Objective: Design

Objective:
Diagram:
Apparatus:
Hydraulic Bench, Weights, pitot tube Apparatus, Stop Watch.
Theory:
1. Understanding the Pitot Tube
Structure of a Pitot Tube:
 Design: A typical Pitot tube consists of a long, straight tube
that has an open end (the stagnation point) and a pressure
measurement port that measures the static pressure of the
fluid. The tube is usually mounted perpendicular to the flow of
the fluid.
 Stagnation Point: When the fluid enters the Pitot tube, its
velocity decreases to zero at the open end. This is where the
kinetic energy of the fluid is converted into pressure energy,
leading to an increase in pressure at this point.
Types of Pressure Measured:
1. Static Pressure:
 Definition: Static pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at
rest or the pressure in a fluid flow at a point where the fluid is
not in motion relative to the sensor. It represents the potential
energy per unit volume of the fluid.
 Measurement: Static pressure can be measured using static
ports or pressure taps that are aligned perpendicular to the
flow direction. These ports measure the pressure of the fluid
without the influence of the flow velocity.
 Significance:
o Fluid Dynamics: It indicates the pressure exerted by the
fluid on the walls of the container or surrounding
structures.
o Bernoulli’s Equation: Static pressure is a key term in
Bernoulli’s equation and is used to analyze energy
changes in a flowing fluid.
o Applications: Static pressure is critical in designing
systems like air ducts, pipelines, and tanks, where
pressure must be managed effectively.
2. Dynamic Pressure:
 Definition: Dynamic pressure quantifies the kinetic energy of a
fluid in motion. It is defined as the pressure associated with the
fluid's velocity and is given by the formula:
1
𝑃𝑑 = 𝜌𝑣
2
where:
 ρ = fluid density
 v = fluid velocity
 Measurement: Dynamic pressure is not measured directly but
is derived from the difference between stagnation pressure and
static pressure.
 Significance:
o Fluid Velocity: It provides insight into the kinetic energy
of the fluid and is crucial for calculating the velocity of the
fluid using the equation derived from Bernoulli’s principle.
o Energy Balance: Dynamic pressure helps understand
how energy is distributed in a flowing fluid system,
influencing design considerations for hydraulic systems
and aerodynamics.
3. Stagnation Pressure:
Definition: Stagnation pressure is the total pressure
experienced by a fluid when it is brought to a complete stop
(stagnation) from a moving state. It is the sum of static
pressure and dynamic pressure:
Pt=Ps+Pd
Measurement: In a Pitot tube, the stagnation pressure is measured directly at
the entrance of the tube where the flow velocity is reduced to zero.
Significance:
 Total Energy: Stagnation pressure represents the total mechanical energy
available in the fluid, accounting for both potential and kinetic energy.
 Flow Analysis: It is essential for analyzing flow conditions in various
applications, including aircraft aerodynamics, wind tunnel testing, and fluid
flow in pipes.
2. Bernoulli’s Equation Explained:
Bernoulli's Principle: The principle states that in a flowing fluid, an increase in the
fluid's velocity occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or potential
energy. This relationship is grounded in the law of conservation of energy.
Static, Dynamic, Stagnation Pressure:
Procedure:
1. Place the pitot tube apparatus on the hydraulic bench.
2. Attach the pitot tube with hydraulic bench using pipe and quick
release connectors.
3. Start the pump, and admit water to the tube by opening the flow
control valve. Adjust the flow rate in the tube using the flow control
valve of apparatus and hydraulic bench simultaneously so that
there are no air bubbles within the tube.
4. Change the flow rate and get different values.
5. For each flow rate allow conditions to become steady, measure and
record h1(static head) and h2 (stagnation head)
6. For ach notch obtain five readings of H and Q.
Observations and Calculations:
S. No Static Head Stagnation Head V
#
(mm) (mm)
√2𝑔(ℎStagnation − ℎStatic) (𝑚𝑠–1)
1. 41 55 1.01
2. 135 150 1.67
3. 215 230 2.08
𝑉1 = √2𝑔(ℎStagnation(1) − ℎStatic(1)) = 1.01 𝑚𝑠–1

Application:
1. The pitot tube is used in utility streams.
2. It is used in the air duct and pipe system.
3. It is used in aircraft to measure airflow velocity.
4. They are used for mapping flow profiles in a channel or duct.
Conclusion:
The pitot tube measures the static and dynamic pressures of the
fluid at one point in the pipe. The flow rate can be determined from the
difference between the static and dynamic pressures, which is the
velocity head of the fluid flow.
Sample Calculations:
 next page
Ms. Munazza Haq

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Objective:

Static, Dynamic, Stagnation Pressure:

𝑉1 = √2𝑔(ℎStagnation(1) − ℎStatic(1)) = 1.01 𝑚𝑠–1

𝑉2 = √2𝑔(ℎStagnation(2) − ℎStatic(2)) = 1.67 𝑚𝑠–1

𝑉3 = √2𝑔(ℎStagnation(3) − ℎStatic(3)) = 2.08 𝑚𝑠–1

Ms. Munazza Haq

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