Computers in Business

Part 3 – Computer network, Internet and

Web

1
Contents

• 3.1 Internet, connecting and communicating

online
• 3.2 Communicating digital content

2
Objectives Overview

Describe the purpose

Briefly describe
Discuss the evolution of an IP address and
various broadband
of the Internet its relationship to a
Internet connections
domain name

Describe features of
Describe ways to
browsers and identify
compose effective
the components of a
search text
web address

3
Objectives Overview

Explain how the web

Explain benefits and Describe uses of uses graphics,
risks of using online various types of animation, audio,
social networks websites video, and virtual
reality

Explain how email,

email lists, instant
Identify the rules of
messaging, chat rooms,
netiquette
online discussions, VoIP,
and FTP work

4
The Internet

• The Internet is a
worldwide collection of
networks that connects
millions of businesses,
government agencies,
educational institutions,
and individuals

5
50 years ago (before 1969)

• All computers (mainframes) required you to come to it to use it

• Input and output devices had to be physically close to the
computer itself (same room, or nearby room)
e.g. teletype terminals, or “dumb” CRT screen
• Not very convenient
• What could be done to allow users to use computers remotely?
At the same time …

• The ubiquitous telephone network

• Analog (not digital) – carried voice signals only
• Someone had an idea: “maybe we could use the
(analog) telephone network to support (digital)
computer communications???”
 The analog
signal is The digital signal
continuous in is discrete in time
time and value and value

Think of an analog clock (with a continuously sweeping second

hand) versus a digital clock (discrete values)
Answer  Modems

• Modulator/demodulator
• A device to convert digital information into a form that
could be sent over the (analog) phone network

An external (stand
alone) modern
circa 2000. Today
most PSs have a
modem build in.
Modulation

Analog Digital

Demodulation

Analog Digital
The Internet

• The Internet originated as ARPANET in October

1969 and had two main goals:
Allow scientists at
Function even if part of
different physical
the network were
locations to share
disabled or destroyed
information and work
by a disaster
together

12
The Internet

1969 ARPANET Today Millions of

becomes hosts connect to
functional the Internet

1984 ARPANET
has more than
1,000 individual
computers
linked as hosts
13
Connecting to the Internet

• With wired connections, a computer or device

physically attaches via a cable or wire to a
communications device
• Computers without a communications device can
use a wireless modem or other communications
device that enables wireless connectivity

14
Connecting to the Internet

15
Connecting to the Internet

Wired Wireless

• Cable Internet • Wi-Fi (wireless

service fidelity)
• DSL (digital • Mobile broadband
subscriber line) • Fixed wireless
• Fiber to the • Satellite Internet
Premises (FTTP) Service
16
Connecting to the Internet

• A hot spot is a wireless network that provides Internet

connections to mobile computers and devices

17
Connecting to the Internet

• An Internet service provider (ISP) is a business

that provides individuals and organizations access
to the Internet free or for a fee
• Bandwidth represents the amount of data that
travels over a network
– Megabits per second (Mbps) –millions of bits
– Gigabits per second (Gbps) – billions of bits

18
Connecting to the Internet

19
Connecting to the Internet

• An IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely

identifies each computer or device connected to the
Internet
• A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to
the IP address
• A DNS server translates the domain name into its
associated IP address

20
Connecting to the Internet

21
Connecting to the Internet

22
The World Wide Web

• The World Wide Web (WWW), or web, consists of a

worldwide collection of electronic documents
(webpages)
• A website is a collection of related webpages and
associated items
• A web server is a computer that delivers requested
webpages to your computer
• Web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for
users to share personal information, allow users to
modify website content, and provide applications
through a browser
23
Invention of the World Wide Web (WWW)

• Invented (based on some earlier concepts) by Tim Berners-Lee in

1990
– While working at CERN (European Council for Nuclear Research 1954), the
Swiss physics lab
• Key principles:
– Client-server structure
• Web browser is the key client program
• Web servers “serve” web pages in response to requests from web browsers
• The web browser then displays the page according to the codes contained
within it (html codes)
– Hypertext – imbedded links connecting documents
– Multimedia (text, graphics, and more recently audio and video)
• Based on standardized protocols
– E.g.: http (hypertext transport protocol)
– Html (hypertext markup language)
The World Wide Web

• A browser is an application
that enables users with an
Internet connection to
access and view webpages
on a computer or mobile
device
• A home page is the first
page that a website
displays
• Current browsers typically
support tabbed browsing

25
The World Wide Web

• A webpage has a unique address, called a web

address or URL

26
The World Wide Web

• A web app is an application stored on a web

server that you access through a browser
– Web app hosts usually provide storage for users’ data
and information on their servers, known as cloud
storage

27
Types of Websites

• A web search engine is software that finds

websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps,
and other information related to a specific topic
• A subject directory classifies webpages in an
organized set of categories, such as sports or
shopping, and related subcategories

28
Types of Websites

• Search operators can help to refine your search

29
Types of Websites

• There are several types of websites

Online social Informational

Search engine
network and research

News, weather,
Media sharing Bookmarking sports, and other
mass media

30
Types of Websites

Business,
Educational governmental, and Blogs
organizational

Wiki and
Health and fitness Science
collaboration

31
Types of Websites

Banking and Travel and

Entertainment
finance tourism

Retail and
Mapping
auctions

32
Types of Websites

Careers and
E-commerce Portals
employment

Website
Content
creation and
aggregation
management

33
Types of Websites

• Web publishing is the creation and maintenance

of websites

Design Create Maintain

Plan the Host the
the the the
website website
website website website

34
Digital Media on the Web

• Multimedia refers to any application that

combines text with media

35
Digital Media on the Web

• A graphic is a visual
representation of
nontext information
• Graphic formats include
BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG,
and TIFF

36
Digital Media on the Web

• An infographic is a
visual representation of
data and information,
designed to
communicate quickly,
simplify complex
concepts, or present
patterns or trends

37
Digital Media on the Web

• Animation is the appearance of motion created by

displaying a series of still images in sequence

38
Digital Media on the Web

• Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound

– Compressed to reduce file size
• You listen to audio on your computer using a media
player

39
Digital Media on the Web

• Video consists of images displayed in motion

• Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a
real or imagined environment that appears as a three-
dimensional space
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=8_yXEluXLbU

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=m8z7PFtWz1s

40
Digital Media on the Web

A plug-in, or add-on, is a
program that extends
the capability of a
browser

41
Other Internet Services

• Email is the
transmission of
messages and files via a
computer network
• An email program
allows you to create,
send, receive, forward,
store, print, and delete
email messages

42
Other Internet Services

43
Other Internet Services

• An email list is a group of email addresses used for mass

distribution of a message

44
Other Internet Services

• Instant messaging services notify you when one

or more of your established contacts are online
and then allows you to exchange messages or files
or join a private chat room with them

45
Other Internet Services

• A chat is a real-time
typed conversation that
takes place on a
computer or mobile
device with many other
online users
• A chat room is a website
or application that
permits users to chat with
others who are online at
the same time

46
Other Internet Services

• An online discussion is an online area in which

users have written discussions about a particular
subject

47
Other Internet Services

• VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other

users via their Internet connection

48
Other Internet Services

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard

that permits file uploading and downloading to
and from other computers on the Internet
• Many operating systems include FTP capabilities
• An FTP server is a computer that allows users to
upload and/or download files using FTP

49
Netiquette

• Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet

behavior

50
Part 3.1 Summary

Various types
Evolution of
The web of websites
the Internet
and media

Other services
available on Netiquette
the Internet

51
Part 3.2
COMMUNICATING DIGITAL CONTENT

52
Objectives Overview

Discuss the purpose of the

components required for Differentiate between
Differentiate among LANs,
successful communications client/server and peer-to-
MANs, WANs, and PANs
and identify various sending peer networks
and receiving devices

Describe the various

Explain the purpose of
network communications
communications software
standards and protocols

53
Objectives Overview

Describe various Describe Discuss different

types of commonly used ways to set up and
communications communications configure a home
lines devices network

Differentiate Differentiate
among physical among wireless
transmission transmission
media media

54
Communications

• Digital communications describes a process in

which two or more computers or devices transfer
data, instructions, and information

Sending Transmission Receiving

device media device

55
Communications

56
Networks

• A network is a collection of computers and

devices connected together via communications
devices and transmission media
• Advantages of a network include:
Facilitating Sharing Sharing data and
communications hardware information

Transferring
Sharing software
funds

57
Networks

58
Networks

• A local area network

(LAN) is a network that
connects computers
and devices in a limited
geographical area
• A wireless LAN (WLAN)
is a LAN that uses no
physical wires

59
Networks

• A metropolitan area network (MAN) connects LANs in

a metropolitan area
• A wide area network (WAN)
is a network that covers a
large geographic area
• A personal area network
(PAN) is a network that
connects computers and
devices in an individual’s
workspace with wired and
wireless technology

60
Networks

• The configuration of computers, devices, and media on a

network is sometimes called the network architecture
Client/server network Peer-to-peer network

61
Communications Software

• Communications software consists of programs

and apps that:
Help users establish a Manage the
connection to another transmission of data,
computer, mobile instructions, and
device, or network information

Provide an interface
for users to
communicate with one
another

62
Network Communications Standards
and Protocols

Token
Ethernet TCP/IP Wi-Fi
ring

Bluetooth UWB IrDA RFID

NFC LTE

63
Network Communications Standards
and Protocols

Ethernet is a network standard that specifies no central

computer or device on the network (nodes) should control
when data can be transmitted

The token ring standard specifies that computers and devices

on the network share or pass a special signal (token)

TCP/IP is a network protocol that defines how messages (data)

are routed from one end of a network to another

64
Network Communications Standards
and Protocols

65
Network Communications Standards
and Protocols
• Wi-Fi identifies any network based on the 802.11 standard that specifies
how two wireless devices communicate over the air with each other
• LTE is a network standard that defines how high-speed cellular
transmissions use broadcast radio to transmit data for mobile
communications
• Bluetooth is a network protocol that defines how two Bluetooth devices
use short-range radio waves to transmit data
• UWB (ultra-wideband) is a network standard that specifies how two
UWB devices use short-range radio waves to communicate at high
speeds with each other
• IrDA transmits data wirelessly via infrared (IR) light waves
• RFID is a protocol that defines how a network uses radio signals to
communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an animal, or
a person

66
Network Communications Standards
and Protocols

67
Network Communications Standards
and Protocols
• NFC (near field communication) is a protocol, based on RFID, that
defines how a network uses close-range radio signals to
communicate between two devices or objects equipped with NFC
technology

68
Communications Lines

Dedicated
Cable DSL
line

ISDN FTTP T-Carrier

ATM
69
Communications Lines

70
Communications Lines

• ADSL is a type of DSL that supports faster

downstream rates than upstream rates

71
Communications Devices

• A communications device is any type of hardware

capable of transmitting data, instructions, and
information between a sending device and a
receiving device

72
Communications Devices

• A broadband modem sends and receives data and

information to and from a digital line

Cable DSL
modem modem

73
Communications Devices

74
Communications Devices

• A wireless modem uses a mobile phone provider’s

network to connect to the Internet wirelessly
from a computer or mobile device

75
Communications Devices

• A wireless access point (WAP) is a central communications device

that allows computers and devices to transfer data wirelessly
among themselves or to a wired network

76
Communications Devices

• A router connects
multiple computers or
other routers together
and transmits data to its
correct destination on a
network

77
Communications Devices

• Some routers provide additional functionality:

– Wireless router
– Broadband router
– Broadband wireless
router
– Mobile broadband
wireless router

78
Communications Devices

• A network card enables a computer or device that

does not have built-in networking capability to
access a network
• Available in a variety of styles

79
Communications Devices

• A hub or switch is a device that provides a central

point for cables in a network

80
Home Networks

• Many home users connect multiple computers

and devices together in a home network

81
Transmission Media
• Transmission media carries one
or more communications signals
• Broadband media transmit
multiple signals simultaneously
• The amount of data,
instructions, and information
that can travel over
transmission media sometimes
is called the bandwidth
• Latency is the time it takes a
signal to travel from one
location to another on a
network

82
Physical Transmission Media

83
Physical Transmission Media
Twisted-pair cable

Fiber-optic cable

Coaxial cable

84
Wireless Transmission Media

Page 479 85
Table 10-4
Wireless Transmission Media

• Broadcast radio is a
wireless transmission
medium that distributes
radio signals through
the air over long
distances
• Cellular radio is a form
of broadcast radio that
is in wide use for mobile
communications
86
Wireless Transmission Media

• Microwaves are radio waves that provide a high-

speed signal transmission

87
Wireless Transmission Media

• A communications
satellite is a space
station that receives
microwave signals from
an earth-based station,
amplifies it, and
broadcasts the signal
over a wide area to any
number of earth-based
stations

88
Wireless Transmission Media

• A GPS (global positioning system) is a navigation

system that consists of one or more earth-based
receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by
satellites in order to determine the receiver’s
geographical location

89
Wireless Transmission Media

90
Part 3.2 Summary

Various types of
Networks and
network architectures Communications
communications
and standards and software
technologies
protocols

Several types of Variety of physical

communications lines How to create a home transmission media
and communications network and wireless
devices transmission media

91
Extra reading
Vinton Cerf (left) and Robert Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal
Of Freedom by Former President Bush in 2005

92