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Advanced Topics-Interfacial Science

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19 views17 pages

Advanced Topics-Interfacial Science

Uploaded by

Ahsan Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ADVANCED TOPICS IN

MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Capillarity and the mechanics of surfaces
Dr. Salman Abbasi
SURFACE TENSION AND WORK
➢ Definition of Surface Tension

✓ Surface Tension is the force per unit length acting on the imaginary line drawn in the surface.
𝑭
𝜸=
𝜹𝒙
−1
✓ SI units of surface tension are 𝑁𝑚

➢ Explanation

✓ Attractive forces acting on the molecule


in the bulk are isotropic
✓ However, forces acting on a molecule at
the surface of the liquid are unequal.
✓ Molecule at the surface experiences an
unbalanced force
✓ As a result, the molecule is pulled in to
the bulk

Forces acting on molecules near a surface


SURFACE TENSION AND WORK
➢ Examples of Surface Tension

The tension in the rubber acts on a line Water striders using water surface
Spherical drops falling from a round tube surface, causing it to stretch tension when mating
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Surface_tension

Water drops attached with the plants Tears of wine Effects of water on the fibers of a brush
http://study.com/academy/lesson/capillary-action-in-plants-definition-examples-quiz.html
SURFACE TENSION AND WORK
➢ Work of extension

✓ The force exerted by the surface tension and resisting


the extension is

𝑭 = 𝜸𝒙

✓ The work of the extension is given as

𝒘𝒔 = 𝑭𝜹𝒚 = 𝜸𝒙𝜹𝒚 = 𝜸𝜹𝑨

Wire frame for extending the surface of a (double-


sided) soap film

If work of extending a soap film supported in a wire frame is 1.5 𝑐𝑚2 ,


Then,
𝛿𝐴 = 1.5 × 2 𝑐𝑚2
And surface tension is 𝜸 = 35 mN m-1
Work of extension = 𝒘𝒔 = 𝜸𝜹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝝁𝑱
SURFACE TENSION AND WORK
➢ Contact Angle, wetting, and spreading
✓ When a drop is placed on a solid surface, triple interface is formed between solid, liquid and gas. At
equilibrium
𝜸𝑮𝑺 = 𝜸𝑳𝑺 + 𝜸𝑮𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

✓ When the drop is initially placed on the surface, the interfacial tensions will not be in equilibrium and
𝑭𝒉 = 𝜸𝑮𝑺 − 𝜸𝑳𝑺 − 𝜸𝑮𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 ′

𝜃 ′ is the instantaneous contact angle and will change as triple line moves towards equilibrium position.

✓ The value of equilibrium contact angle depends on relative magnitudes of cohesive (between molecules of
liquid) and adhesive (between molecules of liquid and surface) forces.

Forces acting at the triple interface for a drop of liquid on a flat solid surface
Image showing a water drop on a PTFE surface
SURFACE TENSION AND WORK
➢ Contact Angle, wetting, and spreading
✓ In case of water, if adhesive forces > cohesive forces, then the surface is hydrophilic (small contact angles);
otherwise hydrophobic (large contact angles)
✓ If 𝜃 < 90𝑜 , the liquid wets the surface and when 𝜃 > 90𝑜 , no wetting.

✓ Spreading coefficient is defined as


𝑺𝑳𝑺 = 𝜸𝑮𝑺 − 𝜸𝑳𝑺 − 𝜸𝑮𝑳

If 𝑆 𝐿𝑆 > 0, complete spreading and if 𝑆 𝐿𝑆 ≤ 0, drop does not spread completely and finds some value of 𝜃.

➢ Surface of Tension

✓ Real interface has a finite thickness


✓ Mathematically it is convenient to consider
interface of zero thickness; surface of
tension
✓ Young suggested that the complex pattern
at the surface as depicted in figure could be
replaced by a mathematical surface under
tension with uniform forces
✓ This model surface is called surface of
Possible pattern of forces in the real interface and the model interface
tension.
SURFACE TENSION AND WORK
➢ Work of Adhesion and Cohesion
✓ If two phases (𝛼 and 𝛽 ) in contact are pulled apart inside
a third phase 𝜔
✓ The work energy per unit area in performing this
operation is called work of adhesion, 𝑤 𝛼𝛽

𝒘𝜶𝜷 = −𝜸𝜶𝜷 + 𝜸𝜶𝝎 + 𝜸𝜷𝝎

✓ If a column of single liquid is pulled apart, work of


cohesion is

𝒘𝜶𝜶 = 𝟐𝜸𝜶𝝎

✓ If one of the phases is solid, the work of adhesion is Separation of two phases

𝒘𝑳𝑺 = 𝜸𝑮𝑳 + 𝜸𝑮𝑺 − 𝜸𝑳𝑺 = 𝜸𝑮𝑳 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉

This is commonly known as Young and Dupre equation

We can use Young-Dupre equation to calculate the work of adhesion


per unit area of contact between water and the solid (𝜃 = 30𝑜 ).
𝑤 𝐿𝑆 == 72 × 10−3 1 + cos30 = 134𝑚𝐽. 𝑚−2
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION
1.Wilhelmy Plate
✓ Dipping a flat plate through the surface of
a liquid and measuring the force acting on
it.
✓ If the plate is hanging vertically, the
meniscus contact the plate along a line of
length 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)
✓ The downward force on the plate is given
as
𝑭 = 𝜸𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚)
Water meniscus on a Wilhelmy plate

Wilhelmy plate for measuring surface tension

2. Capillary Rise
If
𝛾 = 22.4 𝑚𝑁 𝑚−1
𝛾2𝜋𝑟𝑐 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝜋𝑟𝑐2 𝑟𝑐 = 0.1𝑚𝑚
𝜌 = 0.79 𝑔𝑐𝑚−3
𝟏 Then,
𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝒓𝒄 2𝛾
𝟐 ℎ=
𝜌𝑔𝑟𝑐

= 57.8 × 10−3 𝑚
Phenomenon of capillary rise
ASSIGNMENT 1
IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN ANY OTHER
METHOD TO MEASURE SURFACE TENSION.
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION
3. Sessile and pendant drops
✓ The shape of drop sitting on a flat surface is called
sessile drop.
✓ The shape of drop hanging beneath a flat solid
surface is called pendant drop.
✓ Photographs of the drop are taken and
measurements are made on these.

Sessile drop measurements


4. Micropipette

✓ Liquid in the tip of a tapered micropipette and


subject to a small excess pressure in the pipette will
form a curved meniscus similar to that formed in
capillary tube
✓ Radius of the curvature is given as

𝑟𝑐2 + 𝑧𝑐2
𝑟=
2𝑧𝑐

Test liquid in the micropipette


LAPLACE EQUATION
➢ Definition
✓ For a curve surface, the forces of surface tension are
exactly balanced by the difference in pressure on the
two sides of the interface. This is known as Laplace
Equation
𝟐𝜸
𝑷𝜶 − 𝑷𝜷 =
𝒓
➢ Derivation (For Spherical Surface)
a) Forces on a spherical cap and b) resolution of forces
LAPLACE EQUATION

➢ For non-spherical surface

✓ For a non spherical surface, the Laplace Equation


takes the form as
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝜸
𝑷𝜶 − 𝑷𝜷 = 𝜸 + =
𝒓′ 𝒓′′ 𝒓𝒎
Where
1 1 1 1
= +
𝑟𝑚 2 𝑟 ′ 𝑟 ′′

Radii of curvature at a selected point on a curved surface


ASSIGNMENT 2
DERIVE THE LAPLACE EQUATION FOR
NON-SPHERICAL SURFACE
APPLICATIONS OF LAPLACE EQUATION

Soap film sketch between two circular wire frames

2𝛾 2𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Capillary rise


𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃 = =
𝑟 𝑟𝑐
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃 = ρ𝑔ℎ
ρ𝑔ℎ𝑟𝑐
𝛾=
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
SURFACE TENSION OF PURE LIQUIDS
➢ Effect of temperature on
surface tension
Surface Tension of Liquids
✓ Decreases nearly linearly with temperature

Effect of temperature on Surface Tension

➢ The Marangoni Effect


✓ The flow caused by surface tension gradients
✓ Example of flow due to surface tension gradients caused by temperature difference can be
easily demonstrated by spreading a thin film of water on a metal plate and holding a piece of
ice against the underside of the plate.
SURFACE TENSION OF PURE LIQUIDS
➢ The hydrophobic-hydrophilic interaction

✓ Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with four other


molecules
✓ Strong tendency of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds
govern their interactions not only with themselves but also
with other materials
✓ Water molecules are able to arrange themselves around ions,
polar compounds and charged surfaces. This is process of
hydration.
✓ Solid surfaces at which there is extensive hydration are Water molecule showing tetrahedral distribution of
described as hydrophilic. charge with bond lengths and angles

✓ If the material is non-polar and incapable of forming


hydrogen bond, the water molecules arrange themselves to
minimize the number of unused potential hydrogen bonds.
Such substances are described as hydrophobic

✓ When hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups are combined in


one molecule, that molecule is known as amphiphiles.

Water drop on hydrophobic surface tends to minimize number of


unused hydrogen bonds by minimizing the surface contact area
http://sirelab.nmsu.edu/inquiry/
END OF CHAPTER

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