NETWORKING / STACK DATA STRUCTURE /

SQL INTERFACE WITH PYTHON

NAME :

CLASS :

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,
11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,
11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,
11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
a) Suggest and draw the cable layout to efficiently connect various blocks of
buildings within the CHENNAI campus for connecting the digital devices.
b) Which network device will be used to connect computers in each block to
form a local area network?
c) Which block, in Chennai Campus should be made the server? Justify your
answer.
d) Which fast and very effective wireless transmission medium should
preferably be used to connect the head office at DELHI with the campus in
CHENNAI?
e) Is there a requirement of a repeater in the given cable layout? Why/ Why not?

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
 2

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
(i) Suggest the most appropriate block/location to house the SERVER in the
Kashipur campus (out of the 3 blocks) to get the best and effective connectivity.
Justify your answer.
(ii) Suggest a device/software to be installed in the Kashipur Campus to take
care of data security.
(iii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (Block to Block)
to economically connect various blocks within the Kashipur Campus.
(iv) Suggest the placement of the following devices with appropriate reasons:
a. Switch / Hub b. Repeater
(v) Suggest a protocol that shall be needed to provide Video Conferencing 3
solution between Kashipur Campus and Mussoorie Campus.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
 DISTANCE BETWEEN BLOCKS
A TO B 40 m
B TO C 120 m
C TO D 100 m
A TO D 170 m
B TO D 10 m
A TO C 70 m

NO OF COMPUTERS
BLOCK A 25
BLOCK B 50
BLOCK C 125
BLOCK D 10

(a) Suggest and draw the cable layout to efficiently connect various blocks of
buildings within the Noida centre for connecting the digital devices.

(b) Suggest the placement of the following device with justification

i. Repeater ii. Hub/Switch

(c) Which kind of network (PAN/LAN/WAN) will be formed if the Noida

office is connected to its head office in Mumbai?

(d) Which fast and very effective wireless transmission medium should
preferably be used to connect the head office at Mumbai with the centre at
Noida?

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
a) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e., Block/Center) to install the server of this
University with a suitable reason.
b) Suggest an ideal layout for connecting these blocks/centers for a wired
connectivity.
c) Which device will you suggest to be placed/installed in each of these
blocks/centers to efficiently connect all the computers within these
blocks/centers?
d) Suggest the placement of a Repeater in the network with justification.
e) The university is planning to connect its admission office in Delhi, which is
more than 1250km from university. Which type of network out of LAN, MAN,
or WAN will be formed? Justify your answer.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
(i) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout to efficiently
connect various wings of Multipurpose Public-school, Bengaluru.
(ii) Name the most suitable wing where the Server should be installed. Justify
your answer.
(iii) Suggest a device/software and its placement that would provide data
security for the entire network of the School.
(iv) Suggest a device and the protocol that shall be needed to provide wireless
Internet access to all smartphone/laptop users in the campus of Multipurpose
Public School, Bengaluru.
6

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
(i) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e. block) to house the server of this
company with a suitable reason.

(ii) Suggest the type of network to connect all the blocks with suitable reason

(iii) The company is planning to link all the blocks through a secure and high
speed wired medium. Suggest a way to connect all the blocks.

(iv) Suggest the most suitable wired medium for efficiently connecting each
computer installed in every block out of the following network cables:
● Coaxial Cable ● Ethernet Cable ● Single Pair Telephone Cable.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
(i) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout to efficiently
connect various wings of Multipurpose Public School, Bengaluru.

(ii) Name the most suitable wing where the Server should be
installed.Justifyyour answer.

(iii) Suggest a device/software and its placement that would provide Data
security for the entire network of the School.

(iv) Suggest a device and the protocol that shall be needed to provide wireless
Internet access to all smartphone/laptop users in the campus of Multipurpose
Public School, Bengaluru

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
 (a) Suggest cable layout for the connections between the various buildings,
(b) Suggest the most suitable building to house the server of the network of the
university,
(c) Suggest the placement of following devices with justification:
1. Switch/Hub 2. Repeater
(d) Suggest the technology out of the following for setting-up very fast Internet
connectivity among buildings of the university
1. Optical Fiber 2. Coaxial cable 3. Ethernet Cable
9

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
As a network expert, provide the best possible answer for the following queries:
i) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the buildings.

ii) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e. buildings) to house the server of this
Organization.

iii) Suggest the placement of the following device with justification:

a) Repeater b) Hub/Switch

iv) Suggest a system (hardware/software) to prevent unauthorized access to or

from the network

10

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Helping Hands is an NGO with its head office at Mumbai and branches located
at Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. Their Head Office located at Delhi needs a
communication network to be established between the head office and all the
branch offices. The NGO has received a grant from the national government for
setting up the network. The physical distances between the branch offices and
the head office and the number of computers to be installed in each of these
branch offices and the head office are given below. You, as a network expert,
have to suggest the best possible solutions for the queries as raised by the NGO,
as given in (i) to (iv).

(i) Suggest by drawing the best cable layout for effective network connectivity
of all the Branches and the Head Office for communicating data.

(ii) Suggest the most suitable location to install the main server of this NGO to
communicate data with all the offices.

(iii) Write the name of the type of network out of the following, which will be
formed by connecting all the computer systems across the network :
(A) WAN (B) MAN (C) LAN (D) PAN

(iv) Suggest the most suitable medium for connecting the computers installed
across the network out of the following :
(A) Optical fibre (B) Telephone wires (C) Radio waves (D) Ethernet
11
cable

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Jonathan and Jonathan Training Institute is planning to set up its center in
Amritsar with four specialized blocks for Medicine, Management, Law courses
along with an Admission block in separate buildings. The physical distances
between these blocks and the number of computers to be installed in these
blocks are given below. You as a network expert have to answer the queries as
raised by their board of directors as given in (i) to (iv).

(i) Suggest the most suitable location to install the main server of this institution
to get efficient connectivity.
(ii) Suggest the devices to be installed in each of these buildings for connecting
computers installed within the building out of the following : 1

(iii) Suggest by drawing the best cable layout for effective network connectivity
of the blocks having server with all the other blocks.
(iv) Suggest the most suitable wired medium for efficiently connecting each
computer installed in every building out of the following network cables :
-axial Cable

12

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Piccadily Design and Training Institute is setting up its center in Jodhpur with
four specialized units for Design, Media, HR and Training in separate buildings.
The physical distances between these units and the number of computers to be
installed in these units are given as follows. You as a network expert, have to
answer the queries as raised by the administrator as given in (i) to (iv).

(i) Suggest the most suitable location to install the main server of this institution
to get efficient connectivity.
(ii) Suggest by drawing the best cable layout for effective network connectivity
of the building having server with all the other units.
(iii) Suggest the devices to be installed in each of these buildings for connecting
computers installed within each of the units out of the following:
Modem, Switch, Gateway, Router
(iv) Suggest an efficient as well as economic wired medium to be used within
each unit for connecting computer systems out of the following network cable:
Co-axial Cable, Ethernet Cable, Single Pair Telephone Cable.

13

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Ayurveda Training Educational Institute is setting up its centre in Hyderabad
with four specialised departments for Orthopedics, Neurology and Pediatrics
along with an administrative office in separate buildings. The physical distances
between these department buildings and the number of computers to be installed
in these departments and administrative office are given as follows. You, as a
network expert, have to answer the queries as raised by them in (i) to (iv).

(i) Suggest the most suitable location to install the main server of this institution
to get efficient connectivity.
(ii) Suggest the best cable layout for effective network connectivity of the
building having server with all the other buildings.
(iii) Suggest the devices to be installed in each of these buildings for connecting
computers installed within the building out of the following:

(iv) Suggest the topology of the network and network cable for efficiently
connecting each computer installed in each of the buildings out of the following
Topologies : Bus Topology, Star Topology
Network Cable : Single Pair Telephone Cable, Coaxial Cable, Ethernet Cable

14

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Hi Speed Technologies Ltd. is a Delhi based organization which is expanding
its office setup to Chandigarh. At Chandigarh office campus, they are planning
to have 3 different blocks for HR, Accounts and Logistics related work. Each
block has number of computers, which are required to be connected in a
network for communication, data and resource sharing.
As a network consultant, you have to suggest the best network related solutions
for them for issues/problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in mind the distances
between various blocks / locations and other given parameters.

(i) Suggest the most appropriate block/location to house the SERVER in the
CHANDIGARH Office (out of the 3 blocks) to get the best and effective
connectivity. Justify your answer.
(ii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (Block to Block)
to efficiently connect various Blocks within the CHANDIGARH office
compound.
(iii) Suggest a device / software and its placement that would provide data
security for the entire network of CHANDIGARH office.
(iv) Which of the following kind of network, would it be ?
(a) PAN (b) WAN (c) MAN (d) LAN

15

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Hi Standard Tech Training Ltd. is a Mumbai based organization which is
expanding its office set-up to Chennai. At Chennai office compound, they are
planning to have 3 different blocks for Admin, Training and Accounts related
activities. Each block has a number of computers, which are required to be
connected in a network for communication, data and resource sharing.
As a network consultant, you have to suggest the best network related solutions
for them for issues/problems raised by them in (i) to (iv), as per the distances
between various blocks/locations and other given parameters.

(i) Suggest the most appropriate block/location to house the SERVER in the
CHENNAI office (out of the 3 blocks) to get the best and effective connectivity.
Justify your answer.

(ii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (Block to Block)
to efficiently connect various blocks within the CHENNAI office compound.

(iii) Suggest a device/software and its placement that would provide data
security for the entire network of the CHENNAI office.

(iv) Suggest a device and the protocol that shall be needed to provide wireless
Internet access to all smartphone/laptop users in the CHENNAI office.

16

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Go-Fast corporation is a Hyderabad based company, which is planning to set up
training campuses in various cities in next 3 years. Their first campus is coming
up in Pune. At Pune campus, they are planning to have 4 different blocks for
HR, Web Design Training, Programming Training and Hardware Training.
Each block has number of computers, which are required to be connected in a
network for communication, data and resource sharing.
As a network consultant of this company, you have to suggest the best network
related solutions for them for issues/problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in
mind the distances between various blocks/locations and other given
parameters.

(i) Suggest the most appropriate block/location to house the SERVER in the
PUNE Campus (out of the 4 blocks) to get the best and effective connectivity.
Justify your answer.
(ii) Suggest a device/software to be installed in the PUNE Campus to take care
of data security.
(iii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (Block to Block)
to efficiently connect various Blocks within the PUNE campus.
(iv) Suggest a device and the protocol that shall be needed to provide Video
Conferencing solution between PUNE Campus and Hyderabad Head Office.

17

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
 18

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
The government has planned to develop digital awareness in the rural areas of
the nation. According to the plan, an initiative is taken to set up Digital Training
Centers in villages across the country with its Head Office in the nearest cities.
The committee has hired a networking consultancy to create a model of the
network in which each City Head Office is connected to the Training Centers
situated in 3 nearby villages.
As a network expert in the consultancy, you have to suggest the best network-
related solutions for the issues/problems raised in (a) to (d), keeping in mind the
distance between various locations and other given parameters.

(a) It is observed that there is a huge data loss during the process of data transfer
from one village to another. Suggest the most appropriate networking device out
of the following, which needs to be placed along the path of the wire connecting
one village with another to refresh the signal and forward it ahead.
(i) MODEM (ii) ETHERNET CARD (iii) REPEATER (iv) HUB

(b) Draw the cable layout (location-to-location) to efficiently connect various

Village Training Centers and the City Head Office for the above shown layout.

(c) Which hardware networking device, out of the following, will you suggest to
connect all the computers within the premises of every Village Training Center
(i) SWITCH (ii) MODEM (iii) REPEATER (iv) ROUTER

(d) Which protocol, out of the following, will be most helpful to conduct online
interactions of Experts from the City Head Office and people at the three
19
Village Training Centers ?
(i) FTP (ii) PPP (iii) SMTP (iv) VoIP
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,
11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
(i) Suggest the most suitable place to install the server for this organization.
Also, give reason to justify your suggested location.
(ii) Suggest the cable layout of connections between the buildings inside the
campus.
(iii) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification:
Switch Repeater
(iv) The organization is planning to provide a high-speed link with the head
office situated in Bengaluru, using a wired connection
Suggest a suitable wired medium for the same.
(v) The System Administrator does remote login to any PC, if any requirement
arises. Name the protocol, which is used for the same.
20

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Riya wants to transfer pictures from her mobile phone to her laptop. She uses
Bluetooth Technology to connect two devices. Which type of network will be
formed in this case?

The modem at the sender’s computer end acts as a .

In case of switching, before a communication starts, a dedicated

path is identified between the sender and the receiver.

is a communication methodology designed to deliver both voice and

multimedia communications over Internet protocol.

Write the full forms of the following: (i) SMTP (ii) PPP

What is the use of TELNET?

Expand the following: SMTP , XML

Out of the following, which is the fastest wired and wireless medium of
transmission?Infrared, coaxial cable, optical fibre, microwave, Ethernet cable

Give two advantages and two disadvantages of star topology

Define the following terms: www , web hosting

Name the protocol that is used to send emails.

Your friend Ranjana complaints that somebody has created a fake profile on
Facebook and defaming her character with abusive comments and pictures.
Identify the type of cybercrime for these situations.

Name the transmission media best suitable for connecting to hilly areas

Write the expanded form of Wi-Fi.

Rearrange the following terms in increasing order of data transfer rates.

Gbps, Mbps, Tbps, Kbps, bps

Expand the following terms: a. SMTP b. XML c. LAN d. IPR

Arun opened his e-mail and found that his inbox was full of hundreds of unwanted
mails. It took him around two hours to delete these unwanted mails and find the
relevant ones in his inbox. What may be the cause of his receiving so many
unsolicited mails? What can Arun do to prevent this happening in future?
Assume that 50 employees are working in an organization.

Each employee has been allotted a separate workstation to work. In this way, all 21
computers are connected through the server and all these workstations are
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,
11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
distributed over two floors. In each floor, all the computers are connected to a
switch. Identify the type of network?

Your friend wishes to install a wireless network in his office. Explain him the
difference between guided and unguided media.
Write the expanded names for the following abbreviated terms used in
Networking and Communications: (i) CDMA (ii) HTTP (iii) XML (iv) URL

… .......................................... is a network of physical objects embedded with

electronics, software, sensors and network connectivity.

- ---------------------- is a device that forwards data packets along networks.

- ---------------------- describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or

Internet connection.

Give the full forms of the following (i) HTTP (ii) FTP (iii) VoIP (Iv) SSH

How many pair of wires are there in twisted pair cable (Ethernet)?

What is the name of port ,which is used to connect Ethernet cable to a computer
or a laptop?

Select two server side scripting languages out of the following?

(i) ASP (ii) VBScript (iii) JavaScript (iv) PHP

(d) Write the expanded names for the following abbreviated terms used in
Networking and Communications:
(i) HTML (ii) PAN (iii) TCP (iv) GBPS

Differentiate between Bus Topology and Star Topology of Networks. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of Star Topology over Bus Topology ?

Differentiate between Radio Link and Microwave in context of wireless

communication technologies.

Differentiate between communication using Optical Fiber and Ethernet Cable in

context of wired medium of communication technologies.

22

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Bandwidth
Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies available for transmission of
data through that channel.
1 KHz =1000 Hz
1 MHz =1000 KHz = 1000000 Hz

Data Transfer Rate

Data travels in the form of signals over a channel. One signal carries one or
more bits over the channel. Data transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted
between source and destination in one second. It is also known as bit rate. It is
measured in terms of bits per second (bps)
Wired Transmission Media
Three commonly used guided/wired media for data transmission are, twisted
pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable carry
the electric signals whereas the optical fiber cable carries the light signals.

Twisted Pair Cable

A twisted-pair consists of two copper wires twisted like a DNA helical structure.
Both the copper wires are insulated with plastic covers.
Each of the twisted pairs act as a single communication link. The use of twisted
configuration minimises the effect of electrical interference from similar pairs
close by. Twisted pairs are less expensive and most commonly used in
telephone lines and LANs. These cables are of two types: Unshielded twisted-
pair (UTP) and Shielded twisted-pair (STP),

Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable is another type of data transmission medium. It is better shielded
and has more bandwidth than a twisted pair
it has a copper wire at the core of the cable which is surrounded with insulating
material. The insulator is further surrounded with an outer conductor (usually
a copper mesh). This outer conductor is wrapped in a plastic cover. The key to
success of coaxial cable is its shielded design that allows the cable's copper core
to transmit data quickly, without interference of environmental factors. These
types of cables are used to carry signals of higher frequencies to a longer
distance

Optical Fibre
The optical fiber cable carries data as light, which travels inside a thin fiber of
glass.Optic fiber uses refraction to direct the light through the media. A thin
transparent strand of glass at the centre is covered with a layer of less dense
glass called cladding. This whole arrangement is covered with an outer jacket

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
networks. These cables are of light weight and have higher bandwidth which
means higher data transfer rate. Signals can travel longer distances and
electromagnetic noise cannot affect the cable. However, optic fibers are
expensive and unidirectional. Two cables are required for full duplex
communication.

Wireless Transmission Media

In wireless communication technology, information In wireless communication
technology, information travels in the form of electromagnetic signals through
air. Electromagnetic spectrum of frequency ranging from 3 KHz to 900 THz is
available for wireless communication.
Wireless technologies allow communication between two or more devices in
short to long distance without requiring any physical media. There are many
types of wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax
etc.

Wireless Technologies
Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that can be used to connect

mobile-phones, mouse, headphones, keyboards, computers, etc. wirelessly over 24
a short distance. One can print documents with bluetooth-enabled printers
without a physical connection. All these bluetooth-enabled devices have a low

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
cost transceiver chip. In Bluetooth technology, the communicating devices
within a range of 10 meters build a personal area network called piconet.

Protocol
In communication, Protocol is a set of standard rules that the communicating
parties — the sender, the receiver, and all other intermediate devices need to
follow.

Need for Protocols

We need protocols for different reasons such as flow control, access control,
addressing, etc. Flow control is required when the sender and receiver have
different speeds of sending and receiving the data.

• How computers identify one another on a network.

• The form to which the data should be converted for transit.
• How to decide whether the data received is for that node or to be
forwarded to another node.
• Ensuring that all the data have reached the destination without any loss.
• How to rearrange the packets and process them at the destination.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. It is the primary protocol used to
access the World Wide Web.
HTTP is a request-response (also called client-server) protocol that runs over
TCP. The common use of HTTP is between a web browser (client) and a web
server (server).

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol used for transferring files from one
machine to another.

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

PPP is a communication protocol which establishes a dedicated and direct
connection between two communicating devices. This protocol defines how two
devices will authenticate each other and establish a direct link between them to
exchange data. For example, two routers with direct connection communicate
using PPP. The Internet users who connect their home computers to the server
of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) through a modem also use PPP.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

SMTP is a protocol used for email services. It uses information written on the
message header (like an envelope on a letter sent by post), and is not concerned 25
with the content of the email message. Each email header contains email
addresses of recipients. The email containing header and body are entered into
a queue of oDuEtP
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s.OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, KRM PUBLIC SCHOOL ,

11, 2nd Ln, Shanthi Nagar, Sembiyam, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600011
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/ Internet Protocol (IP)
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. It is a set
of standardized rules that uses a client-server model of communication in
which a user or machine (a client) requests a service by a server in the network.

Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard protocol used by email clients to retrieve
email messages from a mail server. It's the most commonly used protocol for receiving email
over the internet.

Telnet is a network protocol that allows users to remotely access and control another
computer over the Internet or local area network (LAN). It provides a two-way, collaborative,
and text-based communication channel between two machines
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows you to make
voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is formatted in
HTML and accessed via HTTP. World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a
collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers
through the internet.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is the standard markup language
for creating Web pages. HTML describes the structure of a Web page. HTML consists of a
series of elements. HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content.

Extensible Markup Language (XML) lets you define and store data in a
shareable manner. XML supports information exchange between computer systems such as
websites, databases, and third-party applications. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a
markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing data. XML
defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and
machine-readable. It does not define how the data is displayed

A website is a collection of files accessed through a web address, covering a particular

theme or subject, and managed by a particular person or organization.

A web server is a computer that runs websites. It's a computer program that stores,
processes, and delivers web pages to users. Web servers use Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) to communicate with users.

A web browser is a software application that allows users to access the internet. It
provides an interface between the user and the information available on the web. When a user
requests information, the web browser fetches the data from a web server and displays the
webpage on the user's screen

Web hosting is a service that allows you to publish your website on the internet. When
you sign up for a web hosting service, you rent space on a physical server to store your
website's files and data. The service also provides the software, hardware, and network
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A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique identifier that specifies the location of a
resource on the internet. It's also known as a web address.
A URL consists of multiple parts, including:
A protocol identifier A resource name A domain name

A domain name is a string of text that maps to an alphanumeric IP address, used to

access a website from client software. In plain English, a domain name is the text that a user
types into a browser window to reach a particular website. For instance, the domain name for
Google is 'google.com'.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BUS AND STAR TOPOLOGY

Bus topology Uses a single cable to connect all devices. This cable is called the backbone.

Star topology Uses a central hub or switch to broadcast information to all devices. All devices
are connected to the central hub.

Other differences between bus and star topology include:

Data transfer speed: Data is transferred serially from one device to another in bus topology,
which results in slow data transfer speeds. The hub in star topology sends data directly to the
relevant device, which results in fast transmission.

Cost: Bus topology is less expensive than star topology.

Failure: If the network cable fails in bus topology, the entire network fails. If the central hub
fails in star topology, the entire network fails.

Star topology is more expensive than bus topology because of the cost of the hubs

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You have a stack named BooksStack that contains records of books. Each book
record is represented as a list containing book_title, author_name, and
publication_year.
Write the following user-defined functions in Python to perform the specified
operations on the stack BooksStack:

push_book(BooksStack, new_book): This function takes the stack BooksStack and a

new book record new_book as arguments and pushes the new book record onto the
stack.
pop_book(BooksStack): This function pops the topmost book record from the stack
and returns it. If the stack is already empty, the function should display "Underflow".
peep(BookStack): This function displays the topmost element of the stack without
deleting it. If the stack is empty, the function should display 'None'.

A list contains course details for a University :[Course_name, Fees, Duration]

Write the following user defined functions to perform given operations on
the stack named 'Univ' :
(i) Push_element() To push an object containing the Course_name, Fees and Duration
of a course, which has fees greater than 100000 to the stack.

(ii) Pop_element() To pop the object from the stack and display it. If the stack is
empty, the function should display “Underflow”.

Write the definition of a user-defined function `push_even(N)` which accepts a list of

integers in a parameter `N` and pushes all those integers which are even from the list
`N` into a Stack named `EvenNumbers`.
Write function pop_even() to pop the topmost number from the stack and returns it. If
the stack is already empty, the function should display "Empty".
Write function Disp_even() to display all element of the stack without deleting
them. If the stack is empty, the function should display 'None'.

A dictionary, d_city contains the records in the following format: {state:city}

Define the following functions with the given specifications:
(i) push_city(d_city): It takes the dictionary as an argument and pushes all the
cities in the stack CITY whose states are of more than 4 characters.
(ii) pop_city(): This function pops the cities and displays "Stack empty" when
there are no more cities in the stack.

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 PYTHON – SQL INTERFACE

DISPLAYING DATA FROM SQL TABLE

import mysql.connector as ms
con=ms.connect(host='localhost',user='root',password='',database="allen")
cur=con.cursor()
query=cur.execute("SELECT * FROM STUDENT;")
data=cur.fetchall()
for i in data:
print(i)

DELETION OF A DATA IN SQL

import mysql.connector as ms
con=ms.connect(host='localhost',user='root',password='',database="allen")
cur=con.cursor()
x=int(input("ENTER THE RNO TO DELETE : "))
query=cur.execute("DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE RNO="+str(x))
con.commit()
con.close()

INSERTING DATA TO SQL TABLE

import mysql.connector as ms
con=ms.connect(host='localhost',user='root',password='',database="allen")
cur=con.cursor()
query=cur.execute("INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(11,'DANIEL')")
con.commit()
con.close()

37
 INSERTING DATA TO SQL TABLE BY
GETTING INPUTS FROM USER IN
RUNTIME
import mysql.connector as ms
con=ms.connect(host='localhost',user='root',password='',database="allen")
cur=con.cursor()
while True:
a=int(input("ENTER THE ROLL NO : "))
b=input("ENTER THE NAME : ")
query=cur.execute("INSERT INTO STUDENT
VALUES({0},'{1}')".format(a,b))
con.commit()
ch=input("PRESS N FOR EXIT")
if(ch=="N"):
break
con.close()

SEARCHING FOR A PARTICULAR DATA

IN SQL
import mysql.connector as ms
con=ms.connect(host='localhost',user='root',password='',database="allen")
cur=con.cursor()
x=int(input("ENTER THE RNO TO SEARCH : "))
query=cur.execute("SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE RNO="+str(x))
data=cur.fetchall()
for i in data:
print(i)

DELETION OF A DATA IN SQL

import mysql.connector as ms
con=ms.connect(host='localhost',user='root',password='',database="allen")
cur=con.cursor()
x=int(input("ENTER THE RNO TO DELETE : "))
query=cur.execute("DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE RNO="+str(x))
con.commit()
con.close()
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