 4. Reliability tests was calculated.
of the tool the following
Further to test the reliability
TABLE 3
of Control Scale
Split Half of Locus
Part 1 Value 69
Cronbach's Alpha
Nof Items 20
Part 2 Value .72

N of Items 20
Total N of ltems 40

Correlation between Forms 65

Guttman Split-Half Coefficient .78

out of which 22 are of Internal
The final draft of Locus of Control Scale has 40 items,
Locus of Control & 18 of External Locus of Control.
For standardization purpose, the scale was administered on a college/university
given to randomly selected 500
male/female student population. The scale was

students.
Split Half Coefficient of Locus of Control was calculated by using r 0.65 which
=

coefficient r = 0.78 which are significant at .01

was corrected by Guttman Split-Half
level of significance.
In order to further test the reliability of the scale Correlation coefficient was calculated
between components and dimensions, component and total scale and dimensions
and total scale.
TABLE 4
Correlation between Components and Dimension (Internal Locus of Contro
Ego control
Components Belief in one Integrity Alienation

Dimension self
Internal Locus 0.69
of Control 0.78 0.71 0.69
one
ne above table showed correlation coefficient between components bellel

selr, integrity, alienation and ego control and dimension (Internal LOcus o e
Correlation coefficient values are 0.78, 0.71, 0.69
given respectively, W
significant at .01 level of significance.
 Manual for LCS-NsBy | 7
TABLE 5
Correlation between Components and Dimension (External Locus of Control)
Components Social
Luck Powerful other Field Dependent
Dimension Force
External Locus of Control 0.69 0.74 0.83 0.68

The above table showed correlation coefficient between components and

dimension (External Locus of Control). Thus there is a positive correlation between
components i.e. luck, powerful others, field dependent and social force (External Locus
of Control). Correlation coefficient values are 0.69, 0.74, 0.83 and 0.68 given
respectivel, which are significant at .01 level of significance.
TABLE 6
Correlations between Component and Total Scale
Components Total Scale Components Total Scale
Belief in one self 69 Luck 52
Integrity 65 Powerful other 68
Alienation 62 Field dependent 73
Ego control 68 Social force .57
The above table showed correlation coefficient between components; belief in
one self, integrity, alienation, ego control, luck, powerful other, field dependent, social
forces and total scale. The r values are 0.69, 0.65, 0.62, 0.68 0.52, 0.68, 0.73 and
0.57 which are significant at .01 level of
significance
TABLE 7
Correlations between Dimension and Total Scale
Dimension Internal Locus of Control External Locus of Control
Total Scale 0.91* 0.89*

"Significant at .01 level of significance.

The final valid and reliable scale had 40 items. The statements of the scale are of
WO dimensions Internal Locus of Control and External Locus of Control. Items nos. 1
to 22 are items which are of Internal Locus of Control and items 23 to 40 are of
EXternal Locus of Control. It has been proved that scale of Locus of Control is valid
Tor the sample of the study i.e. college students and is consistent indicating that the
Scale is reliable.
 8 Manual for LCS-NSBY
TABLE 8

Distribution of ltemns

Nature of
Sr. No. Locus of Control No. of Items Total No.| Total
tems of items

1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13,
Positive
12
. Internal 16, 18, 19, 21
22
2, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15,
Negative
17, 20, 22 10

Positive 24, 27, 29, 31, 35, 37, 39 07

. External 18
23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33,
Negative
34, 36, 38, 40 11
Positive Items 19 +
Negative Items 21
=
Total ltems 40
Scoring System
There are 19 positive and 21
Control there are 22
negative items. Dimension-wise in Internal Locus of
items and in External Locus of Control 18 items.

TABLE 9

Scoring System
Types of Items
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
Positive 5 4 3 2

Negative 1 2 3 4 5
Forsmooth scoring, Indicate
Negative Items.
Statistical Results
On the basis of the
scores of the 500
were got Table 10. protocols, the following statistical re
 Manual for LCS-NsBY |9
TABLE 10
Statistical Results
Sr. No. Dimension N Minimum Mean SD
Maximum Score
Internal Locus 500 22-110 78-31 .62
of Contro
I External Locus 500 18-90 62.63 6.05
of Control
Full Scale 500 40-200 140.90 12.67

Norms
On the basis of the statistical results presented in Table 10, separate z-Score
Norms have been prepared for Internal & External Locus of Control & the same have
been presented in Table 11 and 12 respectively.
Norms for interpretation of the level of lnternal/ External Locus of Control have
been presented in Table 13.
TABLE 11
z-Score Noms for Dimension I: INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
Mean:78-31 SD: 6-62 N 500
RAW Z RAW Z RAW RAW
Score Score Score Score Score Score Score Score
59 -2-91 69 -1-40 79 +0-10 89 +1-61
60 -2-76 70 -1-25 80 +0-25 90 +1.76
61 -2-61 71 -1.10 81 +0-40 91 +1-91
62 -2-46 72 -0-95 82 +0-55 92 +2-06
63 -2-31 73 -0.80 83 +0-70 93 +2.21
64 -2-16 74 -0-65 84 +0-85 94 +2-36
65 -2.01 75 0-50 85 +1-01 95 +252
66 -1-85 76 -0-34 86 +1.16 96 +2.67
67 -1-70 T -0-19 87 +131 97 +2-82
68 -1-55 78 -0-04 88 +1-46 98 +2-97
 10 Manual for LCS-NSBY ..--
TABLE 12

for Dimension l : EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTO

z-Score Noms TROL
Mean : 62-63 SD: 6-005 N= 500

RAW Z RAW
RAW RAW Z Z
Score Score Score Score Score
Score Score Score
3-56 51 -1.91 61 -0-26 71
41 +1-38
52 -1.75 62 -0.10 72
42 -340 +1-54
3-23 53 -1-58 63 +0-06 73
43 +1-71
-3-07 54 -1.42 64 +0-22 74
44 +1-87
45 -2-90 55 -1-25 65 +0-39 75 +2-04
5 -2-74 56 -1-09 66 +0-55 76 +2-20
-2-57 57 -0-92 67 +0.72 77 +2.37
48 -2-41 58 -0-75 68 +0-88 78 +2.53
49 -2-24 59 -0-59 69 +1-05 79 +2-70
50 -2-08 60 -0-43 70 +1-21 80 +2-86

TABLE 12: Norms for Interpreting of the Level of Locus of Control

z-Score Level
Raw Scores Range
Sr. Range Grade of

No. Internal Locus External Locus Locus of

of Control of Contro Control

1. 92 & above 75 & above +2.01 & more A Extremely High

2 87 to 91 71 to 74 +1.26 to +2.00 B High

3. 82 to 86 66 to 70 +0.51 to +1.25C Above Average

76 to 81 60 to 65 -0.50 to +0.50 D Average

5. 70 to 75 Below Average
55 to 59 -1.25 to-0.51 E

6. 66 to 69 51 to 54 Low
-2.00to-1.26 F

Extremely Low
65 & below 50 & below -2.01 & less G
 ManualforLCS-NsaY11
REFERENCES
Argyrous. G (2012). Statistics for Research wilth a Guide to SPSS. New Delhi: Sage
Publications India Pvt. Ltd
Gale. T. (2008). Locus of Control. Retrieved July 31, 2015, from International
Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-
3045301375.htm
Gupta. M. and Nain, I. (2016). Teachers Locus of Control Scale. Agra: H. P. Bhargava
Book Housse.
Hasnain, N. and Joshi, D. D. (2017). Locus of Control Scale. Agra: National
Psychological Corporation.
Jackson, K. D. (2010, May 29). Retrieved from http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0042656/
jackson k.pdf
Lefcourt, H. M. (1976). Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research.
New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Meams, J. (2000). The Social Learning Theory of Julian B. Rotter (1916-2014).
Retrieved May 28, 2015, from http://psych.fullerton.edu/jmearns/rotter.htm
Rotter, J.B. (1982). Introduction. In J. B. Rotter, The Development and Applications
ofSocial Leaming Theory (pp. 1-12). CA, USA: Praeger.
Rotter, J. B. Chance, J. E. and Phares, E. J. (1972).Anintroductionto social leaming
theory. In J. B. Rotter, J. E. Chance, and E. J. Phares, Applications of a social
leaming theory ofpersonality, 1-43. New york, USA: Hot, Rinehart and Winston,
Inc.
Seeman, M. (1959, December). On The Meaning of Alienation. American Sociological
Review, 24(6), 783-781. Retrieved July 31,2015, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/
2088565.
Veblen, T. (1899). The Beliefin Luck. Retrieveu July 31, 2015, from AMead Project
SOurce pape: httpd://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Veblen/Veblen_1899/Veblen
1899 11.html
Wong, P. T. and Sproule, C. F. (1984). An Attribution Analysis of Locus of Control
Construct and the Trent Attribution Profile. In h. m. lefcourt, Research with the locus

ofcontrol construct (pp. 309-360). London: Academic Press.

o 2018. Allrights reserved. No porion of this scale materlal should b0 reproduced in any form without the
writen pemission of the publisher. Manual for Locus of Control Scale (LCS-BYNs). NPC-RP MG
12 Manual for LCS-NSBY

SCORING KEY of LCS-NsBy

Item Strongly Unde- Dis Strongly Item Strongly Unde Dis

Agree Agree
No. cided Agree Disagree No. AgreeAgree
cided Strongly
Agree Disagree
1 5 4
32 21. 5 3 2
1
2 3 22. 2 3
5
3. 5 4 3 2 23. 2 3
5
5 3 2
24 5 4 3

5. 5 4 3 2 1 25. 1 2 3
5
6. 2 3 5 26. 1 2 3 4 5
7. 5 4 3 2 1 27. 5 4 3 2 1
8. 1 2 3 4 5 28. 1 2 3 4 5
9. 5 3 2 1 29. 5 4 3 2

10 5 3 2 1 30. 1 2 3 5
11. 1 2 3 31. 5 4 3 2

12 1 2 4 5 32. 1 2 3 4 5
13. 5 4 3 2 33. 2 3 4 5
14. 1 2 3 4 5 34. 2 3 5
15. 1 2 3 4 5 35. 5 2 1
4 3
16. 5 3 2 36. 5
1 2 3
17. 2 4 5 37. 5 4 3 2 1
18. 4 3 2 5
38. 1 2
19. 5 4 3 2 1 39. 5 4 3 2
20. 1 3 4 5 40. 1 2 3