Unit 1 Notes (24ELN)
Unit 1 Notes (24ELN)
Unit 1 Notes (24ELN)
Important Terms
• Current
It is the flow of electrons.. It is indicated by I or i. It is measured in Amperes. This can be
alternating current AC or direct current DC.
• Voltage
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons
(current) through a conducting loop. It is indicated by V. It is measured in Volts.
• Resistance
It is the property of opposing the flow of electrons. It is indicated by R
• Ohms Law
According to Ohm’s law, the potential difference across an ideal conductor is proportional to
the current through it. VαI
The voltage is directly proportional to the resistance it offers. VαR
V=IR
Basic Electronics:
• Matter is made up of molecules which consists of atoms.
• While exciting, if the electron is completely removed from the nucleus,the atom is
said to be ionized.
So, the process of raising the atom from normal state to this ionized state iscalled as
ionization
Energy Bands
• In gaseous substances, the arrangement of molecules is not close.
• In liquids, the molecular arrangement is moderate.
• But, in solids, the molecules are so closely arranged, that the electrons in the
atoms of molecules tend to move into the orbitals of neighboring atoms.
• Hence the electron orbitals overlap when the atoms come together.
• Due to the intermixing of atoms in solids, instead of single energy levels, there will
be bands of energy levels formed.
• These set of energy levels, which are closely packed are called as Energy bands.
i) Valance Band
• The electrons that are present in the outermost shell are called as Valance
Electrons.
• These valance electrons, containing a series of energy levels, form an energy band
which is called as Valence Band.
• The valence band is the band having the highest occupied energy.
• In this condition, D1 will allow conduction (its anode will be positive with respect to its
cathode) while D2 will not allow conduction (its anode will be negative with respect to its
cathode). Thus, D1 alone conducts during positive half-cycles.
• In this condition, D2 will allow conduction (its anode will be positive with
• Current is routed through the load in the same direction on successive half-cycles.
• The switching action of the two diodes results in a pulsating output voltage being developed
across the load resistor (RL).
• Unlike the HWR circuit the pulses of voltage developed across RL will occur at a frequency of
100Hz (not 50Hz).
• This doubling of ripple frequency allows us to use smaller values of the reservoir and
smoothing capacitor to obtain the same degree of ripple reduction (the reactance of a
capacitor is reduced as frequency increases).
• The peak voltage produced by each of the secondary windings will be approximately 17V and
the peak voltage across RL will be 16.3V (i.e., 17V- 0.7V forward threshold voltage dropped by
the diodes)
• The reservoir capacitor C1 can be connected to ensure that the output voltage remains at or
near the peak voltage even when the diodes are not conducting.
• The capacitor charges to peak value of 16.3V in the positive cycle and holds the voltage at
this level when the diodes are non-conducting.
• The time required by C1 to charge to the maximum (peak) level is determined by the
charging circuit time constant (the series resistance multiplied by capacitance value).
• The discharge time is equal to the product of the capacitance value and RL.
• During this stage D1 and D2 will be reverse-biased and held in a non- conducting state. As a
consequence, the only discharge path for C1 is through RL.
• An alternative to the use of the bi-phase circuit is that of using a four-diode bridge rectifier.
• This arrangement avoids the need to have two separate secondary windings.
• On positive half cycles, point A will be positive with respect to B. D1 and D2 will
conduct and D3 and D4 will not conduct.
• On negative half cycles, point B will be positive with respect to A, D3 and D4 will
conduct and D1 and D2 will not conduct.
• The current is routed through the load in the same direction on successive half cycles.
• Similar to bi-phase rectifier, the switching action of the two diodes results in a pulsating
output voltage being developed across (RL)
• The peak voltage is approximately 16.3V (i.e 17V - 0.7V forward threshold voltage).
•