PEAK

The Variable Load

 Objectives of a Power Station
The power station is constructed, commissioned and operated
to supply required power to consumers with generators running at
rated capacity for maximum efficiency.

The fundamental problem in generation, transmission and

distribution of electrical energy is the fact that electrical energy can
not be stored for a long time. It must be generated, transmitted and
distributed as and when needed.
Load Curves

1. Ideal Load Curve 2. Realized Load Curve

Equations
1. The Load Factor is an expression of how much energy was used in a given time period
versus the amount of energy that would have been used if the power is left on during
peak demand.
https://www.electronicshub.org/what-is-load-factor/

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑊

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑊

Where:
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙, 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙, ℎ𝑟

Thus for a yearly operation:

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 8,760 ℎ𝑟/𝑦𝑟, 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
Note: On the side of the consumer, the Load Factor can be improved by running a certain number of
loads in specific time periods instead of operating their machines all at the same time.
2. The Capacity Factor is the ratio of the actual electrical energy produced by a
generating unit for the period of time considered to the electrical energy that could
have been produced at continuous full power operation during the same period.
https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=Capacity_factor#:~:text=Capacity%20factor%3A%20The%20ratio%20of,operation%20during%20the%20same%20period.

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡′𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙,𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
Where:
a. 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 × 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
b. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 24 , 30 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ , 365 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 , 8760 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Thus for a yearly operation:

𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 × 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 = ℎ𝑟
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦× 8,760 , 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
𝑦𝑟

But if: a. 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑢𝑥𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
b. 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
then:
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 × 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙, 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
3. The Plant Use Factor is the ratio of powerplant’s generated output to the product of
plant capacity and the number of hours for which the plant was in operation.
https://testbook.com/question-answer/plant-use-factor-is--5ee9b2a27c693b0d11867a3b

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟

𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
Where:
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 × 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
if:
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
then:
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Thus for a yearly operation:

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 × 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
also:
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
4. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑘𝑊 − 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑊
From: 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑊 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = and 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑊

Dividing the two quantities:

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = =
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
So that:
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
thus:
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟−𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
https://testbook.com/objective-questions/mcq-on-reserve-capacity--5eea6a0f39140f30f369e7a8#:~:text=on%20the%20plant.-
,Reserve%20capacity%20%3D%20Plant%20capacity%20%E2%80%93%20Maximum%20demand,will%20have%20the%20same%20valu
5. The Diversity Factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the
various subdivisions of a system to the maximum demand of the whole system.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/diversity-factor#:~:text='The%20diversity%20factor%20is%20the,Engineering%20(Fourth%20Edition)%2C%202012

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

6. The Demand Factor is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system or circuit to the
total connected load

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-demand-factor-diversity-electrical-hub-
1f#:~:text=In%20other%20words%2C%20it%20represents,demand%20of%20the%20whole%20system.&text=Diversity%20factor%20helps%20in%20sizing,operating%20at%20t
heir%20maximum%20simultaneously.
Example 1.
A power station supplies the following loads to the consumers

Estimate the ff:

a) Load Factor if a single Power Plant is used.
b) Load Factor for a 30MW stand by Power Plant in excess of 70MW
c) Capacity Factor of the 30 MW stand-by Power Plan
Solution:
𝐸𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑎) 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑘𝑊 ×24 ℎ𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑦
where:
30𝑀𝑊×6 + 70𝑀𝑊×4 + 90𝑀𝑊×2 + 60𝑀𝑊×4 + 100𝑀𝑊×4 + 80𝑀𝑊×2 + 60𝑀𝑊×2
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
24ℎ𝑟
1560 𝑀𝑊−ℎ𝑟
=
24ℎ𝑟
= 65 𝑀𝑊
65 𝑀𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.65
100𝑀𝑊

b) 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 30𝑀𝑊 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

20𝑀𝑊×2 + 30𝑀𝑊×4 + 10𝑀𝑊×2 180𝑀𝑊−ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 22.5𝑀𝑊
8ℎ𝑟 8ℎ𝑟

22.5𝑀𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑−𝑏𝑦 = = 0.75
30
 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 70𝑀𝑊 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡
30𝑀𝑊×6 + 70𝑀𝑊×6 + 60𝑀𝑊×4 + 70𝑀𝑊×6 + 60𝑀𝑊×2 1380𝑀𝑊−ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 57.5𝑀𝑊
24ℎ𝑟 24ℎ𝑟

57.5𝑀𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 0.82
70

c) 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 30𝑀𝑊 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑−𝑏𝑦 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ×𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

20𝑀𝑊×2 + 30𝑀𝑊×4 + 10𝑀𝑊×2

=
30𝑀𝑊 × 8ℎ𝑟

= 0.75
Example 2
The peak load on a power plant is 60MW. The loads having the
maximum demands of 30MW, 20MW, 10MW, and 14MW are
connected to the plant. The capacity of the power plant is 80MW and
the annual load factor is 0.5
Given:
Plant Capacity = 80MW
Peak Load = 60MW
Individual Capacity = 30MW, 20MW, 10MW, 14MW
Load Factor = 0.5

Calculate the following:

a) Average Load
b) Energy Supplied per year
c) Demand Factor
d) Diversity Factor
Solution:

a) Average Load
From:
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙, 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑊

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

= 60 𝑀𝑊 × 0.5
= 30 𝑀𝑊

b) Energy Generated per year = Average Load × 8,760 hr/yr

ℎ𝑟
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 30𝑀𝑊 × 8,760
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑀𝑊−ℎ𝑟
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 262,800
𝑦𝑟
 Load Diversity
c) Demand Factor
30 MW
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 20 MW
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

60 𝑀𝑊
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.813
30𝑀𝑊+20𝑀𝑊+10𝑀𝑊+14𝑀𝑊 20 MW

d) Diversity Factor
10 MW
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

30𝑀𝑊+20𝑀𝑊+10𝑀𝑊+14𝑀𝑊
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 1.23 10 MW
60𝑀𝑊
14 MW

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