MBES

T. B. Girwalkar Polytechnic, Ambajogai

“Market Survey Of Synchronous Generator”

Guided by
Mr. C. N. Thakur
Submitted By:
Sandip Balbhim Dhakne

Sumit Amol More

Dipak Navnath Dugane

Bramhanand Shrikant Jadhav

Rushikesh Balasaheb Agale

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1 Introduction 4

2 What is Synchronous Generator 5

3 Construction 6-10

4 Working Principle 11

5 E.M.F Equation of Synchronous Generator 12

6 Synchronous Generator Characteristics 13

7 Excitation 14

8 Survey according to https://www.indiamart.com 15-17

9 Reference 18

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 Abstract
A synchronous generator is a synchronous machine which converts mechanical
power into AC electric power through the process of electromagnetic induction.
Synchronous generators are also referred to as alternators or AC generators. The
term "alternator" is used since it produces AC power. It is called synchronous
generator because it must be driven at synchronous speed to produce AC power
of the desired frequency. A synchronous generator can be either single-phase or
poly-phase (generally 3phase).

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 Introduction
The DC generator which works on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Similarly, the asynchronous motor also works on the same principle but the only
difference is, this generator gives a 3-phase AC output voltage from stator
windings whereas the DC generator gives the output like a DC or a single DC.
The first synchronous generator was used in the year 1870 when the arc lamp
was invented by P.N. Jablochkov which is named the Jablochkov candle. They
are known as synchronous generators because f, the frequency of the induced
voltage in the stator (armature conductors) conventionally measured in hertz, is
directly proportional to RPM, the rotation rate of the rotor usually given in
revolutions per minute (or angular speed). If the rotor windings are arranged in
such a way as to produce the effect of more than two magnetic poles, then each
physical revolution of the rotor results in more magnetic poles moving past the
armature windings. Each passing of a north and south pole corresponds to a
complete "cycle" of a magnet field oscillation. Therefore, the constant of
proportionality is where P is the number of magnetic rotor poles (almost always
an even number), and the factor of 120 comes comes from 60 seconds per
minute and two poles in a single magnet.

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 What is Synchronous Generator
Definition:
A synchronous machine that works like a generator is known as a
synchronous generator and also called an alternator. The main function of this
generator is to generate commercial frequency current frequently by converting
the mechanical energy from the main mover to an AC electrical energy at a
specific frequency & voltage. These generators are used in the power industry in
thermal power, hydropower, and generation of power in nuclear & diesel.

These generators are applicable for changeable speed wind turbine

applications because of less revolving synchronous speeds. At a grid frequency,
they generate the voltage and they don’t require a pitch control machine. This
machine will increase the turbine cost and makes pressure on the generator as
well as the turbine. The operation of these generators in changeable speed will
produce variable frequency power as well as variable voltage.

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 Construction
The construction of a synchronous generator is shown below. The main
parts of this motor mainly include a stator as well as a rotor. But in most of
these generators, field exciters revolve and the armature coil will be immobile.

A.

Stator:-

The stator of this generator is not used to serve lane for magnetic flux. As an
alternative, the stator is utilized to hold armature winding. The stator core can
be designed with a magnetic iron otherwise steel alloys lamination to reduce the
eddy current losses.

 In synchronous generator, armature winding is stationary because of simple

immobile armature winding insulation at high voltages, which may be high
like 30 kV or above.
 The output of high voltage is directly received from the motionless
armature whereas, for a rotating armature, there is a huge brush contact
drop at high voltages, and also the flashing at the surface of the brush will
occur.

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  Field exciter winding can be arranged within a rotor as well as the low DC
voltage is transmitted securely.
 The armature winding can be braced well, so as to prevent deformation
caused by the high centrifugal force.

B. Rotor:-

In the synchronous generator, there are two kinds of rotors used namely Salient
type and cylindrical type.

 Salient pole rotor can be used in alternators with low & medium speed. In
type, it includes a large number of salient poles attached to a magnetic
wheel. These are covered to reduce the eddy current losses. These rotors
have large diameters and short wavelengths.
 Cylindrical rotors are mainly used in high-speed alternators like
turboalternators. This rotor includes a flat as well as a solid steel cylinder
with slots and an external periphery. These slots consist of field windings.

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i. Salient Pole Rotor:-

The term salient means projecting. Hence, a salient pole rotor consists of poles
projecting out from the surface of the rotor core. This whole arrangement is
fixed to the shaft of the alternator as shown in the figure. The individual field
pole windings are connected in series such that when the field winding is
energised by the DC exciter, the adjacent poles have opposite polarities.

The salient pole type rotor is used in the low and medium speed (from 120 to
400 RPM) alternators such as those driven by the diesel engines or water
turbines because of the following reasons

 The construction of salient pole type rotor cannot be made strong enough to
withstand the mechanical stresses to which they may be subjected at higher
speed.
 If the salient field pole type rotor is driven at high speed, then it would cause
windage loss and would tend to produce noise.

Low speed rotors of the alternators possess a large diameter to provide the
necessary space for the poles. As a result, the salient pole type rotors have large
diameter and short axial length.

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ii. Cylindrical Rotor
 The cylindrical rotors are made from solid forgings of high-grade nickel-
chrome molybdenum steel.
 The construction of the cylindrical rotor is such that there are no-physical
poles to be seen as in the salient pole rotor.
 In about two-third of the outer periphery of the cylindrical rotor, slots are cut
at regular intervals and parallel to the rotor shaft.
 The field windings are placed in these slots and is excited by DC supply. The
field winding is of distributed type.
 The unslotted portion of the rotor forms the pole faces.
 It is clear from the figure of the cylindrical rotor that the poles formed are
nonsalient, i.e., they do not project out from the rotor surface.

The cylindrical type rotor construction is used in the high-speed (1500 to 3000
RPM) alternators such as those driven by steam turbines because of the
following reasons

 The cylindrical type rotor construction provides a greater mechanical

strength and permits more accurate dynamic balancing.
 It gives noiseless operation at high speeds because of the uniform air gap.

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  The flux distribution around the periphery of the rotor is nearly a sine
wave and hence a better EMF waveform is obtained.

A cylindrical rotor alternator has a comparatively small diameter and long axial
length. The cylindrical rotor alternators are called turbo-alternators or
turbogenerators. The alternator with cylindrical rotor has always horizontal
configuration installation

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 Working Principle

The synchronous generator working principle is the same as a DC generator. It

uses Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. This law states that when the
flow of current is induced within the conductor in a magnetic field then there
will be a relative motion among the conductor as well as the magnetic field. In
synchronous generator, the magnetic field is immobile & conductors will rotate.
However, in practical construction, armature conductors are motionless & field
magnets will rotate between them. The rotor in the synchronous generator can
be fixed mechanically toward the shaft to turn at synchronous speed (Ns) under
some mechanical force which consequences In magnetic flux cutting in the
stationary armature conductors of the stator. Due to this direct flux cutting
result, an induced e.m.f and flow of current will be there in armature
conductors. For each winding, there will be a current flow in the first half cycle
after that in the second half cycle with a specific time lag of 120°.

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 E.M.F Equation of Synchronous Generator

The e.m.f equation of this generator is shown below.

Eph = 4.44 Kc KdφfTph VOLTS

Where,
‘P’ is poles
‘ϕ’ is Flux for each pole in Webers
‘N’ is the speed in rpm (revolution per minute)
‘f’ is the frequency in Hz
‘Tph ’ is the number of turns connected in series per phase
‘Kc’ is the span factor of the coil
‘Kd’ is the distribution factor of the coil

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 Synchronous Generator Characteristics

Synchronous generator load characteristics are shown below. When the speed
and exciting current are constant, then the thermal voltage will be changed
along with the load current within the armature. The load characteristics can be
defined as the main relationship between the load current & the thermal voltage
of the synchronous generator.

As the armature current rises, then the terminal voltage falls because of
resistance as well as reactance in armature winding, and armature reaction. The
graphical representation of load characteristics is shown below.

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 Excitation

The synchronous generator excitation can be defined as the assembly of flux

through flowing current within the field winding. The excitation system is the
system that is used for the excitation of the synchronous system. Direct current
is necessary for exciting the field winding of the rotor within the machine. DC
supply can be given to the field of the rotor in the tiny machine through a DC
generator known as Exciter. A mini-DC generator like a pilot generator provides
the supply to the exciter. Both the exciter & pilot exciter are placed on the main
shaft of the generator. The main exciter’s DC output can be provided to the field
winding in the machine through slip rings & brushes. In small generators, the
pilot exciter is eliminated.

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 Survey according to https://www.indiamart.com

A. AC Synchronous Generator, for Industrial

₹ 20,000/ Piece

Product Specification

Application Industrial
Condition New
Uses ITI Institution

Product Description

With our expertise and trustworthiness, we are engaged in offering an optimum

quality range of AC Synchronous Generator Seller.

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B. 7.5 Kva Three Phase Synchronous Generator, For Power

₹ 3.65 Lakh/ Piece

Product Specification

Power 7.5 kVA

Fuel Type Diesel
Phase Three Phase
Application Power
Protection IP 54
Frequency 50/60 Hz
Current 610 A
Product Description

Manufacturer state of the art, self-excited, self-regulated and dependable

generators which are reliable sources of power by deploying superior techniques
and processes in each specialized field of design, material specifications,
procurement, testing and packing

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C. 5 kVA Single Phase AC Synchronous Generator

₹ 3.50 Lakh/ Piece

Product Specification

Power (kVA) 5 kVA

Phase Single Phase
Fuel Consumption (at 100% Load) 60%
Fuel Tank Capacity 10 L
Dry Weight (Kg) 1050kg
Frequency 50 Hz
Minimum Order Quantity 2 Piece

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 Reference

1. Electrical book
2. IAM book
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com
4. https://www.indiamart.com
5. www.goggle.com
6. www.wikipidia.com

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