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Lecture 7 ReKm Normal Distribution

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27 views9 pages

Lecture 7 ReKm Normal Distribution

Uploaded by

rayta.rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistics

Normal Distribution

Dr. Reatul Karim


Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
North South University
Normal Distribution
• The normal distribution was first introduced by the English mathematician, De
Moivre (1667-1754) and later applied in the social and natural sciences by the
French mathematician Pierre de la Place (1749-1827).

• It is highly useful in the field of statistics. The graph of this distribution is called
normal curve or bell-shaped curve.

• In normal distribution, observations are more clustered around the mean.


Normally almost half the observations lie above and half below the mean and
all observations are symmetrically distributed on each side of the mean.
Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
Characteristics:
• The curve is symmetrical
• It is a bell shaped curve.
• Maximum values at the center and decrease to zero symmetrically on each side.
• Mean, median and mode coincide or are identical
• Mean = Median = Mode
• It is determined by two parameters mean and standard deviation.
• Mean  1SD limits, includes 68% of all observations
• Mean  2SD - ,, ,, 95% ,, ,,
• Mean  3SD - ,, ,, 99% ,, ,,
The area between (under) the curve:
a) If we erect perpendiculars a distance of 1 SD from the mean in both
directions, the area enclosed by these perpendiculars, the x-axis & the
curve will be approx 68% of the total area.
b) If we extend these lateral boundaries a distance of 2 SD on either side of
the mean, approx 95% of the total area will be enclosed.
c) If we further extend it to 3 SD on either side of the mean it will include
approx 99% of values.

68%

95%

99%
The relationship between SD and Frequency
Distribution
• Suppose in a large sample we find that the mean height is 150cm with
SD of 15cm.
• This suggests that we would expect to find 34% of our sample with
heights between 150+15=165cm and a further 34% between 150-
15=135cm. Altogether therefore, we would expect 68% of the sample
to have heights between 135-165.
• 95% of all individuals in our sample would be expected to lie between
150-30= 120cm and 150+30= 180cm
• 99% of individuals would have statures between 105-195cm.
Normal Distribution

• Almost all statistical tests (t-test, ANOVA etc) assume normal


distributions. These tests work very well even if the distribution is only
approximately normally distributed.

• Some tests (Mann-whitney U test, Wilcoxon W test etc) work well


even with very wide deviations from normality.
Skewed Distribution
• A normal distribution results in a specific bell-shaped curve, with the
highest point in the middle and smoothly curving symmetrical slopes
on both sides of the centre.
• But many distribution is not symmetrical.
• Skewed means lack of symmetry. Skewness indicates whether the
curve is turned more to one side than to the other i.e. whether it has a
longer tail on one side.
Skewed Distribution
Skewness can be :
(i) “Positive”- if the curve is more elongated to the right side. A
positively skewed distribution is such that the mean is greater than
the mode.
(ii) “Negative”: If the curve is more elongated to the left side. A
negatively skewed distribution is such that the mean is less than the
mode.

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